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https://doi.org/10.3389/fenvs.2014.00014
To sum up, the deployment of solar panels is good both for producing energy (and hence contributing to a decrease of greenhouse gas emissions)
and for decreasing the UHI, especially in summer, when it can be a threat to health.
In future climate conditions, solar panels would also help to decrease the demand of air-conditioning.


https://doi.org/10.1016/j.solener.2011.06.010
Simulations showed no benefit (but also no disadvantage) of the PV covered roof for the annual heating load,
but a 5.9 kWh m−2 (or 38%) reduction in annual cooling load.


https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2022.160508
Dominguez et al. (2011) showed that in San Diego, California, solar photovoltaic panels that partially cover building rooftops
can reduce not only greenhouse gas emissions but also the annual cooling load.

Salamanca et al. (2016) found that solar photovoltaic panels could lower the 2-m temperature over Phoenix and Tucson, Arizona.
Ma et al. (2017) found that solar photovoltaic panels might reduce summer maximum temperatures in Sydney.
In a study that corroborates these findings, Taha (2013) demonstrated that a vast solar panel deployment across the Los Angeles area has a cooling effect of up to 0.2 °C.


https://doi.org/10.1016/j.solener.2012.09.014
Large-scale deployment of solar PV arrays has no adverse impact on the atmosphere.
At solar conversion efficiency of 20% or higher, PV arrays can cool the air.
Very high-density deployment of PV can cause some warming but also larger cooling.
Increasing roof albedo by 0.05 and PV efficiency from 10% to 20% are equivalent.


https://doi.org/10.1016/j.renene.2022.03.004
Average annual reduction in the roof and ceiling temperatures for different cities are in the range 6.05–10.96 °C and 3.94–7.15 °C,
respectively. Annual cooling load reduced by 70.33–94.37%.
Although PV panels shading shows negative impact during the winter season by increasing the heating load of building in all the climatic zones,
the overall thermal load of building may reduce up to 22.76–74.07%.
Furthermore, the overall energy-saving efficiency index varies from 21.27 to 25.12%, with maximum efficiency observed for Jodhpur city followed by Raipur.