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  1. student@VM-Ubunt-0683:~$ ls
  2. Desktop Downloads Music Public Videos
  3. Documents examples.desktop Pictures Templates
  4. student@VM-Ubunt-0683:~$ ls -l
  5. total 44
  6. drwxr-xr-x 2 student student 4096 helmi 5 11:11 Desktop
  7. drwxr-xr-x 2 student student 4096 helmi 5 11:11 Documents
  8. drwxr-xr-x 2 student student 4096 helmi 5 11:11 Downloads
  9. -rw-r--r-- 1 student student 8980 helmi 5 11:04 examples.desktop
  10. drwxr-xr-x 2 student student 4096 helmi 5 11:11 Music
  11. drwxr-xr-x 2 student student 4096 helmi 5 11:11 Pictures
  12. drwxr-xr-x 2 student student 4096 helmi 5 11:11 Public
  13. drwxr-xr-x 2 student student 4096 helmi 5 11:11 Templates
  14. drwxr-xr-x 2 student student 4096 helmi 5 11:11 Videos
  15. student@VM-Ubunt-0683:~$ ls -la
  16. total 92
  17. drwxr-xr-x 15 student student 4096 huhti 10 09:10 .
  18. drwxr-xr-x 3 root root 4096 helmi 5 11:04 ..
  19. -rw------- 1 student student 10 helmi 5 11:15 .bash_history
  20. -rw-r--r-- 1 student student 220 helmi 5 11:04 .bash_logout
  21. -rw-r--r-- 1 student student 3771 helmi 5 11:04 .bashrc
  22. drwx------ 12 student student 4096 huhti 5 14:45 .cache
  23. drwxr-xr-x 11 student student 4096 huhti 10 09:11 .config
  24. drwxr-xr-x 2 student student 4096 helmi 5 11:11 Desktop
  25. drwxr-xr-x 2 student student 4096 helmi 5 11:11 Documents
  26. drwxr-xr-x 2 student student 4096 helmi 5 11:11 Downloads
  27. -rw-r--r-- 1 student student 8980 helmi 5 11:04 examples.desktop
  28. drwx------ 2 student student 4096 helmi 5 11:11 .gnupg
  29. -rw------- 1 student student 1690 huhti 10 09:10 .ICEauthority
  30. drwxr-xr-x 3 student student 4096 helmi 5 11:10 .local
  31. drwxr-xr-x 2 student student 4096 helmi 5 11:11 Music
  32. drwxr-xr-x 2 student student 4096 helmi 5 11:11 Pictures
  33. -rw-r--r-- 1 student student 675 helmi 5 11:04 .profile
  34. drwxr-xr-x 2 student student 4096 helmi 5 11:11 Public
  35. drwx------ 2 student student 4096 helmi 5 11:11 .ssh
  36. -rw-r--r-- 1 student student 0 helmi 5 11:12 .sudo_as_admin_successful
  37. drwxr-xr-x 2 student student 4096 helmi 5 11:11 Templates
  38. drwxr-xr-x 2 student student 4096 helmi 5 11:11 Videos
  39. student@VM-Ubunt-0683:~$ pwd
  40. /home/student
  41. student@VM-Ubunt-0683:~$ cd /usr/share
  42. student@VM-Ubunt-0683:/usr/share$ pwd
  43. /usr/share
  44. student@VM-Ubunt-0683:/usr/share$ ls -la
  45. total 1112
  46. drwxr-xr-x 251 root root 12288 helmi 5 11:17 .
  47. drwxr-xr-x 10 root root 4096 tammi 5 22:35 ..
  48. drwxr-xr-x 2 root root 4096 tammi 5 22:39 aclocal
  49. drwxr-xr-x 2 root root 4096 tammi 5 22:36 acpi-support
  50. drwxr-xr-x 2 root root 4096 tammi 5 22:35 adduser
  51. drwxr-xr-x 3 root root 4096 tammi 5 22:39 adium
  52. drwxr-xr-x 6 root root 4096 tammi 5 22:37 aisleriot
  53. drwxr-xr-x 9 root root 4096 tammi 5 22:37 alsa
  54. drwxr-xr-x 2 root root 4096 tammi 5 22:36 alsa-base
  55. drwxr-xr-x 2 root root 4096 helmi 5 11:13 appdata
  56. drwxr-xr-x 3 root root 4096 tammi 5 22:37 app-info
  57. drwxr-xr-x 4 root root 4096 tammi 5 22:36 app-install
  58. drwxr-xr-x 2 root root 4096 huhti 6 06:46 application-registry
  59. drwxr-xr-x 2 root root 12288 huhti 6 06:46 applications
  60. drwxr-xr-x 6 root root 4096 helmi 5 11:04 apport
  61. drwxr-xr-x 2 root root 4096 tammi 5 22:37 apturl
  62. drwxr-xr-x 2 root root 4096 tammi 5 22:36 aspell
  63. drwxr-xr-x 2 root root 4096 tammi 5 22:37 avahi
  64. drwxr-xr-x 3 root root 4096 tammi 5 22:37 backgrounds
  65. drwxr-xr-x 2 root root 4096 tammi 5 22:35 base-files
  66. drwxr-xr-x 2 root root 4096 tammi 5 22:35 base-passwd
  67. drwxr-xr-x 4 root root 4096 tammi 5 22:36 bash-completion
  68. drwxr-xr-x 2 root root 4096 helmi 5 11:06 binfmts
  69. drwxr-xr-x 4 root root 4096 tammi 5 22:37 branding
  70. drwxr-xr-x 3 root root 4096 tammi 5 22:39 brltty
  71. drwxr-xr-x 84 root root 4096 helmi 5 11:13 bug
  72. drwxr-xr-x 3 root root 4096 tammi 5 22:35 ca-certificates
  73. drwxr-xr-x 9 root root 4096 tammi 5 22:36 calendar
  74. drwxr-xr-x 3 root root 4096 tammi 5 22:37 caribou
  75. drwxr-xr-x 3 root root 4096 tammi 5 22:37 cogl
  76. drwxr-xr-x 3 root root 4096 tammi 5 22:37 color
  77. drwxr-xr-x 7 root root 4096 tammi 5 22:37 colord
  78. drwxr-xr-x 3 root root 4096 tammi 5 22:36 command-not-found
  79. drwxr-xr-x 2 root root 4096 tammi 5 22:35 common-licenses
  80. drwxr-xr-x 2 root root 20480 tammi 5 22:35 consolefonts
  81. drwxr-xr-x 2 root root 4096 tammi 5 22:35 console-setup
  82. drwxr-xr-x 2 root root 4096 tammi 5 22:35 consoletrans
  83. drwxr-xr-x 18 root root 4096 tammi 5 22:39 cups
  84. drwxr-xr-x 7 root root 4096 tammi 5 22:37 dbus-1
  85. drwxr-xr-x 3 root root 4096 tammi 5 22:37 dconf
  86. drwxr-xr-x 2 root root 4096 tammi 5 22:35 debconf
  87. drwxr-xr-x 3 root root 4096 tammi 5 22:35 debhelper
  88. drwxr-xr-x 2 root root 4096 tammi 5 22:35 debianutils
  89. drwxr-xr-x 3 root root 4096 tammi 5 22:37 defaults
  90. drwxr-xr-x 2 root root 4096 tammi 5 22:37 desktop-directories
  91. drwxr-xr-x 4 root root 4096 tammi 5 22:35 dh-python
  92. drwxr-xr-x 2 root root 4096 tammi 5 22:42 dict
  93. drwxr-xr-x 2 root root 4096 tammi 5 22:36 dictionaries-common
  94. drwxr-xr-x 2 root root 4096 tammi 5 22:35 distro-info
  95. drwxr-xr-x 4 root root 4096 tammi 5 22:37 djvu
  96. drwxr-xr-x 2 root root 4096 tammi 5 22:37 dns
  97. drwxr-xr-x 2 root root 4096 tammi 5 22:37 dnsmasq-base
  98. drwxr-xr-x 1535 root root 69632 huhti 6 06:45 doc
  99. drwxr-xr-x 3 root root 4096 helmi 5 11:06 doc-base
  100. drwxr-xr-x 2 root root 4096 tammi 5 22:38 dpkg
  101. drwxr-xr-x 3 root root 4096 tammi 5 22:36 emacs
  102. drwxr-xr-x 2 root root 4096 tammi 5 22:36 enchant
  103. drwxr-xr-x 3 root root 4096 tammi 5 22:37 eog
  104. drwxr-xr-x 3 root root 4096 tammi 5 22:37 evince
  105. drwxr-xr-x 2 root root 4096 tammi 5 22:37 evolution-data-server
  106. drwxr-xr-x 3 root root 4096 tammi 5 22:37 example-content
  107. drwxr-xr-x 3 root root 4096 tammi 5 22:35 file
  108. drwxr-xr-x 2 root root 4096 tammi 5 22:37 file-roller
  109. drwxr-xr-x 3 root root 4096 tammi 5 22:36 fontconfig
  110. drwxr-xr-x 8 root root 4096 tammi 5 22:39 fonts
  111. drwxr-xr-x 3 root root 4096 tammi 5 22:36 fonts-droid-fallback
  112. drwxr-xr-x 3 root root 4096 tammi 5 22:39 foo2qpdl
  113. drwxr-xr-x 3 root root 4096 tammi 5 22:39 foo2zjs
  114. drwxr-xr-x 3 root root 4096 helmi 5 11:13 fwupd
  115. drwxr-xr-x 3 root root 4096 tammi 5 22:35 gcc-7
  116. drwxr-xr-x 3 root root 4096 tammi 5 22:36 GConf
  117. drwxr-xr-x 3 root root 4096 tammi 5 22:37 gcr-3
  118. drwxr-xr-x 6 root root 4096 tammi 5 22:37 gdb
  119. drwxr-xr-x 6 root root 4096 tammi 5 22:37 gdm
  120. drwxr-xr-x 3 root root 4096 tammi 5 22:37 gedit
  121. drwxr-xr-x 2 root root 4096 tammi 5 22:36 GeoIP
  122. drwxr-xr-x 7 root root 4096 tammi 5 22:37 gettext
  123. drwxr-xr-x 3 root root 4096 tammi 5 22:37 gettext-0.19.8
  124. drwxr-xr-x 4 root root 4096 tammi 5 22:37 ghostscript
  125. drwxr-xr-x 3 root root 4096 tammi 5 22:35 glib-2.0
  126. drwxr-xr-x 4 root root 4096 helmi 5 11:06 gnome
  127. drwxr-xr-x 2 root root 4096 tammi 5 22:37 gnome-background-properties
  128. drwxr-xr-x 2 root root 4096 tammi 5 22:37 gnome-bluetooth
  129. drwxr-xr-x 6 root root 4096 tammi 5 22:37 gnome-control-center
  130. drwxr-xr-x 4 root root 4096 tammi 5 22:37 gnome-mahjongg
  131. drwxr-xr-x 3 root root 4096 tammi 5 22:37 gnome-mines
  132. drwxr-xr-x 2 root root 4096 tammi 5 22:37 gnome-online-accounts
  133. drwxr-xr-x 3 root root 4096 tammi 5 22:37 gnome-session
  134. drwxr-xr-x 3 root root 4096 tammi 5 22:37 gnome-settings-daemon
  135. drwxr-xr-x 6 root root 4096 tammi 5 22:37 gnome-shell
  136. drwxr-xr-x 2 root root 4096 tammi 5 22:37 gnome-software
  137. drwxr-xr-x 3 root root 4096 tammi 5 22:37 gnome-sudoku
  138. drwxr-xr-x 2 root root 4096 tammi 5 22:37 gnome-system-monitor
  139. drwxr-xr-x 2 root root 4096 tammi 5 22:37 gnome-user-share
  140. drwxr-xr-x 2 root root 4096 tammi 5 22:37 gnome-video-effects
  141. drwxr-xr-x 3 root root 4096 tammi 5 22:39 gnome-vpn-properties
  142. drwxr-xr-x 2 root root 4096 tammi 5 22:35 gnupg
  143. drwxr-xr-x 3 root root 4096 tammi 5 22:37 grilo-plugins
  144. drwxr-xr-x 3 root root 4096 tammi 5 22:36 groff
  145. drwxr-xr-x 3 root root 4096 tammi 5 22:36 grub
  146. drwxr-xr-x 3 root root 4096 tammi 5 22:36 grub-gfxpayload-lists
  147. drwxr-xr-x 3 root root 4096 tammi 5 22:36 gst-plugins-base
  148. drwxr-xr-x 3 root root 4096 tammi 5 22:37 gstreamer-1.0
  149. drwxr-xr-x 3 root root 4096 tammi 5 22:39 gtk-doc
  150. drwxr-xr-x 2 root root 4096 tammi 5 22:37 gtk-engines
  151. drwxr-xr-x 4 root root 4096 tammi 5 22:37 gtksourceview-3.0
  152. drwxr-xr-x 3 root root 4096 tammi 5 22:36 guile
  153. drwxr-xr-x 3 root root 4096 tammi 5 22:38 gutenprint
  154. drwxr-xr-x 4 root root 4096 tammi 5 22:37 gvfs
  155. drwxr-xr-x 3 root root 4096 tammi 5 22:36 hal
  156. drwxr-xr-x 58 root root 4096 tammi 5 22:39 help
  157. drwxr-xr-x 4 root root 4096 helmi 5 11:06 help-langpack
  158. drwxr-xr-x 12 root root 4096 helmi 5 11:04 hplip
  159. drwxr-xr-x 2 root root 4096 tammi 5 22:41 hunspell
  160. drwxr-xr-x 2 root root 4096 tammi 5 22:41 hyphen
  161. drwxr-xr-x 4 root root 4096 helmi 5 11:12 i18n
  162. drwxr-xr-x 5 root root 4096 tammi 5 22:37 ibus
  163. drwxr-xr-x 7 root root 4096 tammi 5 22:37 ibus-table
  164. drwxr-xr-x 18 root root 4096 helmi 5 11:05 icons
  165. drwxr-xr-x 2 root root 4096 tammi 5 22:36 ImageMagick-6
  166. drwxr-xr-x 3 root root 4096 tammi 5 22:37 im-config
  167. drwxr-xr-x 3 root root 4096 tammi 5 22:39 indicators
  168. drwxr-xr-x 2 root root 4096 tammi 5 22:39 info
  169. drwxr-xr-x 7 root root 4096 tammi 5 22:35 initramfs-tools
  170. drwxr-xr-x 2 root root 4096 tammi 5 22:37 intltool-debian
  171. drwxr-xr-x 2 root root 4096 tammi 5 22:36 iptables
  172. drwxr-xr-x 3 root root 4096 tammi 5 22:36 iso-codes
  173. drwxr-xr-x 2 root root 4096 huhti 6 06:42 java
  174. drwxr-xr-x 3 root root 4096 tammi 5 22:36 kde4
  175. drwxr-xr-x 2 root root 4096 tammi 5 22:37 kerneloops
  176. drwxr-xr-x 2 root root 4096 tammi 5 22:35 keyrings
  177. drwxr-xr-x 3 root root 4096 tammi 5 22:36 language-selector
  178. drwxr-xr-x 2 root root 4096 tammi 5 22:37 language-support
  179. drwxr-xr-x 2 root root 4096 tammi 5 22:36 language-tools
  180. drwxr-xr-x 2 root root 4096 tammi 5 22:37 libaudio2
  181. drwxr-xr-x 2 root root 4096 helmi 5 11:12 libc-bin
  182. drwxr-xr-x 2 root root 4096 tammi 5 22:36 libdrm
  183. drwxr-xr-x 2 root root 4096 tammi 5 22:38 libexttextcat
  184. drwxr-xr-x 4 root root 4096 tammi 5 22:37 libgnomekbd
  185. drwxr-xr-x 3 root root 4096 tammi 5 22:37 libgphoto2
  186. drwxr-xr-x 2 root root 4096 tammi 5 22:37 libgweather
  187. drwxr-xr-x 3 root root 4096 tammi 5 22:38 liblangtag
  188. drwxr-xr-x 3 root root 4096 tammi 5 22:37 liblouis
  189. drwxr-xr-x 3 root root 4096 tammi 5 22:39 liblouisutdml
  190. drwxr-xr-x 2 root root 4096 tammi 5 22:38 libparse-debianchangelog-perl
  191. drwxr-xr-x 6 root root 4096 huhti 6 06:46 libreoffice
  192. drwxr-xr-x 3 root root 4096 tammi 5 22:37 librevenge
  193. drwxr-xr-x 2 root root 4096 huhti 5 2017 libsensors4
  194. drwxr-xr-x 2 root root 4096 tammi 5 22:36 libthai
  195. drwxr-xr-x 3 root root 4096 tammi 5 22:37 libwacom
  196. drwxr-xr-x 3 root root 4096 tammi 5 22:37 lightdm
  197. drwxr-xr-x 11 root root 4096 tammi 5 22:38 lintian
  198. drwxr-xr-x 2 root root 4096 tammi 5 22:36 linux-sound-base
  199. drwxr-xr-x 170 root root 4096 helmi 5 11:12 locale
  200. drwxr-xr-x 12 root root 4096 helmi 5 11:06 locale-langpack
  201. drwxr-xr-x 2 root root 4096 helmi 5 11:12 locales
  202. drwxr-xr-x 34 root root 4096 helmi 5 11:17 man
  203. drwxr-xr-x 2 root root 4096 tammi 5 22:36 man-db
  204. drwxr-xr-x 3 root root 4096 tammi 5 22:38 maven-repo
  205. drwxr-xr-x 2 root root 12288 tammi 5 22:39 media-player-info
  206. drwxr-xr-x 2 root root 4096 helmi 5 11:13 menu
  207. drwxr-xr-x 2 root root 4096 huhti 6 06:46 metainfo
  208. drwxr-xr-x 14 root root 4096 huhti 6 06:46 mime
  209. drwxr-xr-x 2 root root 4096 huhti 6 06:46 mime-info
  210. drwxr-xr-x 3 root root 4096 tammi 5 22:38 mimelnk
  211. drwxr-xr-x 2 root root 4096 tammi 5 22:36 misc
  212. drwxr-xr-x 2 root root 4096 tammi 5 22:39 mobile-broadband-provider-info
  213. drwxr-xr-x 2 root root 4096 tammi 5 22:39 mousetweaks
  214. drwxr-xr-x 3 root root 4096 tammi 5 22:39 mozilla
  215. drwxr-xr-x 2 root root 4096 tammi 5 22:42 mythes
  216. drwxr-xr-x 2 root root 4096 tammi 5 22:36 nano
  217. drwxr-xr-x 3 root root 4096 tammi 5 22:39 nautilus-share
  218. drwxr-xr-x 2 root root 4096 tammi 5 22:39 netpbm
  219. drwxr-xr-x 2 root root 4096 helmi 5 11:05 omf
  220. drwxr-xr-x 3 root root 4096 helmi 5 11:17 open-vm-tools
  221. drwxr-xr-x 3 root root 4096 tammi 5 22:37 orca
  222. drwxr-xr-x 2 root root 4096 tammi 5 22:39 os-prober
  223. drwxr-xr-x 3 root root 4096 tammi 5 22:37 p11-kit
  224. drwxr-xr-x 2 root root 4096 syys 7 2017 package-data-downloads
  225. drwxr-xr-x 3 root root 4096 tammi 5 22:37 PackageKit
  226. drwxr-xr-x 2 root root 4096 tammi 5 22:35 pam
  227. drwxr-xr-x 2 root root 4096 helmi 5 11:06 pam-configs
  228. drwxr-xr-x 3 root root 4096 tammi 5 22:36 perl
  229. drwxr-xr-x 35 root root 4096 tammi 5 22:39 perl5
  230. drwxr-xr-x 2 root root 4096 tammi 5 22:38 perl-openssl-defaults
  231. drwxr-xr-x 4 root root 4096 huhti 6 06:43 pixmaps
  232. drwxr-xr-x 2 root root 4096 tammi 5 22:41 pkgconfig
  233. drwxr-xr-x 3 root root 4096 tammi 5 22:36 plymouth
  234. drwxr-xr-x 2 root root 4096 tammi 5 22:39 pnm2ppa
  235. drwxr-xr-x 4 root root 4096 tammi 5 22:35 polkit-1
  236. drwxr-xr-x 6 root root 4096 tammi 5 22:36 poppler
  237. drwxr-xr-x 2 root root 4096 tammi 5 22:36 popularity-contest
  238. drwxr-xr-x 5 root root 4096 tammi 5 22:37 ppd
  239. drwxr-xr-x 2 root root 4096 tammi 5 22:39 ppp
  240. drwxr-xr-x 2 root root 4096 tammi 5 22:39 publicsuffix
  241. drwxr-xr-x 3 root root 4096 tammi 5 22:37 pulseaudio
  242. drwxr-xr-x 2 root root 4096 tammi 5 22:41 pyshared
  243. drwxr-xr-x 3 root root 4096 helmi 5 11:06 python
  244. drwxr-xr-x 6 root root 4096 tammi 5 22:36 python3
  245. drwxr-xr-x 3 root root 4096 tammi 5 22:36 python-apt
  246. drwxr-xr-x 2 root root 4096 tammi 5 22:35 readline
  247. drwxr-xr-x 3 root root 4096 tammi 5 22:39 remmina
  248. drwxr-xr-x 3 root root 4096 tammi 5 22:39 rhythmbox
  249. drwxr-xr-x 2 root root 4096 tammi 5 22:35 rsyslog
  250. drwxr-xr-x 3 root root 4096 tammi 5 22:39 seahorse
  251. drwxr-xr-x 3 root root 4096 tammi 5 22:39 secureboot
  252. drwxr-xr-x 3 root root 4096 elo 11 2017 sensible-utils
  253. drwxr-xr-x 3 root root 4096 tammi 5 22:37 session-migration
  254. drwxr-xr-x 3 root root 4096 tammi 5 22:39 simple-scan
  255. drwxr-xr-x 4 root root 4096 tammi 5 22:37 snmp
  256. drwxr-xr-x 3 root root 4096 tammi 5 22:36 software-properties
  257. drwxr-xr-x 7 root root 4096 tammi 5 22:39 sounds
  258. drwxr-xr-x 3 root root 4096 tammi 5 22:37 speech-dispatcher
  259. drwxr-xr-x 2 root root 4096 tammi 5 22:36 ssl-cert
  260. drwxr-xr-x 7 root root 4096 tammi 5 22:41 system-config-printer
  261. drwxr-xr-x 2 root root 4096 tammi 5 22:35 systemd
  262. drwxr-xr-x 2 root root 4096 tammi 5 22:35 tabset
  263. drwxr-xr-x 4 root root 4096 tammi 5 22:38 tcltk
  264. drwxr-xr-x 3 root root 4096 tammi 5 22:39 telepathy
  265. drwxr-xr-x 2 root root 4096 heinä 7 2016 terminfo
  266. drwxr-xr-x 8 root root 4096 tammi 5 22:38 themes
  267. drwxr-xr-x 2 root root 4096 helmi 5 11:13 thumbnailers
  268. drwxr-xr-x 2 root root 4096 tammi 5 22:39 totem
  269. drwxr-xr-x 3 root root 4096 tammi 5 22:39 transmission
  270. drwxr-xr-x 3 root root 4096 tammi 5 22:39 ubuntu
  271. drwxr-xr-x 4 root root 4096 huhti 6 06:38 ubuntu-drivers-common
  272. drwxr-xr-x 3 root root 4096 helmi 5 11:12 ubuntu-release-upgrader
  273. drwxr-xr-x 2 root root 4096 tammi 5 22:39 ubuntu-web-launchers
  274. drwxr-xr-x 3 root root 4096 tammi 5 22:39 ubuntu-xorg
  275. drwxr-xr-x 4 root root 4096 tammi 5 22:36 ufw
  276. drwxr-xr-x 2 root root 4096 tammi 5 22:39 unattended-upgrades
  277. drwxr-xr-x 2 root root 4096 tammi 5 22:37 unity
  278. drwxr-xr-x 3 root root 4096 tammi 5 22:39 update-manager
  279. drwxr-xr-x 5 root root 4096 tammi 5 22:39 update-notifier
  280. drwxr-xr-x 4 root root 4096 tammi 5 22:35 upstart
  281. drwxr-xr-x 2 root root 4096 tammi 5 22:39 usb-creator
  282. drwxr-xr-x 2 root root 4096 tammi 5 22:39 usb_modeswitch
  283. drwxr-xr-x 5 root root 4096 tammi 5 22:37 vim
  284. drwxr-xr-x 2 root root 4096 tammi 5 22:39 vino
  285. drwxr-xr-x 3 root root 4096 tammi 5 22:36 vte
  286. drwxr-xr-x 2 root root 4096 tammi 5 22:37 wayland-sessions
  287. drwxr-xr-x 5 root root 4096 tammi 5 22:39 X11
  288. drwxr-xr-x 3 root root 4096 tammi 5 22:37 xdg-desktop-portal
  289. drwxr-xr-x 3 root root 4096 helmi 5 11:05 xml
  290. drwxr-xr-x 2 root root 4096 tammi 5 22:37 xsessions
  291. drwxr-xr-x 6 root root 4096 tammi 5 22:37 yelp
  292. drwxr-xr-x 5 root root 4096 tammi 5 22:37 yelp-xsl
  293. drwxr-xr-x 3 root root 4096 tammi 5 22:39 zeitgeist
  294. drwxr-xr-x 3 root root 4096 tammi 5 22:37 zenity
  295. drwxr-xr-x 21 root root 4096 tammi 5 22:35 zoneinfo
  296. drwxr-xr-x 3 root root 4096 tammi 5 22:35 zsh
  297. student@VM-Ubunt-0683:/usr/share$ cd
  298. student@VM-Ubunt-0683:~$ pwd
  299. /home/student
  300. student@VM-Ubunt-0683:~$ cd ..
  301. student@VM-Ubunt-0683:/home$ ls -la
  302. total 12
  303. drwxr-xr-x 3 root root 4096 helmi 5 11:04 .
  304. drwxr-xr-x 24 root root 4096 huhti 6 06:45 ..
  305. drwxr-xr-x 15 student student 4096 huhti 10 09:10 student
  306. student@VM-Ubunt-0683:/home$ pwd
  307. /home
  308. student@VM-Ubunt-0683:/home$ cd
  309. student@VM-Ubunt-0683:~$ pwd
  310. /home/student
  311. student@VM-Ubunt-0683:~$ ls -la
  312. total 92
  313. drwxr-xr-x 15 student student 4096 huhti 10 09:10 .
  314. drwxr-xr-x 3 root root 4096 helmi 5 11:04 ..
  315. -rw------- 1 student student 10 helmi 5 11:15 .bash_history
  316. -rw-r--r-- 1 student student 220 helmi 5 11:04 .bash_logout
  317. -rw-r--r-- 1 student student 3771 helmi 5 11:04 .bashrc
  318. drwx------ 12 student student 4096 huhti 10 09:24 .cache
  319. drwxr-xr-x 11 student student 4096 huhti 10 09:11 .config
  320. drwxr-xr-x 2 student student 4096 helmi 5 11:11 Desktop
  321. drwxr-xr-x 2 student student 4096 helmi 5 11:11 Documents
  322. drwxr-xr-x 2 student student 4096 helmi 5 11:11 Downloads
  323. -rw-r--r-- 1 student student 8980 helmi 5 11:04 examples.desktop
  324. drwx------ 2 student student 4096 helmi 5 11:11 .gnupg
  325. -rw------- 1 student student 1690 huhti 10 09:10 .ICEauthority
  326. drwxr-xr-x 3 student student 4096 helmi 5 11:10 .local
  327. drwxr-xr-x 2 student student 4096 helmi 5 11:11 Music
  328. drwxr-xr-x 2 student student 4096 helmi 5 11:11 Pictures
  329. -rw-r--r-- 1 student student 675 helmi 5 11:04 .profile
  330. drwxr-xr-x 2 student student 4096 helmi 5 11:11 Public
  331. drwx------ 2 student student 4096 helmi 5 11:11 .ssh
  332. -rw-r--r-- 1 student student 0 helmi 5 11:12 .sudo_as_admin_successful
  333. drwxr-xr-x 2 student student 4096 helmi 5 11:11 Templates
  334. drwxr-xr-x 2 student student 4096 helmi 5 11:11 Videos
  335. student@VM-Ubunt-0683:~$ pwd
  336. /home/student
  337. student@VM-Ubunt-0683:~$ mkdir testi
  338. student@VM-Ubunt-0683:~$ ls -la
  339. total 96
  340. drwxr-xr-x 16 student student 4096 huhti 10 09:28 .
  341. drwxr-xr-x 3 root root 4096 helmi 5 11:04 ..
  342. -rw------- 1 student student 10 helmi 5 11:15 .bash_history
  343. -rw-r--r-- 1 student student 220 helmi 5 11:04 .bash_logout
  344. -rw-r--r-- 1 student student 3771 helmi 5 11:04 .bashrc
  345. drwx------ 12 student student 4096 huhti 10 09:24 .cache
  346. drwxr-xr-x 11 student student 4096 huhti 10 09:11 .config
  347. drwxr-xr-x 2 student student 4096 helmi 5 11:11 Desktop
  348. drwxr-xr-x 2 student student 4096 helmi 5 11:11 Documents
  349. drwxr-xr-x 2 student student 4096 helmi 5 11:11 Downloads
  350. -rw-r--r-- 1 student student 8980 helmi 5 11:04 examples.desktop
  351. drwx------ 2 student student 4096 helmi 5 11:11 .gnupg
  352. -rw------- 1 student student 1690 huhti 10 09:10 .ICEauthority
  353. drwxr-xr-x 3 student student 4096 helmi 5 11:10 .local
  354. drwxr-xr-x 2 student student 4096 helmi 5 11:11 Music
  355. drwxr-xr-x 2 student student 4096 helmi 5 11:11 Pictures
  356. -rw-r--r-- 1 student student 675 helmi 5 11:04 .profile
  357. drwxr-xr-x 2 student student 4096 helmi 5 11:11 Public
  358. drwx------ 2 student student 4096 helmi 5 11:11 .ssh
  359. -rw-r--r-- 1 student student 0 helmi 5 11:12 .sudo_as_admin_successful
  360. drwxr-xr-x 2 student student 4096 helmi 5 11:11 Templates
  361. drwxr-xr-x 2 student student 4096 huhti 10 09:28 testi
  362. drwxr-xr-x 2 student student 4096 helmi 5 11:11 Videos
  363. student@VM-Ubunt-0683:~$ mkdir testi/esimerkki
  364. student@VM-Ubunt-0683:~$ mkdir -p joku/toinen/kansio
  365. student@VM-Ubunt-0683:~$ cd
  366. student@VM-Ubunt-0683:~$ pwd
  367. /home/student
  368. student@VM-Ubunt-0683:~$ touch tiedosto1
  369. student@VM-Ubunt-0683:~$ ls -l
  370. total 52
  371. drwxr-xr-x 2 student student 4096 helmi 5 11:11 Desktop
  372. drwxr-xr-x 2 student student 4096 helmi 5 11:11 Documents
  373. drwxr-xr-x 2 student student 4096 helmi 5 11:11 Downloads
  374. -rw-r--r-- 1 student student 8980 helmi 5 11:04 examples.desktop
  375. drwxr-xr-x 3 student student 4096 huhti 10 09:31 joku
  376. drwxr-xr-x 2 student student 4096 helmi 5 11:11 Music
  377. drwxr-xr-x 2 student student 4096 helmi 5 11:11 Pictures
  378. drwxr-xr-x 2 student student 4096 helmi 5 11:11 Public
  379. drwxr-xr-x 2 student student 4096 helmi 5 11:11 Templates
  380. drwxr-xr-x 3 student student 4096 huhti 10 09:30 testi
  381. -rw-r--r-- 1 student student 0 huhti 10 09:32 tiedosto1
  382. drwxr-xr-x 2 student student 4096 helmi 5 11:11 Videos
  383. student@VM-Ubunt-0683:~$ mv tiedosto1 testi
  384. student@VM-Ubunt-0683:~$ mv testi testataan
  385. student@VM-Ubunt-0683:~$ ls -l
  386. total 52
  387. drwxr-xr-x 2 student student 4096 helmi 5 11:11 Desktop
  388. drwxr-xr-x 2 student student 4096 helmi 5 11:11 Documents
  389. drwxr-xr-x 2 student student 4096 helmi 5 11:11 Downloads
  390. -rw-r--r-- 1 student student 8980 helmi 5 11:04 examples.desktop
  391. drwxr-xr-x 3 student student 4096 huhti 10 09:31 joku
  392. drwxr-xr-x 2 student student 4096 helmi 5 11:11 Music
  393. drwxr-xr-x 2 student student 4096 helmi 5 11:11 Pictures
  394. drwxr-xr-x 2 student student 4096 helmi 5 11:11 Public
  395. drwxr-xr-x 2 student student 4096 helmi 5 11:11 Templates
  396. drwxr-xr-x 3 student student 4096 huhti 10 09:33 testataan
  397. drwxr-xr-x 2 student student 4096 helmi 5 11:11 Videos
  398. student@VM-Ubunt-0683:~$ ls -la
  399. total 100
  400. drwxr-xr-x 17 student student 4096 huhti 10 09:34 .
  401. drwxr-xr-x 3 root root 4096 helmi 5 11:04 ..
  402. -rw------- 1 student student 10 helmi 5 11:15 .bash_history
  403. -rw-r--r-- 1 student student 220 helmi 5 11:04 .bash_logout
  404. -rw-r--r-- 1 student student 3771 helmi 5 11:04 .bashrc
  405. drwx------ 12 student student 4096 huhti 10 09:24 .cache
  406. drwxr-xr-x 11 student student 4096 huhti 10 09:11 .config
  407. drwxr-xr-x 2 student student 4096 helmi 5 11:11 Desktop
  408. drwxr-xr-x 2 student student 4096 helmi 5 11:11 Documents
  409. drwxr-xr-x 2 student student 4096 helmi 5 11:11 Downloads
  410. -rw-r--r-- 1 student student 8980 helmi 5 11:04 examples.desktop
  411. drwx------ 2 student student 4096 helmi 5 11:11 .gnupg
  412. -rw------- 1 student student 1690 huhti 10 09:10 .ICEauthority
  413. drwxr-xr-x 3 student student 4096 huhti 10 09:31 joku
  414. drwxr-xr-x 3 student student 4096 helmi 5 11:10 .local
  415. drwxr-xr-x 2 student student 4096 helmi 5 11:11 Music
  416. drwxr-xr-x 2 student student 4096 helmi 5 11:11 Pictures
  417. -rw-r--r-- 1 student student 675 helmi 5 11:04 .profile
  418. drwxr-xr-x 2 student student 4096 helmi 5 11:11 Public
  419. drwx------ 2 student student 4096 helmi 5 11:11 .ssh
  420. -rw-r--r-- 1 student student 0 helmi 5 11:12 .sudo_as_admin_successful
  421. drwxr-xr-x 2 student student 4096 helmi 5 11:11 Templates
  422. drwxr-xr-x 3 student student 4096 huhti 10 09:33 testataan
  423. drwxr-xr-x 2 student student 4096 helmi 5 11:11 Videos
  424. student@VM-Ubunt-0683:~$ cd testataan
  425. student@VM-Ubunt-0683:~/testataan$ ls -la
  426. total 12
  427. drwxr-xr-x 3 student student 4096 huhti 10 09:33 .
  428. drwxr-xr-x 17 student student 4096 huhti 10 09:34 ..
  429. drwxr-xr-x 2 student student 4096 huhti 10 09:30 esimerkki
  430. -rw-r--r-- 1 student student 0 huhti 10 09:32 tiedosto1
  431. student@VM-Ubunt-0683:~/testataan$ cd
  432. student@VM-Ubunt-0683:~$ touch tiedosto1
  433. student@VM-Ubunt-0683:~$ cp tiedosto1 tiedosto2
  434. student@VM-Ubunt-0683:~$ cp -r testataan/ uusikansio
  435. student@VM-Ubunt-0683:~$ ls -la
  436. total 104
  437. drwxr-xr-x 18 student student 4096 huhti 10 09:38 .
  438. drwxr-xr-x 3 root root 4096 helmi 5 11:04 ..
  439. -rw------- 1 student student 10 helmi 5 11:15 .bash_history
  440. -rw-r--r-- 1 student student 220 helmi 5 11:04 .bash_logout
  441. -rw-r--r-- 1 student student 3771 helmi 5 11:04 .bashrc
  442. drwx------ 12 student student 4096 huhti 10 09:24 .cache
  443. drwxr-xr-x 11 student student 4096 huhti 10 09:11 .config
  444. drwxr-xr-x 2 student student 4096 helmi 5 11:11 Desktop
  445. drwxr-xr-x 2 student student 4096 helmi 5 11:11 Documents
  446. drwxr-xr-x 2 student student 4096 helmi 5 11:11 Downloads
  447. -rw-r--r-- 1 student student 8980 helmi 5 11:04 examples.desktop
  448. drwx------ 2 student student 4096 helmi 5 11:11 .gnupg
  449. -rw------- 1 student student 1690 huhti 10 09:10 .ICEauthority
  450. drwxr-xr-x 3 student student 4096 huhti 10 09:31 joku
  451. drwxr-xr-x 3 student student 4096 helmi 5 11:10 .local
  452. drwxr-xr-x 2 student student 4096 helmi 5 11:11 Music
  453. drwxr-xr-x 2 student student 4096 helmi 5 11:11 Pictures
  454. -rw-r--r-- 1 student student 675 helmi 5 11:04 .profile
  455. drwxr-xr-x 2 student student 4096 helmi 5 11:11 Public
  456. drwx------ 2 student student 4096 helmi 5 11:11 .ssh
  457. -rw-r--r-- 1 student student 0 helmi 5 11:12 .sudo_as_admin_successful
  458. drwxr-xr-x 2 student student 4096 helmi 5 11:11 Templates
  459. drwxr-xr-x 3 student student 4096 huhti 10 09:33 testataan
  460. -rw-r--r-- 1 student student 0 huhti 10 09:36 tiedosto1
  461. -rw-r--r-- 1 student student 0 huhti 10 09:37 tiedosto2
  462. drwxr-xr-x 3 student student 4096 huhti 10 09:38 uusikansio
  463. drwxr-xr-x 2 student student 4096 helmi 5 11:11 Videos
  464. student@VM-Ubunt-0683:~$ rm tiedosto2
  465. student@VM-Ubunt-0683:~$ ls -la
  466. total 104
  467. drwxr-xr-x 18 student student 4096 huhti 10 09:41 .
  468. drwxr-xr-x 3 root root 4096 helmi 5 11:04 ..
  469. -rw------- 1 student student 10 helmi 5 11:15 .bash_history
  470. -rw-r--r-- 1 student student 220 helmi 5 11:04 .bash_logout
  471. -rw-r--r-- 1 student student 3771 helmi 5 11:04 .bashrc
  472. drwx------ 12 student student 4096 huhti 10 09:24 .cache
  473. drwxr-xr-x 11 student student 4096 huhti 10 09:11 .config
  474. drwxr-xr-x 2 student student 4096 helmi 5 11:11 Desktop
  475. drwxr-xr-x 2 student student 4096 helmi 5 11:11 Documents
  476. drwxr-xr-x 2 student student 4096 helmi 5 11:11 Downloads
  477. -rw-r--r-- 1 student student 8980 helmi 5 11:04 examples.desktop
  478. drwx------ 2 student student 4096 helmi 5 11:11 .gnupg
  479. -rw------- 1 student student 1690 huhti 10 09:10 .ICEauthority
  480. drwxr-xr-x 3 student student 4096 huhti 10 09:31 joku
  481. drwxr-xr-x 3 student student 4096 helmi 5 11:10 .local
  482. drwxr-xr-x 2 student student 4096 helmi 5 11:11 Music
  483. drwxr-xr-x 2 student student 4096 helmi 5 11:11 Pictures
  484. -rw-r--r-- 1 student student 675 helmi 5 11:04 .profile
  485. drwxr-xr-x 2 student student 4096 helmi 5 11:11 Public
  486. drwx------ 2 student student 4096 helmi 5 11:11 .ssh
  487. -rw-r--r-- 1 student student 0 helmi 5 11:12 .sudo_as_admin_successful
  488. drwxr-xr-x 2 student student 4096 helmi 5 11:11 Templates
  489. drwxr-xr-x 3 student student 4096 huhti 10 09:33 testataan
  490. -rw-r--r-- 1 student student 0 huhti 10 09:36 tiedosto1
  491. drwxr-xr-x 3 student student 4096 huhti 10 09:38 uusikansio
  492. drwxr-xr-x 2 student student 4096 helmi 5 11:11 Videos
  493. student@VM-Ubunt-0683:~$ mkdir joku/toinen/kansio
  494. mkdir: cannot create directory ‘joku/toinen/kansio’: File exists
  495. student@VM-Ubunt-0683:~$ rm -r joku
  496. student@VM-Ubunt-0683:~$ history
  497. 1 sudo su -
  498. 2 ls
  499. 3 ls -l
  500. 4 ls -la
  501. 5 pwd
  502. 6 cd /usr/share
  503. 7 pwd
  504. 8 ls -la
  505. 9 cd
  506. 10 pwd
  507. 11 cd ..
  508. 12 ls -la
  509. 13 pwd
  510. 14 cd
  511. 15 pwd
  512. 16 ls -la
  513. 17 pwd
  514. 18 mkdir testi
  515. 19 ls -la
  516. 20 mkdir testi/esimerkki
  517. 21 mkdir -p joku/toinen/kansio
  518. 22 cd
  519. 23 pwd
  520. 24 touch tiedosto1
  521. 25 ls -l
  522. 26 mv tiedosto1 testi
  523. 27 mv testi testataan
  524. 28 ls -l
  525. 29 ls -la
  526. 30 cd testataan
  527. 31 ls -la
  528. 32 cd
  529. 33 touch tiedosto1
  530. 34 cp tiedosto1 tiedosto2
  531. 35 cp -r testataan/ uusikansio
  532. 36 ls -la
  533. 37 rm tiedosto2
  534. 38 ls -la
  535. 39 mkdir joku/toinen/kansio
  536. 40 rm -r joku
  537. 41 history
  538. student@VM-Ubunt-0683:~$ pwd
  539. /home/student
  540. student@VM-Ubunt-0683:~$ cat /etc/passwd
  541. root:x:0:0:root:/root:/bin/bash
  542. daemon:x:1:1:daemon:/usr/sbin:/usr/sbin/nologin
  543. bin:x:2:2:bin:/bin:/usr/sbin/nologin
  544. sys:x:3:3:sys:/dev:/usr/sbin/nologin
  545. sync:x:4:65534:sync:/bin:/bin/sync
  546. games:x:5:60:games:/usr/games:/usr/sbin/nologin
  547. man:x:6:12:man:/var/cache/man:/usr/sbin/nologin
  548. lp:x:7:7:lp:/var/spool/lpd:/usr/sbin/nologin
  549. mail:x:8:8:mail:/var/mail:/usr/sbin/nologin
  550. news:x:9:9:news:/var/spool/news:/usr/sbin/nologin
  551. uucp:x:10:10:uucp:/var/spool/uucp:/usr/sbin/nologin
  552. proxy:x:13:13:proxy:/bin:/usr/sbin/nologin
  553. www-data:x:33:33:www-data:/var/www:/usr/sbin/nologin
  554. backup:x:34:34:backup:/var/backups:/usr/sbin/nologin
  555. list:x:38:38:Mailing List Manager:/var/list:/usr/sbin/nologin
  556. irc:x:39:39:ircd:/var/run/ircd:/usr/sbin/nologin
  557. gnats:x:41:41:Gnats Bug-Reporting System (admin):/var/lib/gnats:/usr/sbin/nologin
  558. nobody:x:65534:65534:nobody:/nonexistent:/usr/sbin/nologin
  559. systemd-timesync:x:100:102:systemd Time Synchronization,,,:/run/systemd:/bin/false
  560. systemd-network:x:101:103:systemd Network Management,,,:/run/systemd/netif:/bin/false
  561. systemd-resolve:x:102:104:systemd Resolver,,,:/run/systemd/resolve:/bin/false
  562. systemd-bus-proxy:x:103:105:systemd Bus Proxy,,,:/run/systemd:/bin/false
  563. syslog:x:104:108::/home/syslog:/bin/false
  564. messagebus:x:105:109::/var/run/dbus:/bin/false
  565. _apt:x:106:65534::/nonexistent:/bin/false
  566. uuidd:x:107:113::/run/uuidd:/bin/false
  567. rtkit:x:108:114:RealtimeKit,,,:/proc:/bin/false
  568. avahi-autoipd:x:109:115:Avahi autoip daemon,,,:/var/lib/avahi-autoipd:/bin/false
  569. usbmux:x:110:46:usbmux daemon,,,:/var/lib/usbmux:/bin/false
  570. dnsmasq:x:111:65534:dnsmasq,,,:/var/lib/misc:/bin/false
  571. whoopsie:x:112:119::/nonexistent:/bin/false
  572. kernoops:x:113:65534:Kernel Oops Tracking Daemon,,,:/:/bin/false
  573. speech-dispatcher:x:114:29:Speech Dispatcher,,,:/var/run/speech-dispatcher:/bin/false
  574. avahi:x:115:120:Avahi mDNS daemon,,,:/var/run/avahi-daemon:/bin/false
  575. saned:x:116:122::/var/lib/saned:/bin/false
  576. pulse:x:117:123:PulseAudio daemon,,,:/var/run/pulse:/bin/false
  577. colord:x:118:125:colord colour management daemon,,,:/var/lib/colord:/bin/false
  578. hplip:x:119:7:HPLIP system user,,,:/var/run/hplip:/bin/false
  579. geoclue:x:120:126::/var/lib/geoclue:/bin/false
  580. gdm:x:121:127:Gnome Display Manager:/var/lib/gdm3:/bin/false
  581. student:x:1000:1000:student,,,:/home/student:/bin/bash
  582. student@VM-Ubunt-0683:~$ groups
  583. student adm cdrom sudo dip plugdev lpadmin sambashare
  584. student@VM-Ubunt-0683:~$ useradd kayttaja
  585. useradd: Permission denied.
  586. useradd: cannot lock /etc/passwd; try again later.
  587. student@VM-Ubunt-0683:~$ sudo useradd kayttaja
  588. [sudo] password for student:
  589. student@VM-Ubunt-0683:~$ cat /etc/passwd
  590. root:x:0:0:root:/root:/bin/bash
  591. daemon:x:1:1:daemon:/usr/sbin:/usr/sbin/nologin
  592. bin:x:2:2:bin:/bin:/usr/sbin/nologin
  593. sys:x:3:3:sys:/dev:/usr/sbin/nologin
  594. sync:x:4:65534:sync:/bin:/bin/sync
  595. games:x:5:60:games:/usr/games:/usr/sbin/nologin
  596. man:x:6:12:man:/var/cache/man:/usr/sbin/nologin
  597. lp:x:7:7:lp:/var/spool/lpd:/usr/sbin/nologin
  598. mail:x:8:8:mail:/var/mail:/usr/sbin/nologin
  599. news:x:9:9:news:/var/spool/news:/usr/sbin/nologin
  600. uucp:x:10:10:uucp:/var/spool/uucp:/usr/sbin/nologin
  601. proxy:x:13:13:proxy:/bin:/usr/sbin/nologin
  602. www-data:x:33:33:www-data:/var/www:/usr/sbin/nologin
  603. backup:x:34:34:backup:/var/backups:/usr/sbin/nologin
  604. list:x:38:38:Mailing List Manager:/var/list:/usr/sbin/nologin
  605. irc:x:39:39:ircd:/var/run/ircd:/usr/sbin/nologin
  606. gnats:x:41:41:Gnats Bug-Reporting System (admin):/var/lib/gnats:/usr/sbin/nologin
  607. nobody:x:65534:65534:nobody:/nonexistent:/usr/sbin/nologin
  608. systemd-timesync:x:100:102:systemd Time Synchronization,,,:/run/systemd:/bin/false
  609. systemd-network:x:101:103:systemd Network Management,,,:/run/systemd/netif:/bin/false
  610. systemd-resolve:x:102:104:systemd Resolver,,,:/run/systemd/resolve:/bin/false
  611. systemd-bus-proxy:x:103:105:systemd Bus Proxy,,,:/run/systemd:/bin/false
  612. syslog:x:104:108::/home/syslog:/bin/false
  613. messagebus:x:105:109::/var/run/dbus:/bin/false
  614. _apt:x:106:65534::/nonexistent:/bin/false
  615. uuidd:x:107:113::/run/uuidd:/bin/false
  616. rtkit:x:108:114:RealtimeKit,,,:/proc:/bin/false
  617. avahi-autoipd:x:109:115:Avahi autoip daemon,,,:/var/lib/avahi-autoipd:/bin/false
  618. usbmux:x:110:46:usbmux daemon,,,:/var/lib/usbmux:/bin/false
  619. dnsmasq:x:111:65534:dnsmasq,,,:/var/lib/misc:/bin/false
  620. whoopsie:x:112:119::/nonexistent:/bin/false
  621. kernoops:x:113:65534:Kernel Oops Tracking Daemon,,,:/:/bin/false
  622. speech-dispatcher:x:114:29:Speech Dispatcher,,,:/var/run/speech-dispatcher:/bin/false
  623. avahi:x:115:120:Avahi mDNS daemon,,,:/var/run/avahi-daemon:/bin/false
  624. saned:x:116:122::/var/lib/saned:/bin/false
  625. pulse:x:117:123:PulseAudio daemon,,,:/var/run/pulse:/bin/false
  626. colord:x:118:125:colord colour management daemon,,,:/var/lib/colord:/bin/false
  627. hplip:x:119:7:HPLIP system user,,,:/var/run/hplip:/bin/false
  628. geoclue:x:120:126::/var/lib/geoclue:/bin/false
  629. gdm:x:121:127:Gnome Display Manager:/var/lib/gdm3:/bin/false
  630. student:x:1000:1000:student,,,:/home/student:/bin/bash
  631. kayttaja:x:1001:1001::/home/kayttaja:
  632. student@VM-Ubunt-0683:~$ cat /etc/shadow
  633. cat: /etc/shadow: Permission denied
  634. student@VM-Ubunt-0683:~$ sudo cat /etc/shadow
  635. root:!:17567:0:99999:7:::
  636. daemon:*:17536:0:99999:7:::
  637. bin:*:17536:0:99999:7:::
  638. sys:*:17536:0:99999:7:::
  639. sync:*:17536:0:99999:7:::
  640. games:*:17536:0:99999:7:::
  641. man:*:17536:0:99999:7:::
  642. lp:*:17536:0:99999:7:::
  643. mail:*:17536:0:99999:7:::
  644. news:*:17536:0:99999:7:::
  645. uucp:*:17536:0:99999:7:::
  646. proxy:*:17536:0:99999:7:::
  647. www-data:*:17536:0:99999:7:::
  648. backup:*:17536:0:99999:7:::
  649. list:*:17536:0:99999:7:::
  650. irc:*:17536:0:99999:7:::
  651. gnats:*:17536:0:99999:7:::
  652. nobody:*:17536:0:99999:7:::
  653. systemd-timesync:*:17536:0:99999:7:::
  654. systemd-network:*:17536:0:99999:7:::
  655. systemd-resolve:*:17536:0:99999:7:::
  656. systemd-bus-proxy:*:17536:0:99999:7:::
  657. syslog:*:17536:0:99999:7:::
  658. messagebus:*:17536:0:99999:7:::
  659. _apt:*:17536:0:99999:7:::
  660. uuidd:*:17536:0:99999:7:::
  661. rtkit:*:17536:0:99999:7:::
  662. avahi-autoipd:*:17536:0:99999:7:::
  663. usbmux:*:17536:0:99999:7:::
  664. dnsmasq:*:17536:0:99999:7:::
  665. whoopsie:*:17536:0:99999:7:::
  666. kernoops:*:17536:0:99999:7:::
  667. speech-dispatcher:!:17536:0:99999:7:::
  668. avahi:*:17536:0:99999:7:::
  669. saned:*:17536:0:99999:7:::
  670. pulse:*:17536:0:99999:7:::
  671. colord:*:17536:0:99999:7:::
  672. hplip:*:17536:0:99999:7:::
  673. geoclue:*:17536:0:99999:7:::
  674. gdm:*:17536:0:99999:7:::
  675. student:$6$YVGlfA6x$CwLCEPEdZiTKvn7EoDBVWVwWqG38X6kngKoLb9GzgGTRD4GcJcDcOZikV1Dku.SrBGhVYrG.fmbDjYhzAMTFN.:17567:0:99999:7:::
  676. kayttaja:!:17631:0:99999:7:::
  677. student@VM-Ubunt-0683:~$ sudo groupadd harjoittelijat
  678. student@VM-Ubunt-0683:~$ id kayttaja
  679. uid=1001(kayttaja) gid=1001(kayttaja) groups=1001(kayttaja)
  680. student@VM-Ubunt-0683:~$ sudo gpasswd
  681. Usage: gpasswd [option] GROUP
  682.  
  683. Options:
  684. -a, --add USER add USER to GROUP
  685. -d, --delete USER remove USER from GROUP
  686. -h, --help display this help message and exit
  687. -Q, --root CHROOT_DIR directory to chroot into
  688. -r, --remove-password remove the GROUP's password
  689. -R, --restrict restrict access to GROUP to its members
  690. -M, --members USER,... set the list of members of GROUP
  691. -A, --administrators ADMIN,...
  692. set the list of administrators for GROUP
  693. Except for the -A and -M options, the options cannot be combined.
  694. student@VM-Ubunt-0683:~$ sudo gpasswd harjoittelijat -a kayttaja
  695. Adding user kayttaja to group harjoittelijat
  696. student@VM-Ubunt-0683:~$ whoami
  697. student
  698. student@VM-Ubunt-0683:~$
  699. student@VM-Ubunt-0683:~$ id kayttaja
  700. uid=1001(kayttaja) gid=1001(kayttaja) groups=1001(kayttaja),1002(harjoittelijat)
  701. student@VM-Ubunt-0683:~$ man ls
  702. student@VM-Ubunt-0683:~$ man ls
  703. student@VM-Ubunt-0683:~$ man gpasswd
  704. student@VM-Ubunt-0683:~$ sudo gpasswd harjoittelijat -d kayttaja
  705. Removing user kayttaja from group harjoittelijat
  706. student@VM-Ubunt-0683:~$ id kayttaja
  707. uid=1001(kayttaja) gid=1001(kayttaja) groups=1001(kayttaja)
  708. student@VM-Ubunt-0683:~$ cd
  709. student@VM-Ubunt-0683:~$ pwd
  710. /home/student
  711. student@VM-Ubunt-0683:~$ mkdir testikansio
  712. student@VM-Ubunt-0683:~$ ls -la
  713. total 104
  714. drwxr-xr-x 18 student student 4096 huhti 10 10:35 .
  715. drwxr-xr-x 3 root root 4096 helmi 5 11:04 ..
  716. -rw------- 1 student student 10 helmi 5 11:15 .bash_history
  717. -rw-r--r-- 1 student student 220 helmi 5 11:04 .bash_logout
  718. -rw-r--r-- 1 student student 3771 helmi 5 11:04 .bashrc
  719. drwx------ 12 student student 4096 huhti 10 09:24 .cache
  720. drwxr-xr-x 11 student student 4096 huhti 10 09:11 .config
  721. drwxr-xr-x 2 student student 4096 helmi 5 11:11 Desktop
  722. drwxr-xr-x 2 student student 4096 helmi 5 11:11 Documents
  723. drwxr-xr-x 2 student student 4096 helmi 5 11:11 Downloads
  724. -rw-r--r-- 1 student student 8980 helmi 5 11:04 examples.desktop
  725. drwx------ 2 student student 4096 helmi 5 11:11 .gnupg
  726. -rw------- 1 student student 1690 huhti 10 09:10 .ICEauthority
  727. drwxr-xr-x 3 student student 4096 helmi 5 11:10 .local
  728. drwxr-xr-x 2 student student 4096 helmi 5 11:11 Music
  729. drwxr-xr-x 2 student student 4096 helmi 5 11:11 Pictures
  730. -rw-r--r-- 1 student student 675 helmi 5 11:04 .profile
  731. drwxr-xr-x 2 student student 4096 helmi 5 11:11 Public
  732. drwx------ 2 student student 4096 helmi 5 11:11 .ssh
  733. -rw-r--r-- 1 student student 0 helmi 5 11:12 .sudo_as_admin_successful
  734. drwxr-xr-x 2 student student 4096 helmi 5 11:11 Templates
  735. drwxr-xr-x 3 student student 4096 huhti 10 09:33 testataan
  736. drwxr-xr-x 2 student student 4096 huhti 10 10:35 testikansio
  737. -rw-r--r-- 1 student student 0 huhti 10 09:36 tiedosto1
  738. drwxr-xr-x 3 student student 4096 huhti 10 09:38 uusikansio
  739. drwxr-xr-x 2 student student 4096 helmi 5 11:11 Videos
  740. student@VM-Ubunt-0683:~$ sudo chmod 000 testikansio
  741. student@VM-Ubunt-0683:~$ ls -la
  742. total 104
  743. drwxr-xr-x 18 student student 4096 huhti 10 10:35 .
  744. drwxr-xr-x 3 root root 4096 helmi 5 11:04 ..
  745. -rw------- 1 student student 10 helmi 5 11:15 .bash_history
  746. -rw-r--r-- 1 student student 220 helmi 5 11:04 .bash_logout
  747. -rw-r--r-- 1 student student 3771 helmi 5 11:04 .bashrc
  748. drwx------ 12 student student 4096 huhti 10 09:24 .cache
  749. drwxr-xr-x 11 student student 4096 huhti 10 09:11 .config
  750. drwxr-xr-x 2 student student 4096 helmi 5 11:11 Desktop
  751. drwxr-xr-x 2 student student 4096 helmi 5 11:11 Documents
  752. drwxr-xr-x 2 student student 4096 helmi 5 11:11 Downloads
  753. -rw-r--r-- 1 student student 8980 helmi 5 11:04 examples.desktop
  754. drwx------ 2 student student 4096 helmi 5 11:11 .gnupg
  755. -rw------- 1 student student 1690 huhti 10 09:10 .ICEauthority
  756. drwxr-xr-x 3 student student 4096 helmi 5 11:10 .local
  757. drwxr-xr-x 2 student student 4096 helmi 5 11:11 Music
  758. drwxr-xr-x 2 student student 4096 helmi 5 11:11 Pictures
  759. -rw-r--r-- 1 student student 675 helmi 5 11:04 .profile
  760. drwxr-xr-x 2 student student 4096 helmi 5 11:11 Public
  761. drwx------ 2 student student 4096 helmi 5 11:11 .ssh
  762. -rw-r--r-- 1 student student 0 helmi 5 11:12 .sudo_as_admin_successful
  763. drwxr-xr-x 2 student student 4096 helmi 5 11:11 Templates
  764. drwxr-xr-x 3 student student 4096 huhti 10 09:33 testataan
  765. d--------- 2 student student 4096 huhti 10 10:35 testikansio
  766. -rw-r--r-- 1 student student 0 huhti 10 09:36 tiedosto1
  767. drwxr-xr-x 3 student student 4096 huhti 10 09:38 uusikansio
  768. drwxr-xr-x 2 student student 4096 helmi 5 11:11 Videos
  769. student@VM-Ubunt-0683:~$ cd testikansio/
  770. bash: cd: testikansio/: Permission denied
  771. student@VM-Ubunt-0683:~$ sudo chmod 777 testikansio
  772. student@VM-Ubunt-0683:~$ ls -la
  773. total 104
  774. drwxr-xr-x 18 student student 4096 huhti 10 10:35 .
  775. drwxr-xr-x 3 root root 4096 helmi 5 11:04 ..
  776. -rw------- 1 student student 10 helmi 5 11:15 .bash_history
  777. -rw-r--r-- 1 student student 220 helmi 5 11:04 .bash_logout
  778. -rw-r--r-- 1 student student 3771 helmi 5 11:04 .bashrc
  779. drwx------ 12 student student 4096 huhti 10 09:24 .cache
  780. drwxr-xr-x 11 student student 4096 huhti 10 09:11 .config
  781. drwxr-xr-x 2 student student 4096 helmi 5 11:11 Desktop
  782. drwxr-xr-x 2 student student 4096 helmi 5 11:11 Documents
  783. drwxr-xr-x 2 student student 4096 helmi 5 11:11 Downloads
  784. -rw-r--r-- 1 student student 8980 helmi 5 11:04 examples.desktop
  785. drwx------ 2 student student 4096 helmi 5 11:11 .gnupg
  786. -rw------- 1 student student 1690 huhti 10 09:10 .ICEauthority
  787. drwxr-xr-x 3 student student 4096 helmi 5 11:10 .local
  788. drwxr-xr-x 2 student student 4096 helmi 5 11:11 Music
  789. drwxr-xr-x 2 student student 4096 helmi 5 11:11 Pictures
  790. -rw-r--r-- 1 student student 675 helmi 5 11:04 .profile
  791. drwxr-xr-x 2 student student 4096 helmi 5 11:11 Public
  792. drwx------ 2 student student 4096 helmi 5 11:11 .ssh
  793. -rw-r--r-- 1 student student 0 helmi 5 11:12 .sudo_as_admin_successful
  794. drwxr-xr-x 2 student student 4096 helmi 5 11:11 Templates
  795. drwxr-xr-x 3 student student 4096 huhti 10 09:33 testataan
  796. drwxrwxrwx 2 student student 4096 huhti 10 10:35 testikansio
  797. -rw-r--r-- 1 student student 0 huhti 10 09:36 tiedosto1
  798. drwxr-xr-x 3 student student 4096 huhti 10 09:38 uusikansio
  799. drwxr-xr-x 2 student student 4096 helmi 5 11:11 Videos
  800. student@VM-Ubunt-0683:~$ sudo chmod 777 testikansio^C
  801. student@VM-Ubunt-0683:~$ ls -la
  802. total 104
  803. drwxr-xr-x 18 student student 4096 huhti 10 10:35 .
  804. drwxr-xr-x 3 root root 4096 helmi 5 11:04 ..
  805. -rw------- 1 student student 10 helmi 5 11:15 .bash_history
  806. -rw-r--r-- 1 student student 220 helmi 5 11:04 .bash_logout
  807. -rw-r--r-- 1 student student 3771 helmi 5 11:04 .bashrc
  808. drwx------ 12 student student 4096 huhti 10 09:24 .cache
  809. drwxr-xr-x 11 student student 4096 huhti 10 09:11 .config
  810. drwxr-xr-x 2 student student 4096 helmi 5 11:11 Desktop
  811. drwxr-xr-x 2 student student 4096 helmi 5 11:11 Documents
  812. drwxr-xr-x 2 student student 4096 helmi 5 11:11 Downloads
  813. -rw-r--r-- 1 student student 8980 helmi 5 11:04 examples.desktop
  814. drwx------ 2 student student 4096 helmi 5 11:11 .gnupg
  815. -rw------- 1 student student 1690 huhti 10 09:10 .ICEauthority
  816. drwxr-xr-x 3 student student 4096 helmi 5 11:10 .local
  817. drwxr-xr-x 2 student student 4096 helmi 5 11:11 Music
  818. drwxr-xr-x 2 student student 4096 helmi 5 11:11 Pictures
  819. -rw-r--r-- 1 student student 675 helmi 5 11:04 .profile
  820. drwxr-xr-x 2 student student 4096 helmi 5 11:11 Public
  821. drwx------ 2 student student 4096 helmi 5 11:11 .ssh
  822. -rw-r--r-- 1 student student 0 helmi 5 11:12 .sudo_as_admin_successful
  823. drwxr-xr-x 2 student student 4096 helmi 5 11:11 Templates
  824. drwxr-xr-x 3 student student 4096 huhti 10 09:33 testataan
  825. drwxrwxrwx 2 student student 4096 huhti 10 10:35 testikansio
  826. -rw-r--r-- 1 student student 0 huhti 10 09:36 tiedosto1
  827. drwxr-xr-x 3 student student 4096 huhti 10 09:38 uusikansio
  828. drwxr-xr-x 2 student student 4096 helmi 5 11:11 Videos
  829. student@VM-Ubunt-0683:~$ sudo chmod 754 testikansio/
  830. student@VM-Ubunt-0683:~$ ls -la
  831. total 104
  832. drwxr-xr-x 18 student student 4096 huhti 10 10:35 .
  833. drwxr-xr-x 3 root root 4096 helmi 5 11:04 ..
  834. -rw------- 1 student student 10 helmi 5 11:15 .bash_history
  835. -rw-r--r-- 1 student student 220 helmi 5 11:04 .bash_logout
  836. -rw-r--r-- 1 student student 3771 helmi 5 11:04 .bashrc
  837. drwx------ 12 student student 4096 huhti 10 09:24 .cache
  838. drwxr-xr-x 11 student student 4096 huhti 10 09:11 .config
  839. drwxr-xr-x 2 student student 4096 helmi 5 11:11 Desktop
  840. drwxr-xr-x 2 student student 4096 helmi 5 11:11 Documents
  841. drwxr-xr-x 2 student student 4096 helmi 5 11:11 Downloads
  842. -rw-r--r-- 1 student student 8980 helmi 5 11:04 examples.desktop
  843. drwx------ 2 student student 4096 helmi 5 11:11 .gnupg
  844. -rw------- 1 student student 1690 huhti 10 09:10 .ICEauthority
  845. drwxr-xr-x 3 student student 4096 helmi 5 11:10 .local
  846. drwxr-xr-x 2 student student 4096 helmi 5 11:11 Music
  847. drwxr-xr-x 2 student student 4096 helmi 5 11:11 Pictures
  848. -rw-r--r-- 1 student student 675 helmi 5 11:04 .profile
  849. drwxr-xr-x 2 student student 4096 helmi 5 11:11 Public
  850. drwx------ 2 student student 4096 helmi 5 11:11 .ssh
  851. -rw-r--r-- 1 student student 0 helmi 5 11:12 .sudo_as_admin_successful
  852. drwxr-xr-x 2 student student 4096 helmi 5 11:11 Templates
  853. drwxr-xr-x 3 student student 4096 huhti 10 09:33 testataan
  854. drwxr-xr-- 2 student student 4096 huhti 10 10:35 testikansio
  855. -rw-r--r-- 1 student student 0 huhti 10 09:36 tiedosto1
  856. drwxr-xr-x 3 student student 4096 huhti 10 09:38 uusikansio
  857. drwxr-xr-x 2 student student 4096 helmi 5 11:11 Videos
  858. student@VM-Ubunt-0683:~$ cd testikansio/
  859. student@VM-Ubunt-0683:~/testikansio$ pwd
  860. /home/student/testikansio
  861. student@VM-Ubunt-0683:~/testikansio$ touch testitiedosto
  862. student@VM-Ubunt-0683:~/testikansio$ ls -la
  863. total 8
  864. drwxr-xr-- 2 student student 4096 huhti 10 10:40 .
  865. drwxr-xr-x 18 student student 4096 huhti 10 10:35 ..
  866. -rw-r--r-- 1 student student 0 huhti 10 10:40 testitiedosto
  867. student@VM-Ubunt-0683:~/testikansio$ sudo chmod 700 testitiedosto
  868. student@VM-Ubunt-0683:~/testikansio$ ls -la
  869. total 8
  870. drwxr-xr-- 2 student student 4096 huhti 10 10:40 .
  871. drwxr-xr-x 18 student student 4096 huhti 10 10:35 ..
  872. -rwx------ 1 student student 0 huhti 10 10:40 testitiedosto
  873. student@VM-Ubunt-0683:~/testikansio$ cd..
  874. cd..: command not found
  875. student@VM-Ubunt-0683:~/testikansio$ cd ..
  876. student@VM-Ubunt-0683:~$ pwd
  877. /home/student
  878. student@VM-Ubunt-0683:~$ rm -r testikansio/
  879. student@VM-Ubunt-0683:~$ pwd
  880. /home/student
  881. student@VM-Ubunt-0683:~$ mkdir testi
  882. student@VM-Ubunt-0683:~$ sudo chown kayttaja testi
  883. student@VM-Ubunt-0683:~$ ls -la
  884. total 104
  885. drwxr-xr-x 18 student student 4096 huhti 10 10:43 .
  886. drwxr-xr-x 3 root root 4096 helmi 5 11:04 ..
  887. -rw------- 1 student student 10 helmi 5 11:15 .bash_history
  888. -rw-r--r-- 1 student student 220 helmi 5 11:04 .bash_logout
  889. -rw-r--r-- 1 student student 3771 helmi 5 11:04 .bashrc
  890. drwx------ 12 student student 4096 huhti 10 09:24 .cache
  891. drwxr-xr-x 11 student student 4096 huhti 10 09:11 .config
  892. drwxr-xr-x 2 student student 4096 helmi 5 11:11 Desktop
  893. drwxr-xr-x 2 student student 4096 helmi 5 11:11 Documents
  894. drwxr-xr-x 2 student student 4096 helmi 5 11:11 Downloads
  895. -rw-r--r-- 1 student student 8980 helmi 5 11:04 examples.desktop
  896. drwx------ 2 student student 4096 helmi 5 11:11 .gnupg
  897. -rw------- 1 student student 1690 huhti 10 09:10 .ICEauthority
  898. drwxr-xr-x 3 student student 4096 helmi 5 11:10 .local
  899. drwxr-xr-x 2 student student 4096 helmi 5 11:11 Music
  900. drwxr-xr-x 2 student student 4096 helmi 5 11:11 Pictures
  901. -rw-r--r-- 1 student student 675 helmi 5 11:04 .profile
  902. drwxr-xr-x 2 student student 4096 helmi 5 11:11 Public
  903. drwx------ 2 student student 4096 helmi 5 11:11 .ssh
  904. -rw-r--r-- 1 student student 0 helmi 5 11:12 .sudo_as_admin_successful
  905. drwxr-xr-x 2 student student 4096 helmi 5 11:11 Templates
  906. drwxr-xr-x 3 student student 4096 huhti 10 09:33 testataan
  907. drwxr-xr-x 2 kayttaja student 4096 huhti 10 10:43 testi
  908. -rw-r--r-- 1 student student 0 huhti 10 09:36 tiedosto1
  909. drwxr-xr-x 3 student student 4096 huhti 10 09:38 uusikansio
  910. drwxr-xr-x 2 student student 4096 helmi 5 11:11 Videos
  911. student@VM-Ubunt-0683:~$ sudo chown kayttaja:harjoittelijat testi
  912. student@VM-Ubunt-0683:~$ ls -la
  913. total 104
  914. drwxr-xr-x 18 student student 4096 huhti 10 10:43 .
  915. drwxr-xr-x 3 root root 4096 helmi 5 11:04 ..
  916. -rw------- 1 student student 10 helmi 5 11:15 .bash_history
  917. -rw-r--r-- 1 student student 220 helmi 5 11:04 .bash_logout
  918. -rw-r--r-- 1 student student 3771 helmi 5 11:04 .bashrc
  919. drwx------ 12 student student 4096 huhti 10 09:24 .cache
  920. drwxr-xr-x 11 student student 4096 huhti 10 09:11 .config
  921. drwxr-xr-x 2 student student 4096 helmi 5 11:11 Desktop
  922. drwxr-xr-x 2 student student 4096 helmi 5 11:11 Documents
  923. drwxr-xr-x 2 student student 4096 helmi 5 11:11 Downloads
  924. -rw-r--r-- 1 student student 8980 helmi 5 11:04 examples.desktop
  925. drwx------ 2 student student 4096 helmi 5 11:11 .gnupg
  926. -rw------- 1 student student 1690 huhti 10 09:10 .ICEauthority
  927. drwxr-xr-x 3 student student 4096 helmi 5 11:10 .local
  928. drwxr-xr-x 2 student student 4096 helmi 5 11:11 Music
  929. drwxr-xr-x 2 student student 4096 helmi 5 11:11 Pictures
  930. -rw-r--r-- 1 student student 675 helmi 5 11:04 .profile
  931. drwxr-xr-x 2 student student 4096 helmi 5 11:11 Public
  932. drwx------ 2 student student 4096 helmi 5 11:11 .ssh
  933. -rw-r--r-- 1 student student 0 helmi 5 11:12 .sudo_as_admin_successful
  934. drwxr-xr-x 2 student student 4096 helmi 5 11:11 Templates
  935. drwxr-xr-x 3 student student 4096 huhti 10 09:33 testataan
  936. drwxr-xr-x 2 kayttaja harjoittelijat 4096 huhti 10 10:43 testi
  937. -rw-r--r-- 1 student student 0 huhti 10 09:36 tiedosto1
  938. drwxr-xr-x 3 student student 4096 huhti 10 09:38 uusikansio
  939. drwxr-xr-x 2 student student 4096 helmi 5 11:11 Videos
  940. student@VM-Ubunt-0683:~$ touch testitiedosto
  941. student@VM-Ubunt-0683:~$ cd testi
  942. student@VM-Ubunt-0683:~/testi$ touch testitiedosto
  943. touch: cannot touch 'testitiedosto': Permission denied
  944. student@VM-Ubunt-0683:~/testi$ sudo touch testitiedosto
  945. student@VM-Ubunt-0683:~/testi$ ls -la
  946. total 8
  947. drwxr-xr-x 2 kayttaja harjoittelijat 4096 huhti 10 10:49 .
  948. drwxr-xr-x 18 student student 4096 huhti 10 10:48 ..
  949. -rw-r--r-- 1 root root 0 huhti 10 10:49 testitiedosto
  950. student@VM-Ubunt-0683:~/testi$ cd ..
  951. student@VM-Ubunt-0683:~$ sudo chown -hR kayttaja:harjoittelijat testi
  952. student@VM-Ubunt-0683:~$ ls -la
  953. total 104
  954. drwxr-xr-x 18 student student 4096 huhti 10 10:48 .
  955. drwxr-xr-x 3 root root 4096 helmi 5 11:04 ..
  956. -rw------- 1 student student 10 helmi 5 11:15 .bash_history
  957. -rw-r--r-- 1 student student 220 helmi 5 11:04 .bash_logout
  958. -rw-r--r-- 1 student student 3771 helmi 5 11:04 .bashrc
  959. drwx------ 12 student student 4096 huhti 10 09:24 .cache
  960. drwxr-xr-x 11 student student 4096 huhti 10 09:11 .config
  961. drwxr-xr-x 2 student student 4096 helmi 5 11:11 Desktop
  962. drwxr-xr-x 2 student student 4096 helmi 5 11:11 Documents
  963. drwxr-xr-x 2 student student 4096 helmi 5 11:11 Downloads
  964. -rw-r--r-- 1 student student 8980 helmi 5 11:04 examples.desktop
  965. drwx------ 2 student student 4096 helmi 5 11:11 .gnupg
  966. -rw------- 1 student student 1690 huhti 10 09:10 .ICEauthority
  967. drwxr-xr-x 3 student student 4096 helmi 5 11:10 .local
  968. drwxr-xr-x 2 student student 4096 helmi 5 11:11 Music
  969. drwxr-xr-x 2 student student 4096 helmi 5 11:11 Pictures
  970. -rw-r--r-- 1 student student 675 helmi 5 11:04 .profile
  971. drwxr-xr-x 2 student student 4096 helmi 5 11:11 Public
  972. drwx------ 2 student student 4096 helmi 5 11:11 .ssh
  973. -rw-r--r-- 1 student student 0 helmi 5 11:12 .sudo_as_admin_successful
  974. drwxr-xr-x 2 student student 4096 helmi 5 11:11 Templates
  975. drwxr-xr-x 3 student student 4096 huhti 10 09:33 testataan
  976. drwxr-xr-x 2 kayttaja harjoittelijat 4096 huhti 10 10:49 testi
  977. -rw-r--r-- 1 student student 0 huhti 10 10:48 testitiedosto
  978. -rw-r--r-- 1 student student 0 huhti 10 09:36 tiedosto1
  979. drwxr-xr-x 3 student student 4096 huhti 10 09:38 uusikansio
  980. drwxr-xr-x 2 student student 4096 helmi 5 11:11 Videos
  981. student@VM-Ubunt-0683:~$ ls -al
  982. total 104
  983. drwxr-xr-x 18 student student 4096 huhti 10 10:48 .
  984. drwxr-xr-x 3 root root 4096 helmi 5 11:04 ..
  985. -rw------- 1 student student 10 helmi 5 11:15 .bash_history
  986. -rw-r--r-- 1 student student 220 helmi 5 11:04 .bash_logout
  987. -rw-r--r-- 1 student student 3771 helmi 5 11:04 .bashrc
  988. drwx------ 12 student student 4096 huhti 10 09:24 .cache
  989. drwxr-xr-x 11 student student 4096 huhti 10 09:11 .config
  990. drwxr-xr-x 2 student student 4096 helmi 5 11:11 Desktop
  991. drwxr-xr-x 2 student student 4096 helmi 5 11:11 Documents
  992. drwxr-xr-x 2 student student 4096 helmi 5 11:11 Downloads
  993. -rw-r--r-- 1 student student 8980 helmi 5 11:04 examples.desktop
  994. drwx------ 2 student student 4096 helmi 5 11:11 .gnupg
  995. -rw------- 1 student student 1690 huhti 10 09:10 .ICEauthority
  996. drwxr-xr-x 3 student student 4096 helmi 5 11:10 .local
  997. drwxr-xr-x 2 student student 4096 helmi 5 11:11 Music
  998. drwxr-xr-x 2 student student 4096 helmi 5 11:11 Pictures
  999. -rw-r--r-- 1 student student 675 helmi 5 11:04 .profile
  1000. drwxr-xr-x 2 student student 4096 helmi 5 11:11 Public
  1001. drwx------ 2 student student 4096 helmi 5 11:11 .ssh
  1002. -rw-r--r-- 1 student student 0 helmi 5 11:12 .sudo_as_admin_successful
  1003. drwxr-xr-x 2 student student 4096 helmi 5 11:11 Templates
  1004. drwxr-xr-x 3 student student 4096 huhti 10 09:33 testataan
  1005. drwxr-xr-x 2 kayttaja harjoittelijat 4096 huhti 10 10:49 testi
  1006. -rw-r--r-- 1 student student 0 huhti 10 10:48 testitiedosto
  1007. -rw-r--r-- 1 student student 0 huhti 10 09:36 tiedosto1
  1008. drwxr-xr-x 3 student student 4096 huhti 10 09:38 uusikansio
  1009. drwxr-xr-x 2 student student 4096 helmi 5 11:11 Videos
  1010. student@VM-Ubunt-0683:~$ ls -al
  1011. total 104
  1012. drwxr-xr-x 18 student student 4096 huhti 10 10:48 .
  1013. drwxr-xr-x 3 root root 4096 helmi 5 11:04 ..
  1014. -rw------- 1 student student 10 helmi 5 11:15 .bash_history
  1015. -rw-r--r-- 1 student student 220 helmi 5 11:04 .bash_logout
  1016. -rw-r--r-- 1 student student 3771 helmi 5 11:04 .bashrc
  1017. drwx------ 12 student student 4096 huhti 10 09:24 .cache
  1018. drwxr-xr-x 11 student student 4096 huhti 10 09:11 .config
  1019. drwxr-xr-x 2 student student 4096 helmi 5 11:11 Desktop
  1020. drwxr-xr-x 2 student student 4096 helmi 5 11:11 Documents
  1021. drwxr-xr-x 2 student student 4096 helmi 5 11:11 Downloads
  1022. -rw-r--r-- 1 student student 8980 helmi 5 11:04 examples.desktop
  1023. drwx------ 2 student student 4096 helmi 5 11:11 .gnupg
  1024. -rw------- 1 student student 1690 huhti 10 09:10 .ICEauthority
  1025. drwxr-xr-x 3 student student 4096 helmi 5 11:10 .local
  1026. drwxr-xr-x 2 student student 4096 helmi 5 11:11 Music
  1027. drwxr-xr-x 2 student student 4096 helmi 5 11:11 Pictures
  1028. -rw-r--r-- 1 student student 675 helmi 5 11:04 .profile
  1029. drwxr-xr-x 2 student student 4096 helmi 5 11:11 Public
  1030. drwx------ 2 student student 4096 helmi 5 11:11 .ssh
  1031. -rw-r--r-- 1 student student 0 helmi 5 11:12 .sudo_as_admin_successful
  1032. drwxr-xr-x 2 student student 4096 helmi 5 11:11 Templates
  1033. drwxr-xr-x 3 student student 4096 huhti 10 09:33 testataan
  1034. drwxr-xr-x 2 kayttaja harjoittelijat 4096 huhti 10 10:49 testi
  1035. -rw-r--r-- 1 student student 0 huhti 10 10:48 testitiedosto
  1036. -rw-r--r-- 1 student student 0 huhti 10 09:36 tiedosto1
  1037. drwxr-xr-x 3 student student 4096 huhti 10 09:38 uusikansio
  1038. drwxr-xr-x 2 student student 4096 helmi 5 11:11 Videos
  1039. student@VM-Ubunt-0683:~$ ls -la
  1040. total 104
  1041. drwxr-xr-x 18 student student 4096 huhti 10 10:48 .
  1042. drwxr-xr-x 3 root root 4096 helmi 5 11:04 ..
  1043. -rw------- 1 student student 10 helmi 5 11:15 .bash_history
  1044. -rw-r--r-- 1 student student 220 helmi 5 11:04 .bash_logout
  1045. -rw-r--r-- 1 student student 3771 helmi 5 11:04 .bashrc
  1046. drwx------ 12 student student 4096 huhti 10 09:24 .cache
  1047. drwxr-xr-x 11 student student 4096 huhti 10 09:11 .config
  1048. drwxr-xr-x 2 student student 4096 helmi 5 11:11 Desktop
  1049. drwxr-xr-x 2 student student 4096 helmi 5 11:11 Documents
  1050. drwxr-xr-x 2 student student 4096 helmi 5 11:11 Downloads
  1051. -rw-r--r-- 1 student student 8980 helmi 5 11:04 examples.desktop
  1052. drwx------ 2 student student 4096 helmi 5 11:11 .gnupg
  1053. -rw------- 1 student student 1690 huhti 10 09:10 .ICEauthority
  1054. drwxr-xr-x 3 student student 4096 helmi 5 11:10 .local
  1055. drwxr-xr-x 2 student student 4096 helmi 5 11:11 Music
  1056. drwxr-xr-x 2 student student 4096 helmi 5 11:11 Pictures
  1057. -rw-r--r-- 1 student student 675 helmi 5 11:04 .profile
  1058. drwxr-xr-x 2 student student 4096 helmi 5 11:11 Public
  1059. drwx------ 2 student student 4096 helmi 5 11:11 .ssh
  1060. -rw-r--r-- 1 student student 0 helmi 5 11:12 .sudo_as_admin_successful
  1061. drwxr-xr-x 2 student student 4096 helmi 5 11:11 Templates
  1062. drwxr-xr-x 3 student student 4096 huhti 10 09:33 testataan
  1063. drwxr-xr-x 2 kayttaja harjoittelijat 4096 huhti 10 10:49 testi
  1064. -rw-r--r-- 1 student student 0 huhti 10 10:48 testitiedosto
  1065. -rw-r--r-- 1 student student 0 huhti 10 09:36 tiedosto1
  1066. drwxr-xr-x 3 student student 4096 huhti 10 09:38 uusikansio
  1067. drwxr-xr-x 2 student student 4096 helmi 5 11:11 Videos
  1068. student@VM-Ubunt-0683:~$ ls -al
  1069. total 104
  1070. drwxr-xr-x 18 student student 4096 huhti 10 10:48 .
  1071. drwxr-xr-x 3 root root 4096 helmi 5 11:04 ..
  1072. -rw------- 1 student student 10 helmi 5 11:15 .bash_history
  1073. -rw-r--r-- 1 student student 220 helmi 5 11:04 .bash_logout
  1074. -rw-r--r-- 1 student student 3771 helmi 5 11:04 .bashrc
  1075. drwx------ 12 student student 4096 huhti 10 09:24 .cache
  1076. drwxr-xr-x 11 student student 4096 huhti 10 09:11 .config
  1077. drwxr-xr-x 2 student student 4096 helmi 5 11:11 Desktop
  1078. drwxr-xr-x 2 student student 4096 helmi 5 11:11 Documents
  1079. drwxr-xr-x 2 student student 4096 helmi 5 11:11 Downloads
  1080. -rw-r--r-- 1 student student 8980 helmi 5 11:04 examples.desktop
  1081. drwx------ 2 student student 4096 helmi 5 11:11 .gnupg
  1082. -rw------- 1 student student 1690 huhti 10 09:10 .ICEauthority
  1083. drwxr-xr-x 3 student student 4096 helmi 5 11:10 .local
  1084. drwxr-xr-x 2 student student 4096 helmi 5 11:11 Music
  1085. drwxr-xr-x 2 student student 4096 helmi 5 11:11 Pictures
  1086. -rw-r--r-- 1 student student 675 helmi 5 11:04 .profile
  1087. drwxr-xr-x 2 student student 4096 helmi 5 11:11 Public
  1088. drwx------ 2 student student 4096 helmi 5 11:11 .ssh
  1089. -rw-r--r-- 1 student student 0 helmi 5 11:12 .sudo_as_admin_successful
  1090. drwxr-xr-x 2 student student 4096 helmi 5 11:11 Templates
  1091. drwxr-xr-x 3 student student 4096 huhti 10 09:33 testataan
  1092. drwxr-xr-x 2 kayttaja harjoittelijat 4096 huhti 10 10:49 testi
  1093. -rw-r--r-- 1 student student 0 huhti 10 10:48 testitiedosto
  1094. -rw-r--r-- 1 student student 0 huhti 10 09:36 tiedosto1
  1095. drwxr-xr-x 3 student student 4096 huhti 10 09:38 uusikansio
  1096. drwxr-xr-x 2 student student 4096 helmi 5 11:11 Videos
  1097. student@VM-Ubunt-0683:~$ pwd
  1098. /home/student
  1099. student@VM-Ubunt-0683:~$ ls -la
  1100. total 104
  1101. drwxr-xr-x 18 student student 4096 huhti 10 10:48 .
  1102. drwxr-xr-x 3 root root 4096 helmi 5 11:04 ..
  1103. -rw------- 1 student student 10 helmi 5 11:15 .bash_history
  1104. -rw-r--r-- 1 student student 220 helmi 5 11:04 .bash_logout
  1105. -rw-r--r-- 1 student student 3771 helmi 5 11:04 .bashrc
  1106. drwx------ 12 student student 4096 huhti 10 09:24 .cache
  1107. drwxr-xr-x 11 student student 4096 huhti 10 09:11 .config
  1108. drwxr-xr-x 2 student student 4096 helmi 5 11:11 Desktop
  1109. drwxr-xr-x 2 student student 4096 helmi 5 11:11 Documents
  1110. drwxr-xr-x 2 student student 4096 helmi 5 11:11 Downloads
  1111. -rw-r--r-- 1 student student 8980 helmi 5 11:04 examples.desktop
  1112. drwx------ 2 student student 4096 helmi 5 11:11 .gnupg
  1113. -rw------- 1 student student 1690 huhti 10 09:10 .ICEauthority
  1114. drwxr-xr-x 3 student student 4096 helmi 5 11:10 .local
  1115. drwxr-xr-x 2 student student 4096 helmi 5 11:11 Music
  1116. drwxr-xr-x 2 student student 4096 helmi 5 11:11 Pictures
  1117. -rw-r--r-- 1 student student 675 helmi 5 11:04 .profile
  1118. drwxr-xr-x 2 student student 4096 helmi 5 11:11 Public
  1119. drwx------ 2 student student 4096 helmi 5 11:11 .ssh
  1120. -rw-r--r-- 1 student student 0 helmi 5 11:12 .sudo_as_admin_successful
  1121. drwxr-xr-x 2 student student 4096 helmi 5 11:11 Templates
  1122. drwxr-xr-x 3 student student 4096 huhti 10 09:33 testataan
  1123. drwxr-xr-x 2 kayttaja harjoittelijat 4096 huhti 10 10:49 testi
  1124. -rw-r--r-- 1 student student 0 huhti 10 10:48 testitiedosto
  1125. -rw-r--r-- 1 student student 0 huhti 10 09:36 tiedosto1
  1126. drwxr-xr-x 3 student student 4096 huhti 10 09:38 uusikansio
  1127. drwxr-xr-x 2 student student 4096 helmi 5 11:11 Videos
  1128. student@VM-Ubunt-0683:~$ pwd
  1129. /home/student
  1130. student@VM-Ubunt-0683:~$ ls -al
  1131. total 104
  1132. drwxr-xr-x 18 student student 4096 huhti 10 10:48 .
  1133. drwxr-xr-x 3 root root 4096 helmi 5 11:04 ..
  1134. -rw------- 1 student student 10 helmi 5 11:15 .bash_history
  1135. -rw-r--r-- 1 student student 220 helmi 5 11:04 .bash_logout
  1136. -rw-r--r-- 1 student student 3771 helmi 5 11:04 .bashrc
  1137. drwx------ 12 student student 4096 huhti 10 09:24 .cache
  1138. drwxr-xr-x 11 student student 4096 huhti 10 09:11 .config
  1139. drwxr-xr-x 2 student student 4096 helmi 5 11:11 Desktop
  1140. drwxr-xr-x 2 student student 4096 helmi 5 11:11 Documents
  1141. drwxr-xr-x 2 student student 4096 helmi 5 11:11 Downloads
  1142. -rw-r--r-- 1 student student 8980 helmi 5 11:04 examples.desktop
  1143. drwx------ 2 student student 4096 helmi 5 11:11 .gnupg
  1144. -rw------- 1 student student 1690 huhti 10 09:10 .ICEauthority
  1145. drwxr-xr-x 3 student student 4096 helmi 5 11:10 .local
  1146. drwxr-xr-x 2 student student 4096 helmi 5 11:11 Music
  1147. drwxr-xr-x 2 student student 4096 helmi 5 11:11 Pictures
  1148. -rw-r--r-- 1 student student 675 helmi 5 11:04 .profile
  1149. drwxr-xr-x 2 student student 4096 helmi 5 11:11 Public
  1150. drwx------ 2 student student 4096 helmi 5 11:11 .ssh
  1151. -rw-r--r-- 1 student student 0 helmi 5 11:12 .sudo_as_admin_successful
  1152. drwxr-xr-x 2 student student 4096 helmi 5 11:11 Templates
  1153. drwxr-xr-x 3 student student 4096 huhti 10 09:33 testataan
  1154. drwxr-xr-x 2 kayttaja harjoittelijat 4096 huhti 10 10:49 testi
  1155. -rw-r--r-- 1 student student 0 huhti 10 10:48 testitiedosto
  1156. -rw-r--r-- 1 student student 0 huhti 10 09:36 tiedosto1
  1157. drwxr-xr-x 3 student student 4096 huhti 10 09:38 uusikansio
  1158. drwxr-xr-x 2 student student 4096 helmi 5 11:11 Videos
  1159. student@VM-Ubunt-0683:~$ pwd
  1160. /home/student
  1161. student@VM-Ubunt-0683:~$ whoami
  1162. student
  1163. student@VM-Ubunt-0683:~$ sudo passwd root
  1164. Enter new UNIX password:
  1165. Retype new UNIX password:
  1166. passwd: password updated successfully
  1167. student@VM-Ubunt-0683:~$ sudo passwd -u root
  1168. passwd: password expiry information changed.
  1169. student@VM-Ubunt-0683:~$ su
  1170. Password:
  1171. root@VM-Ubunt-0683:/home/student# whoami
  1172. root
  1173. root@VM-Ubunt-0683:/home/student# who am i
  1174. root@VM-Ubunt-0683:/home/student# whoami
  1175. root
  1176. root@VM-Ubunt-0683:/home/student# adduser kayttajanimi
  1177. Adding user `kayttajanimi' ...
  1178. Adding new group `kayttajanimi' (1003) ...
  1179. Adding new user `kayttajanimi' (1002) with group `kayttajanimi' ...
  1180. Creating home directory `/home/kayttajanimi' ...
  1181. Copying files from `/etc/skel' ...
  1182. Enter new UNIX password:
  1183. Retype new UNIX password:
  1184. passwd: password updated successfully
  1185. Changing the user information for kayttajanimi
  1186. Enter the new value, or press ENTER for the default
  1187. Full Name []:
  1188. Room Number []:
  1189. Work Phone []:
  1190. Home Phone []:
  1191. Other []:
  1192. Is the information correct? [Y/n] y
  1193. root@VM-Ubunt-0683:/home/student# usermod -aG sudo kayttajanimi
  1194. root@VM-Ubunt-0683:/home/student# id kayttajanimi
  1195. uid=1002(kayttajanimi) gid=1003(kayttajanimi) groups=1003(kayttajanimi),27(sudo)
  1196. root@VM-Ubunt-0683:/home/student# sudo passwd -l root
  1197. passwd: password expiry information changed.
  1198. root@VM-Ubunt-0683:/home/student# su kayttajanimi
  1199. To run a command as administrator (user "root"), use "sudo <command>".
  1200. See "man sudo_root" for details.
  1201.  
  1202. kayttajanimi@VM-Ubunt-0683:/home/student$ whoami
  1203. kayttajanimi
  1204. kayttajanimi@VM-Ubunt-0683:/home/student$ su - kayttaja
  1205. Password:
  1206. su: Authentication failure
  1207. kayttajanimi@VM-Ubunt-0683:/home/student$ su - kayttaja
  1208. Password:
  1209. su: Authentication failure
  1210. kayttajanimi@VM-Ubunt-0683:/home/student$ sudo su - kayttaja
  1211. [sudo] password for kayttajanimi:
  1212. No directory, logging in with HOME=/
  1213. $ whoami
  1214. kayttaja
  1215. $ sudo -l
  1216. [sudo] password for kayttaja:
  1217. Sorry, try again.
  1218. [sudo] password for kayttaja:
  1219. Sorry, try again.
  1220. [sudo] password for kayttaja:
  1221. sudo: 2 incorrect password attempts
  1222. $ ^C
  1223. $ whoami
  1224. kayttaja
  1225. $
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