2015-12-23 Core: 12 arctic exploration, 3rd cond.

Greg Malivuk
[email protected]
http://www.pastebin.com/u/gmalivuk - notes from all classes
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Homework: read the book review on p. 144 and do parts 2 and 3
part 2
1 To find a route to Asia through the Arctic Ocean (Northwest Passage).
2 failure and tragedy
3 brave, foolish
part 3
1 F
2 F - Canvas froze in the cold and didn’t protect against low temperatures.
3 T (“inadequate” = not good enough)
4 T
5 F - They ate salad vegetables and fresh meat.
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smith = blacksmith (worked with iron)
cooper = someone who made barrels
ferrier = someone who made horseshoes
kellogg = butcher (someone who killed animals)
(Many common last names come from old jobs/occupations people used to have.)
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Moon Day
Tiu’s Day
Woden’s Day (Woden = Odin)
Thor’s Day
Friga’s Day
Saturn’s Day
Sun Day
http://www.omniglot.com/language/time/days.htm - days of the week in many different languages
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September (sept = 7)
October (oct = 8)
November (nov = 9)
December (dec = 10)
Why?
The year used to start in March. (This is why leap years are at the end of February.)
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p. 145 part 5 - Third Conditional
1 If they had learned to build igloos, the explorers would have been warm.
  (They didn’t learn to build igloos, so they were not warm.)
2 Parry’s men wouldn’t have been as healthy if they hadn’t eaten the salads.
  (Parry’s men were pretty healthy because they ate the salads.)

Subordinating conjunctions: when, before, after, until, while, as soon as, if, unless, because, etc.
If the subordinating conjunction is at the beginning of a sentence, we use a comma in the middle.
We don’t use a comma if the subordinating conjunction is in the middle of a sentence.

(Coordinating conjunctions: FANBOYS = for, and, nor, but, or, yet, so)
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Neither I nor my sister will go home for Christmas this year.
I will not go home for Christmas this year, nor will my sister. (notice the inverted word order)
I will not go home for Christmas this year, and my sister won’t either.
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p. 145 part 8 - With your partner, write third conditional sentences about these situations, using the words in parentheses.
2 If they had used dogs, the men wouldn’t have been exhausted.
  If dogs had pulled their sleds, the men wouldn’t have been exhausted.
3 If the men had taken only essential items, the sleds wouldn’t have been so heavy.
4 If they had eaten Inuit food, they wouldn’t have gotten scurvy.
5 They wouldn’t have become ill if they had known their canned food was poisonous.
6 If they had asked local people about the ice, they wouldn’t have gotten stuck.
7 If they had followed local customs, the expedition might have been successful.
(perfect = [have] + past participle, in any tense)
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BREAK
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Discussion about polar expeditions and whether students would like to visit.
Look at the picture on p. 57 of your books.
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p. 145 part 9 - Match the pairs of sentences (that give real information), then write an unreal conditional sentence for each pair.
1 b - If we had planned everything better, the vacation wouldn’t have been a disaster.
2 c - If we had known how to read the road signs, we might not have gotten lost.
3 e - If we had taken a phrase book, we could have asked for help.
4 d - If the local people hadn’t given us directions, we couldn’t have found the way back to the main road.
5 f - If we hadn’t forgotten to check the museum opening times, we would have bought tickets ahead of time.
6 a - If we hadn’t gotten there too late, we could have gotten into the museum.

We use “couldn’t have” in 3rd conditional if the real situation has a meaning like “was/were able to”, or if the condition clause starts with “even if” (Even if we had done something different, we couldn’t have succeeded.). “Couldn’t have” means something was impossible, so it’s a strong statement to make.

He fixed my computer, so I was able to check my email this morning.
-> If he hadn’t fixed my computer, I couldn’t have checked my email this morning.
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Mixed Conditionals: These don’t have a specific number, but they are possible
Real - If you studied last night, you will do fine on your test. If you studied, you are prepared for the test.
Unreal - If you had studied last night, you would be prepared for the test now.

The grammar for each half of the conditional sentence is the same. (If the condition is unreal and about the past, use past perfect. If the result is about the present, use would/could/might + base form.)
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Past Real Conditionals (there isn’t a number for these, either):
If you studied for the test, then you probably passed. (It’s a real possibility, but I’m not sure whether you studied.)
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When I was a child, every day after school, I would buy candy if I had enough money. (past real)
I’m hungry. I would buy some candy if I had enough money. (present unreal)
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Homework: p. 172 practice 1 and 2