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Livy (Classics)

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  1.  
  2. Introduction
  3. Livy (Titus Livius) was born in (probably) 59 BC, in Patavium (the modern Padua); he died in (probably) AD 17. Little is known of his life; he is not attested as having held any political or military office. Later sources mention his acquaintance with the imperial family: he is said to have been on good terms with the emperor Augustus and to have encouraged the future emperor Claudius to study history. Although he is attested as having written on other topics, his reputation in the 21st century, as in Antiquity, rests on his vast 142-volume history of Rome from its foundation to his own time. Approximately a quarter survives virtually intact: Books 1–10 and 21–45 (though sections of Books 41, 43, 44, and 45 are lost); they are clearly structured in blocks of five books (known as “pentads”) and ten books (“decades”). The contents of the remainder are known from a variety of indirect sources, above all the so-called Periochae, a brief summary of all but two of the books of the history. Livy’s monumental work formed the standard narrative of the Roman republic for all later generations; it is written from a strongly patriotic perspective, focusing on the development of Roman institutions and the growth of Roman power. In the past most scholars saw the core of the history as a simple celebration of Rome; however, much modern scholarship has emphasized the complex and ambivalent morality that underlies the celebration, since a narrative of moral decline sits side by side with the growth of empire, and surprisingly few of Livy’s protagonists live up wholeheartedly to the virtuous traditions embodied by the city.
  4.  
  5. General Overviews
  6. The most comprehensive general studies of Livy as a historian and literary artist are Walsh 1961 and Burck 1992, both of which are relatively conventional but provide useful reference points on many topics. Dorey 1971, rather than being organized by topic, has a chapter on each decade that offers a brief reading of its key themes. Kraus and Woodman 1997 is the best short introduction to Livy in the light of modern views of Roman historiography; Catin 1944 and Mineo 2006 provide individual and sometimes idiosyncratic readings of Livy’s approach to history. Pausch 2011 offers a more general narratological survey of Livy’s writing.
  7.  
  8. Burck, Erich. 1992. Das Geschichtswerk des Titus Livius. Heidelberg, Germany: Universitätsverlag Winter.
  9.  
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  11.  
  12. Solid if unexciting and conventional account of the history from perhaps the leading Livian scholar of the 20th century.
  13.  
  14. Find this resource:
  15.  
  16. Catin, Léon. 1944. En lisant Tite-Live. Paris: Les Belles Lettres.
  17.  
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  19.  
  20. Quirky but insightful reading of Livy, anticipating several of the themes that would become prominent in scholarship decades later.
  21.  
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  23.  
  24. Dorey, Thomas A., ed. 1971. Livy. London: Routledge.
  25.  
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  27.  
  28. Decade-by-decade reading of Livy’s work by several leading scholars, along with studies of his later influence.
  29.  
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  31.  
  32. Kraus, Christina S., and Anthony J. Woodman. 1997. Latin historians. Oxford: Oxford Univ. Press, 51–81.
  33.  
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  35.  
  36. Effective though brief introduction to Livy’s work from a modern perspective by two of the leading contemporary scholars of Roman historiography.
  37.  
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  39.  
  40. Mineo, Bernard. 2006. Tite-Live et l’histoire de Rome. Paris: Klincksieck.
  41.  
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  43.  
  44. Extensive study of Livy’s conception of history, centering on a controversial claim about Livy’s representation of historical cycles in his work.
  45.  
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  47.  
  48. Pausch, Dennis. 2011. Livius und der Leser: Narrative Strukturen in ab urbe condita. Munich: C. H. Beck.
  49.  
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  51.  
  52. Wide-ranging study from a broadly narratological standpoint, but also setting against the development of historiography and historical memory at Rome. Pausch looks at the effect of annalistic structure, at the multiple perspectives within the text, and the involvement of the reader via the creation of a vivid and involving narrative.
  53.  
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  55.  
  56. Walsh, Patrick G. 1961. Livy: His historical aims and methods. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge Univ. Press.
  57.  
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  59.  
  60. Fullest general study of Livy in English, presenting a mainstream (though now somewhat old-fashioned) account of his virtues and failings as historian and writer.
  61.  
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  63.  
  64. Editions
  65. The best modern critical texts of Livy are the Oxford Classical Text (Ogilvie 1974) for Books 1–5, and the various Teubner editions for Books 21–45: Dorey 1971, Dorey 1976, Walsh 1989, Walsh 1986, Briscoe 1991, and Briscoe 1986. There is no good modern text of Books 6–10: the best is still probably the Oxford Classical Text (Walters and Conway 1919), but this is unreliable in a number of ways and should be used with caution.
  66.  
  67. Briscoe, John, ed. 1986. Titi Livi Ab Urbe Condita: Libri XLI–XLV. Stuttgart: B. G. Teubner.
  68.  
  69. DOI: 10.1515/9783110959543Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  70.  
  71. Reliable text of these books, though edited extremely conservatively: he prefers to mark lacunas or corruptions in the text than risk emending speculatively.
  72.  
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  74.  
  75. Briscoe, John, ed. 1991. Titi Livi Ab Urbe Condita: Libri XXXI–XL. 2 vols. Stuttgart: B. G. Teubner.
  76.  
  77. DOI: 10.1515/9783110959536Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  78.  
  79. Similar qualities to Briscoe 1986.
  80.  
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  82.  
  83. Dorey, Thomas A., ed. 1971. Titi Livi Ab Urbe Condita Libri XXI–XXII. Leipzig: B. G. Teubner.
  84.  
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  86.  
  87. Currently the best text of these books, despite a number of careless errors.
  88.  
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  90.  
  91. Dorey, Thomas A., ed. 1976. Titi Livi Ab Urbe Condita Libri XXIII–XXV. Leipzig: B. G. Teubner.
  92.  
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  94.  
  95. Continuation of Dorey 1971, with similar qualities.
  96.  
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  98.  
  99. Ogilvie, Robert M., ed. 1974. Titi Livi Ab Urbe Condita: Tomus I. Libri I–V. Oxford: Oxford Univ. Press.
  100.  
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  102.  
  103. Currently the best text of these books, representing a major advance on earlier studies.
  104.  
  105. Find this resource:
  106.  
  107. Walsh, Patrick G., ed. 1986. Titi Livi Ab Urbe Condita Libri XXVIII–XXX. Leipzig: B. G. Teubner.
  108.  
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  110.  
  111. Currently the best text of these books, sometimes speculative in its inclusion of emendations, but broadly reliable.
  112.  
  113. Find this resource:
  114.  
  115. Walsh, Patrick G., ed. 1989. Titi Livi Ab Urbe Condita Libri XXVI–XXVII. 2d ed. Leipzig: B. G. Teubner.
  116.  
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  118.  
  119. As with Walsh 1986, currently the best text of these books, sometimes speculative in its inclusion of emendations, but broadly reliable.
  120.  
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  122.  
  123. Walters, Charles F., and Robert S. Conway, eds. 1919. Titi Livi Ab Urbe Condita: Tomus II. Libri VI–X. Oxford: Oxford Univ. Press.
  124.  
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  126.  
  127. Unreliable in both its handling of the manuscript tradition and its textual judgment: nevertheless, this is the one serious critical text currently available.
  128.  
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  130.  
  131. Translations
  132. The most reliable translations with the most detailed and up-to-date annotations and introductions are those in the Oxford World’s Classics series: Luce 1998 (Books 1–5), Yardley and Hoyos 2006 (Books 21–30), Yardley and Heckel 2000 (Books 31–40), and Chaplin 2007 (Books 41–45 and the Periochae). Also available—but less satisfactory in almost every respect—are the Penguin editions: Sélincourt 2002 (Books 1–5), Radice 1982 (Books 6–10), Sélincourt 1965 (Books 21–30), and Bettenson 1976 (Books 31–45).
  133.  
  134. Bettenson, Henry, trans. 1976. Livy: Rome and the Mediterranean. Harmondsworth, UK: Penguin.
  135.  
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  137.  
  138. Translation is fairly accurate, but the usefulness of the book is greatly diminished by the heavy abridgement of the text. Not much annotation, but there is a short historical introduction by A. H. McDonald.
  139.  
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  141.  
  142. Chaplin, Jane D., trans. and ed. 2007. Livy: Rome’s Mediterranean empire: Books 41–45 and the Periochae. Oxford: Oxford Univ. Press.
  143.  
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  145.  
  146. Reliable and readable translation of some of the lesser-known parts of Livy’s surviving work.
  147.  
  148. Find this resource:
  149.  
  150. Luce, T. James, trans. and ed. 1998. Livy: The rise of Rome: Books 1–5. Oxford: Oxford Univ. Press.
  151.  
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  153.  
  154. Solid and reliable translation of the first pentad by one of the leading contemporary scholars on Livy.
  155.  
  156. Find this resource:
  157.  
  158. Radice, Betty, trans. 1982. Livy: Rome and Italy. London: Penguin.
  159.  
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  161.  
  162. Solid translation of the second pentad with a little annotation and a reasonable (but now outdated) introduction by R. M. Ogilvie.
  163.  
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  165.  
  166. Sélincourt, Aubrey de, trans. 1965. Livy: The war with Hannibal. London: Penguin.
  167.  
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  169.  
  170. Extremely readable but often inaccurate translation of the Third Decade, with very limited annotation and a short and not very useful introduction by B. Radice.
  171.  
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  173.  
  174. Sélincourt, Aubrey de, trans. 2002. Livy: The early history of Rome. London: Penguin.
  175.  
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  177.  
  178. Extremely readable but not very reliable translation of the first pentad; there is limited annotation, but a good introduction by R. M. Ogilvie updated by S. P. Oakley.
  179.  
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  181.  
  182. Yardley, John C., trans., and Waldemar Heckel, ed. 2000. Livy: Dawn of the Roman Empire: Books 31–40. Oxford: Oxford Univ. Press.
  183.  
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  185.  
  186. Excellent translation of the Fourth Decade with extensive historical annotations.
  187.  
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  189.  
  190. Yardley, John C., trans. and Dexter Hoyos, ed. 2006. Livy: Hannibal’s war: Books 21–30. Oxford: Oxford Univ. Press.
  191.  
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  193.  
  194. Fine translation of the Third Decade with effective annotation by one of the leading historians of the Punic Wars.
  195.  
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  197.  
  198. Commentaries
  199. The only substantial commentary on the whole of Livy is Weissenborn, et al. 1880–1924, which is still invaluable for linguistic interpretation, less so for literary and historical analysis. The latter aspects are effectively covered by the large-scale commentaries Ogilvie 1965 (on Books 1–5), Oakley 1997–2005 (Books 6–10), Händl-Sagawe 1995 (Book 21), and Briscoe 1973, Briscoe 1981, and Briscoe 2008 (Books 31–40). Kraus 1994 on Book 6 is less interested in history than any of these but provides a uniquely sophisticated literary reading.
  200.  
  201. Briscoe, John. 1973. A commentary on Livy: Books XXXI–XXXIII. Oxford: Clarendon.
  202.  
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  204.  
  205. Meticulous and learned commentary, with particular focus on historical, textual, and linguistic problems, which it treats with often pregnant brevity.
  206.  
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  208.  
  209. Briscoe, John. 1981. A commentary on Livy: Books XXXIV–XXXVII. Oxford: Clarendon.
  210.  
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  212.  
  213. Continuation of Briscoe 1973, with similar qualities.
  214.  
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  216.  
  217. Briscoe, John. 2008. A commentary on Livy: Books 38–40. Oxford: Clarendon.
  218.  
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  220.  
  221. Continuation of Briscoe 1973 and Briscoe 1981, similarly economical in much of its discussion but with unusually extended studies of the two chief problems in these books: namely the Trials of the Scipios in Book 38 and the Bacchanalia affair in Book 39.
  222.  
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  224.  
  225. Händl-Sagawe, Ursula. 1995. Der Beginn des 2. punischen Krieges: Ein historisch-kritischer Kommentar zu Livius Buch 21. Munich: Editio Maris.
  226.  
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  228.  
  229. Commentary on the first book of the Third Decade, primarily historical, but not eschewing discussion of Livy’s construction of his narrative. Extremely full and comprehensive, but frustratingly unwilling to express firm conclusions on matters of controversy.
  230.  
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  232.  
  233. Kraus, Christina Shuttleworth, ed. 1994. Livy: Ab Urbe Condita, Book VI. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge Univ. Press.
  234.  
  235. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  236.  
  237. Text and commentary on a single book, with a particular interest in the complexity of Livy’s narrative and his literary artistry, which are treated with great theoretical acumen.
  238.  
  239. Find this resource:
  240.  
  241. Oakley, Stephen P. 1997–2005. A commentary on Livy: Books VI–X. 4 vols. Oxford: Clarendon.
  242.  
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  244.  
  245. Monumental and comprehensive commentary on the second pentad, with extensive discussion of every aspect of Livy’s narrative and the history of the period.
  246.  
  247. Find this resource:
  248.  
  249. Ogilvie, Robert M. 1965. A commentary on Livy: Books 1–5. Oxford: Clarendon.
  250.  
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  252.  
  253. Important but idiosyncratic commentary, combining literary, historical, and archaeological interpretation of the first pentad but with a number of surprising gaps and errors.
  254.  
  255. Find this resource:
  256.  
  257. Weissenborn, Wilhelm, Moritz Mueller, and Otto Rossbach, eds. 1880–1924. Titi Livi ab urbe condita libri. 10 vols. Berlin: Weidmann.
  258.  
  259. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  260.  
  261. Originally by Weissenborn alone; subsequently revised and often reprinted. Contains a full text and apparatus, along with a primarily linguistic commentary; highly laconic, often for example, citing parallels with little explanation of their value for interpretation.
  262.  
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  264.  
  265. Thematic Studies
  266. Various books and articles on Livy have focused closely on particular themes. Burck 1982 is an important study of Livy’s attitude to Roman imperialism. Chaplin 2000 presents an innovative and influential account of exemplarity in Livy, relating the moral lessons for the reader to those that the characters within the work learn (or fail to learn). Ducos 1987 studies Livy’s ideas of historical causation. Heuss 1983 looks at Livy’s conception of historical change, focusing on those points where he directly contrasts the present with the past. Jaeger 1997 contains a wide-ranging set of readings with a linking theme of monumentality; Feldherr 1998, focusing mostly on the First Decade, treats the related issue of vision and viewing but draws broad conclusions with implications for many aspects of Livy’s historical project. Johner 1996 is a profound and original study of violence in the history. Bruckmann 1936 still remains the fundamental study of Livy’s accounts of Roman defeats.
  267.  
  268. Bruckmann, Heinz. 1936. “Die römischen Niederlagen im Geschichtswerk des T. Livius.” Inaug. diss., Univ. of Münster, Germany.
  269.  
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  271.  
  272. Classic account of how Livy explains and justifies Roman defeats via the provision of patriotic excuses.
  273.  
  274. Find this resource:
  275.  
  276. Burck, Erich. 1982. Die römischen Expansion im Urteil des Livius. In Aufstieg und Niedergang der römischen Welt II.30.2, Sprache und Literatur (Literatur der augusteischen Zeit: Allgemeines, einzelne Autoren [Forts.]). Edited by Wolfgang Haase, 1148–1189. Berlin and New York: de Gruyter.
  277.  
  278. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  279.  
  280. Examines Livy’s attitude to Roman imperialism and conquest, with particular attention to the places in the work where characters offer critiques of Roman expansionism; Burck argues that Livy draws to the reader’s attention to the dangers implicit in the growth of imperial power.
  281.  
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  283.  
  284. Chaplin, Jane D. 2000. Livy’s exemplary history. Oxford: Oxford Univ. Press.
  285.  
  286. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  287.  
  288. Adopts a novel perspective on the idea of Livy’s history providing moral lessons, by examining how those lessons are explicitly cited and applied by other characters within the narrative of the history itself.
  289.  
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  291.  
  292. Ducos, Michèle. 1987. Les passions, les hommes et l’histoire dans l’oeuvre de Tite-Live. Revue des Études Latines 65:132–147.
  293.  
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  295.  
  296. Important and insightful study of causation in Livy, suggesting that a rationalist account of the causes of events sits side by side with a sense that a major influence is the irrational exercise of human free will.
  297.  
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  299.  
  300. Feldherr, Andrew. 1998. Spectacle and society in Livy’s history. Berkeley: Univ. of California Press.
  301.  
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  303.  
  304. Profound and influential study, primarily focusing on the First Decade, centering on Livy’s creation of a vivid narrative but examining its implications for his construction of historical authority, his inculcating moral lessons, the role of religion, and much else.
  305.  
  306. Find this resource:
  307.  
  308. Heuss, Alfred. 1983. Zur inneren Zeitform bei Livius. In Livius: Werk und Rezeption: Festschrift für Erich Burck zum 80. Geburtstag. Edited by Eckard Lefèvre and Eckart Olshausen, 175–215. Munich: C. H. Beck.
  309.  
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  311.  
  312. Groundbreaking study of Livy’s account of the differences between the present and the past, concluding that a simple sense of historical change sits side by side with a more complex notion of Roman history under which the past is immanent in the present.
  313.  
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  315.  
  316. Jaeger, Mary. 1997. Livy’s written Rome. Ann Arbor: Univ. of Michigan Press.
  317.  
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  319.  
  320. Detailed studies of several episodes taken from across the history, which are linked together by the themes of monuments and viewing.
  321.  
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  323.  
  324. Johner, Anita. 1996. La violence chez Tite-Live: Mythographie et historiographie. Strasbourg, France: AECR.
  325.  
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  327.  
  328. Highly original account of the role of violence in Livy’s work, combining theoretical insight with close readings of different parts of the text.
  329.  
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  331.  
  332. Characterization
  333. Most modern scholarship on Livy’s characterization takes its lead from Bruns 1898, which argued that characters are established through indirect rather than direct means. The fullest recent account is Bernard 2000, which employs Bruns’s fundamental framework while providing a far more detailed typological analysis of different categories of people and the techniques by which Livy distinguishes them. Different approaches are offered in Moore 1989, a linguistic analysis focusing on the significance of particular attributes ascribed to different characters, Santoro L’Hoir 1992, which likewise analyzes language but with a specific focus on Livy’s use of gendered words, and Pomeroy 1988, which is interested in the minority of cases where Livy provides a summary of a character in his own voice, usually at that character’s death.
  334.  
  335. Bernard, Jacques-Emmanuel. 2000. Le portrait chez Tite-Live: Essai sur l’écriture de l’histoire romaine. Brussels: Latomus.
  336.  
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  338.  
  339. Detailed account of Livy’s techniques of characterization, focusing both on the methods used to individuate them and the general types that characters may be categorized as.
  340.  
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  342.  
  343. Bruns, Ivo. 1898. Die Persönlichkeit in der Geschichtsschreibung der Altertums: Untersuchungen zur Technik der antiken Historiographie. Berlin: Wilfred Hertz.
  344.  
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  346.  
  347. Despite the title, the book largely focuses on Livy; it argues that though his characters appear underdeveloped on the surface, he has a rich technique of characterization via indirect means, such as presenting people through their speeches and actions rather than via authorial comment or description.
  348.  
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  350.  
  351. Moore, Timothy J. 1989. Artistry and ideology: Livy’s vocabulary of virtue. Frankfurt: Athenäum.
  352.  
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  354.  
  355. Collects, analyzes, and discusses all of the words in Livy that ascribe virtues to particular characters.
  356.  
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  358.  
  359. Pomeroy, Arthur J. 1988. Livy’s death notices. Greece and Rome 39.2: 172–183.
  360.  
  361. DOI: 10.1017/S001738350003309XSave Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  362.  
  363. Analyzes the places where Livy gives an explicit commentary on a character at his death, arguing that Livy uses these moments to give a generous assessment of the value of even flawed individual to the state.
  364.  
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  366.  
  367. Santoro L’Hoir, Francesca. 1992. The rhetoric of gender terms: “Man,” “Woman,” and the portrayal of character in Latin prose. Leiden, The Netherlands: E. J. Brill.
  368.  
  369. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  370.  
  371. Analyzes gender terms in Livy, arguing that words that appear to be simple markers of gender in fact often indicate social status or power relations. The author further suggests that this places Livy in a tradition of rhetorical usage originating with Cicero. See pp. 77–99.
  372.  
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  374.  
  375. Hannibal
  376. The most widely discussed individual character in Livy is Hannibal. Will 1983 offers a general account of his characterization in the Third Decade, suggesting that Livy’s sympathy for Hannibal grows as his success diminishes. Cipriani 1984 discusses his development as a tragic-inflected antihero in the opening chapters of Book 21; more briefly (though along not-dissimilar lines), Mader 1993 examines his portrayal in the opening of Book 21 as influenced by the plots and themes of mythology. Clauss 1997 addresses the intertextual relationship with Catiline in Sallust; Moore 2010 suggests a wider and more complex engagement with earlier historical accounts of Hannibal. Rossi 2004 broadens the scope in order to show a systematic parallelism with Hannibal’s nemesis Scipio and from there to consider the implications of the parallels for Rome as a whole.
  377.  
  378. Cipriani, Giovanni. 1984. L’epifania di Annibale: Saggio introduttivo a Livio, Annales XXI. Bari, Italy: Adriatica.
  379.  
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  381.  
  382. Close examination of the opening sections of Book 21, in order to show the mythical resonances of Livy’s portrait of Hannibal as he develops into the quintessential Roman enemy.
  383.  
  384. Find this resource:
  385.  
  386. Clauss, James J. 1997. “Domestici hostes”: The Nausicaa in Medea, the Catiline in Hannibal. Materiali e discussioni per l’analisi dei testi classici 39:165–185.
  387.  
  388. DOI: 10.2307/40236111Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  389.  
  390. Examines the way in which Livy’s character sketch of Hannibal imitates Sallust’s of Catiline, and considers the broader significance of Livy evoking Catiline in his account of Hannibal.
  391.  
  392. Find this resource:
  393.  
  394. Mader, Gottfried. 1993. Ἀννίβας ὑβριστής: Traces of a “tragic” pattern in Livy’s Hannibal portrait in Book XXI? Ancient Society 24: 205–224.
  395.  
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  397.  
  398. Argues that Livy portrays Hannibal at the opening of the Second Punic War as a figure reminiscent of Greek tragedy, overreaching and ultimately receiving punishment.
  399.  
  400. Find this resource:
  401.  
  402. Moore, Timothy J. 2010. Livy’s Hannibal and the Roman tradition. In Livy and intertextuality: Papers of a conference held at the University of Texas at Austin, October 3, 2009. Edited by Wolfgang Polleichtner, 135–167. Trier, Germany: Wissenschaftlicher Verlag Trier.
  403.  
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  405.  
  406. Examines Livy’s portrayal of Hannibal in terms of his engagement with his source material, showing how often he questions the authenticity and reliability of the story either directly or through placing key details in the voices of others.
  407.  
  408. Find this resource:
  409.  
  410. Rossi, Andreola. 2004. Parallel lives: Hannibal and Scipio in Livy’s Third Decade. Transactions of the American Philological Association 134.2: 359–381.
  411.  
  412. DOI: 10.1353/apa.2004.0017Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  413.  
  414. Argues that Livy systematically parallels the careers of Hannibal and Scipio in the Third Decade, a parallelism suggesting that while Rome at the time was clearly superior to Carthage, it was also destined to follow Carthage into disaster.
  415.  
  416. Find this resource:
  417.  
  418. Will, Wolfgang. 1983. Mirabilior adversis quam secundis rebus: Zum Bild Hannibals in der 3. Dekade des Livius. Würzburger Jahrbücher für die Altertumswissenschaft 9:157–171.
  419.  
  420. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  421.  
  422. Examines the portrait of Hannibal across the Third Decade, suggesting that there is a development from the relatively hostile characterization of the opening books to the more sympathetic portrayal once his ultimate defeat is apparent.
  423.  
  424. Find this resource:
  425.  
  426. Other Characters
  427. There are various studies of individual characters in Livy. Hellgouarc’h 1970 provides an interpretation of Camillus with particular resonance for contemporary politics; Vallet 1964 shows the subtlety with which Livy consistently blackens Varro in Books 22 and 23. Vasaly 1987 and Vasaly 1999 are primarily interested in the stereotyping of members of particular families but argue that the stereotypes are used creatively to inculcate political lessons.
  428.  
  429. Hellegouarc’h, Joseph. 1970. Le principat de Camille. Revue des études latines 48:112–132.
  430.  
  431. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  432.  
  433. Argues that Livy sets up the character and career of Camillus in Book 5 so as to establish an image of the ideal of leadership by one man in a Republican mode, thus advocating a moderate course for Augustus to take that would be in accord with Roman tradition.
  434.  
  435. Find this resource:
  436.  
  437. Vallet, Georges. 1964. Caius Terentius Varron ou l’expression d’une antipathie chez Tite-Live. In Hommages à Jean Bayet. Edited by Marcel Renard and Robert Schilling, 707–717. Brussels: Latomus.
  438.  
  439. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  440.  
  441. Examines Livy’s portrait of M. Terentius Varro in the Third Decade, arguing that he slants the narrative in such a way as to make even more positive aspects of his record appear damning.
  442.  
  443. Find this resource:
  444.  
  445. Vasaly, Ann. 1987. Personality and power: Livy’s depiction of the Appii Claudii in the first pentad. Transactions of the American Philological Association 117:203–226.
  446.  
  447. DOI: 10.2307/283967Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  448.  
  449. Looks at the four Appii Claudii in Books 1–5 and shows that they all display similar traits of aristocratic arrogance but that Livy employs this stereotype to explore how such personalities should be handled within changing political circumstances.
  450.  
  451. Find this resource:
  452.  
  453. Vasaly, Ann. 1999. The Quinctii in Livy’s first pentad: The rhetoric of anti-rhetoric. Classical World 92.6: 513–530.
  454.  
  455. DOI: 10.2307/4352344Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  456.  
  457. Focuses on Livy’s portrayal of the Quinctii, primarily in Book 3. The author argues that they exhibit similar traits, as supporters of concord who are nevertheless willing to speak hard truths. Also maintains that Livy uses them as a foil to Appius Claudius the Decemvir at the center of the book.
  458.  
  459. Find this resource:
  460.  
  461. Women
  462. Although much of Livy’s narrative is dominated by men, women are prominent at certain key moments, and they have been the subject of a fair amount of scholarship, especially in the last twenty years. Kowalewski 2002 is a systematic study of all the places where women play a role in the history. Particular interest has been generated by the moments in Book 1 and Book 3 where women are the trigger for major political change: the rape of Lucretia and the attempted rape of Verginia. These have often been analyzed from an explicitly or implicitly feminist standpoint, as with Joplin 1990, Joshel 1992, and Calhoon 1997; Vandiver 1999 adopts a slightly different approach, seeing women playing a more active role in these stories. Other studies include Bonjour 1975, which focuses on the key role of women within the story of Coriolanus.
  463.  
  464. Bonjour, Madeleine. 1975. Les personnages féminins et la terre natale dans l’épisode de Coriolan (Liv., 2, 40). Revue des études latines 53:157–181.
  465.  
  466. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  467.  
  468. Argues that Livy uses the moment when Coriolanus is turned back by his female relatives to show a key development in Roman patriotism: where people exhibit attachment to their countryland, symbolized by the femininity of the figures.
  469.  
  470. Find this resource:
  471.  
  472. Calhoon, Cristina G. 1997. Lucretia, savior and scapegoat: The dynamics of sacrifice in Livy 1.57–59. Helios 24.2: 151–169.
  473.  
  474. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  475.  
  476. Analyzes the rape of Lucretia in Livy, arguing that it is to be seen as a ritual sacrifice that restores proper order to the Roman state following the crisis generated by two women, Tanaquil and Tullia, who each transgressed the roles appropriate to women.
  477.  
  478. Find this resource:
  479.  
  480. Joplin, Patricia Klindienst. 1990. Ritual work on human flesh: Livy’s Lucretia and the rape of the body politic. Helios 17.1: 51–70.
  481.  
  482. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  483.  
  484. Examines a number of moments in Livy where rape is politically transformative: the threatened rape of Verginia, the rapes of Rhea Silvia, the Sabine Women, and above all Lucretia. Argues that all of these reflect an eroticizing of political violence that involves the effacing of the women themselves.
  485.  
  486. Find this resource:
  487.  
  488. Joshel, Sandra R. 1992. The body female and the body politic: Livy’s Lucretia and Verginia. In Pornography and representation in Greece and Rome. Edited by Amy Richlin, 112–130. Oxford: Oxford Univ. Press.
  489.  
  490. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  491.  
  492. Discusses the rape of Lucretia in Book 1 and the threatened rape of Verginia in Book 3; sees Livy’s construction of actual or threatened rape of largely passive women as the grounds for political action against the background of Roman patriarchy and makes explicit connections to more recent events. Reprinted with addendum in Oxford Readings in Classical Studies: Livy, edited by Jane D. Chaplin and Christina S. Kraus (Oxford: Oxford Univ. Press, 2009), pp. 380–408.
  493.  
  494. Find this resource:
  495.  
  496. Kowalewski, Barbara. 2002. Frauengestalten im Geschichtswerk des T. Livius. Munich: K. G. Saur.
  497.  
  498. DOI: 10.1515/9783110964936Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  499.  
  500. General if somewhat pedestrian study of all places in Livy where women play a role as either individuals or groups.
  501.  
  502. Find this resource:
  503.  
  504. Vandiver, Elizabeth. 1999. The founding mothers of Livy’s Rome: The Sabine Women and Lucretia. In The eye expanded: Life and the arts in Greco-Roman antiquity. Edited by Frances B. Titchener and Richard F. Moorton Jr., 206–232. Berkeley: Univ. of California Press.
  505.  
  506. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  507.  
  508. Argues that the rape of Lucretia at the end of Book 1 shows structural parallels with that of the Sabine Women at the start of the book, and together they suggest that women play an active and autonomous rather than a passive role in Roman society.
  509.  
  510. Find this resource:
  511.  
  512. Religion
  513. Religion is one of the most-studied but also most controversial aspects of Livy’s history, since he includes a great deal of religious data, but his attitude to it is hard to determine. Stübler 1941 presents the fullest argument for Livy as a relatively orthodox believer in Roman religious tradition; Kajanto 1957 by contrast presents him as a thoroughgoing skeptic. Liebeschuetz 1967 treats skepticism as the heart of Livy’s attitude but emphasizes the importance of the representation of traditional religion in the work. Levene 1993 suggests that Livy carefully balances skepticism and traditional religion without drawing a firm conclusion either way. Davies 2005 returns to the conclusions of Stübler, seeing Livy as primarily accepting traditional religious attitudes, but approaches the question in light of modern accounts of Roman religion, which have emphasized its intrinsically provisional and contested nature. Sidestepping this debate and taking an altogether different perspective are Linderski 1993, which examines Livy as a source on Roman religion, Hickson 1993, a lexicographical study of the language of his prayers, and Liou-Gille 1998, a study of the religious material contained in the first book.
  514.  
  515. Davies, Jason P. 2005. Rome’s religious history: Livy, Tacitus and Ammianus on their gods. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge Univ. Press.
  516.  
  517. DOI: 10.1017/CBO9780511552472Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  518.  
  519. Nearly half the book is concerned with Livy: Davies argues that Livy should be seen not as a skeptic but as actively engaging with the religious system through which apparently supernatural events were recorded and verified.
  520.  
  521. Find this resource:
  522.  
  523. Hickson, Frances V. 1993. Roman prayer language: Livy and the Aeneid of Virgil. Stuttgart: B. G. Teubner.
  524.  
  525. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  526.  
  527. Compares the language of rituals such as prayers and oaths in both Livy and the Aeneid with that found in documentary and other sources that may record original ritual formulae.
  528.  
  529. Find this resource:
  530.  
  531. Kajanto, Iiro. 1957. God and fate in Livy. Turku, Finland: Turun Yliopiston Kustantama.
  532.  
  533. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  534.  
  535. Argues for Livy as a skeptic about Roman religion, presenting traditional accounts of the gods’ involvement only to challenge them with debunking comments.
  536.  
  537. Find this resource:
  538.  
  539. Levene, David S. 1993. Religion in Livy. Leiden, The Netherlands: E. J. Brill.
  540.  
  541. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  542.  
  543. Discusses sequentially all the passages in Livy concerned with religion, in order to show the way Livy manipulates them so as to establish a systematic picture of divine intervention in Roman history, which he then balances with explicit or implicit skepticism.
  544.  
  545. Find this resource:
  546.  
  547. Liebeschuetz, Wolfgang. 1967. The religious position of Livy’s history. Journal of Roman Studies 57:45–55.
  548.  
  549. DOI: 10.2307/299342Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  550.  
  551. Suggests that while Livy’s approach to religion is fundamentally that of a sophisticated rationalist, he accepts the importance of religious tradition for the state. Reprinted with addendum in Oxford Readings in Classical Studies: Livy, edited by Jane D. Chaplin and Christina S. Kraus (Oxford: Oxford Univ. Press, 2009), pp. 355–379.
  552.  
  553. Find this resource:
  554.  
  555. Linderski, Jerzy. 1993. Roman religion in Livy. In Livius: Aspekte seines Werkes. Edited by Wolfgang Schuller, 53–70. Konstanz, Germany: Universitätsverlag Konstanz.
  556.  
  557. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  558.  
  559. Study of religion in Livy by a leading scholar of Roman religion, emphasizing the degree to which he enables us to see the distinctive features of the Roman religious system.
  560.  
  561. Find this resource:
  562.  
  563. Liou-Gille, Bernadette. 1998. Une lecture “religieuse” de Tite-Live I: Cultes, rites, croyances de la Rome archaïque. Paris: Klincksieck.
  564.  
  565. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  566.  
  567. Sequential reading of the first book of Livy, with extensive commentary on the religious practices and innovations that he records for archaic Rome.
  568.  
  569. Find this resource:
  570.  
  571. Stübler, Gerhard. 1941. Die Religiosität des Livius. Stuttgart: W. Kohlhammer.
  572.  
  573. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  574.  
  575. Argues for Livy’s belief in the Roman religious system and the gods’ intervention in history, which he sees as underscoring his fundamentally patriotic worldview.
  576.  
  577. Find this resource:
  578.  
  579. Livy and Augustus
  580. The relationship between Livy and the emperor Augustus has generated a certain amount of scholarly disagreement. Particular attention has been paid to the “Cossus episode” in Book 4, one of only three places where Augustus is mentioned by name in the history, and the only one to show Livy engaging directly with him as a political figure. Dessau 1906 proved more or less conclusively that the episode relates to the controversy over the failure to award spolia opima to M. Licinius Crassus in 29 BC; Mensching 1967 suggests that it shows Livy’s unqualified support of Augustus, but more recently Sailor 2006 has argued that it offers instead a challenge to Augustus’s authority via Livy’s affirmation of a competing authority as a historian. Broader studies of “Augustan” attitudes in the work include Syme 1959, which argues that Livy was essentially an uncritical supporter of Augustus; by contrast Petersen 1961 finds possible allusions in Book 1 that suggest the opposite, while Luce 1990, taking an entirely different approach, shows that Livy’s narrative of Roman history is quite unlike Augustus’s implicit account of it in the Forum Augustum. Badian 1993 puts the evidence together most systematically and draws an intermediate conclusion that leaves Livy neither an uncritical supporter nor an opponent of the emperor.
  581.  
  582. Badian, Ernst. 1993. Livy and Augustus. In Livius: Aspekte seines Werkes. Edited by Wolfgang Schuller, 9–38. Konstanz, Germany: Universitätsverlag Konstanz.
  583.  
  584. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  585.  
  586. Careful, detailed, and skeptical study of the evidence for Livy’s relationship with and attitude to Augustus, concluding that he had a realistic and cautiously critical attitude toward him that did not overbalance into hostility.
  587.  
  588. Find this resource:
  589.  
  590. Dessau, Hermann. 1906. Livius und Augustus. Hermes 41.1: 142–151.
  591.  
  592. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  593.  
  594. Classic demonstration that Livy’s handling of the “Cossus episode” in Book 4 was intimately connected with the victory of M. Licinius Crassus in 29 BC, and hence not merely a historiographical question but a political intervention.
  595.  
  596. Find this resource:
  597.  
  598. Luce, T. James. 1990. Livy, Augustus, and the Forum Augustum. In Between republic and empire: Interpretations of Augustus and his principate. Edited by Kurt A. Raaflaub and Mark Toher, 123–138. Berkeley: Univ. of California Press.
  599.  
  600. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  601.  
  602. Compares Livy’s narrative with the account of Roman history implicit in the elogia in the Forum Augustum, showing how far Livy’s historical interpretation was at variance with official Augustan ideology.
  603.  
  604. Find this resource:
  605.  
  606. Mensching, Eckart. 1967. Livius, Cossus, und Augustus. Museum Helveticum 24:12–32.
  607.  
  608. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  609.  
  610. Focuses primarily on the “Cossus episode” in Book 4, and suggests that this shows Livy’s unqualified support of Augustus and recognition of his quasi-divine status.
  611.  
  612. Find this resource:
  613.  
  614. Petersen, Hans. 1961. Livy and Augustus. Transactions and Proceedings of the American Philological Association 92:440–452.
  615.  
  616. DOI: 10.2307/283829Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  617.  
  618. Identifies a number of passages in Book 1 that he argues to be implicit allusions to contemporary events; he suggests that these show Livy’s suspicion of absolute monarchy, and hence constitute a warning to Augustus of the dangers of absolute power.
  619.  
  620. Find this resource:
  621.  
  622. Sailor, Dylan. 2006. Dirty linen, fabrication, and the authorities of Livy and Augustus. Transactions of the American Philological Association 136:329–388.
  623.  
  624. DOI: 10.1353/apa.2006.0016Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  625.  
  626. Detailed and sophisticated study of the form of authority attributed to Augustus in the “Cossus episode” in Book 4, which is argued to be related to Livy’s accounts of earlier religious fabrications. This contrasts with the rational historical authority attributed to Livy himself: his work is in tension with Augustus.
  627.  
  628. Find this resource:
  629.  
  630. Syme, Ronald. 1959. Livy and Augustus. Harvard Studies in Classical Philology 64:27–87.
  631.  
  632. DOI: 10.2307/310937Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  633.  
  634. Long article examining Livy’s relationship to Augustus, with particular attention to his likely attitude in the lost books; he concludes that Livy had a strong attachment to Augustus’s politics and as such stood outside the mainstream of imperial Roman historiography. Reprinted in Syme’s Roman Papers, Vol. 1 (Oxford: Oxford Univ. Press, 1979), pp. 400–454.
  635.  
  636. Find this resource:
  637.  
  638. Date
  639. Connected with the question of Livy’s relationship to Augustus is a narrower question about dating the work’s publication, since there are few clear references that allow us to do so. The chief ones are the references to Augustus at 1.19.3 and 4.20.5–11, which appear to fix the date of the early books at 27–25 BC. However, Luce 1965 provides comprehensive arguments for an idea that had previously been proposed more briefly: that these were later insertions for a second edition and that the books were originally written earlier. This view has mostly found favor. Several subsequent scholars have suggested that Livy began his history even before Octavian’s victory at Actium in 31 BC: Woodman 1988 and Burton 2000 provide arguments.
  640.  
  641. Burton, Paul J. 2000. The last republican historian: A new date for the composition of Livy’s first pentad. Historia 49.4: 429–446.
  642.  
  643. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  644.  
  645. Supports an early date for the first books of the history, arguing that the references in Book 1 to Tarquin’s building the main sewer and expanding the Circus Maximus were written immediately after Agrippa’s work on them as aedile in 33 BC.
  646.  
  647. Find this resource:
  648.  
  649. Luce, T. James. 1965. The dating of Livy’s First Decade. Transactions and Proceedings of the American Philological Association 96:209–240.
  650.  
  651. DOI: 10.2307/283727Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  652.  
  653. Argues that the traditional dating of 27–25 BC for the publication of the first decade is unsustainable, since the passages in Books 1 and 4 indicating that date were later insertions by the author for a second edition. Reprinted with addendum in Oxford Readings in Classical Studies: Livy, edited by Jane D. Chaplin and Christina S. Kraus (Oxford: Oxford Univ. Press, 2009), pp. 17–48.
  654.  
  655. Find this resource:
  656.  
  657. Woodman, Anthony J. 1988. Rhetoric in classical historiography: Four studies. London: Croom Helm, 128–140.
  658.  
  659. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  660.  
  661. Argues that Livy’s writing in the Preface and elsewhere in the early books is incompatible with a post-Actium dating.
  662.  
  663. Find this resource:
  664.  
  665. Sources
  666. The study of the sources of the history—often known as Quellenforschung (source research) or Quellenkritik (source criticism)—was a major theme of scholarship on Livy (as also other ancient historians) from the mid-19th to the mid-20th century, taking its lead above all from Nissen 1863, but going through increasingly elaborate iterations in order to identify and separate out the different sources which supposedly underlay Livy’s text: it reached its apogee in Klotz 1940–1941. More recent scholarship has moved substantially away from this approach, owing to doubts about the methodology, depending on the assumption that Livy was a largely inert copyist. Nevertheless interest in Livy’s sources has remained, partly because he cites them more often than most other ancient historians do, but above all because one of them, Polybius, survives for comparison: Tränkle 1977 is the indispensable study of the uses that Livy made of him and the way Polybius was transformed in his text. Ogilvie 1958 examines one particular source, Licinius Macer, who Livy’s own citations indicate was interestingly outside the mainstream of Roman historical writing. Oakley 2009 returns to first principles and looks at Livy’s actual citations of his predecessors to draw conclusions about his working method. Lushkov 2010 has a more radical perspective, treating Livy’s source citations as a form of intertextuality, which allows him to incorporate the works of his predecessors into his own.
  667.  
  668. Klotz, Alfred. 1940–1941. Livius und seine Vorgänger. Leipzig: B. G. Teubner.
  669.  
  670. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  671.  
  672. Large-scale study by the doyen of Quellenforschung, meticulously analyzing Livy book by book in order to determine the component sources the narrative was drawn from.
  673.  
  674. Find this resource:
  675.  
  676. Lushkov, Ayelet Haimson. 2010. Intertextuality and source-criticism in the Scipionic trials. In Livy and intertextuality: Papers of a conference held at the University of Texas at Austin, October 3, 2009. Edited by Wolfgang Polleichtner, 93–133. Trier, Germany: Wissenschaftlicher Verlag Trier.
  677.  
  678. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  679.  
  680. Treats Livy’s complicated and apparently confused account of the Trials of the Scipios in Book 38 in terms of intertextual practice, as his citation of multiple and conflicting sources has the effect of appropriating his predecessors into an all-encompassing narrative.
  681.  
  682. Find this resource:
  683.  
  684. Nissen, Heinrich. 1863. Kritische Untersuchungen über die Quellen der vierten und fünften Dekade des Livius. Berlin: Weidmann.
  685.  
  686. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  687.  
  688. Still-useful work that breaks down the Fourth and Fifth Decades into those sections primarily derived from Polybius and those taken from Roman sources, with brief but often pointed reference to Livy’s changes to his original.
  689.  
  690. Find this resource:
  691.  
  692. Oakley, Stephen P. 2009. Livy and his sources. In Oxford readings in classical studies: Livy. Edited by Jane D. Chaplin and Christina S. Kraus, 439–460. Oxford: Oxford Univ. Press.
  693.  
  694. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  695.  
  696. Careful analysis of all the places in the second pentad where Livy refers to sources or variant traditions, in order to see what can and cannot be deduced about the identity of his sources and his methods of working with them.
  697.  
  698. Find this resource:
  699.  
  700. Ogilvie, Robert M. 1958. Livy, Licinius Macer and the Libri Lintei. Journal of Roman Studies 48:40–46.
  701.  
  702. DOI: 10.2307/298211Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  703.  
  704. Identifies Licinius Macer as a major source for extended sections of Books 4 and 5; he furthermore argues that Macer’s own source, the “linen books,” were unlikely to be his creation: rather, these books were a source that varied from other traditions because of the Romans’ general uncertainty about their early history.
  705.  
  706. Find this resource:
  707.  
  708. Tränkle, Hermann. 1977. Livius und Polybios. Basel, Switzerland: Schwabe.
  709.  
  710. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  711.  
  712. Study of Livy’s use of Polybius in the Fourth and Fifth Decades, organized around the different kinds of manipulations which Livy made to his sources for literary or ideological purposes. Concludes with an extended study of portions of the Third Decade, seeking to demonstrate that Polybius was not a source there.
  713.  
  714. Find this resource:
  715.  
  716. Structure and Composition of History
  717. Witte 1910 is the classic demonstration of the way in which Livy shaped his narratives into brief but coherent “scenes.” However, his view that structure on a larger scale is absent from Livy is not generally accepted today: for while it had been argued against by several earlier scholars, it was dealt a final blow by the fundamental study of Livy’s construction of his history in Luce 1977, which shows the way Livy constructed and organized his work, both within individual books and by creating larger structures out of blocks of several books. With large-scale structure, it is generally accepted that the primary structural unit of the surviving books is the block of five books (“pentads”) and of ten books (“decades”): in Stadter 1972, this is argued to run through the entire history, though Wille 1973 controversially argues that it fits the evidence better to think in terms of fifteen-book blocks. Vasaly 2002 examines the “pentad” from a different standpoint, finding it to be an imitation of Augustan poetry books. For structure within books, Rich 2009 examines Livy’s articulation of his work through formulaic “annalistic” material, arguing that it is a less traditional choice than might appear, since it was not standard in earlier historiography. Kraus 1998 addresses the controversial “doublets,” where Livy has apparently failed to marry his material into a coherent whole and argues that many of them make more sense than scholars have traditionally given them credit for.
  718.  
  719. Kraus, Christina S. 1998. Repetition and empire in the Ab Urbe Condita. In Style and tradition: Studies in honor of Wendell Clausen. Edited by Peter E. Knox and Clive Foss, 264–283. Stuttgart: B. G. Teubner.
  720.  
  721. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  722.  
  723. Examines “doublets,” where Livy repeats the same information twice, apparently through carelessness: the author argues that many of them are in fact deliberate and that they are used to provide a sense of repetition appropriate to a text that mirrors the complex growth of the Roman Empire.
  724.  
  725. Find this resource:
  726.  
  727. Luce, T. James. 1977. Livy: The composition of his history. Princeton, NJ: Princeton Univ. Press.
  728.  
  729. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  730.  
  731. Book-by-book analysis of the structure of the Fourth and Fifth Decades, in order to show the carefully thought-out criteria that Livy employed to select and structure his material.
  732.  
  733. Find this resource:
  734.  
  735. Rich, John. 2009. Structuring Roman history: The consular year and the Roman historical tradition. In Oxford readings in classical studies: Livy. Edited by Jane D. Chaplin and Christina S. Kraus, 118–147. Oxford: Oxford Univ. Press.
  736.  
  737. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  738.  
  739. Revised version of an article originally published in the Internet journal Histos; Rich argues that the strict annalistic form adopted by Livy in most of his surviving books was neither a standard part of the historical tradition, nor was it maintained by Livy through his later books.
  740.  
  741. Find this resource:
  742.  
  743. Stadter, Philip A. 1972. The structure of Livy’s history. Historia 21.2: 287–307.
  744.  
  745. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  746.  
  747. Argues that Livy’s entire work, including the lost sections, was structured by groups of five and ten books. Reprinted with addendum in Oxford Readings in Classical Studies: Livy, edited by Jane D. Chaplin and Christina S. Kraus (Oxford: Oxford Univ. Press, 2009), pp. 91–117.
  748.  
  749. Find this resource:
  750.  
  751. Vasaly, Ann. 2002. The structure of Livy’s first pentad and the Augustan poetry book. In Clio and the poets: Augustan poetry and the traditions of ancient historiography. Edited by David S. Levene and Damien P. Nelis, 275–290. Leiden, The Netherlands: E. J. Brill.
  752.  
  753. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  754.  
  755. Argues that the careful structure Livy applies to the first pentad was unprecedented in historiography, and it was instead created under the influence of the intricately structured books of poetry that were being produced at the time.
  756.  
  757. Find this resource:
  758.  
  759. Wille, Günther. 1973. Der Aufbau des livianischen Geschichtswerk. Amsterdam: B. R. Grüner.
  760.  
  761. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  762.  
  763. Argues that Livy’s primary structural unit in organizing blocks of books was not the pentad or decade but groups of fifteen books: the author traces these through the lost portions of the history as well as the surviving ones.
  764.  
  765. Find this resource:
  766.  
  767. Witte, Kurt. 1910. Über die Form der Darstellung in Livius Geschichtswerk. Rheinisches Mueum für Philologie 65.270–305: 359–419.
  768.  
  769. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  770.  
  771. Examines the way in which Livy constructs his narratives by working episodes into coherent individual scenes. Argues that these episodes were his primary mode of structure and that Livy was less interested in continuity on larger scales.
  772.  
  773. Find this resource:
  774.  
  775. Style
  776. Much of the study of Livy’s style has centered on the question of development and changes in his diction between the earlier and later parts of the work: such a development was claimed in Stacey 1898, which received a vigorous response from Gries 1949. Tränkle 1968 challenged some key aspects of Stacey’s thesis but maintained that there was stylistic development of a different sort. Objections to all of these studies are raised in Murgia 1993, which points to a number of systematic methodological flaws in the reasoning underlying the debate. Other important studies include Chausserie-Laprée 1969, which looks at the formation of narrative in Roman historians including Livy, and Dangel 1982, focusing on the construction of phrases. McDonald 1957 gives a brief and more general account of the stylistic features of the work.
  777.  
  778. Chausserie-Laprée, Jean-Pierre. 1969. L’expression narrative chez les historiens latins. Paris: De Boccard.
  779.  
  780. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  781.  
  782. Massive analysis of narrative style in the Roman historians between Caesar and Tacitus, dividing the study into “sustained narrative” and “dramatic narrative,” with careful delineation of the stylistic devices that contribute to each.
  783.  
  784. Find this resource:
  785.  
  786. Dangel, Jacqueline. 1982. La phrase oratoire chez Tite-Live. Paris: Les Belles Lettres.
  787.  
  788. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  789.  
  790. Large-scale study of Livy’s construction of phrases, with a particular focus on prose rhythm.
  791.  
  792. Find this resource:
  793.  
  794. Gries, Konrad. 1949. “Constancy in Livy’s Latinity.” PhD diss., Columbia Univ.
  795.  
  796. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  797.  
  798. Argues that the changes observable in Livy’s diction between the first decade and the later ones are less than had been thought, and those that exist are not the product of a move away from poeticisms but derive from the change in subject matter.
  799.  
  800. Find this resource:
  801.  
  802. McDonald, Alex H. 1957. The style of Livy. Journal of Roman Studies 47:155–172.
  803.  
  804. DOI: 10.2307/298581Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  805.  
  806. General account of Livy’s style, focusing not only on diction but also on sentence structure and on the broader rhetorical elaborations in his work. Reprinted with addendum in Oxford Readings in Classical Studies: Livy, edited by Jane D. Chaplin and Christina S. Kraus (Oxford: Oxford Univ. Press, 2009), pp. 222–259.
  807.  
  808. Find this resource:
  809.  
  810. Murgia, Charles E. 1993. Language and style of Livy. In Livius: Aspekte seines Werkes. Edited by Wolfgang Schuller, 89–109. Konstanz, Germany: Universitätsverlag Konstanz.
  811.  
  812. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  813.  
  814. Argues that much of the debate over the development in Livy’s style is methodologically flawed, since it overlooks the different semantic connotations and registers in which words and phrases may be used.
  815.  
  816. Find this resource:
  817.  
  818. Stacey, Sidney G. 1898. Die Entwicklung des livianischen Stiles. Archiv für lateinische Lexicographie 10:17–82.
  819.  
  820. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  821.  
  822. Argues that Livy’s style developed from more poetical usage in the early books to a more prosaic manner in the later ones.
  823.  
  824. Find this resource:
  825.  
  826. Tränkle, Hermann. 1968. Beobachtungen und Erwägungen zum Wandel der livianischen Sprache. Wiener Studien 2:103–152.
  827.  
  828. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  829.  
  830. Demonstrates that while some aspects of Livy’s diction change from archaic and poetic usages to more prosaic ones in the later books, in certain other respects the later books appear more “poetic”; he argues that Livy’s diction was originally influenced by Sallust’s archaizing manner, though later moved to greater independence.
  831.  
  832. Find this resource:
  833.  
  834. Speeches
  835. Livy’s representation of oratory was admired in Antiquity; the classic study that seeks to demonstrate why is Ullmann 1927, which analyzed all of Livy’s speeches as exemplars of the rhetorical theory that was inculcated through the education system. However, Ullmann’s model has been criticized, above all by Luce 1993, as over-schematic and as a misrepresentation of the way rhetorical theory was expected to be applied in practice. Specific speeches are analyzed in Rumpf 2006, which focuses on the paired speeches of Hannibal and Scipio in Book 30, and Burck 1967, which covers that pair along with other speeches in Books 28 and 31. Pausch 2010 emphasizes the importance of examining Livy’s speeches in their narrative context.
  836.  
  837. Burck, Erich. 1967. Einzelinterpretationen von Reden. In Wege zu Livius. Edited by Erich Burck, 430–463. Darmstadt: Wissenschaftliche Buchgesellschaft.
  838.  
  839. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  840.  
  841. Analyzes a series of speeches in Books 28, 30, and 31. Looks at their role in the narrative and the relationships between their arguments, the characters delivering them, and their position in the broader structure of the work.
  842.  
  843. Find this resource:
  844.  
  845. Luce, T. James. 1993. Structure in Livy’s speeches. In Livius: Aspekte seines Werkes. Edited by Wolfgang Schuller, 71–87. Konstanz, Germany: Universitätsverlag Konstanz.
  846.  
  847. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  848.  
  849. Demonstrates that Livy’s speeches were not structured in terms of discrete commonplaces but that once the arguments were selected, a variety of more flexible arrangements could be used to order them.
  850.  
  851. Find this resource:
  852.  
  853. Pausch, Dennis. 2010. Der Feldherr als Redner und der Appell an den Leser: Wiederholung und Antizipation in den Reden bei Livius. In Stimmen der Geschichte: Funktionen von Reden in der antiken Historiographie. Edited by Dennis Pausch, 183–205. Berlin: de Grutyer.
  854.  
  855. DOI: 10.1515/9783110224184Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  856.  
  857. Offers a reading of Livy’s speeches not as isolated rhetorical products but in their narrative contexts: focuses specifically on speeches that recapitulate the previous narrative or anticipate future events, which necessarily have a different effect on the reader than on the presumed internal audience.
  858.  
  859. Find this resource:
  860.  
  861. Rumpf, Lorenz. 2006. Scipio und Hannibal vor Zama: Beobachtungen zur Struktur historischer Urteile und Vergleiche bei Livius und Polybios. Hermes 134.2: 159–180.
  862.  
  863. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  864.  
  865. Compares the paired speeches of Scipio and Hannibal in Polybius Book 15 and Livy Book 30, arguing that they show Polybius’s orientation toward abstract theorizing as against Livy’s interest in the concrete implications of a singular moment in Roman history.
  866.  
  867. Find this resource:
  868.  
  869. Ullmann, Ragnar. 1927. La technique des discours dans Salluste, Tite-Live et Tacite: La matière et la composition. Oslo, Norway: Jacob Dybwad.
  870.  
  871. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  872.  
  873. Systematically analyzes each speech in Livy in order to show that it is articulated according to the rules of rhetorical composition, with particular focus on the formal sections of the argument and the particular commonplaces used in each section. See pp. 49–196.
  874.  
  875. Find this resource:
  876.  
  877. First Decade
  878. The First Decade has been the subject of a number of important studies. Burck 1934 is one of the most influential books on Livy ever written, a literary approach to his text that offers many insights on its structure and themes. Miles 1995 is a revolutionary account of Livy’s handling of early Rome; Jaeger 1999 traces the theme of labyrinths through the opening decade. Forsythe 1999 is more conventional but addresses a wide range of historiographical themes; Haehling 1989 is interested in the relationship Livy sees between the distant past of Rome and his own time. Lipovsky 1981 is unusual in focusing on the second pentad rather than the first, treating it as an artistic unit.
  879.  
  880. Burck, Erich. 1934. Die Erzählungskunst des T. Livius. Berlin: Weidmann.
  881.  
  882. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  883.  
  884. Highly influential study of the first pentad, with a particular interest in the large-scale structure of each book and the relationship between structure and themes; important also for its innovations in the use of comparative material from Dionysius.
  885.  
  886. Find this resource:
  887.  
  888. Forsythe, Gary. 1999. Livy and early Rome: A study in historical method and judgment. Stuttgart: Franz Steiner.
  889.  
  890. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  891.  
  892. Rather old-fashioned analysis of Livy’s historical method in the First Decade, looking at his own statements of method as well as broader comments on moral and religious themes.
  893.  
  894. Find this resource:
  895.  
  896. Haehling, Raban von. 1989. Zeitbezüge des T. Livius in der ersten Dekade seines Geschichtswerkes: nec vitia nostra nec remedia pati possumus. Stuttgart: Franz Steiner.
  897.  
  898. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  899.  
  900. Systematic but often pedestrian categorization and discussion of the places in the First Decade where Livy compares the past with the present.
  901.  
  902. Find this resource:
  903.  
  904. Jaeger, Mary. 1999. Guiding metaphor and narrative points of view in Livy’s Ab Urbe Condita. In The limits of historiography: Genre and narrative in ancient historical texts. Edited by Christina S. Kraus, 169–195. Leiden, The Netherlands: E. J. Brill.
  905.  
  906. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  907.  
  908. Suggests that a number of episodes in the opening books of the history employ images of the labyrinth. Jaeger argues that coping with such “labyrinths” both provides tests for Livy’s characters and offers the reader a metaphor to understand their own complex “journey” through Livy’s history.
  909.  
  910. Find this resource:
  911.  
  912. Lipovsky, James. 1981. A historiographical study of Livy: Books VI–X. Salem, NH: Ayer.
  913.  
  914. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  915.  
  916. The only book-length study of the second pentad as a unit: looks at domestic and foreign affairs separately but works through each one book by book in order to show how Livy constructs a dramatic overall narrative in each sphere.
  917.  
  918. Find this resource:
  919.  
  920. Miles, Gary B. 1995. Livy: Reconstructing early Rome. Ithaca, NY: Cornell Univ. Press.
  921.  
  922. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  923.  
  924. Five radical and challenging studies on the first pentad, arguing that Livy undermines the factuality of his own account of Rome’s early history but does so while creating a coherent ideology through which Rome came to greatness. Miles is interested in the complex of morals underlying stories of apparently straightforward patriotism.
  925.  
  926. Find this resource:
  927.  
  928. Book 1
  929. Book 1 of Livy, covering the regal period, has attracted by far the most scholarship of any book of the history. The methodological preface has often been studied: two of the fullest and perhaps the most provocative accounts of it are Mazza 1966 and Moles 1993. Important general studies of the book include Haffter 1964, Konstan 1986, and Fox 1996. The reign of Romulus is studied at length in Stem 2007, the Rape of the Sabine Women in Brown 1995, and the story of Horatius is the topic of Solodow 1979, a methodologically groundbreaking article.
  930.  
  931. Brown, Robert. 1995. Livy’s Sabine Women and the ideal of Concordia. Transactions of the American Philological Association 125:291–319.
  932.  
  933. DOI: 10.2307/284357Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  934.  
  935. Argues that Livy narrates the Rape of the Sabine Women so as to emphasize the independent role played by the women themselves and so to highlight the creation of concord both within the marriages and between the two peoples more broadly—a theme appropriate to the future development of Rome.
  936.  
  937. Find this resource:
  938.  
  939. Fox, Matthew. 1996. Roman historical myths: The Regal period in Augustan literature. Oxford: Clarendon, 96–141.
  940.  
  941. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  942.  
  943. Chapter on Livy in a book on representations of the Regal period more generally: suggests that Livy has a less idealized view of it than most Augustan writers and traces its development with an eye to later political realities.
  944.  
  945. Find this resource:
  946.  
  947. Haffter, Heinz. 1964. Rom und römische Ideologie bei Livius. Gymnasium 71:236–250.
  948.  
  949. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  950.  
  951. Sequential reading of Book 1 in order to show Livy’s account both of the development of “Roman” values in the early city and the threats to those values. Reprinted in Wege zu Livius, edited by Erich Burck (Darmstadt: Wissenschaftliche Buchgesellschaft, 1967), pp. 277–297.
  952.  
  953. Find this resource:
  954.  
  955. Konstan, David. 1986. Narrative and ideology in Livy Book 1. Classical Antiquity 5.2: 198–215.
  956.  
  957. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  958.  
  959. Sophisticated analysis of Book 1, with a particular focus on boundaries, dichotomies, and doubles, all of which are argued to be a reflection of Rome’s attempts to stabilize her power and position even as her power begins to expand over her neighbors.
  960.  
  961. Find this resource:
  962.  
  963. Mazza, Mario. 1966. Storia e ideologia in Tito Livio: Per un’ analisi storiografica della praefatio ai Libri ab urbe condita. Catania, Italy: Bonnano.
  964.  
  965. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  966.  
  967. Large-scale study of the ideology implicit in the Preface from a broadly Marxist perspective, setting it in the context of earlier traditions of historical theory in general and historical prefaces in particular.
  968.  
  969. Find this resource:
  970.  
  971. Moles, John L. 1993. Livy’s Preface. Proceedings of the Cambridge Philological Society 39:141–168.
  972.  
  973. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  974.  
  975. Meticulous sentence-by-sentence analysis of the argument of the Preface in order to tease out the precise implications of Livy’s claims for his work and his approach to history. Reprinted with addendum in Oxford Readings in Classical Studies: Livy, edited by Jane D. Chaplin and Christina S. Kraus (Oxford: Oxford Univ. Press, 2009), pp. 49–87.
  976.  
  977. Find this resource:
  978.  
  979. Solodow, Joseph B. 1979. Livy and the story of Horatius I.24–1.26. Transactions of the American Philological Association 109:251–268.
  980.  
  981. DOI: 10.2307/284061Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  982.  
  983. Pioneering account of the duel of the Horatii and the Curiatii and Horatius’s subsequent trial. Particular emphasis is given to the moral ambiguities and the complexity of perspectives that Livy adopts. Reprinted with addendum in Oxford Readings in Classical Studies: Livy, edited by Jane D. Chaplin and Christina S. Kraus (Oxford: Oxford Univ. Press, 2009), pp. 49–87.
  984.  
  985. Find this resource:
  986.  
  987. Stem, Rex. 2007. The exemplary lessons of Livy’s Romulus. Transactions of the American Philological Association 137.2: 435–471.
  988.  
  989. DOI: 10.1353/apa.2008.0005Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  990.  
  991. Through a close reading of the text, this article examines the moral complexities that Livy embodies in his presentation of Romulus: argues that despite the ambiguities in his portrayal, Livy intends Romulus as a lesson of how a ruler can consolidate power for the good of the state.
  992.  
  993. Find this resource:
  994.  
  995. Books 2–10
  996. The remaining books of the First Decade are less studied than Book 1 but have still attracted some important work. Book 5 has received particular attention, notably from Luce 1971, Kraus 1994, and Gaertner 2008. Baier 2003 looks at the opening of Book 2 in terms of contemporary Roman political theory; Dipersia 1975 sees late Republican resonances in the opening of Book 8. Morello 2002 is by far the fullest and most sophisticated analysis of the much-discussed “Alexander digression” in Book 9, while Schönberger 1960 is an important and subtle study of the self-sacrifice of the younger Decius in Book 10.
  997.  
  998. Baier, Thomas. 2003. Ein Kommentar zum Rechtsdenken der ausgehenden Republik (Liv., 2, 3, 2–4). In Formen römischer Geschichtsschreibung von den Anfängen bis Livius: Gattungen—Autoren—Kontexte. Edited by Ulrich Eigler, Ulrich Gotter, Nino Luraghi, and Uwe Walter, 235–249. Darmstadt: Wissenschaftliche Buchgesellschaft.
  999.  
  1000. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  1001.  
  1002. Argues that the language of the aristocratic conspiracy against the new Roman republic in Book 2 draws on the political theory of the late Republic. Baier further suggests that Livy’s handling of it implies a criticism of Caesar.
  1003.  
  1004. Find this resource:
  1005.  
  1006. Dipersia, Giulia. 1975. Le polemiche sulla guerra sociale nell’ ambasceria latina di Livio VIlI, 4–6. Contributo dell’ Istituto di storia antica del Università del Sacro Cuore 3:111–120.
  1007.  
  1008. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  1009.  
  1010. Argues that the Latin embassy at the opening of Book 8 is modeled on the debates over the enfranchisement of the Italians at the time of the Social War.
  1011.  
  1012. Find this resource:
  1013.  
  1014. Gaertner, Jan Felix. 2008. Livy’s Camillus and the political discourse of the late republic. Journal of Roman Studies 98:27–52.
  1015.  
  1016. DOI: 10.3815/007543508786239283Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  1017.  
  1018. Argues that the primary political resonances in Livy’s account of Camillus were not invented by him or associated with Augustus but were developed in his source material in the late Republic; however, Livy has elaborated this with specific allusions to Cicero.
  1019.  
  1020. Find this resource:
  1021.  
  1022. Kraus, Christina S. 1994. “No second Troy”: Topoi and refoundation in Livy, Book V. Transactions of the American Philological Association 124:267–289.
  1023.  
  1024. DOI: 10.2307/284293Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  1025.  
  1026. Complex and sophisticated analysis of the parallel sacks of Veii and Rome in Book 5, arguing that both of them replay the Trojan War, but unlike that war Rome is to be refounded—a refoundation argued to be parallel to Livy’s ongoing project of creating Roman history in his work.
  1027.  
  1028. Find this resource:
  1029.  
  1030. Luce, T. James. 1971. Design and structure in Livy: 5.32–5.55. Transactions and Proceedings of the American Philological Association 102:265–302.
  1031.  
  1032. DOI: 10.2307/2935945Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  1033.  
  1034. Shows how Livy articulates the structure of the second half of Book 5 around two large reversals, marking the changes by a variety of narrative, stylistic, and thematic devices. Reprinted with addendum in Oxford Readings in Classical Studies: Livy, edited by Jane D. Chaplin and Christina S. Kraus (Oxford: Oxford Univ. Press, 2009), pp. 148–187.
  1035.  
  1036. Find this resource:
  1037.  
  1038. Morello, Ruth. 2002. Livy’s Alexander digression (9.17–9.19): Counterfactuals and apologetics. Journal of Roman Studies 92:62–85.
  1039.  
  1040. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  1041.  
  1042. Extensive analysis of the “Alexander digression,” arguing that its themes are closely related both to Livy’s broader historical project and to its specific context in Book 9 and that it has particular political resonance in the light of Augustus’s establishment of his own supreme power.
  1043.  
  1044. Find this resource:
  1045.  
  1046. Schönberger, Otto. 1960. Motivierung und Quellenbenützung in der Deciusepisode des Livius (10, 24–30). Hermes 88.2: 217–230.
  1047.  
  1048. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  1049.  
  1050. Examines the devotio of the younger Decius in Book 10 and concludes that while Decius purports to be replaying his father’s self-sacrifice, the context and effect of his actions are quite different, related to the class conflict he has been caught up in.
  1051.  
  1052. Find this resource:
  1053.  
  1054. Third Decade
  1055. The Third Decade has not attracted quite as much scholarly interest as the First Decade. The general studies Hoffmann 1941 and Burck 1962 are both relatively short and provide sequential readings of the text rather than thematic interpretations. Levene 2010 by contrast is on a larger scale and organized thematically, with a particular focus on aspects of Livy’s conceptual framework.
  1056.  
  1057. Burck, Erich. 1962. Einführung in die dritte Dekade des Livius. 2d ed. Heidelberg, West Germany: F. H. Kerle.
  1058.  
  1059. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  1060.  
  1061. Introduction to the Third Decade, originally written to accompany a selection of Latin readings, then published independently. A general account of the structure of the decade is followed by a series of readings of individual episodes.
  1062.  
  1063. Find this resource:
  1064.  
  1065. Hoffmann, Wilhelm. 1941. Livius und der zweite Punische Krieg. Berlin: Weidmann.
  1066.  
  1067. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  1068.  
  1069. Brief but effective monograph on the Third Decade, emphasizing its fundamental unity and careful structure and insisting on the value of Livy’s contributions to and shaping of his inherited material.
  1070.  
  1071. Find this resource:
  1072.  
  1073. Levene, David S. 2010. Livy on the Hannibalic war. Oxford: Oxford Univ. Press.
  1074.  
  1075. DOI: 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780198152958.001.0001Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  1076.  
  1077. Large-scale study of the Third Decade; it is organized thematically but provides an overall interpretation of the text in terms of what is argued to be Livy’s anomalous picture of historical causation and the role of his moralizing within that picture.
  1078.  
  1079. Find this resource:
  1080.  
  1081. Specific Episodes
  1082. Of specific episodes in the Third Decade, some of the most interesting recent scholarship has revolved around the revolt, siege, and capture of Syracuse in Books 24 and 25: this is the focus of Rossi 2000, Jaeger 2003, and Jaeger 2010. Chlup 2009 considers an episode that is in some ways parallel to Syracuse, namely the revolt and recapture of Tarentum. Other especially insightful studies include Vallet 1961 on Minucius’s battles with Hannibal in Book 22, Feldherr 2009 on the crossing of the Alps in Book 21, and Feldherr 2010 on the end of Book 30. Burck 1969 studies the resonant episode of Pleminius and Scipio in Book 29.
  1083.  
  1084. Burck, Erich. 1969. Pleminius und Scipio bei Livius (Livius 29,6–9 und 29,16,4—22,12). In Politeia und res publica: Beiträge zum Verständnis von Politik, Recht und Staat in der Antike. Edited by Peter Steinmetz, 301–314. Wiesbaden, West Germany: Steiner.
  1085.  
  1086. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  1087.  
  1088. Examines the “Pleminius episode” in Book 29, arguing that Livy drew on two versions of the events, one pro-Scipio and the other anti-Scipio, but he slanted his account so as to resolve the story in favor of the former. Reprinted in Burck, Vom Menschenbild in der römischen Literatur, Vol. 2 (Heidelberg, West Germany: Carl Winter Universitätsverlag, 1981), pp. 238–250.
  1089.  
  1090. Find this resource:
  1091.  
  1092. Chlup, James T. 2009. Maior et clarior victoria: Hannibal and Tarentum in Livy. Classical World 103.1: 17–38.
  1093.  
  1094. DOI: 10.1353/clw.0.0156Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  1095.  
  1096. Examines the symbolic importance of Tarentum in the Third Decade: Hannibal’s capture of it centers on an alternative version of history in which the Romans are the oppressors and he is the liberator; the recapture by Fabius marks the return of Roman control over their historical narrative.
  1097.  
  1098. Find this resource:
  1099.  
  1100. Feldherr, Andrew. 2009. Delusions of Grandeur: Lucretian “Passages” in Livy. In Paradox and the marvellous in Augustan literature and culture. Edited by Philip Hardie, 310–329. Oxford: Oxford Univ. Press.
  1101.  
  1102. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  1103.  
  1104. Finds echoes of Lucretius in Livy’s account of Hannibal crossing the Alps, suggesting that Livy portrays Hannibal as an imperfect Epicurean but also indicates the limitations in the perspective of Epicureanism itself.
  1105.  
  1106. Find this resource:
  1107.  
  1108. Feldherr, Andrew. 2010. Hannibalic laughter: Sallust’s archaeology and the end of Livy’s Third Decade. In Livy and intertextuality: Papers of a conference held at the University of Texas at Austin, October 3, 2009. Edited by Wolfgang Polleichtner, 203–232. Trier, Germany: Wissenschaftlicher Verlag Trier.
  1109.  
  1110. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  1111.  
  1112. Argues for an intertextual relationship between the end of Book 30 and Sallust’s Catiline, which offers a double reading of Rome both triumphant and in decline.
  1113.  
  1114. Find this resource:
  1115.  
  1116. Jaeger, Mary. 2003. Livy and the fall of Syracuse. In Formen römischer Geschichtsschreibung von den Anfängen bis Livius: Gattungen—Autoren—Kontexte. Edited by Ulrich Eigler, Ulrich Gotter, Nino Luraghi, and Uwe Walter, 213–234. Darmstadt: Wissenschaftliche Buchgesellschaft.
  1117.  
  1118. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  1119.  
  1120. Studies the Syracusan revolt and recapture by Rome in Books 24 and 25, arguing that it replays the Romans’ own acquisition of liberty in Book 1 but fails because the Syracusans, unlike the Romans, cannot construct a meaningful narrative tradition of their past.
  1121.  
  1122. Find this resource:
  1123.  
  1124. Jaeger, Mary. 2010. Once more to Syracuse: Livy’s perspective on the Verrines. In Livy and intertextuality: Papers of a conference held at the University of Texas at Austin, October 3, 2009. Edited by Wolfgang Polleichtner, 15–45. Trier, Germany: Wissenschaftlicher Verlag Trier.
  1125.  
  1126. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  1127.  
  1128. Argues that Livy’s account of Syracuse in Book 25 systematically alludes to Cicero’s descriptions of it in the Verrines, but in a way that marks the different perspective that has to be taken by a historian rather than an orator.
  1129.  
  1130. Find this resource:
  1131.  
  1132. Rossi, Andreola. 2000. The tears of Marcellus: History of a literary motif in Livy. Greece and Rome 47.1: 56–66.
  1133.  
  1134. DOI: 10.1093/gr/47.1.56Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  1135.  
  1136. Examines Livy’s treatment of the fall of Syracuse in Book 25, centering on the use of the literary topos of Marcellus weeping; Rossi argues that this motif not only puts a seal on the end of Syracuse but also points forward to the decline of Rome as a result of the conquest.
  1137.  
  1138. Find this resource:
  1139.  
  1140. Vallet, Georges. 1961. Un exemple de partialité chez Tite-Live: Les premiers combats autour de Gereonium (Liv., XXII, 24). Revue des études latines 39:182–195.
  1141.  
  1142. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  1143.  
  1144. Insightful analysis of the complications surrounding Minucius’s apparent victory over Hannibal in Book 22: Livy takes Polybius’s account and reworks his material into two separate versions, each of which separately gives less credit to Minucius than Polybius had.
  1145.  
  1146. Find this resource:
  1147.  
  1148. Fourth and Fifth Decades
  1149. The Fourth and Fifth Decades are far less studied than the First and the Third Decades: by far the most important general account of them is the influential study Luce 1977. Significant studies of particular episodes include Scafuro 1989 on the Bacchanalia crisis in Book 39 and Pagnon 1982 on the campaign of Manlius Vulso in Book 38. Scafuro 1987 examines the structural and thematic links between Books 35 and 36. Book 45, the last surviving book of the history, has been of particular interest, especially for the role of the victorious general Aemilius Paullus: this has been examined in Eigler 2003 and Levene 2006.
  1150.  
  1151. Eigler, Ulrich. 2003. Aemilius Paullus: ein Feldherr auf Bildungsreise. In Formen römischer Geschichtsschreibung von den Anfängen bis Livius: Gattungen—Autoren—Kontexte. Edited by Ulrich Eigler, Ulrich Gotter, Nino Luraghi, and Uwe Walter, 250–267. Darmstadt: Wissenschaftliche Buchgesellschaft.
  1152.  
  1153. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  1154.  
  1155. Analysis of the tour of Greece taken by the victorious Aemilius Paullus in Book 45 as a representation of Roman dominance, both culturally and textually.
  1156.  
  1157. Find this resource:
  1158.  
  1159. Levene, David S. 2006. History, metahistory and audience response in Livy 45. Classical Antiquity 25.1: 73–108.
  1160.  
  1161. DOI: 10.1525/ca.2006.25.1.73Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  1162.  
  1163. Examines a number of scenes in Book 45 which can be interpreted “metahistorically,” as comments on how history is to be read. Concludes that the reading of history Livy suggests is appropriate is narrowly moralistic, to a degree that his own history paradoxically does not exemplify.
  1164.  
  1165. Find this resource:
  1166.  
  1167. Luce, T. James. 1977. Livy: The composition of his history. Princeton, NJ: Princeton Univ. Press.
  1168.  
  1169. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  1170.  
  1171. Analyzes the Fourth and Fifth Decades book by book, showing Livy’s criteria of selection and structure, and the consequent implications for his working methods and use of sources. Also includes a discussion of his account of the Roman national character.
  1172.  
  1173. Find this resource:
  1174.  
  1175. Pagnon, Bruno. 1982. Le récit de l’éxpedition de Cn. Manlius Vulso contre les Gallo-grecs et de ses prolongements dans le livre 38 de Tite-Live. Les études classiques 50:115–128.
  1176.  
  1177. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  1178.  
  1179. Argues that Livy’s account of Manlius Vulso’s successful campaigns in Book 38 is written so as to highlight the theme of Roman decline.
  1180.  
  1181. Find this resource:
  1182.  
  1183. Scafuro, Adele C. 1987. Pattern, theme and historicity in Livy Books 35 and 36. Classical Antiquity 6.2: 249–285.
  1184.  
  1185. DOI: 10.2307/25010871Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  1186.  
  1187. Identifies a number of thematic and structural parallels, links, and overlaps between Books 35 and 36, and argues that they were composed and were intended to be read as a pair.
  1188.  
  1189. Find this resource:
  1190.  
  1191. Scafuro, Adele C. 1989. Livy’s comic narrative of the Bacchanalia. Helios 16:119–142.
  1192.  
  1193. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  1194.  
  1195. Examines Livy’s account of the Bacchanalian in terms of its employment of the stereotypical characters and plot devices of New Comedy. Reprinted with addendum in Oxford Readings in Classical Studies: Livy, edited by Jane D. Chaplin and Christina S. Kraus (Oxford: Oxford Univ. Press, 2009), pp. 321–352.
  1196.  
  1197. Find this resource:
  1198.  
  1199. The Periochae
  1200. The bulk of scholarship on the Periochae has been concerned with a single question: whether it was derived from Livy directly or, as many have thought, from an earlier epitome that is now lost. Sanders 1904 is one of the fullest expositions of the “lost epitome” theory, which despite some dissenters largely held sway until the late 20th century. Begbie 1967 offers a limited challenge to the theory, but it was reaffirmed in Bessone 1984. However, Jal 1984 was an edition of the Periochae that included a far more comprehensive rejection of the theory. Other important work on the text includes Bingham 1978, which gives the fullest account of its characteristics by comparing it with the Livian original (where that survives), and Chaplin 2010, which treats the author as effectively an independent historian with aims of his own that are only partially in accord with the text he is abridging.
  1201.  
  1202. Begbie, Cynthia M. 1967. The epitome of Livy. Classical Quarterly 17:332–338.
  1203.  
  1204. DOI: 10.1017/S0009838800028433Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  1205.  
  1206. Challenges the “lost epitome” theory, suggesting that the evidence for it is weak and admits of other interpretations that would allow the Periochae to be drawn directly from Livy’s text.
  1207.  
  1208. Find this resource:
  1209.  
  1210. Bessone, Luigi. 1984. Le Periochae di Livio. Atene e Roma 29:42–55.
  1211.  
  1212. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  1213.  
  1214. Reaffirms the “lost epitome” hypothesis against the objections of Begbie and others.
  1215.  
  1216. Find this resource:
  1217.  
  1218. Bingham, William J. 1978. “A study of the Livian ‘Periochae’ and their relation to Livy’s ‘Ab Urbe Condita.’” PhD diss., Univ. of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign.
  1219.  
  1220. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  1221.  
  1222. By far the fullest study of the Periochae: systematically compares the Periochae of the surviving books with Livy’s original text in order to show the characteristics of the epitomator’s abridgement.
  1223.  
  1224. Find this resource:
  1225.  
  1226. Chaplin, Jane D. 2010. The Livian Periochae and the last republican writer. In Condensing texts: Condensed texts. Edited by Marietta Horster and Christiane Reitz, 451–467. Stuttgart: Franz Steiner.
  1227.  
  1228. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  1229.  
  1230. Innovative reading of the Periochae which treats it as a serious independent narrative and seeks to determine its distinctive historiographical qualities.
  1231.  
  1232. Find this resource:
  1233.  
  1234. Jal, Paul. 1984. Abregés des livres de l’histoire romaine de Tite-Live. 2 vols. Paris: Les Belles Lettres.
  1235.  
  1236. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  1237.  
  1238. Text and brief commentary on the Periochae as part of the ongoing Livy editions in the Budé series. Includes an introduction with a lengthy set of arguments against the “lost epitome” hypothesis.
  1239.  
  1240. Find this resource:
  1241.  
  1242. Sanders, Henry A. 1904. The lost epitome of Livy. University of Michigan Studies: Humanistic Series 1:149–260.
  1243.  
  1244. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  1245.  
  1246. Argues that the Periochae were not derived from Livy directly but rather from a lost epitome that was also the source for a number of other summary historians of later Antiquity.
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