The grammar guide that nobody wanted and nobody asked for.



Q: Something here is wrong. Where do I tell you?
A: Just fix it.

Q: I found a typo, can you just fix it?
A: Oh good god no I wrote this thing in like two days there's no way in hell I'm going to bother to proofread it myself.

Q: This example sentence is mistranslated.
A: I don't know Japanese. Just kidding. My Japanese is okay. But it's very likely that I translated something wrong because I was trying to avoid using certain words or phrases, or because I was trying too hard to show the original Japanese grammatical structure, or forgot the English term for something (bless you 数の大小).

Q: This grammar explanation is wrong.
A: It probably isn't. I mean it might be, just probably not. Everything here is so basic that even someone with bad Japanese could teach it somewhat reliably. It's just incomplete.
It's not possible to give a complete explanation about ANY grammar. In any grammar guide, there are always going to be patterns it doesn't teach that look just like the ones it teaches, or ways of using them that it doesn't teach.
This grammar guide will not teach you how to produce fluent, correct Japanese. In fact, no grammar guide can. Only lots of reading and listening can do that.
Grammar guides are for making it easier to understand things, not to learn how to say them.



~ The example sentences here are ripped from visual novels so they demand context to have a literal understanding of them. ~
~ It's not possible to give unambiguous translations of most Japanese sentences without context. ~
~ Because they're ripped from visual novels, they might have writing style problems or typos. ~
~ Because they're stripped of context, they might be misinterpreted, even intentionally. ~
~ Don't make flashcards out of anything written here. ~
~ Mixing flashcards with grammar is bad for you. ~
~ Especially example sentence flashcards. ~
~ Do you get it yet? ~
~ Just read more. ~



Compound words in Japanese work the same way as English.

会議 meeting/conference
会議室 meeting room/conference hall

科学 science
科学者 scientist

可能 possible
不可能 impossible

Japanese nouns do not have grammatical number or grammatical gender.



N - noun or noun-like object
V - verb
A - い-adjective
Na - na-adjective
X - Something arbitrary, like a phrase or word (one that fits)
... - An arbitrary phrase (one that fits)



> Nだ, Nです
someone/something is N

> Nだった, Nでした
someone/something was N

> Nじゃない
someone/something isn't N

> Nじゃなかった
someone/something wasn't N

This is called "state of being".

Na-adjectives are also allowed to be used in these patterns.



> Nが...
N is the subject of an action or state of being (e.g. the "I" in "I killed him")

> Nを...
N is the direct object of an action; something caused to change by an action, or inherent to an action (e.g. the "him" in "I killed him", "the lever" in "I pulled the lever")

> Nは...
a statement or situation is predicated on the topic of N (e.g. the "Computers" in "Computers, they suck", "Today" in "Today, I lost my coat")

> Nに...
1) N is the indirect object of an action; the recipient of the effects of a complete action (e.g. "to him" in "I sent a letter to him")
2) N is the general location of an event or action; "at", "on", "in"
3) N is the precise destination of a change in location; "on", "onto", "in", "into", "to"

今度は俺がお前に力を貸す！
今度は (this time, topic) 俺が (I, subject) お前に (you, indirect object) 力を (strength, direct object) 貸す！ (lend, present/future tense action)
This time, I lend my strength to you!
From: Full Metal Daemon Muramasa



The neutral sentence structure in Japanese is <Topic> <Subject> <Indirect object> <Direct object> <Adverbs> <Verb>. If it doesn't add ambiguities, most parts of a sentence can be moved around without changing what it means.

The subject and object can both be dropped completely, unlike English. Dropping the subject or object is like using pronouns, even if they would be a pronoun if they were stated.

Japanese can mark the subject or object as a topic (は) instead of subject (が) or object (を) if it makes sense and isn't misleading.

Verbs do not change form for the gender (he/she), number (I/we), or perspective (I/you/he) of their subject.



> NaなN
N is described by the na-adjective Na

大切な日
大切な (precious, adjectival) 日 (day, days) [日 can also mean "sun" but doesn't here]
"precious day" or "precious days"

Na-adjectives act like nouns if they don't have な attached to them. Sometimes, it's unnatural to use a specific na-adjective as a subject or object, especially if it's too abstract like "precious".

> N1のN2
1) N2 is owned by N1
2) N2 is described by N1, as though N1の is an adjective

俺の力
俺の (My, possessive) 力 (strength)
"my strength" or "strength of mine"

夜の海
夜の (Night, adjectival) 海 (ocean, sea)
the night sea



> Aです
> V-ます
Describes an action or event politely

While it's the です from Nです, the phrase Aです is irregular. です does not mean "is" here. It just adds politeness. Aです isn't a conjugation, but it replaces the nonexistent/impossible A-ます conjugation.

* A conjugation is a form of a verb, or in Japanese's case, of a verb or adjective. "Jumping" and "jumped" are conjugations of "jump".

People also say Vです, which means ALMOST the same thing as V-ます. But it's not really a conjugation, it's just using です as a politeness word.

Japanese has two categories of regular verb conjugation.

In the first category, the final syllable is dropped from the verb, and the conjugation is appended to the new form.

[食べ]る -> [食べ]ます
[見]る -> [見]ます

In the second category, the last syllable changes depending on the conjugation.

[知る] -> [知り]ます (notice that 5-る verbs conjugate differently than 1-る verbs)
[話す] -> [話し]ます
[死ぬ] -> [死に]ます

The first category is called single-row (一段). The second category is called five-row (五段). The names come from traditional hiragana/katakana charts. With the last core syllable in a given single-row verb, it always stays on the same row. With the last core syllable in a given five-row verb, it can be a kana from any row, depending on the conjugation.

The rule/pattern for a given conjugation depends on which category the verb is from. It's not always as simple as deleting the る from single-row verbs or respelling the last syllable for five-row verbs.

The last core syllable of a verb in the dictionary form/present tense always ends in the vowel "u".

Irregular verbs: する "do", くる "come"
する -> します
くる -> きます



> Nである
> Nであった
> Nではない
> Nではなかった

These are essentially the formal versions of だ, だった, じゃない, and じゃなかった. In this case, the formal versions are the older versions. That means that である (actually it was であり at the time) turned into today's だ, etc. Also, the ある in である is a verb, and conjugates like one.



> V-ない
the subject doesn't V / isn't V-ing (i.e. negative form) (e.g. "I'm not studying", "he doesn't open the door")

[食べ]る -> [食べ]ない
[見]る -> [見]ない
[知る] -> [知ら]ない
[話す] -> [話さ]ない
[死ぬ] -> [死な]ない

The very common five-row verb ある, "to be", takes the negative form ない, not あらない.

Irregular verbs:
する -> しない
くる -> こない

> A-ない
the subject isn't A (i.e. negative form) (e.g. "he's not red")

[熱い] -> [熱く]ない

In Japanese, い-adjectives conjugate too, not just verbs. Just not the same way as verbs. Surprised? い-adjective conjugations are based on the consonant "k", rather than the syllable い.



> V-た
the subject did V (past tense)

[食べ]る -> [食べ]た
[見]る -> [見]た

A little explanation for the past tense of five-row verbs is in order. The final core syllable switches to an "i" syllable, just like for the ます form. But when the た is attached, the conjugation gets slurred together. This isn't a slang thing. This conjugation slurs together absolutely everywhere except for archaic-sounding writing or speeches.

[話す] -> [話し]た (pronounced without the "i" from the し, so it sounds like "hanashta")
[知る] -> [知っ]た
[待つ] -> [持っ]た
[買う] -> [買っ]た
[問う] -> [問う]た (there are only like three う verbs that conjugate this way)
[聞く] -> [聞い]た
[急ぐ] -> [急い]だ (notice that it's いだ, not いた or んだ)
[死ぬ] -> [死ん]だ
[学ぶ] -> [学ん]だ
[飲む] -> [飲ん]だ

Be careful: there's a sentence-ender, んだ, that looks a lot like the past tense of ぬ/ぶ/む verbs, but is actually something completely different.

Irregular verbs:
する -> した
くる -> きた



> A-た
the subject was A (past tense)

[熱い] -> [暑か]った

The past tense of い-adjectives is irregular for unintuitive etymological reasons. Just learn it.

Most verb conjugations from here on out will not have equivalents for い-adjectives.

> V-なかった
the subject did not V (negative past tense)

[食べ]る -> [食べ]ない -> [食べ]なかった

ない is, itself, an い-adjective. You just can't conjugate it to itself (i.e. no 食べなくない).

Irregular verbs:
する -> した
くる -> きた

> V-ません
> V-ました
> V-ませんでした

These are the negative, past tense, and negative past tense forms of the V-ます conjugation, because the past tense doesn't conjugate and V-ない doesn't have a ます form.

> V-ないです
> V-なかったです

These are alternative polite negatives. Like Vです, they're not considered conjugations, they're just using です as a politeness word.



> Nへ
1) N is the destination or direction of something; "to" "towards"
2) The idea of "towards N"-ness

The choice between に and へ for destination depends on the specific kind of movement or travel. に focuses on the destination or specific direction, へ focuses on the motion or travel.

> Nから
From N, for almost all meanings of "from", including both physical and metaphorical meanings of "from"

> Nで
1) N is the tool or means by which something is realized (like the "with a sword" in "I killed the monster with a sword")
2) N is the general location of a situation

The choice between に and で for location depends on the specific combination of situation and location. If it helps, で is more like "at" or "by", and に is more like "in" or "on".



A-さ
turns an い-adjective into a noun representing a reflection on the quantity or magnitude of that い-adjective

[暑]さ
hotness / heat (as an amount, not a concept)

Unlike most other い-adjective conjugations, this one drops the last core syllable (the い) entirely, instead of replacing it with a "k" syllable.



> V-て
1) A simple request to do V
2) If ください is attached, becomes a polite request
3) Connects verbs into compound verbs
4) Connects related statements

Conjugates exactly the same way as the past tense, but with て/で instead of た/だ.

見て！ (simple request)
Look!
From: Common

食べてください (polite request)
Eat, please.
From: Common

戦ってもらう (compound verb)
someone fights for me / is fighting for me / will fight for me (can also be used when an opponent gives you a second chance or something)
From: Common

失いたくねえ。だから戦って、守るんだよ
I don't wanna lose anyone. That's why I fight, I protect.
From: Kajiri Kamui Kagura - Akebono no Hikari

Usage 3 can change the nature of the verb so much that the meaning of the subject and/or object can change. 4 can't, it just strings statements together, like a comma or semicolon.



> V1-ろ, V5-え
Proper imperative. Usually overbearing.

見ろよこれ！！
Take a look at this!!!
From: Narisokonai Snow White

……舞台を見ろ。俺を見るな。
...Look at the stage, not me.
From: Shikkoku no Sharnoth -What a Beautiful Tomorrow-

The form for five-row verbs replaces the "u" from the last core syllable with an "e".

Irregular verbs:
する -> しろ
する -> せよ (less common)
くる -> こい



> A-くて
1) Lists adjectives that all apply to the same thing
2) Connects related statements

熱くて、硬くって、おっきくて
Hot, hard, and big.
From: Astelight Shuushuubako

朝食を食べて、すぐに家を出た。
I ate breakfast, then left (departed from home) right away.
From: Aete Mushi Suru Kimi to no Mirai ~Relay Broadcast~



> V N
> A N
1) N is described by the verb/adjective V/A
2) N is described by the statement ending in the verb/adjective V/A

Surprise! You can use entire statements as adjectives! As long as they don't end in だ or です or ます or a bunch of other exceptions. These are called adjectival clauses. Except in the case of lone adjectives, in which case they're just adjectives.

自分も考える時間が欲しい。
I want time to think too.
From: Shugaten! -Sugarfull Tempering-

どうせいずれは殺す人々。
At any rate, all of them are people who kill.
From: Kajiri Kamui Kagura - Akebono no Hikari

今日も暑い日になりそうだ。
Looks like it's gonna be hot today, too.
From: Aete Mushi Suru Kimi to no Mirai ~Relay Broadcast~

> Vこと
> Vもの
> Vの
These are basically ways of using a verb like a noun. Vaguely similar to English's "~ing". こと and もの act like nouns being modified by a relative clause consisting of V or V's statement. But の acts less like a noun being modified and more like some kind of indescribable conjugation-that-isn't-a-conjugation particle-that-isn't-a-particle thing.

Again, こと and もの are also normal nouns. This is just a specific pattern that uses them in a specific way.

> Vこと。
Some kind of extremely indirect instruction that something must be done (or if V is negative, not be done). Not always an instruction, can also just be a way of framing a statement as a description of itself.

入室の際にはノックすること。
That you knock when entering a room.
From: Hoshizora no Memoria

カレンに見つめられること、カレンがそんな目をすること。
To be stared at by Karen. For Karen to look at me with such eyes.
From: Futsuu no Fantasy



> NとV
To do V with N

彼と一緒に今日の進め方を考えているから。
Since I'm thinking about how to spend the day with him.
From: Ao no Kanata no Four Rhythm

そう、好きな人と一緒に
Right, with someone I like.
From: Dracu-Riot!

と can also come at the end of certain adverbs like ちゃんと, ずっと, and きっと, and is also a listing marker, and a conjunction, so be careful about that.

> Vと
> Aと
> って
These are ways of creating a relative clause from nothing, without it needing to modify a noun, not even weak nouns like こと or もの or a dummy noun like の. Yes, と here can be pretty confusing.

何か、大変なことがあったと聞いたけど――？
I heard that there was some kind of, big thing that happened, though...?
From: Magical Charming!

> という
> っていう
These convey that a notion is described by a given phrase or that a given phrase is how something is viewed. They can also be used to modify nouns with phrases that would be very difficult to attach to nouns otherwise, like phrases ending in another noun.



> A?
> V?
> N?
> Nか
> Nですか
> Nなの?
> Aか
> Vか
> Vの?
> Vのか?
> Aの?
> V/Aですか
> (etc)

These are ways of asking questions. Questions made with か or tone of voice focus on learning new information, questions made with の or のか focus on exchanging ideas or notions. That said, they can both be used both ways.

Note that Nだか is ungrammatical, and that の questions are asked differently with nouns than they are with verbs and adjectives.

の can be slurred sometimes.

The の here is the の that can turn verbs into nouns.

こんちは……何故、もういるですか？
Hello... Why are you still here?
From: Aete Mushi Suru Kimi to no Mirai ~Relay Broadcast~

ちょっと、どこ行くの？
Wait, where are you going?
From: Common

まだ食べるか？
Still eating?
From: Watashi ga Suki nara "Suki" tte Itte!

さて、食べるか。
Now, how about I eat.
From: Watashi ga Suki nara "Suki" tte Itte!

う、ううっ、どっちが年上だ？　どっちが先輩だ？
Er, uhh... Who's older? Who's the senior?
From: Clover Point

いいですか？
Is it fine? / Can I?
From: Common

It's pretty common for の/のか questions to be answered with のだ/のです/んだ/んです statements. のだ statements carry the mood of conveying explanatory information or giving an answer or greater context to an idea/notion/curiosity, rather than just any kind of information or an answer to a desire for information.



> じゃない?
> じゃん
> け, っけ

These are ways of asking for confirmation about something. じゃない and じゃん are also used for expressing surprise by pretending to ask a question (like "Well well, isn't it the boss himself?")

Yes, じゃない really can mean both "it isn't" and "isn't it". You just have to get used to it.

さっき自分で言ったじゃん。
It like you just said, isn't it?
From: Daitoshokan no Hitsujikai

なんだっけ、それ
What was that again?
From: Common



> V-ないで
1) A simple request not to do V
2) If ください is attached, becomes a polite request

食べないでください
Don't eat, please.
From: Common



> V-ては
1) An action as a topic
2) A weak, nonliteral condition

Most of the time, the two meanings are basically indistinguishable without context, unless it's part of a construction where only a topic or only a condition makes sense.

あなたは戦っては駄目ッ
It's bad for you to fight! / It's bad if you fight.
From: Dies irae

> V-ちゃ
Contraction of ては. V-ちゃう is a different contraction.

> A-くては
For adjectives.



> Nも
1) Inclusive topic
2) Non-contrastive topic

Non-contrastive means that mentioning the topic isn't an act of excluding other topics. For example, saying "You did well tonight" is contrastive, and implies that other days they might not have done well. Saying "You did well tonight, too" is non-contrastive, and implies that they did well on other days too.

も includes one topic among a group of other implied valid possible topics. In other words, it usually means that the statement is true of other topics (like "other people are leaving"), and is additionally true of the given topic (like "I'm leaving too").

僕も行くよ
I'm going too! (inclusive topic)
From: Common

The ability to choose between も and は for topics means that, by choosing one when you don't need to state the topic at all, you're either playing up the topic being special (with は), or playing up that the topic is like other topics (with も).

……昨夜も、そんなに痛かったですか？
...Did it hurt that much last night, too? (non-contrastive topic) (as opposed to only last night and not today or two days ago, if は were used)
From: Kimi no Koe ga Kikoeru

Saying that something is "included" among other options affects logical entailment*. Non-neutral logical entailment can trigger linguistic polarity weirdness** when part of questions, conditions, or negative statements.

* what other things are implied or allowed to be true when you say something

** like negatives applying further away than it looks like they should, or how "yet" is almost never used in simple positive statements

It's 100% okay if you have no idea what the fuck you just read. Just take the following example for granted.

誰もいないな
Looks like there's nobody here. (negative polarity example)
From: Common



> Nでは, Nじゃ
1) Implement/means of an action, as a topic
2) Circumstantial location as a topic

あんな短い剣では槍を受け流す事しかできない。
With such a short sword, you can't do anything to spears but deflect them.
From: Fate/Stay Night

今部屋の外では女の子達がドアに耳をつけて聞いているに違いなかった。
The girls are definitely listening in from outside the room with their ears against the door right now.
From: Nursery Rhyme

> Nでも
1) Ahahahahaha good luck trying to learn this from a grammar guide
2) Basically it means "even"
3) Or the inclusive/non-contrastive version of Nでは
3.5) This is often realized in polite requests or suggestions about doing something as a way to imply that other options are also okay
4) As an extension of 3, it can mark when a false statement is indeed false, especially when there are multiple things that make it false. It can even list multiple such things.
5) It can also be an interjection (But ...) or conjunction (..., but ...) that basically means "but". There are other ways to say but, this is just one of them.
5.5) Its use as a conjunction is basically an extension of being an interjection. It's almost always "、でも", but if it were a normal conjunction it would be "でも、".

この世で絶対の理屈や論理は、子供でも分かる数の大小、算数だ。
The objective logic and reason in this world are the mathematical inequalities that even children understand; elementary mathematics.
From: Dies irae

お暇なら、一緒に探検でも行きませんかっ？
If you have time, why don't we go exploring (or something) together?
From: Twinkle Crusaders

奴らに通じるのは言葉でも道理でもない。力だけだ
Words or reason won't get through to them. Only force.
From: Full Metal Daemon Muramasa

でも気をつけてください
But please be careful.
From: Common

わかった、でも迷子になるなよ
Got it, but don't get lost, hear me?
From: Dracu-Riot!

>だって
1) Ahahahahaha good luck trying to learn this from a grammar guide
2) Most of its meanings overlap directly with でも's meanings, but they have different levels of commonness.
3) When it's used as an interjection, its attitude is more contradictory and explanatory than than でも, and it can mean slightly different things as a result.
4) Sometimes it's just a (possibly very short) statement ending in だ with the って relative clause particle attached. In those cases, none of the complications above apply.



> なぜ
> なんで
> どうして
These mean "why", as a question word, with varying degrees of attitude.

> Nだから, Nですから
> Vから, Vのだから, Vのですから
> Aから, Aのだから, Aのですから
Because of an event or situation described by the statement V, A, or Nだ. There are many other ways to say this, this is just one of them. だから and ですから can also be interjections, without a noun.

> ので, そして, etc
There are many more ways to express "because/since/due to".

それに、まだパンツを履いていないので……あの、履いてきてもいいですか？
Oh, and I haven't put on my panties yet, so... hey, can I go put them on first?
From: Trinoline



> いる
> ある
These mean "be" or "exist". Not as in one thing being another, but as in something being real, having a location, or in general just existing. ある is for subjects that are unlike life, いる is for subjects that are like life. This ある is the same ある from である.

> V-ている
1) In the process of doing the continuous action V
2) In the state resulting from doing the non-continuous action V
3) In a long-term situation described by V

考えている。
I'm thinking.
From: Common

それは心が死んでいる人の生き方です
That is the way of life of one whose heart is dead.
From: Dies irae ~Interview with Kaziklu Bey~

> Vてある
Turns transitive verbs into intransitive verbs expressing that something has had an action done do it. Expresses the state resulting from the action, not the event of the action being done to it.

お茶は淹れてある。
Tea's done (being steeped).
From: Shugaten! -Sugarfull Tempering-



> V-ておく
To do V for now ("let's leave for now"), either to prepare for something or to resume doing something later.

> V-ていく
Can either mean "go and V"/"V and go", mean "V is happening now and will continue into the future", or work as a ghetto future tense because Japanese doesn't have a future tense.

> V-てくる
Can either mean "come and V"/"V and come" or mean that V started in the past and has continued to the present moment.

> V-てしまう
Can mean "finish doing V", "do V and live with the consequences of doing so", or "have done V now".

> V-ておる
This is a humble or dialectal version of ている.



> V-てる, V-とく, V-てく, V-とる
Contractions of V-ている, V-ておく, V-ていく, and V-ておる. Less likely to mean "... and V". More likely to have to do with how the verb progresses over time. The て or と can be voiced like で or ど for verbs like 死ぬ that conjugate to 死んで for the て form.

> V-ちゃう, V-ちまう
Contractions of てしまう. Less likely to mean "finish doing V". The ち starts where the て used to be. Can also be じゃう or じまう for verbs like 死ぬ that conjugate to 死んで for the て form.



> これ, それ, あれ, どれ
Express an unnamed noun. これ means "this thing". それ and あれ mean "that thing", with the difference being that それ is for things the other person would say "this" for but not the speaker, and あれ being for things that both people would say "that" for. どれ means "which one".

> このN, そのN, あのN, どのN
These determine which N is being mentioned.

しかし……この本は、さすがに……。
But... This book sure is, how do I put it...
From: Chronobox

> ここ, そこ, あそこ, どこ
Here, there, there, where

> こう, そう, ああ, どう
Like this, like that, like that, in what way

There are more words of this kind, like こちら/こっち/etc, but once you know how they work they're very easy to figure out.

> 誰/だれ
Means "who", as in "who's there", not "someone who I know".

> 何/なに
Means "what", as in "What do you want?", not "I mean what I say".

> 何時/いつ
Means "when", as in "When did you go?", not "he left when I came in".

> はい, ええ, うん, etc
These are all ways of saying yes or expressing confirmation.

> いいえ, いや, ううん, etc
These are all ways of saying no or expressing refusal.

In actual speech, うん/ううん are pronounced completely differently.



> V1-られる, V5-(a)れる
1) Passive. Means that the subject is having the action done to it. Turns the direct object into the subject, marked with が. If the doer (the old subject) is stated, it's marked with に.
2) One-row verbs only: can also be the potential (can V / is able to V) or passive-potential (V-able, e.g. knowable) instead.

The conjugation for five-row verbs turns the vowel of the last core syllable into an "a", then adds れる.

この子、パンツ見られると凶暴化するんだろうか。
I guess this girl goes feral when her panties get seen.
From: Flyable Heart

ゆえに、どうせ殺されるなら戦って、その果てに。
Thus, if you will be killed regardless, then fight, fight to the very end.
From: Dies irae

Irregular verbs:
する -> される
くる -> こられる

> V1-られる, V1-れる, V5-(e)る
Potential form (can V / is able to V).

The passive form of single-row verbs doubles as a potential form. There's a short potential for single-row verbs too, if you see it, you can be 99% sure that it's a potential (can X), not a passive (was/got Xed) or a potential-passive (Xable / can be Xed).

The conjugation for five-row verbs turns the vowel of the last core syllable into an "e", then adds る.

でも、漢字が読めないのは人生でも困るよ。多分
But not being able to read kanji would make it hard for someone to go through life. Probably.
From: Twinkle Crusaders

Irregular verbs:
する -> できる
くる -> こられる
くる -> これる



> V1-させる, V5-(a)せる
Causative. The subject is causing someone/something else to perform an action or experience an event. This can be like "makes him eat", "lets him eat", or anywhere in between.

> NをV-<causative>
1) The subject is causing someone to experience "NをV".
2) The subject is causing N to do V.

服を脱がせるから、後は私とミアに任せて
I'm taking off the girl's clothes, so leave the rest to me and Mia. (i.e. go somewhere that you won't see her naked)
From: Yoake Mae yori Ruri Iro na

君を死なせたくなかった
I didn't want to make you die. (or "let you die")
From: Sen no Hatou, Tsukisome no Kouki

Sometimes both the direct object of the original verb and the direct object of the causative verb (so, the person being made to do something) are included. In this case, the original direct object is probably going to use を or go unmarked, and the causative direct object is probably going to be marked with に or something.

そうすればセイバーに人を殺させる必要なんてない。
If I do things that way, I won't "need" to make Saber kill people.
From: Fate/Stay Night

> V1-さす, V5-(a)す
Short version.

Prescriptivists consider it wrong for five-row verbs ending in す, and for single-row verbs, but those kinds of verbs still use it once in a blue moon.

Some verbs have fixed special versions that are used way, way more than their causative conjugation, like 見せる (so in 見せる's case, it's almost always used instead of 見る's 見させる).

Irregular verbs:
する -> させる
くる -> 来させる

> V1-させられる, V5-(a)せられる
Causative passive. To be made to do something.



> Xより...
Something is more ... than X.

俺より強い
Stronger than me.
From: Yoake Mae yori Ruri Iro na (but common as part of longer lines)

あの子、みんなが思っているより強い子じゃないの
That girl's stronger than everyone thinks, isn't she.
From: Fureraba ~Friend to Lover~

> Xほど...
Means ... on the level of/as much as X.

> Xほど...ない
Means ... not on the level of/not as much as X.

> XからXまで
Means "from X to X". Either of the two parts can be left out.



> V1-よう, V5-(o)う
Let's X / how about I X

行こうか
Let's go

> V-てみる
Try to V / try out doing X - uses the て form

考えてみる
I'll try to think about it.

> V-てほしい
Want someone to V

教えてほしい。ここは本当に学園の中なのか？
I want to know. (I want you to tell me.) Is this place really on campus?
From: Tokeijikake no Ley Line -Tasogaredoki no Kyoukaisen-

> NがV-たい
Want to do V to N

ラーメンが食べたい。
I want to eat ramen.
From: Love of Ren'ai Koutei of LOVE!

何が食べたい？
What do you want to eat?
From: Common



> V1-れば, V5-(e)ば
If.

Expresses that if one thing happens, another thing is or will be true. Usually focuses on the condition, not the result.

解けば死ぬ。
If I untie it I'll die.
From: Fate/Stay Night

下着をずらせば、天音の秘部がしっかりと見える。
If I shift her underwear, Amane's privates will be completely visible.
From: Flyable Heart

見れば分かる
This is almost a fixed expression. It means "it's obvious", "you can understand it just by looking at it".
From: Common

どうすればいい？
This is a fixed expression. It means "What should I do?". There are many, many fixed expressions consisting of conditions and words for "good" (いい, いける, etc) or "bad" (ダメ, ならない, etc).
From: Common

Irregular verbs:

する -> すれば
くる -> くれば

> A-ければ
For adjectives.

> A-けりゃ
Contraction of A-ければ.

> A-きゃ
Contraction of A-ければ.

歩けなければ走れない。
If you can't walk, you can't run.
From: Dies irae



> Xなら...
If X / given X.

Means that if one thing is true, so is the other. Doesn't describe cause and effect. Focuses on the result. Not anywhere near as much of a condition as ～ば is. Sometimes it's basically used as though it's a topic marker that's even more contrastive than は.

喩えるなら、戦闘の専門家と戦争の専門家だ。
Metaphorically speaking, they specialize in combat and war, respectively.
From: Dies irae

キミならできるよ！
You can do it!
From: Aete Mushi Suru Kimi to no Mirai ~Relay Broadcast~

> Xならば...
Same as なら but emphasized so much that it turns into a "real" condition.

> なぜなら...
Fixed phrase that basically means "as for why", meaning that the following statement is going to explain something.



> V-たら
If/when.

Doesn't describe cause and effect. Can be used for things like "If you're free tomorrow, come see me", which ～ば can't.

> ...と
If/when.

Attaches to statements, not nouns or whatever. Usually has a comma after it, but not always. Describes cause and effect. Used for things that are generally true, not coincidences or unique situations. Attaches like 行くと for verbs, Nだと for nouns, etc.



> ...ながら, ...あいだ(に), ...うちに, ...つつ
These are all different ways of saying "while/as/during/at the same time as ...". They're all used in different situations and have different meanings.

鼻で息をしながら、がくがくと首を縦に揺らす
Breathing through her nose, she shook and rocked her head front-to-back.
From: Ao no Kanata no Four Rhythm



> けど, でも/V-ても, しかし, Vが/Aが, Nだが
These all mean but/despite/however/etc. They're more similar to eachother than the ways of saying "while" are, but they're still different.

けど can also be けれど, けども, or けれども, which all have different levels of formality and politeness.

You've already seen でも as a conjunction here before.

しかし is just an interjection and doesn't act like a conjunction.

しかし事実だ
However, it's the truth.
From: Itsuka, Todoku, Ano Sora ni. (but common as part of longer lines)

The が here is not the subject marker, and it doesn't attach directly to nouns.

声もかけてみるが、返事はない。
I even try to raise my voice, but there's no response.
From: Hoshizora no Memoria



> ちょっと, きっと, ずっと
These are fixed adjectives that happen to end in っと. There are lots of them.

> しっかり, きっかり, しゃっきり, はっきり, etc
These are onomatopoetic adverbs that happen to end in っかり and っきり. They're endless. Many of them can take と to emphasize their adverbialness, or する to turn them into actions about behaving that way.

> どんどん, そろそろ, めちゃくちゃ, びりびり
These are onomatopoetic adverbs that happen to repeating two syllables, maybe with some variation in one of the syllables. Many of these can also take と to emphasize their adverbialness or する to make them actions.

> Naに
This makes na-adjectives act as adverbs. Some non-na-adjective nouns can also turn into adverbs this way.

自然に
Naturally/spontaneously

> Naと
Many na-adjectives can also take と to act as adverbs.

> N的
This makes nouns act like Na-adjectives meaning "N-ness".



> Xつ
Turns the number X into an amount.

Normal Japanese nouns are uncountable. You can't say "five stores" or "four stores" with the normal word for "store". This is just like how in English you can't say "five rices" when you're referring to pieces of food or grains of rice. You say "five pieces of food" or "five grains of rice" instead. But in Japanese, almost all nouns aren't countable, so almost every way of counting things is something like "pieces of food" or "grains of rice".

There are other counting words than つ, which are almost all nouns, but they're restricted to counting specific kinds of things.

あと、もう一つ
And then give me another. (Or: After that, one more thing. (e.g. to explain))
From: Common



> ただのN
A mere N / just a A

Means that the N is nothing more special than what is said about it by calling it an N.

> ただ<number>
Only a certain amount.

> ただだ, ただです
Free (of cost), no strings attached, etc.

Sometimes ただ takes the form たった, but たった can also just be a verb like 立った or something.



> ね, よ, ぜ, な, わ, etc
These are sentence-ending particles that convey the speaker's attitude towards what they're saying or how the person they're saying it to is going to take it. They can express things like assertion, agreement, free-willed-ness, caution, etc. か is technically one of these but serves more of a grammatical function.

> だね, だぜ, etc
Compound sentence ending particles don't follow the same rules their parts would follow on their own, so you can say things like いいだぜ just fine and it doesn't seem weird at all, even though "いいだ" is objectionable at best on its own.

> Vな
Expresses prohibition. This is not the same な from the list of sentence-ending particles above.

くるな！
Stay away!

Yes, Vな as in prohibition and な the sentence-ending particle are ambiguous. You just have to get used to how they're used so you can tell which is which.

> V-なさい
Polite order.

食べなさい。
Eat.
From: Common

> V-な
Short version of V-なさい. Not ambiguous with the な sentence ending particle or prohibition, it's a conjugation, not a sentence ender.



> V-てもらう
For someone to do V for the sake of the first person. The subject is the first person.

> V-てくれる
For someone to do V for the sake of the first person. The subject is the doer.

> V-てあげる
For the speaker to do V for the sake of another person. The subject is the doer/first person.

> V-てやる
For someone to do V, with V affecting someone, regardless of whether that someone wanted it or not.



> 誰か, いつか, なにか, etc
These mean "someone", "some time", "something", etc. as in "Is someone there?", "I know someone who can deal with this", "something fell out of my bag", etc.

……誰かいるんですか？
...Is someone there?
From: Clover Point



> 誰も, いつも, なにも, etc
These mean "anyone", "any time", "anything", etc., as in for negative statements.

These aren't really used for "anyone" in positive statements. 誰も and いつも can be used for "everyone" or "all the time" in positive statements, but that's irregular behavior.

い、いいえ。何も言ってません
Ah, no. I didn't say anything.
From: Flyable Heart

It's not always possible to translate them into English as "anyone" etc, so some dictionaries define these words as "nobody", "never", "nothing", etc.

It's important to realize that the negative is not part of the Nも phrase, it's part of the statement as a whole.

誰も来ないよ
Nobody's coming.
From: Common

> 誰でも, いつでも, なにでも/なんでも
These mean "any X" in the sense of a particular X. They can be used with positive phrases. In negative phrases they're like an emphatic version of the Xも phrases.

誰でもわかる
Anyone could understand.
From: Common

そいつはあの火事の中、誰でもいいから誰かを助けようとやってきて、この俺を見つけたのだ。
That guy walked within those fires, looking to save someone, anyone was fine, and found my very self.
From: Fate/Stay Night



> ～や～や, ～と～と, ～とか～とか, ～か～か
These are ways of making various kinds of lists of things.

This is like how "and", "or", "and/or", and commas are used in English. They do not, however, literally translate into just "and", "or", or "and/or". They also all mean slightly different things.

The listing particle is often omitted from the last entry in a list. Some kinds of lists can work even if there's only one item.

寂しいとか、悲しいとか。
Like lonely, or sad.
From: Tokeijikake no Ley Line -Asagiri ni Chiru Hana-

Also remember that でも can be used as a listing particle, especially when the list is part of a bigger negative structure.

> Xなど
Basically means "things like X" or even X and things like X".



> ～たり～たり
Lists past events to describe what kind of stuff happened.

たり is formed the same way as the past tense. Sometimes there's only one past event.



> Xだけ, Xのみ, Xばかり/Xばっかり
These are various ways of expressing "only", "just", etc. They have different nuances and are used in different situations.

だけ and のみ mean that the statement only applies to what they're attached to.

聞こえたのは僕だけかな？
Am I the only one who heard it?
From: Twinkle Crusaders

なら、追いかけるのみだ。
Then there is only pursuit. (we can only chase after them)
From: Daitoshokan no Hitsujikai -Dreaming Sheep- (fandisk)

ばかり expresses that there's so much of something, or so little of anything else, that you can't think of it any other way.

先輩の本能は、えっちなことばかりなんですね
Wow, Senpai's instincts are all about sex.
From: Clover Point

空模様は悪化するばかり。
The weather just gets worse and worse.
From: Shugaten! -Sugarfull Tempering-

ばかり can work on the "time" something happened, like with さっき "recently/a short while ago", even if it's not directly attached.

でも、さっき恋人になったばっかりだ
But we just became lovers recently.
From: Daitoshokan no Hitsujikai



> Xしか
Used chiefly with negative statements, means "(nothing) but X"

This doesn't operate on question words like the other stuff here, but it's affected by polarity like they are.

今、ここには自分とセイバーしかいない。
Right now, there's nobody here but Saber and myself.
Fate/Stay Night

俺はもう、狂うしかないじゃないか
Isn't madness all that's left for me now?
From: Sekien no Inganock -What a Beautiful People-



> ...と思う, ...かも, ...かもしれない
These are ways of hedging a statement someone's not sure about so that it doesn't seem like an absolute.

> ...っぽい, ...らしい, V-そう
These mean that something seems some way. Can have a wide range of implications, everything from "someone is ...ish" to "I think I'm gonna ...".



> もう...
1) Already ...
2) Again/more/still (especially in fixed phrases)

もう行っちゃうの？　もっとお話ししたいのにな
Are you leaving already? I still have stuff to say, though.
From: Ama Koi Syrups ~Hajirau Koigokoro de Shitaku Naru Amagami-sama no Koi Matsuri~

もう一回やってみるか？
Want to try doing it again?
From: Common

> もう！, もう..., etc
As an interjection, expresses exasperation. Comes from meaning 1 from above, like "もういい" "enough already".

もう大丈夫です
I'm okay now.
From: Common

> もう...ない (or any negative expression)
Not/don't ... anymore

もうこわくない。
I'm not afraid anymore.
From: Ao no Kanata no Four Rhythm (but common)

もう喋るな
Don't talk anymore.
From: Common



> まだ...
Still ...

でもまだ眠いし……
But I'm still tired...
From: Hanahira!

> まだ...ない
Not ... yet

そう、頭の中はまだ何も整理できていない。
That's right, I still can't sort anything out in my head yet.
From: Silverio Vendetta

> また
Again

またパンツ見えた。
I saw her panties again.
From: Aete Mushi Suru Kimi to no Mirai ~Relay Broadcast~

> または、
An interjection. "Otherwise", "or". There are many fixed phrases like this. They're allowed in different situations and mean slightly different things.



> V-ず, V-ずに
These mean "without doing V". Forms the same way as the negative, except that する's ず form is せず/せずに, not しず/しずに.

> V-なくてはならない, V-なければならない, V-なくちゃだめ, V-なけりゃいけない, etc
These mean "must V". Any phrase that goes "(negative condition) (expression of wrongness)" means "must", but they all have different nuances.



> V1-ようとする, V5-(o)うとする
Means "trying to V".

アンタたちが逃げようとするからでしょッ！！
Isn't it because you guys are trying to run away!!
From: Axanael

躱そうとする試みは無意味だろう。
Attempting to try to dodge it would surely be meaningless.
From: Fate/Stay Night

> V1-まい, V1まい, V5まい
This is basically a negative version of the V1-よう/V5-(o)う form.

Normally comes after the full dictionary form of the verb, but for single-row verbs, the る can be dropped as well (i.e. V1-まい).

Not normally used as a way to say "let's not X". Almost always presents negative conjecture.

なるほど。それでは、そう簡単には終わるまい。
I see. In that case, there's no way it would end that easily.
From: Fate/Stay Night

> ...まいとする
Means "trying not to ...". Like a negative version of the V1-ようとする/V5-(o)うとする pattern.

> ではあるまい, じゃあるまい, ではあるまいし, じゃあるまいし
This is basically a negative version of だろう.



Most of these contractions apply to general situations.

> V-ねー
Common contraction of V-ない. "~ai" syllables can be contracted to "~ee" almost universally in rough or dialectal speech.

> すげー
Common contraction of すごい. Same deal as above.

> ひでー
Contraction of ひどい. Same deal as above.

> なにしてんの
Contraction of なにしてるの.

> しんない
> しらん
Contractions of しらない.

> いらん
Often a contraction of いらない "not needed/I don't need it".

> Nさんち
Contraction of Nさんのうち (N's house/N's place). Can happen with pretty much any honorific.

> Nっす
This is a contraction of です.

> おっす
This is almost always a contraction of おはようでございます. Yes, really.

> Nじゃ
> Nや
These are dialectal/regional versions of だ. This じゃ is not the じゃ from じゃない, it used to be spelled ぢゃ, the other one didn't.



> Nであります
> Nでありました
> Nではありません
> Nではありませんでした
> Nじゃありません
> Nじゃありませんでした
> Nでございます
> Nでごさいました
> etc

These exist. They mean exactly what they look like they mean. When you get to Nではありませんでした and Nじゃありませんでした they start to look like unintelligible hiragana stew, but you get used to it.