2017-10-10 TOEFL: word roots, reading insertion

Greg Malivuk
[email protected]
http://www.pastebin.com/u/gmalivuk - notes from all classes
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word roots (list 2) - Work with a partner to find one or two words to explain the meaning of each root
cert = sure
chrom = color
chron = time
circum = around
claim/clam = shout
clar = clear
cline = lean
co/col/com/con/cor = together
	spelling rules:
	col: before L
	cor: before R
	com: before M, B, P
	con: before other consonants
	co: before vowels and in newer words like “copilot” and “coworker”
cogni = think/know
contra = against
corp = body
cred = trust/believe
crypto = hidden
de = down
dem(o) = people
di = two (this can also be the spelling for a root meaning “apart/away” and for “dia” meaning “through”)
dict = say/tell
domin = master
don = give
duce/duct = lead
dyna = power/movement
dys = bad/wrong (This is sometimes spelled “dis”.)
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TOEFL Test: four sections worth 30 points each (for a total possible of 120)
1 reading - 3 or 4 passages, 20 minutes each, total of 60-80 minutes
2 listening - 2 or 3 sets of 3 listenings each (6 or 9 listening passages), about 60-90 minutes total
	(10-minute break)
3 speaking - 6 speaking tasks, 5.5 minutes of speaking time, 20 minutes total
4 writing - 2 writing tasks, 20 and 30 minutes of writing time, about 60 minutes total
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Reading Section: there are about 14-15 questions for each reading passage, you have 20 minutes to answer the questions
Reading Question Types
- fact (“According to paragraph 2, which statement is true of deer in Puget Sound?”)
- negative fact (“Which statement is NOT a reason why…?”)
- vocabulary (“The word ____ in paragraph 3 is closest in meaning to…”)
- paraphrase (“Which sentence best expresses the essential information of the highlighted sentence?”)
- purpose (“Why does the author mention _____ in paragraph 1?”)
- inference (“What can be inferred from…?” or “What does the author imply about…?”)
- reference (“In paragraph 4, “they” refers to what?”)
- sentence insertion (Choose the place in a pargraph where a new sentence can fit.)
- organize/categorize (Put the answer choices in the correct categories.)
- summarize (Choose the three sentences that express the most important ideas from the passage.)
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BREAK
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Sentence Insertion Questions
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DELTA p. 127 gives an example of this type of question
- What word is the subject of the bold sentence?
	both
- Both what? It means 2 things, so look in the paragraph for two things that might “echo many of the themes…”
	“Phenomenology is a close cousin to existentialism.” The new sentence goes after this one.
p. 124-126 explain some clues that can help you answer sentence insertion questions. DELTA calls these questions “Coherence” questions. Coherence means that all the ideas are logically connected. (We also talk about unity, which means all the ideas are related to the main topic.)
Incorrect answer choices often make part of the paragraph incoherent.
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Handout (Cengage) p. 135 exercise 7.1 - Quickly choose the best location for the new sentences.
1 C
2 C (They were searching for the philosopher’s stone and the elixir of life. “In addition” means the new sentence must come after the one about the other goal. It also must come before the sentence about how they failed to acheive either goal.)
3 D (“For this reason” refers to complementary colors, not gray in the middle of a color.)
	- These two are not realistic TOEFL examples, because in 2 and 3 the original paragraph is missing some information necessary to be coherent. Normally, the original paragraph is fine, and the new sentence is optional.
4 B (“All that circuitry” goes after a description of some circuitry. Also, this position contrasts the initial size with the modern size, and comes before the explanation that the new limiting factor is no longer the size of the circuitry.)
5 D
6 B
7 C (“However” is in contrast to something missing from the original paragraph.)
8 D
9 C (This is an example of an event that didn’t happen in our world, not of a kind of technology.)
10 C (“This enabled circuses to perform in rain or shine.” - “This” refers to the tent in the new sentence.)
11 C (“on the other hand” is more likely to appear in the new sentence than the original paragraph.)
12 D (“It” is the butterfly after it emerges. The new sentence talks about wet wings and the following sentence says they soon dry out.)
13 B
14 B
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Homework: finish the handout (15-22)
	optional: DELTA p. 129-132 exercise 1.7.A