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Miami (Latino Studies)

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Nov 15th, 2019
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  1. Introduction
  2. Miami is an important US city on the Atlantic coast, in the southeast region of the country. The city of Miami proper is only the forty-second most populous city in the United States, with a population of less than 414,000. Its population understates the city’s true size and importance; Miami is the administrative and financial capital of Miami-Dade County. The county, as of the 2010 US Census, had a population of 2,496,435, making it the most populous county in Florida and the seventh most populous in the United States. Miami-Dade’s Hispanics make up 64.3 percent of the city’s population, making Miami one of the largest Hispanic-majority cities in the country. Miami is a center of international trade, culture, commerce, finance, tourism, media, entertainment, and the arts, and its diverse Hispanic population supports its role as the US “gateway to Latin America.” Downtown Miami and South Florida are home to the largest concentration of international banks in the United States, as well as many large national and international companies. Miami-Dade County is situated between two national parks (the Everglades and Biscayne), and it is this natural tropical scenery along with the restaurants and nightclubs on South Beach that attract tourists from around the globe. The county’s large Cuban American population (835,173) dominates local politics, and the county currently sends one Cuban American US senator and three US congressmen to Washington, DC. The state delegation is made up of nine Cuban American state representatives and three Cuban American state senators. The mayors both of the city of Miami and Miami-Dade County are Cuban American, as is the majority of the county commission and the school board. The political clout of Cubans has given the city yet another nickname: the capital of “El Exilo.”
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  4. History
  5. Miami is a new city, founded in 1896, and consequently it should have a relatively short history. But as Carr 2012 points out, modern Miami history does not take into account most of the 11,000 years of human occupation of the site. In fact, the Miami area is a rich archaeological site that was attractive to Native Americans because of its abundance of natural resources. The mouth of the Miami River has been a site of trade and commerce for over a millennium. In George 2013, local historian Paul George reminds us that the 4.5-mile-long river was a working river long before Europeans came to the area. George argues that the history of the river and the city are intertwined, and the river remains a vital economic asset to the region. The first historical settlers in what is modern Miami were black Bahamians; these settlers worked either as agricultural laborers in Lemon City and Cutler or wreakers salvaging the shipwrecks along the Florida reef in Coconut Grove (Dunn 1997). In 1896, foreign-born blacks composed 40 percent of the black population, making Miami the largest foreign-born black city in the United States aside from New York. Shell-Weiss 2009 provides a strong social history of these black migrants from the Caribbean. The book also details the history of Hispanic migrants from the Caribbean and Latin America.
  6.  
  7. Carr, Robert S. Digging Miami. Gainesville: University Press of Florida, 2012.
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  9. DOI: 10.5744/florida/9780813042060.001.0001Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  10.  
  11. This book dispels the conventional wisdom that Miami history is only a hundred years old. The author traces the 11,000 years of human habitation in the Miami area, from the time of its first inhabitants through the arrival of European settlers and up to the early 20th century.
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  15. Dunn, Marvin. Black Miami in the Twentieth Century. Florida History and Culture. Gainesville: University Press of Florida, 1997.
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  19. A detailed history of blacks in the city, from the earliest settlement to the late 20th century. The book deals with civil rights and the struggle for equality and offers a strong discussion of race relations among blacks, non-Latin whites, and Hispanics during a period of rapid demographic change.
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  23. George, Paul S. Along the Miami River. Images of America. Charleston, SC: Arcadia, 2013.
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  27. Local Miami historian Paul George argues that the Miami River has been central to the story of Miami for thousands of years, with Native Americans having used the 4.5-mile-long river as the local expressway. Today it remains a busy, working river, with trade exceeding four billion dollars annually, and the river has played a central role in the revitalization of downtown Miami.
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  31. Shell-Weiss, Melanie. Coming to Miami: A Social History. Sunbelt Studies. Gainesville: University Press of Florida, 2009.
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  35. The author offers an analytical social history that focuses on three major themes: black and Hispanic immigration from the Caribbean, race relations and civil rights, and the emergence of a labor movement. Within this organizational structure, the author pays close attention to the links among migration, race, class, and gender.
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  39. Travel
  40. An important part of the literature on Miami is how visitors and tourists describe and analyze the city. Travel literature typically records the experiences, analyses, and observations of a visitor. This type of book, as David Rieff concedes about his work (Rieff 1987), is a “book of impressions, not a work of investigative journalism.” In this genre, Didion 1987 has received the most attention; Joan Didion paints a bleak picture of the city, where Cuban exiles are undermining civil liberties and democratic principles. She opines that the exiles’ determination to liberate Cuba from communism is so consuming that they ignore democratic practice. Didion’s dark view of Miami is largely rejected in Rieff 1987, which instead of viewing Miami as America’s nightmare views it as the future: immigration is transforming Miami as it will transform the rest of America. Miami for Rieff is a harbinger of many things about America’s future, from the inescapability of the Spanish language to the further Hispanicization of the United States. Agreeing with Rieff 1987 on the powerful assimilated forces at work in Miami is Allman 2013, which argues that just as they radically change the city, Cuban Americans themselves are being transformed. T. D. Allman, like Rieff and Didion, replaces footnotes with anecdotes and tells his story on the basis of his observations. Rieff elaborates on his theory that both Cubans and Miami have been changed by the immigration experience (Rieff 1994). The assimilation process has replaced Havana with Miami as the center of the Cuban American universe.
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  42. Allman, T. D. Miami, City of the Future. Rev. ed. Gainesville: University Press of Florida, 2013.
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  46. Allman paints a vivid portrait of the Americanizing of the city’s multiethnic mix of Anglos, blacks, Cubans, Haitians, and others. He views the process of assimilation of Miami’s immigrant population as a window into the future challenges that other American cities will soon face. First published in 1987 (New York: Atlantic Monthly Press).
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  49.  
  50. Didion, Joan. Miami. New York: Simon & Schuster, 1987.
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  53.  
  54. Didion focuses on the differences between traditional American views about politics and Cuban Americans. Didion portrays Miami as a sweltering locus of violence and vengeance where assassination plots and covert CIA actions constitute dinner table conversation in the exile community. The danger for Miami, according to Didion, is that it risks adopting the political values of a Third World country, not of the United States.
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  57.  
  58. Rieff, David. Going to Miami: Exiles, Tourists, and Refugees in the New America. New York: Little, Brown, 1987.
  59.  
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  61.  
  62. The author provides an excellent personal and impressionistic account of the transformation of Miami from a tourist town to a major Latin city. He focuses on what its Latinization means for the United States. Rieff looks thoughtfully at Miami as America’s New Havana, with a nod to the image fostered by TV’s Miami Vice—this is an easygoing recital of his visits with some of Miami’s most influential Cuban leaders, ranging from moderates to the hard liners.
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  64. Find this resource:
  65.  
  66. Rieff, David. The Exile: Cuba in the Heart of Miami. A Touchstone Book. New York: Simon & Schuster, 1994.
  67.  
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  69.  
  70. Rieff explores the success of the Cuban exile community in Miami. He focuses on the contradictions between the tradition of exile and the hope of return to the homeland, and on the reality that Cubans in the United States have changed. He concludes that Miami, not Havana, is now the true home for Cuban Americans.
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  74. Society and Culture
  75. The journalistic and literary observations found in the travel literature regarding the central role of immigration are also found in the work of professional sociologists. Portes and Stepick 1993 is one of the best scholarly works on the city. The Cuban success story in becoming the hegemonic group in Miami was a product not only of the economic enclave but the weakness of the city’s traditional establishment. The fundamental social change that Cuban immigration brought to Miami came at the price of heightened racial and ethnic tensions, making Miami “a city on the edge.” The social change that immigration brought to Miami in the 1980s and 1990s is also the main theme in Grenier and Stepick 1992. This edited volume discusses the principal changes brought to the city by Cuban migration, and the ethnic tensions that arose out of those changes. Croucher 1997 tries to explain the causes of the ethnic tension as the author discusses the ethnic grievances of Miami’s different demographic groups. Miami’s African American community, for example, views itself as being the victim of double subjugation—first at the hands of Miami’s southern white majority and then at the hands of Cuban Americans. This theme of Cuban American domination also informs Sassen and Portes 1993, which points out that Miami’s status as a global city empowers Spanish-speaking Cubans and excludes English-speaking African Americans. Miami’s role as the capital of the Cuban diaspora is discussed in McHugh, et al. 1997, which describes how Miami serves as a magnet attracting people of Cuban descent from across the United States. Another book on how immigration changed Miami and affected interethnic relations is Stepick, et al. 2003. This ethnographic masterpiece uses observations to study the different power relations among Miami’s different immigrant groups. A more recent book moves beyond immigration and political assimilation and deals with the city’s global role; Nijman 2010 argues that Miami’s appeal is only half the story, and that the missing half is about those who left. In the early 21st century, by many measures, Miami is one of the most transient cities in the United States.
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  77. Croucher, Sheila L. Imagining Miami: Ethnic Politics in a Postmodern World. Race and Ethnicity in Urban Politics. Charlottesville: University Press of Virginia, 1997.
  78.  
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  80.  
  81. The author looks at racial and ethnic tension in Miami, by exploring the social and political constructs of the three major ethnic groups in the area. The book examines how these constructs and narratives become accepted and reflect the vested interests of Miami’s different demographics.
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  84.  
  85. Grenier, Guillermo J., and Alex Stepick III, eds. Miami Now! Immigration, Ethnicity, and Social Change. Gainesville: University Press of Florida, 1992.
  86.  
  87. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  88.  
  89. The editors offer a collection of essays on the dynamism of social change in Miami as a consequence of immigration to the city. The book details how immigration led to the creation of the Cuban economic enclave and invigorated the Miami labor movement. It also explores how the politics of the city were transformed both at the local and national levels.
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  92.  
  93. McHugh, Kevin E., Ines M. Miyares, and Emily H. Skop. “The Magnetism of Miami: Segmented Paths in Cuban Migration.” Geographical Review 87.4 (1997): 504–519.
  94.  
  95. DOI: 10.2307/215228Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  96.  
  97. This article describes Miami as a national magnet, attracting Cuban migrants from metropolitan regions across the United States. Four large secondary cores of Cubans outside Florida serve as major “feeders” to the Miami enclave: northern New Jersey, New York City, Los Angeles, and Chicago. Currents of migration to Miami are especially strong among older, foreign-born, and disadvantaged Cubans, an indication of segmented paths in Cuban assimilation.
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  99. Find this resource:
  100.  
  101. Nijman, Jan. Miami: Mistress of the Americas. Metropolitan Portraits. Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press, 2010.
  102.  
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  104.  
  105. The author connects different historical episodes and geographical regions to illustrate how transience has shaped the city into the early 21st century. Transience offers opportunities, connecting business flows and creating an ethnically hybrid workforce, and it also poses challenges: high mobility and population turnover impede identification of Miami as home.
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  107. Find this resource:
  108.  
  109. Portes, Alejandro, and Alex Stepick. City on the Edge: The Transformation of Miami. Berkeley: University of California Press, 1993.
  110.  
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  112.  
  113. This important book chronicles Miami’s transformation from a southern tourist town to a predominantly Hispanic city. The volatile forces of race and ethnicity make Miami a city on the edge. The book claims that Miami’s lack of strong institutions before the Cuban Revolution allowed Cuban immigrants to create the enclave.
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  116.  
  117. Sassen, Saskia, and Alejandro Portes. “Miami: A New Global City?” Contemporary Sociology 22.4 (1993): 471–477.
  118.  
  119. DOI: 10.2307/2074362Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  120.  
  121. The authors argue that the presence of an educated Cuban middle and professional class made it possible for Miami to develop into a global city. This created a vibrant economic sector that excluded African Americans from full participation.
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  124.  
  125. Stepick, Alex, Guillermo Grenier, Max Castro, and Marvin Dunn. This Land is Our Land: Immigrants and Power in Miami. Berkeley: University of California Press, 2003.
  126.  
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  128.  
  129. Stepick and his colleagues provide a richly textured and highly nuanced account of how immigrants are remaking Miami—a city that, in one generation, has been transformed by the influx of immigrants. After years of direct observations, the authors explore power relations among the different groups that make up modern Miami.
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  133. Non-Cuban Immigration
  134. Cuban immigration is merely the largest migration of foreign-born peoples to Miami—the history of the city is the history of different waves of immigration both before and after the Cuban diaspora. The first large-scale migration of a foreign-born population to the city, as Raymond Mohl points out in Mohl 1987, was the Bahamians who came in the early 20th century. Migration from the English-speaking Caribbean shaped the very foundation of the city during its early settlement. In the post–World War II period, Miami and Florida experienced a large migration of new residents from the Midwest and Northeast, and a large number of Jews also joined the great migration to the Sunbelt in this period. Following I-95 south from New York, Boston, and Philadelphia, these new migrants changed the demographics of much of South Florida in the 1950s. Moore 1996 tells the story of this important migration to the city. Haitian presence in Miami dates to the 1980s, when political instability and economic collapse forced more than a half million Haitians to flee their homeland. Stepick 1998 describes the Haitian effort to overcome prejudice not only from whites but also from African Americans and Hispanics. Miami demographics are still changing in the early 21st century, with a large number of non-Cuban Hispanic immigrants settling in the region. Cervantes-Rodriguez 2006, on Nicaraguan immigration, is one of the first studies to explore the incorporation of non-Cuban Hispanics in Miami-Dade County.
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  136. Cervantes-Rodriguez, Ana Margarita. “Nicaraguans in Miami-Dade County: Immigration, Incorporation, and Transnational Entrepreneurship.” Latino Studies 4.3 (2006): 232–257.
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  138. DOI: 10.1057/palgrave.lst.8600202Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  139.  
  140. This article examines the major characteristics of immigration from Nicaragua to Miami-Dade County. It focuses on the post-revolution period and addresses issues pertaining to major immigration trends and labor market incorporation, in light of certain characteristics such as human capital, gender, and immigration status.
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  142. Find this resource:
  143.  
  144. Mohl, Raymond A. “Black Immigrants: Bahamians in Early Twentieth-Century Miami.” Florida Historical Quarterly 65.3 (1987): 271–297.
  145.  
  146. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  147.  
  148. The author demonstrates the impact of Bahamian migration to Miami during the early history of the city. Bahamians were the city’s first large foreign-born population. As early as 1920, nearly one-fourth of Miami’s population was foreign born.
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  151.  
  152. Moore, Deborah Dash. To the Golden Cities: Pursuing the American Jewish Dream in Miami and L.A. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 1996.
  153.  
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  155.  
  156. Moore uses the metaphor of the “permanent tourist” to describe the initial reaction of the Jews who migrated from the Northeast to Miami, attracted by the climate, the casual lifestyle, and the lack of established norms. Responding to their new environment, they chose to express themselves in new ways that both identified an ethnic Jewishness and promoted rapid integration into the surrounding American culture.
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  159.  
  160. Stepick, Alex. Pride against Prejudice: Haitians in the United States. New Immigrants. Boston: Allyn and Bacon, 1998.
  161.  
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  163.  
  164. This book describes the Haitian experience in the United States. It focuses on the immigrants’ pride in their Haitian roots and culture against the strain of prejudice they encountered in Miami and other cities. The book also explores the tension between African Americans and Haitians, and between Cubans and Haitians.
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  168. Government and Politics
  169. Miami has a strong literature on politics and government. The complexities of the city, with its diverse demographics and its often-byzantine division of power among the municipalities, the county, taxing districts, and authorities, make governing a challenge. Sofen 1963 explains the complex division of power between the county and the cities. The failure of the downtown establishment to get voters to abolish the cities and to consolidate local governing authority in the county created a unique two-tier structure for local government. Warren, et al. 1990 discusses this two-tier system, which balances Miami’s aspiration to be a great global city with the desire of its citizens to have small and accessible local government. Cuban Americans in the early 1990s became the dominant player in local politics (Hill, et al. 2001). However, Cubans, despite their anti-tax attitude, locally supported a liberal urban agenda that provides social services for the poor, and jobs through infrastructure development (Warren and Moreno 2003). Former city of Miami mayor Manny Diaz’s book, Diaz 2012, is important because it offers a firsthand account of his effort to revitalize the city’s downtown and to end police corruption. However, as Lavariega Monforti, et al. 2013 points out, the book falls short in Diaz’s failure to recognize how his political ambition crippled the city’s finances and left the city with a rising poverty rate and 10 percent unemployment.
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  171. Diaz, Manny. Miami Transformed: Rebuilding America One Neighborhood, One City at a Time. The City in the Twenty-First Century. Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press, 2012.
  172.  
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  174.  
  175. The story of the Miami renaissance told from the point of view of the mayor who revitalized the city’s urban core and successfully reformed the police department and ushered in a more business-friendly administration. The book’s main flaw is that it is extremely self-serving, and Diaz takes no responsibility for the crisis in the city’s finances that he created.
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  178.  
  179. Hill, Kevin A., Dario V. Moreno, and Lourdes Cue. “Racial and Partisan Voting in a Tri-ethnic City: The 1996 Dade County Mayoral Election.” Journal of Urban Affairs 23.3–4 (2001): 291–307.
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  181. DOI: 10.1111/0735-2166.00090Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  182.  
  183. The article presents, through a three-way survey of voters, the conclusion that ethnicity was overwhelmingly a more powerful predictor of voter choice than was partisanship. The authors assess the implications of how this study can be generalized to other multiethnic polities.
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  185. Find this resource:
  186.  
  187. Lavariega Monforti, Jessica, Juan Carlos Flores, and Dario Moreno. “Manny Diaz and the Rise and Fall of the Miami Renaissance.” In The Roots of Latino Interurban Agency. Edited by Sharon A. Navarro and Rodolfo Rosales, 81–95. Al Filo 8. Denton: University of North Texas Press, 2013.
  188.  
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  190.  
  191. This chapter offers a critique of Manny Diaz’s so-called Miami renaissance. It argues that at the end of the day, only rich and well-connected Latinos benefited from the redevelopment of downtown Miami. The poor and the working class were increasingly priced out of their homes.
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  194.  
  195. Sofen, Edward. The Miami Metropolitan Experiment. Metropolitan Action Studies 2. Bloomington: Indiana University Press, 1963.
  196.  
  197. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  198.  
  199. The author reviews the political and economic forces that created Miami’s unique two-tier system of regional government. The effort by the Miami Herald and the downtown business and legal community to consolidate county government failed to get voter approval, forcing a division of power between the county (Miami-Dade) and the cities.
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  203. Warren, Christopher L., John G. Corbett, and John F. Stack Jr. “Hispanic Ascendancy and Tripartite Politics in Miami.” In Racial Politics in American Cities. Edited by Rufus P. Browning, Dale Rogers Marshall, and David H. Tabb, 155–177. New York: Longman, 1990.
  204.  
  205. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  206.  
  207. This article chronicles the changing ethnic balance of power in Miami. Tripartite politics suggest that there are three major ethnic voting blocs in metropolitan Miami (African Americans, non-Latin whites, and Hispanics), and to prevail in an election a candidate needs to win two out of the three voting blocs.
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  210.  
  211. Warren, Christopher L., and Dario V. Moreno. “Power without a Program: Hispanic Incorporation in Miami.” In Racial Politics in American Cities. 3d ed. Edited by Rufus P. Browning, Dale Rogers Marshall, and David H. Tabbs, 281–308. New York: Longman, 2003.
  212.  
  213. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  214.  
  215. This article shows that Miami Cuban Americans, despite their Republican registration, were part of a liberal urban coalition in regard to local politics. Cubans support big government infrastructure projects and public-private partnership.
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  218.  
  219. Crime, Corruption, and Violence
  220. Miami’s uniqueness, diversity, and energy convince many writers to proclaim Miami as the “city of the future” or as the “capital of Latin America.” The city’s boosters downplay its historical association with vice and mob activity and emphasize its resilience and growth. But there is an alternative narrative to Miami. This narrative sees the transformation of Miami from a sleepy little tourist city not to a gateway city but to a center of crime and vice. The diversity that many scholars celebrate is, for others, the root of the public and financial corruption that has plagued the city since its founding. Miami for these writers is not the capital of anything—it is Casablanca. This narrative informed the infamous 1981 Time Magazine cover story that proclaimed Miami as paradise lost. The reporter James Kelly (Kelly 1981) portrayed Miami as the center of the illegal drug trade in the country, with a crime rate that was off the charts. This image of Miami as a gritty and crime-infested lost paradise captured the popular imagination in the 1970s and 1980s, with movies such as Scarface and the TV series Miami Vice. Buss and Tribble 2003 agrees with the “paradise lost” thesis, pointing out that the Miami development model has made the city one of the poorest in the United States and a center of all types of illegal activities; this poverty has contributed to steep racial and cultural tensions. Padgett 2006, in the author’s twenty-five-year update on Time Magazine’s infamous “paradise lost” cover story, points out that while local government is still corrupt, the city was then facing serious economic problems. Escalating property insurance cost and falling property values were the new threat to paradise. Silverstein 2013 dismisses the recent recovery in the Miami real-estate market, arguing that the rebound in the luxury condominium market is due to Miami’s role as a center of money laundering. Thus, Russian oligarchs, corrupt officials, and other high-worth/low-principle individuals find expensive Miami real estate an ideal place to hide their money and enjoy it too. However, Miami’s growth and development have not benefited all the city’s residents—blacks in Miami continue to suffer from historical patterns of discrimination. Porter and Dunn 1984 argues that the Miami riots in 1980 were the result of historical exclusion of African Americans from the city’s political and economic life. The riots were a day of rage, not a tactical device to achieve goals. Daryl Harris (Harris 1999) disagrees with Bruce Porter and Marvin Dunn and argues that the 1980 riots, like other urban rebellions in the 1960s, were a tactical response to white domination.
  221.  
  222. Buss, Terry F., and Marcela Tribble. “Paradise Lost? Miami, Immigration, and Economic Development.” International Journal of Economic Development 5.2 (2003).
  223.  
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  225.  
  226. The author argues that those factors that have helped Miami grow and develop—immigration, location, culture, and finance—have a severe downside, and that these factors have contributed to the city’s poverty and corruption. The city is also steeped in ethnic, racial, and cultural tensions.
  227.  
  228. Find this resource:
  229.  
  230. Harris, Daryl B. The Logic of Urban Black Rebellions: Challenging the Dynamics of White Domination in Miami. Westport, CT: Praeger, 1999.
  231.  
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  233.  
  234. The author views the 1980 Miami riots as a tactical response to the exclusion of Miami’s black community in the city’s power structure. The book shows that in interracial relations, whites have used violence to repress and intimidate blacks, while blacks have used violence as a way to resist white domination.
  235.  
  236. Find this resource:
  237.  
  238. Kelly, James. “South Florida: Trouble in Paradise.” Time Magazine, 23 November 1981.
  239.  
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  241.  
  242. This infamous cover story describes the Miami of the cocaine cowboy. Miami’s geography and its long and unprotected coastline made the city the choice of Central and South American drug cartels for the transshipment point of cocaine into the United States. The cocaine cowboys brought levels of crime to South Florida that were unseen in the United States since prohibition fifty years earlier.
  243.  
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  245.  
  246. Padgett, Tim. “Letter from Miami: There’s Trouble—Lots of It—in Paradise.” Time Magazine, 19 November 2006.
  247.  
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  249.  
  250. This article deals with the economic crisis that hit the city in 2006 with the collapse of the real-estate bubble. Padgett argues that while corruption remains an issue, the city’s long-term economic viability is being threatened by skyrocketing property insurance rates and falling property values.
  251.  
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  253.  
  254. Porter, Bruce, and Marvin Dunn. The Miami Riot of 1980: Crossing the Bounds. Lexington, MA: Lexington Books, 1984.
  255.  
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  257.  
  258. The authors argue that the 1980 Miami riots were caused not by a single incident or a goal but by pure rage over long-held historical grievances. Porter and Dunn hold that the exclusion of Miami’s African American community from political and economic power in the city was the primary cause for the riots. The authors discuss the destruction of the commercial district in the black neighborhood of Overtown, and the migration to Liberty City.
  259.  
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  261.  
  262. Silverstein, Ken. “Miami: Where Luxury Real Estate Meets Dirty Money.” Nation, 2 October 2013.
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  265.  
  266. This article shows that the recovery of the Miami real-estate market is largely due to ill-gotten gains and tax evasion from around the world. Miami remains a convenient place to hide and enjoy your money at the same time.
  267.  
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  269.  
  270. Art and Architecture
  271. Miami is fast becoming a center of international contemporary art. Serving as an incubator for outstanding visual artists, this “natural playground for inspiration” is poised to become one of the leading cultural destinations of the world. Miami’s unique, modern, and vibrant architecture provides the space for contemporary artists. Brooke 2011 offers Miami—and art deco—lovers the most up-to-date celebration of the inimitable architecture that has made the city a style magnet for artists, designers, and travelers from around the globe. Shulman 2009 points out that art deco is not the only architecture in the city: Miami is also a center of architectural modernism. During the postwar boom (1945–1965), the city was a virtual laboratory of modern architecture, a semitropical hothouse where modernism was probed, challenged, adapted, and ultimately expanded. From humble motels to sprawling oceanside resorts, this lively style also thrives in the city’s civic, domestic, and commercial architecture (Nash and Robinson 2004). Miami’s rich architectural heritage has contributed to its growing status as a mecca for the visuals arts. Miami Contemporary Artists (Clemence, et al. 2007) offers a great overview of Miami’s diverse art scene and its leading artists. Miami’s edgy urban environment is manifested by the growing importance of street art. Graffiti art (Murray and Murray 2009) is gaining more acceptance among art patrons, especially since the inauguration of the Wynwood Walls.
  272.  
  273. Brooke, Steven. Miami Beach Deco. New York: Universe, 2011.
  274.  
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  276.  
  277. The author photographs the incredible architectural restoration of Miami Beach’s art deco district. During the 1930s, Miami Beach emerged as an epicenter of art deco architecture. In the early 21st century, with the district’s buildings finally restored, Brooke offers lovers of Miami and art deco the most up-to-date celebration of the inimitable architecture.
  278.  
  279. Find this resource:
  280.  
  281. Clemence, Paul, Julia Davidow, and Elisa Turner. Miami Contemporary Artists. Atglen, PA: Schiffer, 2007.
  282.  
  283. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  284.  
  285. This book reviews the city’s art history and showcases the work of over one hundred contemporary artists who have helped propel Miami’s role in the art world. The book contains more than 315 color photos of artwork, ranging from that by established artists with international careers to those just beginning to make a name for themselves.
  286.  
  287. Find this resource:
  288.  
  289. Murray, James, and Karla Murray. Miami Graffiti. New York: Prestel, 2009.
  290.  
  291. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  292.  
  293. Street art is a growing part of the city art scene. The establishment of the Wynwood Walls in 2009 as part of Art Basel gave this art form new legitimacy. The authors offer the first comprehensive review of Miami’s street art, with over two hundred images reflecting the city’s cultural diversity. The Murrays also interviewed several of the artists, offering their unique perspective on the city’s urban art scene.
  294.  
  295. Find this resource:
  296.  
  297. Nash, Eric P., and Randall C. Robinson Jr. MiMo: Miami Modern Revealed. San Francisco: Chronicle, 2004.
  298.  
  299. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  300.  
  301. The authors offer the first comprehensive survey of the rich postwar architecture that is now known as Miami Modern or MiMo. This book tracks the history and development of Miami from the days of nightclub acts and swank hotels to the advent of the crystalline downtown skyscrapers.
  302.  
  303. Find this resource:
  304.  
  305. Shulman, Allan T., ed. Miami Modern Metropolis: Paradise and Paradox in Midcentury Architecture and Planning. Miami, FL: Bass Museum of Art, 2009.
  306.  
  307. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  308.  
  309. Miami experienced extraordinary growth after World War II, as the metro population exceeded a million persons. Architecturally, modernism was the preferred style of this period (1945–1965), covering a range of architectural topics including hotels, retail, aerospace, and residential.
  310.  
  311. Find this resource:
  312.  
  313. Cuisine
  314. Miami’s unique cuisine is a product of its diverse population, with a heavy influence from the Caribbean and Latin America. By combining the two with traditional Florida food and products, it has spawned a unique South Florida style of cooking known as Floribbean. Raichlen 1993 is one of the first books to publish these unique recipes, Merola 1996 was designed to help cooks use tropical fruits and vegetables, and Baca 2013 offers an updated account of the development of Miami’s unique history; the latter author also gives the best history on how the different styles merge, fuse, and are piled on each other. Miami is also a major center of traditional Cuban cooking. Cuban immigrants in the 1960s brought such Cuban staples as the Cuban sandwich, medianoche, Cuban espresso, and croquetas, all of which have grown in popularity with all Miamians and have become symbols of the city’s varied cuisine. Today, these are part of the local culture and can be found throughout the city in window cafes, particularly outside supermarkets and restaurants. These recipes can be found in Lindgren, et al. 2006.
  315.  
  316. Baca, Mandy. The Sizzling History of Miami Cuisine: Cortaditos, Stone Crabs, and Empanadas. Charleston, SC: American Palate, 2013.
  317.  
  318. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  319.  
  320. Baca tells the history of Miami’s diversity through its food. She meshes the dynamic diversity of Hispanic, Creole, and native white culinary experiences and shows how they have slowly piled on each other to create the city’s own magnificent and unique cuisine.
  321.  
  322. Find this resource:
  323.  
  324. Lindgren, Glenn, Raúl Musibay, and Jorge Castilla. Three Guys from Miami Celebrate Cuban: 100 Great Recipes for Cuban Entertaining. Layton, UT: Gibbs Smith, 2006.
  325.  
  326. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  327.  
  328. This book offers an overview of the most-popular traditional Cuban recipes. The authors also make suggestions on how to Cubanize some traditional southern cooking.
  329.  
  330. Find this resource:
  331.  
  332. Merola, Tony. Floribbean Flavors: A Reflection of Florida’s New Cuisine. Homestead, FL: Brooks Tropicals, 1996.
  333.  
  334. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  335.  
  336. This is the unofficial guidebook to Miami’s fusion cuisine, combining Caribbean and Latin American cooking with Florida’s tropical products to create Floribbean flavors. Chef Merola publishes over 127 original recipes that feature tips on cooking with tropical fruits and vegetables.
  337.  
  338. Find this resource:
  339.  
  340. Raichlen, Steven. Miami Spice: The New Florida Cuisine. New York: Norton Baskin, 1993.
  341.  
  342. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  343.  
  344. Miami’s diversity has not only created a unique type of urban environment, it has created a new type of food. The author brings together two hundred recipes and firsthand reports from around the state, and Miami Spice captures the irresistible convergence of Latin, Caribbean, and Cuban influences with Florida’s native ingredients of stone crabs, snapper, plantains, star fruit, and tropical fruits.
  345.  
  346. Find this resource:
  347.  
  348. Miami Beach
  349. Miami Beach is part of Miami-Dade County and makes up a key part of Miami’s metropolitan area. It is a beacon for tourists, and its South Beach neighborhood is one of the world’s most glamorous hot spots. Miami Beach has been one of the nation’s premier beach resorts since the early 20th century. The beach was developed in the 1920s with the building of the county causeway, which connected the barrier island to the rest of the world (Lavender 2002). In 1979, Miami Beach’s Art Deco Historic District was listed on the National Register of Historic Places. Stofik 2005 offers an overview of this district, which includes the largest collection of art deco architecture in the world and comprises hundreds of hotels, apartments, and other structures erected between 1923 and 1943; Mediterranean, streamline moderne, and art deco styles all are represented in the district. The creation of the art deco district in South Beach helps transform a neighborhood of dingy hotels into a world destination. South Beach serves as a magnet for tourists in pursuit of decadence, or at least of sex, drugs, and parties.
  350.  
  351. Gaines, Steven. Fool’s Paradise: Players, Poseurs, and the Culture of Excess in South Beach. New York: Crown, 2009.
  352.  
  353. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  354.  
  355. This is a gossipy exploration of the glitz and cultural emptiness of Miami Beach. The author exposes the history of South Beach by spotlighting some of its most colorful (and decadent) residents. These characters, all attracted by the wealth and possibility of South Beach, are very one dimensional, but this is not the author’s fault. People do not go to South Beach to find themselves—they go for the sex, drugs, and parties.
  356.  
  357. Find this resource:
  358.  
  359. Lavender, Abraham D. Miami Beach in 1920: The Making of a Winter Resort. Making of America. Charleston, SC: Arcadia, 2002.
  360.  
  361. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  362.  
  363. The author tells the story of the transformation of Miami Beach from a small, uninhabited strip of palmetto scrub and swamp into an internationally renowned resort. The year 1920 marked many important milestones in Miami Beach development, such as the new County Causeway Bridge, the first electric trolley, the first automated telephone system, and its first post office building.
  364.  
  365. Find this resource:
  366.  
  367. Stofik, M. Barron. Saving South Beach. Florida History and Culture. Gainesville: University Press of Florida, 2005.
  368.  
  369. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  370.  
  371. This book explores the importance of the historical preservation movement in Miami. Stofik demonstrates how preservation turns a dingy neighborhood of outdated hotels into one of the world’s most glamorous hot spots.
  372.  
  373. Find this resource:
  374.  
  375. Religion
  376. Religion has played an important role for Cuban exiles because its beliefs and practices link exiles with their past lives. The Catholic Church offered Cubans an institution that integrated exiles into US society while at the same time serving as a link to the island. Tweed 1997 argues that the shrine of Our Lady of Charity on the Miami waterfront serves as symbol that bridges Cuban exiles past and present and their lives in Miami with their past lives in Cuba. De La Torre 2004 looks at Santería, a religion that Cubans brought to the United States, which combines both Catholic and West African beliefs and serves as a powerful link to Cuba and its African heritage. Cuban Americans have also used religion to justify their hatred of the Castro regime and to impose a community consensus in Miami (De La Torre 2003).
  377.  
  378. De La Torre, Miguel A.. La Lucha for Cuba: Religion and Politics on the Streets of Miami. Berkeley: University of California Press, 2003.
  379.  
  380. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  381.  
  382. The book argues that Cuban exiles’ hatred for Fidel Castro has taken on religious significance. The author contends that the struggle for free Cuba fosters fidelity to community norms above fidelity to Christian ethics. He uses the struggle over Elián González to illustrate how the exiles use religious symbolism to help force a community consensus on the boy’s fate.
  383.  
  384. Find this resource:
  385.  
  386. De La Torre, Miguel A.. Santería: The Beliefs and Rituals of a Growing Religion in America. Grand Rapids, MI: William B. Eerdmans, 2004.
  387.  
  388. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  389.  
  390. Santería is one of the fastest-growing religions in the United States, and this book provides an overview of its historical roots, practices, and beliefs. The author explores the appeal of Santería among poor Latino communities in the United States and its contribution to Cuban American cultures.
  391.  
  392. Find this resource:
  393.  
  394. Tweed, Thomas A. Our Lady of the Exile: Diasporic Religion at a Cuban Catholic Shrine in Miami. Religion in America. New York: Oxford University Press, 1997.
  395.  
  396. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  397.  
  398. The author explores Cuban American religious beliefs and practices, by focusing on the most important Catholic shrine in Miami, “Our Lady of Charity.” According to Tweed, “the shrine is a place where they come to make sense of themselves as an exiled people. The religious symbols there link the past and present and bridge the homeland and the new land.”
  399.  
  400. Find this resource:
  401.  
  402. Sports
  403. Miami is a major sports town, with three major professional teams and a legendary college football program at the University of Miami. Miami’s professional teams have been very successful: the Miami Dolphins have won two Super Bowls (1972, 1973), the Miami Marlins won two World Series (1997, 2003) when they were known as the Florida Marlins, and the Miami Heat have won three NBA championships (2006, 2012, and 2013). The Miami Dolphins are the city’s oldest professional team, established in 1966 as an AFL team three years before the merger with the NFL. The Dolphins are the only NFL team in history to finish its season undefeated, in 1972. Freeman 2012 provides a play by play of the historic season, focusing on the close games and dramatic victories. Griese and Hyde 2012 creates vivid portraits of the teammates who made outstanding contributions in each game. Some are insightful character studies; others rise to the level of mini-biographies. These stories reveal the many factors that turn a first-rate team into an unbeatable one, the most important being a constant and unrelenting obsession with winning. The Florida Marlins baseball team (now the Miami Marlins) won two World Series under very different circumstances. In 1997 the then owner of the Marlins, Wayne Huizenga, spent eighty-nine million dollars buying the best team money could buy, in order to boost attendance and to gain public support to build a publicly financed baseball stadium (Rosenbaum 1998). The Marlins delivered on the field: they made it to the playoffs, vanquished the best team in baseball (the Atlanta Braves) in the National League championship series, and won the World Series. However, the championship did not buy the public good will for a new stadium, and the team still lost money. Huizenga was forced into a fire sale of star players, which alienated the South Florida fan base for years (Schlossberg 2004). In 2003 the Marlins again won the World Series, but this time with a young team and a relatively low payroll.
  404.  
  405. Freeman, Mike. Undefeated: Inside the 1972 Miami Dolphins’ Perfect Season. New York: HarperCollins, 2012.
  406.  
  407. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  408.  
  409. The author retells the story of the 1972 Miami Dolphins’ championship season, when the team made history by going undefeated. The book follows an underdog team on its remarkable run: fourteen regular-season victories, two postseason wins, and a Super Bowl championship. This locker room book is filled with the inside story of the perfect season: the close games, the relationships, and the dramatic victories.
  410.  
  411. Find this resource:
  412.  
  413. Griese, Bob, and Dave Hyde. Perfection: The Inside Story of the 1972 Miami Dolphins’ Perfect Season. Hoboken, NJ: Wiley, 2012.
  414.  
  415. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  416.  
  417. Hall of Fame quarterback Bob Griese provides a first-person account of the perfect season. He discusses how Dolphins owner Joe Robbie put together the team, as well as the strategy developed by Coach Don Shula, which included the use, for the first time in the NFL, of the situation substitution. Griese is at his best when he discusses the contribution of his teammates Paul Warfield, Larry Csonka, Nick Buoniconti, Jim Langer, and Larry Little.
  418.  
  419. Find this resource:
  420.  
  421. Rosenbaum, Dave. If They Don’t Win It’s a Shame: The Year the Marlins Bought the World Series. Tampa, FL: McGregor, 1998.
  422.  
  423. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  424.  
  425. The author gives a behind-the-scenes account of Marlins owner Wayne Huizenga’s strategy for winning a world championship in 1997. The owner hoped that by winning a World Series he would boost lagging attendance and win public support for a new publicly funded baseball stadium in Miami.
  426.  
  427. Find this resource:
  428.  
  429. Schlossberg, Dan. Miracle over Miami: How the 2003 Marlins Shocked the World. Champaign, IL: Sports Publishing, 2004.
  430.  
  431. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  432.  
  433. This book shows how the underdog Marlins won the 2003 World Series despite a relatively low payroll. According to the author, the Marlins overcame more-experienced and well-paid teams through a combination of heart and young talent.
  434.  
  435. Find this resource:
  436.  
  437. Music
  438. Miami also serves as a center for the Latin music industry in the United States. Gloria and Emilio Estefan translated their success as performers to help establish recording studios and marketing capacity in Miami (DeStephano 1997). The Miami music industry became a magnet attracting Latin musicians throughout the hemisphere, and Latin popular music because an important mechanism to assert ethnic and cultural identity (Cepeda 2010).
  439.  
  440. Cepeda, María Elena. Musical ImagiNation: U.S.-Colombian Identity and the Latin Music Boom. New York: New York University Press, 2010.
  441.  
  442. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  443.  
  444. In this pioneering study of the Miami music industry and Miami’s growing Colombian community, María Elena Cepeda boldly asserts that popular music provides an alternative common space for imagining and enacting Colombian identity.
  445.  
  446. Find this resource:
  447.  
  448. DeStephano, Anthony M. Gloria Estefan: The Pop Superstar from Tragedy to Triumph. New York: Signet, 1997.
  449.  
  450. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  451.  
  452. This book traces Gloria Estefan’s pursuit of the American Dream. Beginning with her humble beginnings as a daughter of Cuban refugees, to her stardom as the lead singer for the Miami Sound Machine, Estefan’s success in music goes beyond her role as a performer and includes the music empire built on her success by her husband, Emilio Estefan.
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