#include <bits/stdc++.h>
using namespace std;


pair<long long, int> computeLucky(long long left, long long right, int threshold) {

    if (right - left + 1 < threshold) {
        return {0, 0};
    }


    if (right - left + 1 == 1) {
        return {left, 1};
    }


    long long mid = left + (right - left) / 2;

    if ((right - left + 1) % 2) {

        pair<long long, int> leftResult = computeLucky(left, mid - 1, threshold);


        long long totalLucky = mid + 2 * leftResult.first + mid * leftResult.second;
        int totalSegments = 2 * leftResult.second + 1;

        return {totalLucky, totalSegments};
    } else {

        pair<long long, int> leftResult = computeLucky(left, mid, threshold);


        long long totalLucky = 2 * leftResult.first + mid * leftResult.second;
        int totalSegments = 2 * leftResult.second;

        return {totalLucky, totalSegments};
    }
}

int main() {
    ios::sync_with_stdio(false);
    cin.tie(NULL);

    int test_cases;
    cin >> test_cases;

    while (test_cases--) {
        long long n, k;
        cin >> n >> k;


        pair<long long, int> result = computeLucky(1, n, k);


        cout << result.first << "\n";
    }

    return 0;
}