2018_IntroC#CheatsheetPartTimeArraysBinaryMethodsRecursion

using System;
using System.Collections.Generic;
using System.Globalization;
using System.Linq;
using System.Text;
using System.Threading;
using System.Threading.Tasks;

namespace MyAppSTD2018
{
    class Program
    {
        static void Main(string[] args)
        {
            // Shortcuts Ctrl+. | Ctrl+r,r | cw \t\t | Ctrl+k,d | Ctrl+k,c | Ctrl+k,u
            // I. Types have: name (e.g. int), size, default value
            // II. Variables have: name (A-Za-z_0-9 all utf-8, can't start with 0-9, can't be a keyword), type, value
            // built-in types:
            //1. integer (default = 0)
            byte myByte = 23; // unsigned 8-bis (0 to 255) default = 0
            sbyte mySByte = -128; // signed 8-bit (-128 to 127) default = 0

            short myShort = -1000; // signed 16-bit (-32,768 to 32,767)
            ushort myUshort = 2000;  // unsigned 16-bit (0 to 65,535)

            int myVar = 4; // signed 32-bit (-2,147,483,648 to 2,147,483,647)
            int myVar2 = 5; // signed 32-bit (-2,147,483,648 to 2,147,483,647)
            int sum = myVar + myVar2; // signed 32-bit (-2,147,483,648 to 2,147,483,647)
            uint myUint = 12000U; // unsigned 32-bit (0 to 4, 294, 967, 295)
            sum = 0xA8F1; // hexadecimal literal
            sum = 0XA8F1; // hexadecimal literal

            long myLong = 42432L;// signed 64-bit (-9,223,372,036,854,775,808 to 9,223,372,036,854,775,807)
            ulong myUlong = 23423423U; // unsigned 64-bit (0 to 18,446,744,073,709,551,615)
            ulong maxIntValue = UInt64.MaxValue;
            Console.WriteLine(maxIntValue); // 18446744073709551615

            // Check if there is overflow and throw an exception
            //checked
            //{
            //    int maxInt = int.MaxValue;
            //    maxInt = maxInt + 1;
            //    Console.WriteLine(maxInt);
            //}
            // if there is no check we will get wrong result -2147483648
           // BigInteger myBigInt = 3213213; // No limits

            // 2. Real (default 0.0 for F/f D/d M/m)
            float myFloat = 4.566F; // signed 32-bit (±1.5e-45 to ±3.4e38) up to 7 symbols/digits
            myFloat = 67.8E35f; // litteral with "E/e"
            double myDouble = 34.56d; // signed 64-bit (±5.0e-324 to ±1.7e+308) up to 15-16 symbols/digits
            myDouble = -3.4e-10d;
            decimal myDecimal = 23.45M; // signed 128-bit (±1.0e-28 to ±7.9e28) precission 28-29 symbols/digits, closest to 0 ±1.0e-28, decimal floating-point arithmetic

            // Declare some variables
            float floatPI = 3.141592653589793238f;
            double doublePI = 3.141592653589793238;
            // Print the results on the console
            Console.WriteLine("Float PI is: " + floatPI); // Float PI is: 3.141593 only 7 digits
            Console.WriteLine("Double PI is: " + doublePI); // Double PI is: 3.14159265358979  16 digits
            decimal decimalPI = 3.14159265358979323846m;
            Console.WriteLine(decimalPI); // 3.14159265358979323846

            // 3. Char
            char myFirstLetter = 'S';
            Console.WriteLine((int)myFirstLetter);
            char symbol = (char)5;
            char myChar = '\u0065';
            Console.WriteLine(myChar);
            myChar = '\uffff';
            Console.WriteLine(myChar);
            // escaping
            char myEscape = '\n'; // \n \t \r \' \\ \" \uXXXX

            // 4. String (default null) Reference, value in the heap
            string myName = "Stoyan Cheresharov";
            string path = @"D:\CamtasiaVideos"; // instead of D:\\CamtasiaVideos

            Console.WriteLine($"The Path is {path}");

            //StringBuilder text = new StringBuilder();
            //foreach (char symbol in list)
            // {
            //    text.Append(symbol);
            //}

            // 5. Bool (default false)
            bool myBool = true; // false | true

            // 6. Object (default null) Reference, value in the heap
            Object myObject = 3;

            Nullable<int> i1 = null;
            int? i2 = i1;

            // typeof()
            // Console.WriteLine(typeof(i1)); // error
            // Used to obtain the System.Type object for a type. A typeof expression takes the following form:
            System.Type type = typeof(int);
            int i = 0;
            type = i.GetType();
            Console.WriteLine(type);

            // sizeof - Used to obtain the size in bytes for an unmanaged type.
            Console.WriteLine(sizeof(sbyte)); // 1
            // Unmanaged types include:
            // The simple types that are listed in the following table:
            // Expression Constant value
            //sizeof(sbyte)   1
            //sizeof(byte)    1
            //sizeof(short)   2
            //sizeof(ushort)  2
            //sizeof(int) 4
            //sizeof(uint)    4
            //sizeof(long)    8
            //sizeof(ulong)   8
            //sizeof(char)    2(Unicode)
            //sizeof(float)   4
            //sizeof(double)  8
            //sizeof(decimal) 16
            //sizeof(bool)    1

            Console.WriteLine("Hello World! The sum is " + sum);
            Console.WriteLine("-----------------------");
            Console.WriteLine((char)65);
            Console.WriteLine((int)'D');
            Console.WriteLine('\u0065');
            int? myVanya = null;
            Console.WriteLine("Vanya is " + myVanya.ToString() + " years old!");
            Console.WriteLine(sizeof(long));
            int myDesiInt = 10;
            // double myDesiDouble = 1.2;
            int myDesiDouble = 3;
            Console.WriteLine("Desi " + ((double)myDesiInt / myDesiDouble));
            // Console.WriteLine("Desi " + ((myDesiInt / myDesiDouble));

            // Ctrl+r,r - refactoring/replace a name/string
            // Not possible
            //int? implicitConvertInt = 0;
            //if (implicitConvertInt) { // Can not implicitly convert type int to bool
            //}
            //Object implicitConverToObj = null;
            //if (implicitConverToObj) { // Can not implicitly convert type Obj to bool
            //}

            myDesiInt++;
            Console.WriteLine(myDesiInt);
            Console.WriteLine((myDesiInt > 18) ? "You are an adult" : "You are young");
            byte myTest = 1;
            Console.WriteLine(myTest);
            Console.WriteLine(myTest << 1);
            Console.WriteLine(myTest << 2);
            myTest <<= 2;
            Console.WriteLine(myTest);
            byte myGeorgi = 8;
            Console.WriteLine(myTest | myGeorgi);

            int squarePerimeter = 17;
            double squareSide = squarePerimeter / 4.0;
            double squareArea = squareSide * squareSide;
            Console.WriteLine(squareSide); // 4.25
            Console.WriteLine(squareArea); // 18.0625
            int a = 5;
            int b = 4;
            Console.WriteLine(a + b); // 9
            Console.WriteLine(a + b++); // 9
            Console.WriteLine(a + b); // 10
            Console.WriteLine(a + (++b)); // 11
            Console.WriteLine(a + b); // 11
            Console.WriteLine(14 / a); // 2
            Console.WriteLine(14 % a); // 4


            a = 11;
            b = 2;
            // Arithmetic operators
            Console.WriteLine(a + b);
            Console.WriteLine(a - b);
            Console.WriteLine(a / b);
            Console.WriteLine(a * b);
            Console.WriteLine(a++);
            Console.WriteLine(a);
            Console.WriteLine(++a);
            Console.WriteLine(a % b);
            Console.WriteLine(--a);
            Console.WriteLine(a--);

            // For comparison
            Console.WriteLine(a > b);
            Console.WriteLine(a < b);
            Console.WriteLine(a >= b);
            Console.WriteLine(a <= b);
            Console.WriteLine(a == b);
            Console.WriteLine(a != b);

            // Logical
            bool x = true;
            bool y = false;

            Console.WriteLine(x && y);
            Console.WriteLine(x || y);
            Console.WriteLine(x ^ y);
            Console.WriteLine(!x);

            // for asignments
            a += 3; // a = a + 3;

            // Bitwise operators
            Console.WriteLine(1 << 1);
            Console.WriteLine(2 >> 1);
            Console.WriteLine(1 | 2);
            Console.WriteLine(1 & 2);
            Console.WriteLine(1 ^ 3);// 2

            // int? a = 5;
            // int? b = 6
            // a = null;
            // int? z = a ?? b;

            // long d = 3214321342134231443;

            // int i = checked((int)d); // System.OverflowException

            int one = 1;
            int zero = 0;
            // Console.WriteLine(one / zero); // DivideByZeroException
            double dMinusOne = -1.0;
            double dZero = 0.0;
            Console.WriteLine(dMinusOne / zero); // -Infinity
            Console.WriteLine(one / dZero); // Infinity
            Console.Clear();
            Console.Write("Stoyan ");
            Console.Write("Cheresharov \n\r");
            Console.WriteLine("My name is Desi. I am {0} years old. my favorite number is {1}", myDesiInt, 3);
            Console.WriteLine("| {0,10:######} |", 12);

            // Formatting Numbers
            // Standard Formatting Symbols C, D, E, F, N, P, X
            Console.WriteLine("{0:C2}", 123.456); //Output: 123,46 лв.
            Console.WriteLine("{0:D6}", -1234); //Output: -001234
            Console.WriteLine("{0:E2}", 123); //Output: 1,23Е+002
            Console.WriteLine("{0:F2}", -123.456); //Output: -123,46
            Console.WriteLine("{0:N2}", 1234567.8); //Output: 1 234 567,80
            Console.WriteLine("{0:P}", 0.456); //Output: 45,60 %
            Console.WriteLine("{0:X}", 254); //Output: FE

            // Custom Formatting Symbols 0000, ###, %, E0 Е+0 Е-0
            Console.WriteLine("{0:0.00}", 1); //Output: 1,00
            Console.WriteLine("{0:#.##}", 0.234); //Output: ,23
            Console.WriteLine("{0:#####}", 12345.67); //Output: 12346
            Console.WriteLine("{0:(0#) ### ## ##}", 29342525); //Output: (02) 934 25 25
            Console.WriteLine("{0:%##}", 0.234);//Output: %23

            // Standard Formatting Symbols for DateTime
            DateTime d = new DateTime(2018, 9, 14, 15, 30, 22);

            Console.WriteLine("{0:D}", d); // d D
            Console.WriteLine("{0:t}", d); // t T
            Console.WriteLine("{0:Y}", d); // y Y

            // Custom Formatting Symbols for DateTime d, dd, M, MM, yy, yyyy, hh, HH, m, mm, s, ss
            Console.WriteLine("{0:dd/MM/yyyy HH:mm:ss}", d);
            Console.WriteLine("{0:d.MM.yy г.}", d);
            // return;
            Console.Clear();
            Thread.CurrentThread.CurrentCulture =
            CultureInfo.GetCultureInfo("bg-Bg");

            Console.WriteLine("| {0,10:C} |", 120000.4532);
            Console.Clear();

            // Reading from the console and parsing

            Console.Write("Please enter your age: ");
            string inputVariable = Console.ReadLine();

            // Parsing strings to numbers
            int age = int.Parse(inputVariable);
            double ageInDouble;
            double.TryParse(inputVariable, out ageInDouble);
            Console.WriteLine(Convert.ToInt16(inputVariable));
            Console.WriteLine(age + 10);

            // Read a character from the input with Read
            //Console.Write("Please enter a character: ");
            //int nextChar = Console.Read();
            //Console.WriteLine(nextChar);
            //Console.WriteLine((char)nextChar);
            // return;

            // ReadKey
            //Console.WriteLine("Please press ESC key to exit this endless loop");
            //ConsoleKeyInfo cki;
            //do {
            //    if (!Console.KeyAvailable)
            //    {
            //        Console.Clear();
            //        Console.WriteLine("Please hit Esc");
            //    }
            //    cki = Console.ReadKey(true);
            //    System.Threading.Thread.Sleep(50);
            //} while(cki.Key != ConsoleKey.Escape);


            Console.OutputEncoding = Encoding.UTF8;

            Console.ForegroundColor = ConsoleColor.Green;
            // Console.BackgroundColor = ConsoleColor.Blue;
            // To change the background color of the > console window as a whole, set the BackgroundColor property and call the Clear method.
            // Console.BackgroundColor = ConsoleColor.Blue;
            // Console.Clear();

            Console.SetCursorPosition(5, 10); // left top
            Console.WriteLine("Това е кирилица: ☺");

            Thread.CurrentThread.CurrentCulture =
            CultureInfo.GetCultureInfo("en-GB"); // UK doesn't work

            // Thread.CurrentThread.CurrentCulture = CultureInfo.InvariantCulture;

            Console.WriteLine("Your balance is {0, 30:C2}", 1234567.8904534);

            //for (int charCode = 0; charCode < 1000; i++)
            //{
            //    Console.WriteLine((char)i);
            //}

            int secondNumber = 3;
            int firstNumber = 2;
            if (secondNumber > firstNumber)
            {
                // int biggerNumber = secondNumber;
                Console.WriteLine(secondNumber);
            }

            char ch = 'X';
            if (ch == 'A' || ch == 'a')
            {
                Console.WriteLine("Vowel [ei]");
            }
            else if (ch == 'E' || ch == 'e')
            {
                Console.WriteLine("Vowel [i:]");
            }
            else if (ch == 'I' || ch == 'i')
            {
                Console.WriteLine("Vowel [ai]");
            }
            else if (ch == 'O' || ch == 'o')
            {
                Console.WriteLine("Vowel [ou]");
            }
            else if (ch == 'U' || ch == 'u')
            {
                Console.WriteLine("Vowel [ju:]");
            }
            else
            {
                Console.WriteLine("Consonant");
            }

            //if (булев израз)
            //{
            //    тяло на условната конструкция;
            //}
            //else
            //{
            //    тяло на else-конструкция;
            //}

            //switch (селектор)
            //{
            //    case целочислена - стойност - 1: конструкция; break;
            //    case целочислена - стойност - 2: конструкция; break;
            //    case целочислена - стойност - 3: конструкция; break;
            //    case целочислена - стойност - 4: конструкция; break;
            //    // …
            //    default: конструкция; break;
            //}

            //while (условие)
            //{
            //    тяло на цикъла;
            //}

            // Initialize the counter
            int counter = 0;
            // Execute the loop body while the loop condition holds
            while (counter <= 9)
            {
                // Print the counter value
                Console.WriteLine("Number : " + counter);
                // Increment the counter
                counter++;
            }

            //  n! = (n - 1)!*n
            Console.Write("Please, enter a number: ");
            int n = int.Parse(Console.ReadLine());
            // "decimal" is the biggest type that can hold integer values
            decimal factorial = 1;
            // Perform an "infinite loop"
            while (true)
            {
                if (n <= 1)
                {
                    break;
                }
                factorial *= n;
                n--;
            }
            Console.WriteLine("n! = " + factorial);

            int myDoTest = 0;
            do
            {
                Console.Write("Please enter a number betwen 0 and 5: ");
                myDoTest = int.Parse(Console.ReadLine());
            } while (myDoTest > 5 || myDoTest < 0);

            //for (инициализация; условие; обновяване)
            //{
            //    тяло на цикъла;
            //}

            for (int j = 0; j <= 10; j++)
            {
                Console.Write(j + " ");
            }

            int t = 0;
            while (t < 10)
            {
                // i++;
                // break;
                if (t % 2 == 0)
                {
                    t++;
                    continue;
                }
                Console.WriteLine("t = " + t);
                t++;
            }

            int[] numbers = { 2, 3, 5, 7, 11, 13, 17, 19 };
            foreach (int k in numbers)
            {
                Console.Write(" " + k);
            }
            Console.WriteLine();

            String[] towns = { "Sofia", "Plovdiv", "Varna", "Bourgas" };
            foreach (String town in towns)
            {
                Console.Write(" " + town);
            }

            int special = 34;
            Console.WriteLine($"This is my variable {special}");

            Console.BackgroundColor = ConsoleColor.DarkBlue;
            Console.Clear();
            Console.ForegroundColor = ConsoleColor.Yellow;

            string[] students = new string[100];
            students[0] = "Konstantin";
            students[1] = "Angel";

            Console.WriteLine(students[0]);

            int[] myArray = { 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6 };
            int[] myArray2 = new int[3] { 23, 45, 67 };

            string[] daysOfWeek =
            {
                "Monday",
                "Tuesday",
                "Wednesday",
                "Thursday",
                "Friday",
                "Saturday",
                "Sunday"
            };

            int[] array = new int[] { 1, 2, 3, 4, 5 };
            Console.Write("Output: ");
            for (int index = 0; index < array.Length; index++)
            {
                // Doubling the number
                array[index] = 2 * array[index];
                // Print the number
                Console.Write(array[index] + " ");
            }
            // Output: 2 4 6 8 10

            //foreach (var item in collection)
            //{
            //    // Process the value here
            //}

            int[,] matrix =
            {
                {1, 2, 3, 4}, // row 0 values
                {5, 6, 7, 8}, // row 1 values
            };
            // The matrix size is 2 x 4 (2 rows, 4 cols)

            Console.WriteLine();
            Console.WriteLine(matrix[0,3]); // 4

            Console.WriteLine(matrix.GetLength(0));
            Console.WriteLine(matrix.GetLength(1));

            int[][] myJaggedArray = {
                new int[] {5, 7, 2},
                new int[] {10, 20, 40},
                new int[] {3, 25},
                new int[] { 1,2,3,4,5,6,78,9}
            };

            int[][,] jaggedOfMulti = new int[2][,];

            // another way to declare jagged array
            int[][] jaggedArray;
            jaggedArray = new int[2][];
            jaggedArray[0] = new int[5];
            jaggedArray[1] = new int[3];



            // String number = "100";
            // int fromBase = 16;
            // int toBase = 10;

            // String result1 = Convert.ToString(Convert.ToInt32(number, fromBase), toBase);

           // result == "256"
           // Console.WriteLine(result1);



            /*
            // Convert to binary system
            Console.Write("Please, enter a number to convert to binary: ");
            // with 340282366920938000000000000000000000000
            // System.OverflowException: Value was either too large or too small for an Int32.
            int number2Convert = int.Parse(Console.ReadLine());
            int[] binaryNumber = new int[128]; // the default value is 0
            int digitCounter = 127;
            while (number2Convert > 0 && digitCounter > 0)
            {
                binaryNumber[digitCounter] = number2Convert % 2;
                digitCounter--;
                number2Convert /= 2;
                Console.WriteLine(number2Convert);
            }
            foreach (var digit in binaryNumber)
            {
                Console.Write(digit);
            }
            Console.WriteLine();
            Console.WriteLine(Math.Pow(2, 128)); // 3.40282366920938E+38
            // Console.WriteLine("{0,10:N}", Math.Pow(2, 128)); // 340,282,366,920,938,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000.00
            // Console.WriteLine("{0,10:D}", Math.Pow(2, 128)); // Exception
            Console.WriteLine("{0,10:F0}", Math.Pow(2, 128)); // 340282366920938000000000000000000000000

                // https://stackoverflow.com/questions/2954962/convert-integer-to-binary-in-c-sharp
                int value = 8;
                string binary = Convert.ToString(value, 2);

                // Convert from any classic base to any base in C#

                String number = "100";
                int fromBase = 16;
                int toBase = 10;

                String result = Convert.ToString(Convert.ToInt32(number, fromBase), toBase);

                // result == "256"
                // Supported bases are 2, 8, 10 and 16

            */

            // Convert from decimal to binary system
            //34 - > 100010 = 1 * 2 ^ 5 + 0 + 0 + 0 + 1 * 2 ^ 1 + 0 = 32 + 2 = 34

            //34 : 2 = 17  0
            //17 : 2 = 8   1
            //8 : 2 = 4    0
            //4 : 2 = 2    0
            //2 : 2 = 1    0
            //             1

            //100010
            //100010

            // 8| 4 | 2 | 1
            // e.g. 12 is 8 + 4 then we put 1 in positions of 8 and 4 -> 1100

            // Convert form base 16 to base 2
            //0010 | 1010 | 1010 | 1010 | 1111 | 1110 | 0001 | 1111 | 1111

            //2AAAFD1FF


            // Method calls
            string[] studentsTemp = new string[2];
            InputNames(studentsTemp);
            InputNames(studentsTemp, 5);
            InputNames(studentsTemp, 3, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 2, 3, 6, 6);
            InputNames(n: 6, names: studentsTemp);

            // Recursion
            int factorial2 = 5;
            Console.WriteLine("!{0} = {1}", factorial2, Factorial(factorial2));


            // Standard Math functions
            Console.WriteLine(Math.Cos(23));

            // every string can be used as array
            string stoyanName = "Stoyan";
            Console.WriteLine(stoyanName[0]); // S
            // string functions - tyme the name of the variable and .
            Console.WriteLine(stoyanName.IndexOf('t'));
            // etc.
        }

        // Method declaration and definition, default parameters, variable number of parameters
        static void InputNames(string[] names, int n = 4, params int[] myExtraParams)
        {
            for (var i = 0; i < names.Length; i++)
            {
                Console.Write("Please enter element number {0} :", i);
                names[i] = Console.ReadLine() + " Default Mark = " + n + " Final Mark" + ((myExtraParams.Length > 0) ? myExtraParams[i].ToString() : "0"); //
                Console.WriteLine(names[i]);
            }
        }

        // Recursion
        // !n = !(n-1) * n
        static int Factorial(int n)
        {
            if (n == 0) return 1;
            return Factorial(n - 1) * n;
        }
    }
}