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  1. Biggest Cities of the Kingdom of Germany (East Francia) in 961 AD
  2.  
  3. 1. Colne (Cologne) 10,000 (1) 100 ha, 100/ha
  4. 2. Mettis (Metz) 6,000 (24) 58 ha, 100/ha
  5. 3. Reganesburc (Regensburg) 6,000 (4) 57 ha, 100/ha
  6. 4. Bardonwihc (Bardowick) 5,000 (2) findings over 50 ha
  7. 5. Magathaburg (Magdeburg) 4,000 (9) see calc method below
  8. 6. Halverstidi (Halberstadt) 3,000 (13) 25 ha, 100/ha
  9. 7. Wormazia (Worms) 3,000 (5) 32 ha, 100/ha
  10. 8. Luticha (Liège) 2,500 (29) 25 ha, 100/ha
  11. 9. Aquis (Aachen) 2,000 (7) 20 ha, 100/ha
  12. 10. Augustburc (Augsburg) 2,000 (6) 18 ha, 100/ha
  13. 11. Cameracus (Cambrai) 2,000 (26) 18 ha, 100/ha
  14. 12. Mimigardeford (Münster) 2,000 (11) 20 ha, 100/ha
  15. 13. Susat (Soest) 2,000 (35) 22 ha, 100/ha
  16. 14. Strazburg (Strasbourg) 2,000 (25) 19 ha, 100/ha
  17. 15. Trecht (Utrecht) 2,000 (31) 20 ha, 100/ha
  18. 16. Wenia (Vienna) 2,000 (20) 20 ha, 100/ha
  19. 17. Wirciburg (Würzburg) 2,000 (18) 18 ha, 100/ha
  20. 18. Erpesfurt (Erfurt) 1,500 (10) >13 ha, 100/ha
  21. 19. Hoium (Huy) 1,500 (28) 15 ha, 100/ha
  22. 20. Magontia (Mainz) 1,500 (8) 15 ha, 100/ha
  23. 21. Pola (Pula) 1,500 (21) 16 ha, 100/ha
  24. 22. Salzburc (Salzburg) 1,500 (23) 14 ha, 100/ha
  25. 23. Spira (Speyer ) 1,500 (0) 14 ha, 100/ha
  26. 24. Throtmennia (Dortmund) 1,500 (17) 16 ha, 100/ha
  27. 25. Tricht (Maastricht) 1,500 (32) 17 ha, 100/ha
  28. 26. Treveris (Trier) 1,500 (3) 11 ha + enclaves, 100/ha
  29. 27. Ulma (Ulm) 1,500 (19) 14 ha, 100/ha
  30. 28. Bergheim (Heidelberg) 1,000 (12) 10 ha, 100/ha
  31. 29. Bunna (Bonn) 1,000 (38) 10 ha, 100/ha
  32. 30. Daventre (Deventer) 1,000 (0) 10 ha, 100/ha
  33. 31. Goslare (Goslar) 1,000 (37) 10 ha, 100/ha
  34. 32. Halla (Halle) 1,000 (16) 10 ha, 100/ha
  35. 33. Niumaga (Nijmegen) 1,000 (31) 10 ha, 100/ha
  36. 34. Northusun (Nordhausen) 1,000 (15) 10 ha, 100/ha
  37. 35. Osnobrogga (Osnabrück) 1,000 (34)
  38. 36. Pazowa (Passau) 1,000 (14) 12 ha, 100/ha
  39. 37. Suthfene (Zutphen) 1,000 (33) 12 ha, 100/ha
  40. 38. Thiela (Tiel) 1,000 (31) 12 ha, 100/ha
  41. 39. Tullum (Toul) 1,000 (27) 11 ha, 100/ha
  42. 40. Virdunum (Verdun) 1,000 (36) 13 ha at most, 100/ha
  43. 41. Vulda (Fulda) 1,000 (22) 10 ha, 100/ha
  44.  
  45.  
  46. • (0) https://ssh.datastations.nl/dataset.xhtml?persistentId=doi:10.17026/dans-xzy-u62q
  47. • (1) http://www.koelnwiki.de/wiki/Das_mittelalterliche_K%c3%b6ln – Cologne – about 100 ha
  48. • (2) https://www.academia.edu/49032934/Bardowick_Ein_siedlungsgeschichtlicher_Abri%C3%9F_aufgrund_des_neuesten_Forschungsstandes – Bardowick – 50 ha
  49. • (3) https://www2.klett.de/sixcms/media.php/76/S011411060_Trier.jpg – Trier – Dom area about 11 ha in size but likely a bit larger with other religious enclaves
  50. • (4) https://www.researchgate.net/profile/Doris-Wollenberg/publication/338528158/figure/fig4/AS:853014902497280@1580386009067/Regensburg-historical-map-from-1812-AD-with-the-Roman-fort-red-the-first-urban.png – Regensburg – 57 ha
  51. • (5) https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/e/e5/Stadtbefestigung_Worms.jpg – Worms – 32 ha
  52. • (6) https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/1/16/Augsburg-Altstadt_Entwicklungsphasen.jpg – Augsburg – 18 ha
  53. • (7) https://web.archive.org/web/20250623203933/https://journals.ub.uni-heidelberg.de/index.php/bjb/article/download/42279/36018 – Aachen – 20 ha
  54. • (8) http://www.festung-mainz.de/typo3temp/pics/1100fb62df.jpg – Mainz – 15 ha
  55. • (9) https://www.uni-muenster.de/Staedtegeschichte/portal/Stadtkarten/magdeburg/Siedlungsentwicklung_bis_ins_19Jh.html – Magdeburg – Domplatz about 16 ha with religious precinct, but has other relatively spread out areas over 50 ha with irregular buildings.
  56. • (10) https://www.academia.edu/14321891/Zentralorte_und_Zentralr%C3%A4ume_des_Fr%C3%BChmittelalters_in_S%C3%BCddeutschland_Ein_Forschungs%C3%BCberblick_In_P_Ettel_L_Werther_Hrsg_Zentrale_Orte_und_zentrale_R%C3%A4ume_des_Fr%C3%BChmittelalters_in_S%C3%BCddeutschland_RGZM_Tagungen_18_Mainz_2013_1_46 – Erfurt – larger than 13 ha with surrounding precincts
  57. • (11) https://www.academia.edu/86022830/_Geschichte_wird_gemacht_Es_geht_voran_30_Jahre_Vermittlung_von_Stadtgeschichte_durch_Modelle_im_Stadtmuseum_M%C3%BCnster – Münster – about 20 ha
  58. • (12) https://project.zo.uni-heidelberg.de/cats/img/history/cats7.png – Heidelberg – Bergheim about 10 ha max
  59. • (13) https://www.portalsaeule.de/index.php?cat=Mauern%2C%20Tore%20und%20T%C3%BCrme%2FStadtbefestigungen%20in%20Deutschland&page=Halberstadt – Halberstadt – about 35 ha with religious precincts, likely not fully urban with religious precinct taking up at least 5 ha based off later maps, so about 30 ha built-up
  60. • (14) https://www.lfu.bayern.de/wasser/hw_ereignisse/vor_1800/pic/141566_gr.jpg – Passau – old core about 12 ha
  61. • (15) https://nordhausen-wiki.de/images/f/fd/Entwicklung_der_Stadt_Nordhausen_im_Mittelalter.jpg – 8 ha in newer market settlement with Grenzburg and adjoining suburbium of 2 ha next to the religious precinct of the later St. Mary’s Church
  62. • (16) https://mitmachen-in-halle.de/sites/default/files/m_document/2025-06/Brosch%C3%BCre%20Leitbild%20Marktplatz.pdf – Halle – 10 ha
  63. • (17) https://www.uni-muenster.de/Staedtegeschichte/portal/Stadtkarten/Siedlungsentwicklung_I.html – Dortmund – 16 ha
  64. • (18) https://www.historisches-lexikon-bayerns.de/images/1/19/Wuerzburg_Entwicklung.jpg – Würzburg – 18 ha
  65. • (19) https://journals.ub.uni-heidelberg.de/index.php/nbdpfbw/article/view/12051/5900 – Ulm – 14 ha
  66. • (20) https://core.ac.uk/reader/11582290 – Vienna – 20 ha
  67. • (21) https://www.academia.edu/14922937/Public_and_Private_Space_in_Early_Medieval_Towns_Istrian_Cases – Pula – 16 ha
  68. • (22) https://www.lagis-hessen.de/img/statl/s3/18_2.jpg – Fulda – roughly 10 ha urban area without dom church itself
  69. • (23) https://static-cdn.arcanum.com/nfo-resources/osterreichischerstadtatlas/pic/salzburg_06.jpg – Salzburg – circa 14 ha in size
  70. • (24) https://journals.openedition.org/gallia/docannexe/image/1508/img-9.jpg – Metz – 58 ha
  71. • (25) https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Enceinte_de_Strasbourg#Ville_m%C3%A9di%C3%A9vale – Strasbourg – 19 ha
  72. • (26) https://lvdneng.rosselcdn.net/sites/default/files/dpistyles_v2/vdn_scale_664w/2019/07/08/node_610739/40393696/public/2019/07/08/B9720099478Z.1_20190708160808_000%2BG8NDV0A1G.1-0.jpg?itok=65xSVdh_1562594896 – Cambrai – about 18 ha
  73. • (27) https://www.etudes-touloises.fr/archives/21/art1.pdf – Toul – 11 ha
  74. • (28) https://books.openedition.org/artehis/24189?lang=en – Huy – 15 ha
  75. • (29) https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Citadel_of_Li%C3%A8ge#Early_history – Liège – settlement grew to 25 ha by the end of the century
  76. • (31) https://www.academia.edu/40523376/Counting_heads_Post_Roman_population_decline_in_the_Rhine_Meuse_delta_the_Netherlands_and_the_need_for_more_evidence_based_reconstructions
  77. • (32) https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/e/ed/Maastricht%2C_castellum_en_vroegmiddeleeuwse_versterking.jpg – Maastricht – 17 ha
  78. • (33) https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ringwal#Elders – Zutphen – 12 ha
  79. • (34) https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Einwohnerentwicklung_von_Osnabr%C3%BCck – Osnabrück – likely has grown from this 8th century population estimate
  80. • (35) https://geschichtsverein-soest.de/wp-content/uploads/2019/05/Soester_Zeitschrift_126_127.pdf – Soest – 22 ha
  81. • (36) https://books.openedition.org/artehis/12823 - Verdun – Gallo-Roman fortified surface area grew from 8 ha to 13 ha somewhere by the end of 11th century
  82. • (37) https://kaiserpfalzquartier.goslar.de/geschichte – Goslar – urban area about 10 ha
  83. • (38) https://web.archive.org/web/20250801102856im_/https://www.rheinische-geschichte.lvr.de/sites/default/files/external-resources/entity-resources/images/digicult-web-lvr/5/DISPLAY600_34161.jpg – Bonn – about 8 – 10 ha
  84.  
  85.  
  86. Exclusions or changes (if not stated) from (0):
  87.  
  88. - Altstätten: 1,000 given, but surface area uncertain.
  89.  
  90. - Andernach: 2,000 given, but Domburg is very small in area, perhaps as small as 2 ha:
  91. https://www.bloxi.de/wp-content/uploads/2021/10/andernach_okt_2021_027_1280x953.jpg
  92.  
  93. - Antwerp: 2,000 given, but only about 10 ha by 13th century:
  94. https://artefacts.mom.fr/Publis/Mariage_2007_%5BPortus_vallee_Escaut_ep_Carolingienne%5D.pdf
  95.  
  96. - Arlon: 1,000 given, but surface area of castrum around 7 ha:
  97. https://www.arlonide.be/geographie.php
  98.  
  99. - Aschaffenburg: 1,000 given, but surface area uncertain.
  100.  
  101. - Aschersleben: 1,000 given, but surface area of under 4 ha:
  102. https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Datei:Urstadt_Kopie.jpg
  103.  
  104. - Bad Hersfeld: 1,000 given, but surface area of under 9 ha:
  105. https://www.lagis-hessen.de/img/statl/s3/2_2.jpg
  106.  
  107. - Bad Kreuznach: 2,000 given, but surface area uncertain.
  108.  
  109. - Bad Langensalza: 1,000 given, but surface area unknown.
  110.  
  111. - Baden-Baden: 1,000 given, but surface area unknown. Formal town from 12th century forward.
  112.  
  113. - Bamberg: 2,000 given, but Domburg is less than 5 ha in surface area:
  114. https://www.historisches-lexikon-bayerns.de/Lexikon/Datei:Artikel_45095_bilder_value_1_immunitaetenstreit1.jpg
  115.  
  116. - Bar-le-Duc: 3,000 given, newly built settlement on a hilltop 2 ha:
  117. https://i.ebayimg.com/images/g/ZjwAAOSwK9ZcQOrd/s-l400.jpg
  118.  
  119. - Bernburg: 1,000 given, but status uncertain. Frankish royal court possibly located in Waldau district.
  120.  
  121. - Bingen am Rhein: 1,000 given, but status uncertain.
  122.  
  123. - Breisach am Rhein: 2,000 given, but likely a tiny area around the church precinct:
  124. https://www.denkmalpflege-bw.de/fileadmin/media/denkmalpflege-bw/denkmale/projekte/bau-und-kunstdenkmalpflege/02_praxisorientierte-vertiefung-denkmalwissen/denkmalpflegerische-werteplaene/werteplan_breisach.pdf
  125.  
  126. - Bremen: 4,000 given: but limited to church precinct of roughly 5 ha: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/7/70/Bremen_Domburg_um_1000.png
  127.  
  128. - Burg bei Magdeburg: 1,000 given, but status uncertain. Known active settlement by the church of St. Nicolai.
  129.  
  130. - Chur: 1,000 given. City walls remain speculative for this period – possibly up to 3 ha walled:
  131. https://www.burgenwelt.org/schweiz/chur_sm/object.php
  132.  
  133. - Cleves: 1,000 given, but limited to small castle nucleus.
  134.  
  135. - Colmar: 2,000 given, but limited to old nucleus at St. Peter’s chapel, probably very small:
  136. https://www.tourisme-colmar.com/en/visit/presentation/architectural-heritage/patrimoine-architectural?start=40
  137.  
  138. - Conde sur l'Escaut: 1,000 given, but status unknown.
  139.  
  140. - Dendermonde: 2,000 given, but limited to small old burg that has since been built over:
  141. https://inventaris.onroerenderfgoed.be/erfgoedobjecten/140019
  142.  
  143. - Dinant: 3,000 given: but probably limited to small citadel – vicus is poorly documented:
  144. https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Citadelle_de_Dinant
  145.  
  146. - Düren: 2,000 given, but surface area about 2 ha:
  147. https://www.dueren.de/assets/userfiles/pdf_bereich_lebenundwohnen/stadtentwicklung/03_961_200227_Bericht_IHK_141204.pdf
  148.  
  149. - Eichstätt: 1,000 given, but visible circular nucleus of about 5 ha:
  150. https://www.ku.de/fileadmin/_processed_/f/1/csm_Lageplan_DE_366e2c45af.webp
  151.  
  152. - Eilenburg: 1,000 given, but newly founded civitas. Unlikely.
  153.  
  154. - Emden : 2,000 given, but a small Frisian trading settlement limited to the area around the church:
  155. https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gro%C3%9Fe_Kirche_%28Emden%29
  156.  
  157. - Emmerich am Rhein: 2,000 given, but visible old nucleus around 4 ha(?).
  158.  
  159. - Eschweiler: 1,000 given, but status uncertain.
  160.  
  161. - Essen: 1,000 given, but still a small settlement around the monastery:
  162. https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stift_Essen
  163.  
  164. - Esslingen am Neckar : 2,000 given, but surface area about 2 ha:
  165. https://iiif.deutsche-digitale-bibliothek.de/image/2/3691940a-238f-49ee-be46-aafe2ae0d01c/full/!306,450/0/default.jpg
  166.  
  167. - Frankfurt am Main : 3,000 given, but limited to an area of only about 5 ha:
  168. https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/5/51/Frankfurt_Am_Main-Stadtbefestigung-Projektion_Gegenwart.jpg
  169.  
  170. - Göttingen: 1,000 given, but extent unknown.
  171.  
  172. - Gotha: 2,000 given, but extent uncertain. Likely located around the modern-day Hersdorfplatz.
  173.  
  174. - Hamburg: 2,000 given, but still less than 10 ha by the 11th century:
  175. https://www.christian-terstegge.de/hamburg/karten_hamburg/files/1070_wichmann_300dpi.jpeg
  176.  
  177. - Hameln: 1,000 given, but status uncertain. No market settlement yet.
  178.  
  179. - Hanau: 2,000 given, but only first mentioned by the 13th century.
  180.  
  181. - Heilbronn : 3,000 given, but surface area under 3 ha:
  182. https://stadtarchiv.heilbronn.de/stadtgeschichte/geschichte-a-z/k/koenigshof.html
  183.  
  184. - Helmstedt: 2,000 given, but only a small settlement next to the old monastery.
  185.  
  186. - Herford: 1,000 given, but small imperial estate with a surface area of 1 ha:
  187. https://www.uni-muenster.de/Staedtegeschichte/Herford.html
  188.  
  189. - Herisau: 1,000 given, but status uncertain.
  190.  
  191. - Herne: 1,000 given, but status uncertain.
  192.  
  193. - Hildesheim: 2,000 given, but surface area of about 5 ha:
  194. https://image.jimcdn.com/app/cms/image/transf/dimension=640x1024:format=jpg/path/sed8e97a3c6428a28/image/i27ce3ce03fc8b1f7/version/1521890587/image.jpg
  195.  
  196. - Ingolstadt: 2,000 given, but area very likely smaller than walling of 13 ha of the 13th century:
  197. https://forte-cultura.com/wp-content/uploads/Grafik_Ingolstadt_Mittelalter_Christian_Karl1.png
  198.  
  199. - Innsbruck: Wiltina - 3,000 given, but likely still very small area (less than 1 ha) built over Roman fort:
  200. https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Veldidena
  201.  
  202. - Kaiserslautern: 1,000 given, but status uncertain.
  203.  
  204. - Kassel: 2,000 given, but likely very small settlement newly founded settlement next to a catle at the time.
  205.  
  206. - Kempten: 2,000 given, but visible precinct of only about 5 ha around Carolingian abbey:
  207. https://www.historisches-lexikon-bayerns.de/images/8/8a/Artikel_45421_bilder_value_5_rs_kempten5.jpg
  208.  
  209.  
  210. - Koblenz: 2,000 given, but surface area about 8 ha:
  211. https://bfhf.de/wp-content/uploads/2021/01/Koblenz1018.pdf
  212.  
  213. - Königswinter: 2,000 given, but status unknown.
  214.  
  215. - Konstanz: 1,000 given, but surface area of about 5 ha:
  216. https://reichert-verlag.de/media/pdf/9783954902934_sample.pdf
  217.  
  218. - Krems: 1,000 given, but small “urbs” of under 1 ha:
  219. https://static-cdn.arcanum.com/nfo-resources/osterreichischerstadtatlas/pic/krems_stein_10.jpg
  220.  
  221. - Lauingen : 2,000 given, but status unknown.
  222.  
  223. - Leer: 1,000 given, but likely a small settlement located around the cemetery:
  224. https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leer_(Ostfriesland)#Ur-_und_Fr%C3%BChgeschichte_(bis_etwa_800)
  225.  
  226. - Leuven: 2,000 given, but status uncertain.
  227.  
  228. - Lier: 1,000 given, but status uncertain.
  229.  
  230. - Linz: 2,000 given, but surface area only reached about 3 ha:
  231. https://static-cdn.arcanum.com/nfo-resources/osterreichischerstadtatlas/pic/linz_05.jpg
  232.  
  233. - Lucerne: 1,000 given, but visible old nucleus on Google Maps of only about 2 ha around church.
  234.  
  235. - Lüneburg : 2,000 given, but likely too small:
  236. https://www.lustauflueneburg.de/stadtviertel-im-mittelalter/#gsc.tab=0
  237.  
  238. - Malmedy: 2,000 given, but still a small area next to monastery.
  239.  
  240. - Mannheim: 1,000 given, but city not yet founded. A settlement occupied a small area where Mannheim Castle now stands:
  241. https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geschichte_Mannheims#Die_Anf%C3%A4nge
  242.  
  243. - Maubeuge: 1,000 given, status uncertain.
  244.  
  245. - Meiningen : 1,000 given, but status uncertain. First mentioned in 982 and likely small settlement with market town being built in the 11th century.
  246.  
  247. - Meissen : 1,000 given, but surface area of little under 9 ha total:
  248. https://shb.journals.qucosa.de/shb/article/download/126/171/172
  249.  
  250. - Merseburg: 2,000 given, but probably hasn’t extended beyond old Frankish burg of 5 ha yet:
  251. https://burgenarchiv.de/burg_schloss-merseburg_in_sachsen-anhalt
  252.  
  253. - Mettman: 1,000 given, but status uncertain. Likely a cluster of farms.
  254.  
  255. - Middelburg: 1,000 given, but ringwalburg only extended for about 3 ha:
  256. https://www.academia.edu/5651200/Karolingische_bewoning_in_de_vroeg_middeleeuwse_ringwalburg_van_Domburg_Zl_
  257.  
  258. - Minden: 1,000 given, but status uncertain. If city already stretched to the old marketplace probably at least about 3 or 4 ha in size.
  259.  
  260. - Namur: 1,000 given, but surface area of about 1 ha:
  261. https://books.openedition.org/psorbonne/12912?lang=en
  262.  
  263. - Nivelles: 3,000 given, but archaeology suggest very small nucleus around modern-day church:
  264. https://journals.openedition.org/cem/13612?gathStatIcon=true&lang=en
  265.  
  266. - Nördlingen: 2,000 given, but surface area uncertain. However, it is described as having two church in early times – if these are the two churches in centre of the area covering an rough oval shape then the surface area was likely around 6 ha:
  267. https://www.historisches-lexikon-bayerns.de/Lexikon/N%C3%B6rdlingen%2C_Reichsstadt
  268.  
  269. - Nuremberg : 1,000 given, but surface area limited to very small area of about 1 ha:
  270. https://www.historisches-lexikon-bayerns.de/images/1/14/Nuernberg_Entwicklung.jpg
  271.  
  272. - Obernai : 1,000 given, status uncertain.
  273.  
  274. - Offenbach am Main: 1,000 given, but not an unified settlement yet.
  275.  
  276. - Oppenheim: 1,000 given, but status unknown.
  277.  
  278. - Paderborn : 3,000 given, but Domburg core only about 6 ha in surface area:
  279. https://www.uni-muenster.de/imperia/md/images/staedtegeschichte/6_interaktivekartographie/deutschekoenigspfalzendigital/paderborn_grundriss.png
  280.  
  281. - Pirmasens: 1,000 given, but still a rural settlement and thus very likely below this amount
  282.  
  283. - Pforzheim : 2,000 given, but extent unknown
  284.  
  285. - Quedlinburg: 1,000 given, but surface area about 5 ha:
  286. https://www.uni-muenster.de/Staedtegeschichte/portal/Stadtkarten/quedlinburg/siedlungsentwicklung_bis_ins_19jh.html
  287.  
  288. - Ramblersvillers: 1,000 given, status unknown.
  289.  
  290. - Rheine: 1,000 given, but rough surface area of nuclei under about 3 ha in total:
  291. https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rheine#800_%E2%80%93_Villa_Reni_%E2%80%93_Keimzelle_der_Stadt_Rheine
  292.  
  293. - Ronse: 1,000 given, but supposedly a surface area of 5 ha:
  294. https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/De_Vrijheid_van_Ronse
  295.  
  296. - Rothenburg ob der Tauber: 1,000 given, but Domburg limited to a surface area of under 3 ha:
  297. https://www.historisches-lexikon-bayerns.de/images/8/82/Stadtplan_Rothenburg_1897.jpg
  298.  
  299. - Rottenburg am Neckar: 2,000 given, but modern city wasn’t founded until 13th century. Carolingian core located around church precinct of roughly 1 ha in Sülchen: https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/S%C3%BClchen
  300.  
  301. - Rovinj : 2,000 given, but visible old nucleus on Google Maps shows an area of about 8 ha.
  302.  
  303. - Saarbrücken: 2,000 given, but wasn’t an unified settlement yet.
  304.  
  305. - Salzwedel : 2,000 given, but still a very small rounds settlement area of 1 ha:
  306. https://www.burgenwelt.org/deutschland/salzwedel/object.php
  307.  
  308. - Schmalkalden : 1,000 given, but visible old nucleus on Google Maps shows an area about 2 ha.
  309.  
  310. - Sélestat: 3,000 given, but history of the city before the 11th century is practically limited in terms of knowledge. Said to be a fishing village:
  311. https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/S%C3%A9lestat#Histoire
  312.  
  313. - Soignies: 1,000 given, but status unknown.
  314.  
  315. - Schwyz: 1,000 given, but based off description of church and cemetery less than 1 ha in size:
  316. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Schwyz#History
  317.  
  318. - Sint-Truiden: 2,000 given, but a small oppidum:
  319. https://www.persee.fr/doc/rbph_0035-0818_1922_num_1_1_6158
  320.  
  321. - Stade : 1,000 given, but limited to a very small burg of about 1 ha:
  322. https://media04.kreiszeitung-wochenblatt.de/article/2023/04/19/3/568163_XXL.jpg
  323.  
  324. - Steyr: 1,000 given, but very small area:
  325. https://static-cdn.arcanum.com/nfo-resources/osterreichischerstadtatlas/pic/steyr_wph.jpg
  326.  
  327. - Stuttgart : 3,000 given, but founded shortly before in 950 AD as a warhorse farm (hence stuotgarten / stud farm). Unlikely to be significant in anyway.
  328.  
  329. - Thionville: 1,000 given, but described core only occupied 5 ha at most:
  330. https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thionville#La_p%C3%A9riode_carolingienne
  331.  
  332. - Tienen: 2,000 given, but small walled area of about 2 ha:
  333. https://kempeneers.org/2020/06/29/sprokkel-404-de-stadsmuur-van-1014/
  334.  
  335. - Tongeren: 2,000 given, but nucleus is likely reduced to very tiny church precinct of 1 ha:
  336. https://oar.onroerenderfgoed.be/publicaties/ROEV/873/ROEV0873-001.pdf
  337.  
  338. - Trieste: 2,000 given, but early medieval castle settlement stretched to only about 5 ha at most:
  339. https://www.13casade.com/dati/2-uncategorised/1-trieste-ha-un-cuore-antico
  340.  
  341. - Valenciennes: 3,000 given, but surface area of about 1 ha:
  342. https://artefacts.mom.fr/Publis/Mariage_2007_%5BPortus_vallee_Escaut_ep_Carolingienne%5D.pdf
  343.  
  344. - Velbert: 1,000 given, but extent unknown.
  345.  
  346. - Verden : 1,000 given, but total surface area of the town about 5 ha total:
  347. https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Verden_(Aller)#Geschichte
  348.  
  349. - Weimar : 1,000 given, but area likely limited to historical Schloss about 2 ha in size:
  350. https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/3/36/Weimar%2C_Stadtplan_von_Franz_Ludwig_G%C3%BCssefeld%2C_1784.jpg
  351.  
  352. - Weissenfels: 1,000 given, but area of old burg likely only about 4 ha at most in size:
  353. https://www.architektur-blicklicht.de/burgen/burg-weissenfels-schloss-neu-augustusburg-halle-saale/
  354.  
  355. - Werden : 1,000 given, but limited to small area around monastery.
  356.  
  357. - Wetzlar : 2,000 given, but Domburg only about 5 ha(?) in size:
  358. https://stadt-land-erleben.de/wetzlar/index_htm_files/[email protected]
  359.  
  360. - Wiesbaden: 1,000 given, but size uncertain – for more information on extent:
  361. https://www.wiesbaden.de/stadtlexikon/stadtlexikon-a-z/stadtentwicklung
  362.  
  363. - Winterthur: 1,000 given, but surface area of about 8 ha only by the 13th century:
  364. https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/f/fb/Winterthur1292.jpg
  365.  
  366. - Zeitz : 1,000 given, but probably stretched not much further from Schloss Moritzburg.
  367.  
  368. - Zürich : 3,000 given, but but mostly just a small castle area with surrounding buildings in a surface area of less than 2 ha:
  369. https://www.burgenwelt.org/schweiz/zuerich_sm/plan.jpg
  370.  
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