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Thucydides (Classics)

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  1. Introduction
  2. Thucydides is known as the historian of the “Peloponnesian” war (431–404 BCE, between Athens with its subject cities and the league of cities in the Peloponnese led by Sparta), the first historian to write about his own times, and a paradigm for accuracy in Antiquity and for vivid narrative as well as unsentimental “realist” political analysis today. He documents the height of Athenian greatness under Pericles and his idealistic “funeral oration” (II.34–47, speech for the war dead), but also portrays the cold brutality of its imperialism in the “Melian dialogue” (V.84–116, the surrender negotiations between Athens and the neutral island of Melos), and the agony endured by the city during a plague (II.47–54) and in the aftermath of its disastrous invasion of Sicily (VI–VII). It is the first great work of political history and still a fundamental text for political science and international relations today. It is also a compelling story, with vivid characters, brilliant strategy and ideas, and tragic miscalculations.
  3.  
  4. Bibliographies
  5. Thucydides can be approached as history, literature, or political theory. Thus his bibliography requires more comprehensiveness than most other classical authors. Rusten 2009 organizes the entire tradition of literary and political readings; Payen 2003 surveys intensively historiographic interpretations during a limited recent period in France; Marincola 2001 a somewhat longer period, with more attention to works in English.
  6.  
  7. Marincola, John. 2001. Thucydides. In Greek historians. By John Marincola, 61–104. Greece and Rome: New Surveys in the Classics 31. Oxford: Oxford University Press for the Classical Association.
  8.  
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  10.  
  11. Focuses on the categories and conventions Thucydides shares with other historians.
  12.  
  13. Find this resource:
  14.  
  15.  
  16. Payen, Pascal. 2003. L’historiographie grecque: VIe–IIIe siècles avant J.-C. (jusqu’à Phylarque). Pallas 63:129–166.
  17.  
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  19.  
  20. Especially valuable for the French tradition post-de Romilly. Consult especially pp. 142–145.
  21.  
  22. Find this resource:
  23.  
  24.  
  25. Rusten, Jeffrey S. 2009. Thucydides and his readers. In Thucydides. Edited by Jeffrey S. Rusten, 1–28. Oxford Readings in Classical Studies. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
  26.  
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  28.  
  29. Surveys the chronology and thematic controversies among Thucydides’ readings from Antiquity to the present.
  30.  
  31. Find this resource:
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  33.  
  34. Collections of Articles
  35. Some of the most valuable work on Thucydides is found in shorter studies of particular sections or particular aspects of his work. The collection of Rusten 2009 includes not only a bibliographic introduction, but also essays on problematic aspects and some famous (and less accessible) studies of individual passages. Rengakos and Tsakmakis 2006 have commissioned all new essays by major scholars, treating almost every important aspect of Thucydidean studies. By contrast, Romilly 2005 presents solely the approach of a particular scholar—the dominant Thucydidean of the 20th century—on many different aspects.
  36.  
  37. Rengakos, Antonios, and Antonis Tsakmakis, eds. 2006. Brill’s companion to Thucydides. Leiden, The Netherlands: Brill.
  38.  
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  40.  
  41. A massive compendium of useful summaries of every aspect of Thucydidean studies, written by leading scholars.
  42.  
  43. Find this resource:
  44.  
  45.  
  46. Romilly, Jacqueline de. 2005. L’invention de l’histoire politique chez Thucydide. Edited by Monique Trédé. Études de littérature ancienne 15. Paris: Editions Rue d’Ulm.
  47.  
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  49.  
  50. A complete collection of a lifetime of illuminating studies, some previously unpublished.
  51.  
  52. Find this resource:
  53.  
  54.  
  55. Rusten, Jeffrey S., ed. 2009. Thucydides. Oxford Readings in Classical Studies. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
  56.  
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  58.  
  59. A collection of essays by diverse authors (many in English for the first time) on new directions in the interpretation of Thucydides, classic treatments of individual passages, and his reception in Antiquity and today.
  60.  
  61. Find this resource:
  62.  
  63.  
  64. Stadter, Philip A. 1973. The speeches in Thucydides: A collection of original studies with a bibliography. Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press.
  65.  
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  67.  
  68. Essays on some important individual speeches and on groups of them, and a full listing, speech by speech, of all recent bibliography to that date.
  69.  
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  71.  
  72.  
  73. Greek Editions, Scholia, and Textual History
  74. The edition of Stuart Jones and Powell (Thucydides 1942) is conservative in introducing (or even mentioning) few modern conjectures, and sparing with information on variant readings. Alberti (Thucydides 1972–2000) provides a full account of the manuscripts, which can be the basis of future textual work such as Maurer 1995. Hude 1927 is reliable for the text of the ancient scholia, though it needs to be updated with historical and source notes.
  75.  
  76. Hude, Carolus. 1927. Scholia in Thucydidem ad optimos codices collata. Leipzig, Germany: Teubner.
  77.  
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  79.  
  80. The apparatus of Hude’s own edition of the text of Thucydides (2 vols., Leipzig 1898–1901) is still worth consulting also.
  81.  
  82. Find this resource:
  83.  
  84.  
  85. Maurer, Karl. 1995. Interpolation in Thucydides. Mnemosyne, Bibliotheca Classica Batava, Supplement 150. Leiden, The Netherlands, and New York: Brill.
  86.  
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  88.  
  89. An intelligent, recent, wide-ranging discussion of many issues in the manuscript tradition.
  90.  
  91. Find this resource:
  92.  
  93.  
  94. Thucydides. 1942. Thucydidis Historiae. Edited by H. Stuart Jones and J. E. Powell. 2 vols. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
  95.  
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  97.  
  98. The only readily available text with apparatus, but in need of updating.
  99.  
  100. Find this resource:
  101.  
  102.  
  103. Thucydides. 1972–2000. Historiae. Edited by Ioannes Baptista Alberti. 3 vols. Rome: Accademia Nazionale dei Lincei.
  104.  
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  106.  
  107. Fullest recent discussion of manuscripts and information on readings.
  108.  
  109. Find this resource:
  110.  
  111.  
  112. Translations
  113. Thucydides’ Greek is uniquely challenging, and translators face difficult choices in rendering it. There is no single “standard” translation today, Hobbes (Thucydides 1989, first published in 1629) is a literary classic by a probing political thinker but archaic today; Warner (Thucydides 1972) remains the most readable, though an untrustworthy guide to the Greek original, for which Lattimore (Thucydides 1998) is best. For a compromise between accuracy and readability, the public-domain translation of Richard Crawley is useful, adapted for literary readers by the Lateiner (Thucydides 2006), and for students of warfare and geography by Strassler 1998. The latest entry by Hammond (Thucydides 2009) has the best historical notes by a major scholar.
  114.  
  115. Strassler, Robert, ed. 1998. The landmark Thucydides: A comprehensive guide to the Peloponnesian war. Introduction by Victor Davis Hanson. New York: Free Press.
  116.  
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  118.  
  119. Adaptation of the translation by Richard Crawley in a large format, with extensive maps, marginal paraphrases, essays on specialized topics by various experts, and a full index.
  120.  
  121. Find this resource:
  122.  
  123.  
  124. Thucydides. 1972. The Peloponnesian war. Translated by Rex Warner; introduction by M. I. Finley. Harmondsworth, UK: Penguin.
  125.  
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  127.  
  128. Often recasts the text entirely, but highly readable.
  129.  
  130. Find this resource:
  131.  
  132.  
  133. Thucydides. 1989. The Peloponnesian war: The complete Hobbes translation. Translated by Thomas Hobbes; edited by David Grene. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.
  134.  
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  136.  
  137. First published in 1629, but its vivid and arresting rendering is still worth consulting.
  138.  
  139. Find this resource:
  140.  
  141.  
  142. Thucydides. 1998. The Peloponnesian war. Translated by Steven Lattimore. Indianapolis, IN: Hackett.
  143.  
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  145.  
  146. Keeps especially close to the Greek text. Important omissions noted by Simon Hornblower in a review are remedied in the current printing.
  147.  
  148. Find this resource:
  149.  
  150.  
  151. Thucydides. 2006. The history of the Peloponnesian war. Translated by Richard Crawley; edited by Donald Lateiner. New York: Barnes and Noble Classics.
  152.  
  153. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  154.  
  155. A revision of Crawley’s translation, with frequent notes and a valuable index.
  156.  
  157. Find this resource:
  158.  
  159.  
  160. Thucydides. 2009. The Peloponnesian war. Translated by Martin Hammond; introduction and notes by P. J. Rhodes. Oxford World’s Classics. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
  161.  
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  163.  
  164. Especially valuable are the notes by a premier scholar of Greek history.
  165.  
  166. Find this resource:
  167.  
  168.  
  169. Complete Commentaries
  170. Thucydides is well served by commentaries. For a long time the major approach was linguistic, to explain (or emend) his difficult Greek syntax and style. The culmination of that tradition among complete commentaries was Classen and Steup 1892–1922, the last of several editions with excellent discussions of the problems of the text. The first to provide a historical commentary was Gomme (Gomme, et al. 1945–1981), informed and thoughtful, but only half finished at his death; Dover’s completion of the Sicilian books and Andrewes’s Book 8 do not have Gomme’s unique perspective, but are still predominantly historical and willing to criticize Thucydides as a source. For the 21st century, Hornblower 1991–2008 is a skilled historian who was also conversant with literary methods, and abundant bibliographical knowledge.
  171.  
  172. Classen, Johannes, and Julius Steup. 1892–1922. Thukydides. Vols. 1–2, 5th ed.; vols. 3–8, 3d ed. Berlin: Weidmann.
  173.  
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  175.  
  176. The last complete detailed grammatical and linguistic commentary on the text.
  177.  
  178. Find this resource:
  179.  
  180.  
  181. Gomme, A. W., Antony Andrewes, and Kenneth J. Dover. 1945–1981. A historical commentary on Thucydides. 5 vols. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
  182.  
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  184.  
  185. The first purely historical commentary, concerned with supplementing Thucydides from other sources and noting his omission. The final volume includes lengthy appendices restating the unfashionable separatist thesis in dealing with Book 8.
  186.  
  187. Find this resource:
  188.  
  189.  
  190. Hornblower, Simon. 1991–2008. Commentary on Thucydides. 3 vols. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
  191.  
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  193.  
  194. This historical and literary commentary is a comprehensive and indispensable work of Thucydidean scholarship. (Vol. 2 contains discusses its difference from Gomme’s commentary.) The new contribution in bibliography is especially wide-ranging, and the commentary is in dialogue with new approaches of narratology, intertextuality, and reception.
  195.  
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  197.  
  198.  
  199. Commentaries on Individual Books
  200. There are some good recent commentaries covering selections of his work. Book 2, with the funeral oration, plague, and Pericles’s last speech, is treated linguistically by Rusten (Thucydides 1989), which is brought up to date by Fantasia (Thucydides 2003); Rhodes (Thucydides 1988) treats the same book with a historical emphasis, much shorter notes but a facing translation, and continues this method for later books in Rhodes (Thucydides 1994 and Thucydides 1998). Dover’s commentary on the Sicilian expedition (Thucydides 1965b) is the only school commentary available on this important passage, though much briefer than his continuation of Gomme.
  201.  
  202. Thucydides. 1965a. Book VI. Edited by Kenneth J. Dover. Oxford: Clarendon.
  203.  
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  205.  
  206. A concise commentary for student readers by the author of the detailed historical commentary on the same books.
  207.  
  208. Find this resource:
  209.  
  210.  
  211. Thucydides. 1965b. Book VII. Edited by Kenneth J. Dover. Oxford: Clarendon.
  212.  
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  214.  
  215. A concise commentary for student readers by the author of the detailed historical commentary on the same books.
  216.  
  217. Find this resource:
  218.  
  219.  
  220. Thucydides. 1988. History II. Edited and translated by P. J. Rhodes. Warminster, UK: Aris and Phillips.
  221.  
  222. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  223.  
  224. Provides a facing translation and notes especially on historical questions.
  225.  
  226. Find this resource:
  227.  
  228.  
  229. Thucydides. 1989. The Peloponnesian war Book II. Edited by Jeffrey S. Rusten. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press.
  230.  
  231. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  232.  
  233. Focuses especially on reading the Greek text.
  234.  
  235. Find this resource:
  236.  
  237.  
  238. Thucydides. 1994. Book III. Edited and translated by P. J. Rhodes. Wiltshire, UK: Aris and Phillips.
  239.  
  240. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  241.  
  242. Provides a facing translation and notes especially on historical questions.
  243.  
  244. Find this resource:
  245.  
  246.  
  247. Thucydides. 1998. History IV.1–V.24. Edited and translated by P. J. Rhodes. Warminster, UK: Aris and Phillips.
  248.  
  249. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  250.  
  251. Provides a facing translation and notes, especially on historical questions.
  252.  
  253. Find this resource:
  254.  
  255.  
  256. Thucydides. 2003. La guerra del Peloponneso: Libro II. Edited by Ugo Fantasia. Studi e testi di storia antica 14. Pisa, Italy: ETS.
  257.  
  258. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  259.  
  260. The most recent textual, historical, and literary discussion.
  261.  
  262. Find this resource:
  263.  
  264.  
  265. Thucydides the Man
  266. From his text, we get the sense of a strong personality with pronounced views, which are often justified biographically; on the other hand, he lived in the greatest age of Greek intellectual achievement and is often assumed to have been influenced by his contemporaries; finally, the length of his war and his explicit references to the composition of his text and its unfinished status have tempted scholars to hypothesize about possible stages of composition.
  267.  
  268. Biography
  269. Maitland 1996 describes and attempt to date the ancient biography by Marcellinus. Piccirilli 1985 edits and translates all the biographical sources with extensive commentary. Canfora 2006, despite the author’s implausible view that some biographical statements in the text referred to Xenophon, remains valuable on the general question.
  270.  
  271. Canfora, Luciano. 2006. Biographical obscurities and problems of composition. In Brill’s companion to Thucydides. Edited by A. Rengakos and A. Tsakmakis, 3–39. Leiden, The Netherlands: Brill.
  272.  
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  274.  
  275. An overview of the question, with a statement of his own controversial thesis that the man who was exiled (5.26) was not Thucydides but his editor Xenophon.
  276.  
  277. Find this resource:
  278.  
  279.  
  280. Maitland, Judith. 1996. Marcellinus’ life of Thucydides: Criticism and criteria in the ancient biographical tradition. Classical Quarterly 46:538–558.
  281.  
  282. DOI: 10.1093/cq/46.2.538Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  283.  
  284. Discusses the different interests and sources of the biography and suggests it is a product of the 7th century CE.
  285.  
  286. Find this resource:
  287.  
  288.  
  289. Piccirilli, Luigi. 1985. Storie dello storico Tucidide: Edizione critica, traduzione e commento delle Vite tucididee. Genoa, Italy: Il Melangolo.
  290.  
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  292.  
  293. Text and detailed commentary especially on Marcellinus’s Life of Thucydides.
  294.  
  295. Find this resource:
  296.  
  297.  
  298. Influences
  299. Hornblower 2009 describes how Thucydides’ youth and maturity coincided with the height of Athenian prosperity and power as well as intellectual, philosophical, and literary achievement. Rood 1998 shows that he marks a break with the traditions of historiography, but Hornblower 1996 argues that he still knows Herodotus well, and Hornblower 2004 even sees some Pindaric style. Rechenauer 1991 studies the influence of medical writers, especially for his description of the plague and his terminology of causation (I.23); as Hornblower 2009 argues, the sophists undoubtedly influenced the rhetoric and moral theorizing of his speeches, and his narrative of the Sicilian disaster (books VI–VII) has been compared to Greek tragedy.
  300.  
  301. Hornblower, Simon. 1996. Thucydides’ use of Herodotus. In Commentary on Thucydides, vol. 2. By Simon Hornblower, 122–145. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
  302.  
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  304.  
  305. Although Herodotus is never mentioned by Thucydides, many instances are adduced where the latter seems to know and react to his work.
  306.  
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  308.  
  309.  
  310. Hornblower, Simon. 2004. Thucydides and Pindar: Historical narrative and the world of Epinikian poetry. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
  311.  
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  313.  
  314. Interestingly juxtaposes writers thought poles apart, showing how they complement each other and arguing for Pindaric influence on the Sicilian narrative.
  315.  
  316. Find this resource:
  317.  
  318.  
  319. Hornblower, Simon. 2009. Intellectual affinities. In Thucydides. Edited by Jeffrey S. Rusten, 60–90. Oxford Readings in Classical Studies. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
  320.  
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  322.  
  323. Includes not only medicine but also philosophy, literature, and drama; especially strong on recent bibliography.
  324.  
  325. Find this resource:
  326.  
  327.  
  328. Rechenauer, Georg. 1991. Thukydides und die hippokratische Medizin: naturwissenschaftliche Methodik als Modell fur Geschichtsdeutung. Spudasmata 47. Hildesheim, Germany: Olms.
  329.  
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  331.  
  332. The most thorough and meticulous review of Thucydides’ possible relation to medicine.
  333.  
  334. Find this resource:
  335.  
  336.  
  337. Rood, Tim. 1998. Thucydides and his predecessors. Histos 2.
  338.  
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  340.  
  341. Situates Thucydides in the nascent historiographic tradition and in relation to other genres.
  342.  
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  344.  
  345.  
  346. Theories of Composition
  347. Thucydides has a definite conception of the war as a twenty-seven-year whole (II.1–2, V.26) and makes comments on Athens’s ultimate defeat (II.65). But we do not know what form of closure Thucydides would have given to his story. In the 19th century it was argued that Book 8, which lacks speeches, and most of Book V, also lacking speeches and quoting undigested documents verbatim, are rough drafts. He may have been in the process of filling in the rest when he died, and Schwartz 1929 used this theory to develop his idea of a “postwar revision.” Today, this approach has been superseded after Finley 1967 by the tendency of Erbse 1989 and others to treat the work even in its incomplete state as a consistent unity, whose variations in compositional form can be assumed to be intentional, though Hornblower 2008 recalls the separatist arguments of Andrewes 1981.
  348.  
  349. Andrewes, Antony. 1981. Indications of incompleteness. In A historical commentary on Thucydides. Edited by A. W. Gomme, Antony Andrewes, and Kenneth J. Dover, vol. 5, 361–383. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
  350.  
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  352.  
  353. Returns to a separatist view. Connor, in Classical Philology 79 (1984): 230–235, offered an influential critique.
  354.  
  355. Find this resource:
  356.  
  357.  
  358. Erbse, Hartmut. 1989. Thukydides-Interpretationen: Untersuchungen zur antiken Literatur und Geschichte. Berlin and New York: de Gruyter.
  359.  
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  361.  
  362. Argues forcefully for a unified composition, even in Book 8.
  363.  
  364. Find this resource:
  365.  
  366.  
  367. Finley, John H. 1967. The unity of Thucydides’ history. In Three essays on Thucydides. By John H. Finley, 118–170. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.
  368.  
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  370.  
  371. An influential rejection of the German separatist hypothesis.
  372.  
  373. Find this resource:
  374.  
  375.  
  376. Hornblower, Simon. 2008. The dates and stages of composition of 5.25–8.109. In Commentary on Thucydides. Vol. 3: Books V.24–VIII. By Simon Hornblower, 1–4. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
  377.  
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  379.  
  380. A review of the bibliography.
  381.  
  382. Find this resource:
  383.  
  384.  
  385. Schwartz, Eduard. 1929. Das Geschichtswerk des Thukydides. 2d ed. Bonn, Germany: F. Cohen.
  386.  
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  388.  
  389. Argued that much of Book I is an insertion after war’s end to refute postwar recriminations against Pericles.
  390.  
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  392.  
  393.  
  394. Thucydides the Writer
  395. “That general books on Thucydides appear at the rate of about one a year does not require demonstration” (Ernst Badian). Five classics that have stood the test of time are these, though each is different: Finley 1963 is a synthesis, Romilly 1956 and Stahl 2003 are close analyses of the narrative (rational for Romilly, poignantly tragic for Stahl), Connor 1984 follows the reader’s developing response as the history progresses, and Hornblower 1987 gives essays on each main controversial topic.
  396.  
  397. Connor, W. Robert. 1984. Thucydides. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press.
  398.  
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  400.  
  401. Invokes the reader response theory of W. Iser to argue that Thucydides’ rhetorical and narrative techniques are employed initially to set forth a vivid and compelling complex of values, then to reassess and complicate them in ways that elicit his readers’ own latent uncertainties. This study is unique in presenting a complete reading in the same order as the work does.
  402.  
  403. Find this resource:
  404.  
  405.  
  406. Finley, John H. 1963. Thucydides. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.
  407.  
  408. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  409.  
  410. Originally published in 1943, this compelling account of the development of Thucydides’ political ideas, historiographic method, and prose style marked the end of the German “separatist” movement.
  411.  
  412. Find this resource:
  413.  
  414.  
  415. Hornblower, Simon. 1987. Thucydides. Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press.
  416.  
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  418.  
  419. Like his subsequent commentary, this survey does not espouse a single point of view or interpretation, but portrays the range of possibilities and the excitement of ongoing debates.
  420.  
  421. Find this resource:
  422.  
  423.  
  424. Romilly, Jacqueline de. 1956. Histoire et raison chez Thucydide. Paris: Les Belles Lettres.
  425.  
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  427.  
  428. Uses contrasts with Homer, Herodotus, and tragedy, and close attention to verbal repetitions to discover the pervasive presence within argument, speeches, and narrative alike of logical or explanatory demonstrations to the reader.
  429.  
  430. Find this resource:
  431.  
  432.  
  433. Stahl, Hans-Peter. 2003. Thucydides: Man’s place in history. Swansea: Classical Press of Wales.
  434.  
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  436.  
  437. Originally published in German in 1966. Close analysis of repetition like de Romilly, but unlike her traces sequences of events gone wrong through errors made increasingly obvious and inevitable to the reader, a sort of histoire sans raison, the futility of human decision making all the more compelling for being expertly presented.
  438.  
  439. Find this resource:
  440.  
  441.  
  442. Authorial Voice and Personal Judgments
  443. Thucydides’ opening, contrasted by Dewald 2009 with that of Herodotus, foregrounds his written text, as Edmunds 2009 and Yunis 2003 show, giving the impression of great authority, as Rood 2006 demonstrates. With a few notable exceptions noted by Gribble 1998, his authorial voice is withheld after Book I. Once begun, the narrative is impersonal, analysis and generalizations being offered by the characters themselves in speeches to each other.
  444.  
  445. Dewald, Carolyn. 2009. The figured stage: Focalizing the initial narratives of Herodotus and Thucydides. In Thucydides. Edited by Jeffrey S. Rusten, 114–147. Oxford Readings in Classical Studies. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
  446.  
  447. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  448.  
  449. In their self-introduction, Thucydides and Herodotus face the same array of enunciative choices, but make them very differently.
  450.  
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  452.  
  453.  
  454. Edmunds, Lowell. 2009. Thucydides in the act of writing. In Thucydides. Edited by Jeffrey S. Rusten, 91–113. Oxford Readings in Classical Studies. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
  455.  
  456. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  457.  
  458. References to writing form a complex and consistent system that characterizes truth as writing, and contrasts it with orality and the unreliability of memory.
  459.  
  460. Find this resource:
  461.  
  462.  
  463. Gribble, D. 1998. Narrator interventions in Thucydides. Journal of Hellenic Studies 118:41–67.
  464.  
  465. DOI: 10.2307/632230Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  466.  
  467. A useful catalog and analysis.
  468.  
  469. Find this resource:
  470.  
  471.  
  472. Rood, Tim. 2006. Objectivity and authority: Thucydides’ historical method. In Brill’s Companion to Thucydides. Edited by Antonios Rengakos and Antonis Tsakmakis, 225–249. Leiden, The Netherlands: Brill.
  473.  
  474. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  475.  
  476. The narratological fashioning of the historian’s hold over his readers.
  477.  
  478. Find this resource:
  479.  
  480.  
  481. Yunis, Harvey. 2003. Writing for reading: Thucydides, Plato and the emergence of the critical reader. In Written texts and the rise of literate culture in ancient Greece. Edited by Harvey Yunis, 189–213. Cambridge, UK, and New York: Cambridge University Press.
  482.  
  483. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  484.  
  485. How these two writers deal with the problem of authorial identity in the text.
  486.  
  487. Find this resource:
  488.  
  489.  
  490. Excursuses
  491. Pothou 2009 and Tsakmakis 1995 study all the apparent digressions in Thucydides, which are sometimes viewed as flaws in the narrative; the much-criticized digression on post-Persian-war Greece is defended by Stadter 1993, the two excursuses on the end of the Peisitratids by Meyer 2008, and the opening analysis of Greek prehistory by Romilly 1956.
  492.  
  493. Meyer, Elizabeth A. 2008. Thucydides on Harmodius and Aristogeiton, tyranny and history. Classical Quarterly 58:13–34.
  494.  
  495. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  496.  
  497. A thoughtful and wide-ranging discussion of Thucydides’ recurrent obsession with this episode.
  498.  
  499. Find this resource:
  500.  
  501.  
  502. Pothou, Vassiliki. 2009. La place et le rôle de la digression dans l’oeuvre de Thucydide. Historia Einzelschriften 203. Stuttgart, Germany: Steiner.
  503.  
  504. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  505.  
  506. The most extensive and thorough survey of all the so-called digressions and theories about them.
  507.  
  508. Find this resource:
  509.  
  510.  
  511. Romilly, Jacqueline de. 1956. L’enquête sur le passé: L’archéologie. In Histoire et raison chez Thucydide. By Jacqueline de Romilly, 240–298. Paris: Les Belles Lettres.
  512.  
  513. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  514.  
  515. The dominance of rational deduction in Thucydides’ opening excursus on prehistory.
  516.  
  517. Find this resource:
  518.  
  519.  
  520. Stadter, Philip. 1993. The form and content of Thucydides’ Pentecontaeteia (1.89–117). Greek, Roman, and Byzantine Studies 34:35–72.
  521.  
  522. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  523.  
  524. On the coherence of one of Thucydides’ most criticized sections, and its role in the work as a whole.
  525.  
  526. Find this resource:
  527.  
  528.  
  529. Tsakmakis, Antonis. 1995. Thukydides über die Vergangenheit. Tübingen: Narr.
  530.  
  531. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  532.  
  533. Sees in the digression form a reflection of Thucydides’ attitude to earlier history.
  534.  
  535. Find this resource:
  536.  
  537.  
  538. Traditional Values versus “Realism”
  539. Pericles is one of several Athenian espousers (along with the Athenians at Sparta in 1.76.2 and at Melos in 5.105.2), of the “realist” doctrine of the primacy of power, and this in turn is attributed to human character: Is it the same human nature that Thucydides himself seems to invoke in 1.22.4 and 3.82.2? Is this an unchanging truth and the author’s ultimate message, or is it an increasingly misguided fatal delusion by the speakers that leads them to overreaching and destruction? Romilly 1963 and Nicolai 1996 find in him an eloquent realist and supporter of Pericles’s vision, disputed by Monoson and Loriaux 1998, while Cornford 1907, emphasizing Sicily, calls the work a tragedy. Pouncey 1980 sees the work as a vision of war’s brutality, Orwin 1994 as ultimately humane and sympathetic to human aspirations. Crane 1998 is an important reminder of the traditional moral background that Thucydides inherited and whose decline he laments.
  540.  
  541. Cornford, Francis. 1907. Thucydides mythistoricus. E. Arnold: London.
  542.  
  543. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  544.  
  545. Reprinted, Bristol: Bristol Classical, 2003 [ISBN: 9781853996658]. A provocative challenge to the prevailing view of Thucydides the rationalist, seeing in the Sicilian expedition the tragedy of Athens.
  546.  
  547. Find this resource:
  548.  
  549.  
  550. Crane, Gregory. 1998. Thucydides and the ancient simplicity: The limits of political realism. Berkeley: University of California Press.
  551.  
  552. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  553.  
  554. For all the blunt realism of many of the speakers, Thucydides himself stands for traditional values.
  555.  
  556. Find this resource:
  557.  
  558.  
  559. Monoson, Sara, and Michael Loriaux. 1998. The illusion of power and the disruption of moral norms: Thucydides’ critique of Periclean policy. American Political Science Review 92:285–297.
  560.  
  561. DOI: 10.2307/2585664Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  562.  
  563. Despite the obituary of Pericles, Thucydides does not personally endorse his approach to empire.
  564.  
  565. Find this resource:
  566.  
  567.  
  568. Nicolai, Walter. 1996. Thukydides und die Perikleische Machtpolitik. Hermes 124:246–281.
  569.  
  570. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  571.  
  572. A survey of modern opinion on Thucydides’ attitude to Pericles.
  573.  
  574. Find this resource:
  575.  
  576.  
  577. Orwin, Clifford. 1994. The humanity of Thucydides. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press.
  578.  
  579. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  580.  
  581. Thucydides is a reluctant realist, and aware of the tragedy of the human condition.
  582.  
  583. Find this resource:
  584.  
  585.  
  586. Pouncey, Peter R. 1980. The necessities of war: A study of Thucydides’ pessimism. New York: Columbia University Press.
  587.  
  588. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  589.  
  590. Thucydides portrays the realities of war and empire unflinchingly.
  591.  
  592. Find this resource:
  593.  
  594.  
  595. Romilly, Jacqueline de. 1963. Thucydides and Athenian imperialism. Oxford: Basil Blackwell.
  596.  
  597. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  598.  
  599. First published in 1947, this does not soft-pedal the brutalities of empire but finds an underlying optimism in Pericles’s attempt to direct it.
  600.  
  601. Find this resource:
  602.  
  603.  
  604. Language, Style, and Abstract Thought
  605. Thucydides’ historical innovations are matched by his prose style; as shown by Finley 1967, in reaction against the extended parallel sentences of rhetoricians like Gorgias, Thucydides’ disjointed syntax in the speeches and other analytical passages is characterized by abstraction, studied by Parry 1989a and Allison 1997, and expresses complex ideas concisely. Here his Greek was, even in Antiquity, notoriously difficult (and seldom imitated in modern translations). Rusten 1989 provides specific examples from Book II.
  606.  
  607. Allison, June W. 1997. Word and concept in Thucydides. Atlanta: Scholars Press.
  608.  
  609. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  610.  
  611. A complex study of the philosophical tendency toward abstraction as practiced by the historian.
  612.  
  613. Find this resource:
  614.  
  615.  
  616. Finley, John H. 1967. The origins of Thucydides’ style. In Three Essays on Thucydides. By John H. Finley, 55–117. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.
  617.  
  618. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  619.  
  620. The rich linguistic tradition of experiment out of which Thucydides’ unique style developed.
  621.  
  622. Find this resource:
  623.  
  624.  
  625. Parry, Adam. 1989a. Thucydides’ use of abstract language. In The language of Achilles and other essays. By Adam Parry, 177–194. Oxford: Clarendon.
  626.  
  627. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  628.  
  629. The emotional power of apparently unemotional language.
  630.  
  631. Find this resource:
  632.  
  633.  
  634. Parry, Adam. 1989b. The language of Thucydides’ description of the plague. In The language of Achilles and other essays. By Adam Parry, 156–176. Oxford: Clarendon.
  635.  
  636. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  637.  
  638. Argues that the historian does not borrow the technical vocabulary of medicine, but his own evocative descriptions.
  639.  
  640. Find this resource:
  641.  
  642.  
  643. Rusten, Jeffrey S. 1989. Language and style. In Thucydides: The Peloponnesian War Book II, 21–28. Edited by Jeffrey S. Rusten. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press.
  644.  
  645. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  646.  
  647. A practical introduction to Thucydides’ habits of vocabulary and sentence construction that make his writings seem often difficult.
  648.  
  649. Find this resource:
  650.  
  651.  
  652. Thucydides the Historian
  653. Thucydides implicitly assumes that past human behavior, especially in extreme circumstances, can be analyzed to develop general principles that may have near-universal validity, as shown by Reinhold 2002. (The limits and circumstantial qualifications on this assumption are of course always acknowledged.) The value of these principles will only be as good as the accuracy of the information on which they are based, hence Thucydides is only interested in “what has happened” if it can be known with authority, which restricts him to his own lifetime. Williams 2002 observes his invention of the idea of historical truth; Shanske 2007 that his project is essentially philosophical.
  654.  
  655. Reinhold, Meyer. 2002. Human nature as cause in ancient historiography. In Studies in classical history and society. By Meyer Reinhold, 45–55. American Classical Studies. New York: Oxford University Press.
  656.  
  657. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  658.  
  659. Traces the influence of Thucydides over all ancient historiography.
  660.  
  661. Find this resource:
  662.  
  663.  
  664. Shanske, Darien. 2007. Thucydides and the philosophical origins of history. New York: Cambridge University Press.
  665.  
  666. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  667.  
  668. Views the text as the outgrowth of the Greek philosophical tradition of language analysis, with appendices on key concepts and their analogs in modern philosophy.
  669.  
  670. Find this resource:
  671.  
  672.  
  673. Williams, Bernard A. O. 2002. What was wrong with Minos? In Truth and truthfulness: An essay in genealogy. By Bernard A. O. Williams, 149–171. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press.
  674.  
  675. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  676.  
  677. Uses the Archaeology as a test case to examine the nature of historiographic truth.
  678.  
  679. Find this resource:
  680.  
  681.  
  682. General Studies of the Peloponnesian War
  683. Not of primary concern here, but listed are some recent valuable works, including a classic individual narrative by Kagan 1969–1987, the historical study using epigraphic evidence (which questions Thucydides’ accuracy) by Lewis et al. 1992, the collections of new essays in Samons 2007, and reprinted ones in Low 2008.
  684.  
  685. Kagan, Donald. 1969–1987. A new history of the Peloponnesian war. 4 vols. Ithaca, NY: Cornell University Press.
  686.  
  687. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  688.  
  689. An independent and methodologically eclectic complete history, with full discussions of documentary evidence but tending to trust Thucydides’ facts (including a firm belief in the factual basis of the speeches) while sometime questioning his interpretations, e.g. on the causes of the war.
  690.  
  691. Find this resource:
  692.  
  693.  
  694. Lewis, D. M., J. Boardman, J. K. Davies, and Martin Ostwald. 1992. The Cambridge ancient history vol. 5: The fifth century. 2d edition. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press.
  695.  
  696. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  697.  
  698. The sections on the Peloponnesian war by Lewis and Andrewes represent the Oxford tradition of questioning Thucydides’ account of the causes of the war, the events of the Pentekontaeteia, the character of the Athenian empire, and the substance and success of Pericles’s wartime strategy
  699.  
  700. Find this resource:
  701.  
  702.  
  703. Low, Polly, ed. 2008. The Athenian empire. Edinburgh Readings on the Ancient World. Edinburgh: Edinburgh University Press.
  704.  
  705. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  706.  
  707. A collection of historical rather than literary studies, some questioning Thucydidean veracity.
  708.  
  709. Find this resource:
  710.  
  711.  
  712. Samons, Loren J., ed. 2007. The Cambridge companion to the age of Pericles. New York: Cambridge University Press.
  713.  
  714. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  715.  
  716. Highlights the period as history rather than Thucydides’ account of it.
  717.  
  718. Find this resource:
  719.  
  720.  
  721. Comparison with Other Sources
  722. In the 20th century, deference by ancient historians to Thucydides’ authority was cast off entirely, as for the first time the period treated by him could be studied through the evidence of newly discovered inscriptions and archaeology, which Dover 2009 thinks is salutary. Hose 2006 and Smarczyk 2006 offer a neutral survey of the other evidence, but the revision of the collection by Hill, et al. 1951 is based on the assumption that the history contained in the Pentekontaeteia is defective, which Badian 1993 blames on obvious bias. Keyser 2006 argues that Herodotus’s treatment of numerals is more transparent than Thucydides’.
  723.  
  724. Badian, Ernst. 1993. From Plataea to Potidaea: Studies in the history and the historiography of the Pentecontaeteia. Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press.
  725.  
  726. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  727.  
  728. Provocatively argues for deliberate manipulation of the prewar narrative by Thucydides to convict the Spartans of war guilt.
  729.  
  730. Find this resource:
  731.  
  732.  
  733. Dover, Kenneth J. 2009. Thucydides “as history” and “as literature.” In Thucydides. Edited by Jeffrey S. Rusten, 44–59. Oxford Readings in Classical Studies. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
  734.  
  735. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  736.  
  737. Deplores the tendency to separate Thucydides the writer from the historian.
  738.  
  739. Find this resource:
  740.  
  741.  
  742. Hill, George Francis, Russell Meiggs, and Antony Andrewes. 1951. Sources for Greek history between the Persian and Peloponnesian wars. 2d edition. Oxford: Clarendon.
  743.  
  744. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  745.  
  746. Dissatisfaction with Thucydidean authority was sufficient for a new edition in 1951 of this book of sources for the Pentekontaeteia (i. e., other than Thucydides)
  747.  
  748. Find this resource:
  749.  
  750.  
  751. Hose, Martin. 2006. The Peloponnesian war: Sources other than Thucydides. In Brill’s companion to Thucydides. Edited by Antonios Rengakos and Antonis Tsakmakis, 669–690. Leiden, The Netherlands: Brill.
  752.  
  753. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  754.  
  755. Good account of parallel traditions on the years 431–411.
  756.  
  757. Find this resource:
  758.  
  759.  
  760. Keyser, Paul T. 2006. (Un)natural accounts in Herodotus and Thucydides. Mouseion 6:323–351.
  761.  
  762. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  763.  
  764. Despite his reputation for accuracy, Thucydides is actually less concerned with detailed numeric information than his predecessor was.
  765.  
  766. Find this resource:
  767.  
  768.  
  769. Smarczyk, Bernhard. 2006. Thucydides and epigraphy. In Brill’s companion to Thucydides. Edited by Antonios Rengakos and Antonis Tsakmakis, 495–522. Leiden, The Netherlands: Brill.
  770.  
  771. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  772.  
  773. Surveys some of the finds that have caused problems for our trust in Thucydides.
  774.  
  775. Find this resource:
  776.  
  777.  
  778. The Speeches
  779. In a controversial statement of method, I.22, Thucydides distinguishes his composition of speeches from that of events: in the speeches he makes them say “what I thought was necessary,” while keeping as closely as possible to the “general policy” of what had actually been said; see Porciani 2007. As Pelling 2009 demonstrates, there is no modern agreement on what this actually means (the phrases in quotation marks are especially disputed), but most (Kagan 1975 being a notable exception) would concede that in the actual speeches the difficult style, their links with each other over long distances (Jebb 1973, Rengakos 1996), the anonymity of many speakers, and their unusually frank realism all suggest heavy authorial influence. Not surprisingly, the speeches are the most read and frequently quoted parts of his work. Scardino 2007 attempts to find similarities rather than differences with the speech composition by Herodotus.
  780.  
  781. Jebb, R. C. 1973. The speeches of Thucydides. In The speeches of Thucydides: With a general introduction and an introduction for the main speeches and the military harangues. Edited by Harold Friend Harding, 223–309. Lawrence, KS: Coronado.
  782.  
  783. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  784.  
  785. First published in 1880, still the most comprehensive, concise, and sensible introduction to all the speeches.
  786.  
  787. Find this resource:
  788.  
  789.  
  790. Kagan, Donald. 1975. The speeches in Thucydides and the Mytilene debate. Yale Classical Studies 24:71–94.
  791.  
  792. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  793.  
  794. A forceful statement of the conviction that Thucydides’ speeches are accurate representations of what was actually said.
  795.  
  796. Find this resource:
  797.  
  798.  
  799. Pelling, Christopher B. 2009. Thucydides’ speeches. In Thucydides. Edited by Jeffrey S. Rusten, 176–190. Oxford Readings in Classical Studies. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
  800.  
  801. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  802.  
  803. A new look at the controversy over their veracity, explaining why Thucydides himself is responsible for its persistence.
  804.  
  805. Find this resource:
  806.  
  807.  
  808. Porciani, Leone. 2007. The enigma of discourse: A view of Thucydides. In A companion to Greek and Roman historiography. Edited by John Marincola, 328–341. Malden, MA and Oxford: Blackwell.
  809.  
  810. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  811.  
  812. An ingenious new look at the language of Thucydides 1.22.
  813.  
  814. Find this resource:
  815.  
  816.  
  817. Rengakos, Antonios. 1996. Fernbeziehungen zwischen den thukydideischen Reden. Hermes 124:396–417.
  818.  
  819. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  820.  
  821. Connections between speeches far distant from each other in time and place show Thucydides at work in their composition.
  822.  
  823. Find this resource:
  824.  
  825.  
  826. Scardino, Carlo. 2007. Gestaltung und Funktion der Reden bei Herodot und Thukydides. Berlin: de Gruyter.
  827.  
  828. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  829.  
  830. Concerned only with Herodotus 7–9 and Thucydides 6–7, but still a huge book with extensive bibliography on many aspects of the speeches.
  831.  
  832. Find this resource:
  833.  
  834.  
  835. Categories of Speeches
  836. Some of the most valuable studies of the speeches group them them by genre, as Leimbach 1985 does, or by addressee as does Debnar 2001, or by the nationality of their speakers like Strasburger 2009, or their rhetorical qualities like Macleod 1983 or their influence on our reading of subsequent events like Stahl 2009.
  837.  
  838. Debnar, Paula. 2001. Speaking the same language: Speech and audience in Thucydides’ Spartan debates. Ann Arbor: University of Michigan Press.
  839.  
  840. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  841.  
  842. Traces the developing complexity and recurring themes of speeches to and by the Spartans throughout the work.
  843.  
  844. Find this resource:
  845.  
  846.  
  847. Leimbach, Rüdiger. 1985. Militä;rische Musterrhetorik: Eine Untersuchung zu den Feldherrnreden des Thukydides. Stuttgart, Germany: Steiner.
  848.  
  849. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  850.  
  851. Singles out the pre-battle speeches by generals for comparative study.
  852.  
  853. Find this resource:
  854.  
  855.  
  856. Macleod, Colin W. 1983. Collected essays. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
  857.  
  858. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  859.  
  860. Sensitive readings of the rhetorical features of the speeches at Plataea, the debate over Mytilene, the Melian dialogue, and the deliberation on the Sicilian expedition.
  861.  
  862. Find this resource:
  863.  
  864.  
  865. Stahl, Hans-Peter. 2009. Speeches and the course of events in books six and seven of Thucydides. In Thucydides. Edited by Jeffrey S. Rusten, 341–358. Oxford Readings in Classical Studies. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
  866.  
  867. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  868.  
  869. Anxieties and concerns raised in speeches reappear in the narrative throughout the story of Sicily.
  870.  
  871. Find this resource:
  872.  
  873.  
  874. Strasburger, Hermann. 2009. Thucydides and the political self-portrait of the Athenians. In Thucydides. Edited by Jeffrey S. Rusten, 191–219. Oxford Readings in Classical Studies. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
  875.  
  876. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  877.  
  878. Uses comparative evidence to argue that Thucydides’ presentation of Athenian mistreatment of other Greeks is almost completely at odds with other, more apologetic sources.
  879.  
  880. Find this resource:
  881.  
  882.  
  883. Thucydides’ Narrative Methods
  884. Romilly 1956 and Stahl 2003 use the same method of close reading to evoke opposite narrative impressions (rational prediction vs. human error). Hornblower 1994 pioneers the application of narrative theory to this text, which Rood 1998 carries out systematically and Greenwood 2006 more abstractly. Connor 1985 and Walker 1993 point to the vividness of his presentation. Schneider 1974 catalogs exhaustively Thucydides’ tendency to get inside his characters’ minds, while Dewald 2005 studies the influence of his annalistic foundation on the development of individual stories.
  885.  
  886. Connor, W. R. 1985. Narrative discourse in Thucydides. In The Greek historians: Papers presented to A. E. Raubitschek, 1–18. Saratoga, CA: ANMA Libri; Department of Classics, Stanford University.
  887.  
  888. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  889.  
  890. The initial statement of the reader response approach adopted in his later general study.
  891.  
  892. Find this resource:
  893.  
  894.  
  895. Dewald, Carolyn. 2005. Thucydides’ war narrative: A structural study. Berkeley: University of California Press.
  896.  
  897. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  898.  
  899. How Thucydides develops the year-by-year building blocks of his war into coherent unity.
  900.  
  901. Find this resource:
  902.  
  903.  
  904. Greenwood, Emily. 2006. Thucydides and the shaping of history. Classical Literature and Society. London: Duckworth.
  905.  
  906. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  907.  
  908. Critically sophisticated studies of Thucydides’ authority, point of view, use of time and space, speeches, and relation to Sophocles’s Philoctetes.
  909.  
  910. Find this resource:
  911.  
  912.  
  913. Hornblower, Simon. 1994. Narratology and Thucydides. In Greek historiography. Edited by Simon Hornblower, 131–166. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
  914.  
  915. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  916.  
  917. An early attempt (by a historian) to apply modern theory to Thucydides.
  918.  
  919. Find this resource:
  920.  
  921.  
  922. Romilly, Jacqueline de. 1956. Histoire et raison chez Thucydide. Paris: Les Belles Lettres.
  923.  
  924. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  925.  
  926. Brilliantly inaugurated the late 20th century trend of studying Thucydides as a masterful creator of narrative.
  927.  
  928. Find this resource:
  929.  
  930.  
  931. Rood, Tim. 1998. Thucydides: Narrative and explanation. Oxford and New York: Oxford University Press.
  932.  
  933. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  934.  
  935. The culmination of the narratological approach (repetitions, focalization techniques, and temporal shifts), giving most attention to those sections that others have found less polished and ignored (like the Pentecontaeteia, and Books 5 and 8), and finding in them evidence of narrative elaboration and skill.
  936.  
  937. Find this resource:
  938.  
  939.  
  940. Schneider, Christoph. 1974. Information und Absicht bei Thukydides: Untersuchung zur Motivation des Handelns. Hypomnemata 41. Göttingen, Germany: Vandenhoeck and Ruprecht.
  941.  
  942. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  943.  
  944. Thucydides’ methods of motivating his characters’ actions by detailing their thoughts and intentions.
  945.  
  946. Find this resource:
  947.  
  948.  
  949. Stahl, Hans-Peter. 2003. Thucydides: Man’s place in history. Swansea: Classical Press of Wales.
  950.  
  951. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  952.  
  953. First published in German in 1966. The recurrence and interplay of key concepts within narratives underlines the inevitability of error and failure in war.
  954.  
  955. Find this resource:
  956.  
  957.  
  958. Walker, Andrew D. 1993. Enargeia and the spectator in Greek historiography. Transactions of the American Philological Association 123:353–377.
  959.  
  960. DOI: 10.2307/284335Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  961.  
  962. The ancient tradition on narrative vividness, for which Thucydides was especially well known.
  963.  
  964. Find this resource:
  965.  
  966.  
  967. Aspects of the History
  968. A valuable recent trend is to consider separately categories either that Thucydides added for the first time to historiography (portraits of individual leaders, political history, economic aspects of warfare) or that he seems to downplay (diplomacy, military history, religion, social history, and gender).
  969.  
  970. Portraits of Individuals
  971. For all his insistence on the universality of human nature, Thucydides’ main characters are unforgettably vivid individuals: the brilliant Pericles who can speak analytically of strategy, enthusiastically of Athens’s achievements, and reproachfully of the demos’s fickleness as the situation demands, but whom Vogt 2009 sees as a failure; see Westlake 1968 especially on the belligerent demagogue Cleon and the impetuous and ambitious Spartan Brasidas. The hyper-cautious Nicias is defended by Geske 2005, and the supremely self-confident Alcibiades is studied stylistically by Tompkins 1972, literarily by Gribble 1999, and politically by Bleckmann 2006. Their singular attitudes, distinctive phrases, and depth of motivation could not be any more striking if Thucydides were writing fiction, and even less important characters are sensitively analyzed by Pelling 1991, Fauber 2001, and Hyland 2007.
  972.  
  973. Bleckmann, Bruno. 2006. Alkibiades und die Athener im Urteil des Thukydides. Historische Zeitschrift 282:561–583.
  974.  
  975. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  976.  
  977. In the final analysis, Alcibiades’s inability to manage the Athenian demos was the main factor in his ultimate failure.
  978.  
  979. Find this resource:
  980.  
  981.  
  982. Fauber, C. M. 2001. Hermocrates and Thucydides: Rhetoric, policy and the speeches in Thucydides’ history. Illinois Classical Studies 26:37–51.
  983.  
  984. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  985.  
  986. The content of Hermocrates’ speeches is essentially accurate.
  987.  
  988. Find this resource:
  989.  
  990.  
  991. Geske, Norbert. 2005. Nikias und das Volk von Athen im Archidamischen Krieg. Historia Einzelschriften 186. Stuttgart, Germany: Steiner.
  992.  
  993. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  994.  
  995. A sympathetic portrait of the general and politician.
  996.  
  997. Find this resource:
  998.  
  999.  
  1000. Gribble, David. 1999. Alcibiades and Athens: A study in literary presentation. Oxford Classical Monographs. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
  1001.  
  1002. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  1003.  
  1004. Alcibiades not just in Thucydides but in the entire ancient literary tradition.
  1005.  
  1006. Find this resource:
  1007.  
  1008.  
  1009. Hyland, John O. 2007. Thucydides’ portrait of Tissaphernes re-examined. In Persian responses: Political and cultural interaction with(in) the Achaemenid Empire. Edited by Christopher Tuplin, 1–25. Swansea: Classical Press of Wales.
  1010.  
  1011. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  1012.  
  1013. The motivations and decisions of Tissaphernes reflect more closely Athenian concerns about Persia than accurate information on Persian policy.
  1014.  
  1015. Find this resource:
  1016.  
  1017.  
  1018. Pelling, Christopher. 1991. Thucydides’ Archidamus and Herodotus’ Artabanus. Georgica (Festschrift George Cawkwell), Bulletin of the Institute of Classical Studies Suppl. 58:120–142.
  1019.  
  1020. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  1021.  
  1022. How two very different characters (in two very different historians) can serve structurally similar purposes.
  1023.  
  1024. Find this resource:
  1025.  
  1026.  
  1027. Tompkins, Daniel P. 1972. Stylistic characterization in Thucydides: Alcibiades and Nicias. Yale Classical Studies 22:181–214.
  1028.  
  1029. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  1030.  
  1031. A much-cited study of the linguistic characteristics that distinguish the speeches of these contrasting characters.
  1032.  
  1033. Find this resource:
  1034.  
  1035.  
  1036. Vogt, Joseph. 2009. The portrait of Pericles in Thucydides. In Thucydides. Edited by Jeffrey S. Rusten, 220–240. Oxford Readings in Classical Studies. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
  1037.  
  1038. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  1039.  
  1040. An accurate estimate of his career makes the final speech, after the catastrophic plague, a terrifying one, showing a politician without alternatives. We can admire Thucydides’ brilliant intellectual attempt to come to grips with the dominant politician of his age, but we must recoil—as did Herodotus, Sophocles, Plato and Isocrates—from finding in it greatness.
  1041.  
  1042. Find this resource:
  1043.  
  1044.  
  1045. Westlake, H. D. 1968. Individuals in Thucydides. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press.
  1046.  
  1047. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  1048.  
  1049. Chapters on all the key individual actors, arguing that as his history progressed, Thucydides made individuals much more influential to his story.
  1050.  
  1051. Find this resource:
  1052.  
  1053.  
  1054. Politics
  1055. Thucydides’ boldest characterizations are the antithetical portraits of Athens and Sparta themselves, in speeches by the Corinthians (I.68–71), the Spartan king Archidamus (I.80–85), and Pericles’s funeral oration (II.34–46): the innovative, open, ambitious, daring force of growth vs. the conservative, law-abiding, deeply religious guardian of tradition. Thucydides’ innovations in political history are noted by Strasburger 1968, a critical attitude to democracy is argued by Ober 1998, and Leppin 1999 strives to elicit his own political thought.
  1056.  
  1057. Leppin, Hartmut. 1999. Thukydides und die Verfassung der Polis: ein Beitrag zur politischen Ideengeschichte des 5. Jahrunderts v. Chr. Klio: Beiträ;ge zur alten Geschichte. Beihefte, Neue Folge, Band 1. Berlin: Akademie Verlag.
  1058.  
  1059. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  1060.  
  1061. A study of Thucydides’ own views on forms of government (oligarchy, democracy and the Constitution of the Five Thousand).
  1062.  
  1063. Find this resource:
  1064.  
  1065.  
  1066. Ober, Josiah. 1998. Public speech and brute fact: Thucydides. In Political dissent in democratic Athens: Intellectual critics of popular rule. By Josiah Ober, 52–121. Martin Classical Lectures. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press.
  1067.  
  1068. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  1069.  
  1070. Argues that Thucydides is a critic of democratic government.
  1071.  
  1072. Find this resource:
  1073.  
  1074.  
  1075. Strasburger, Hermann. 1968. Die Entdeckung der politischen Geschichte durch Thukydides. In Thukydides. Edited by Hans Herter, 412–476. Wege der Forschung. Darmstadt, Germany: Wissenschaftliche Buchgesellschaft.
  1076.  
  1077. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  1078.  
  1079. Reprinted in 1984. The recognition of how our modern notion of history is formed by the obsessive concerns of this historian.
  1080.  
  1081. Find this resource:
  1082.  
  1083.  
  1084. Diplomacy
  1085. Thucydides is a major source for interstate negotiations, but he does not present them neutrally. Low 2007 attempts to get at the underlying reality, and Curty 1994 observes the invocation of kinship in wartime alliances.
  1086.  
  1087. Curty, Olivier. 1994. La notion de parenté entre les cités chez Thucydide. Museum Helveticum 51:193–197.
  1088.  
  1089. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  1090.  
  1091. The influence of the family metaphor in interstate relations.
  1092.  
  1093. Find this resource:
  1094.  
  1095.  
  1096. Low, Polly. 2007. Interstate relations in Classical Greece: Morality and power. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press.
  1097.  
  1098. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  1099.  
  1100. A clear and comprehensive analysis of the many facets of interstate relations in Classical Greece, including Thucydides.
  1101.  
  1102. Find this resource:
  1103.  
  1104.  
  1105. Military History
  1106. Thucydides’ interest in military matters is limited, paradigmatic rather than descriptive, and so he must be supplemented by what we know from other sources. Pritchett 1975–1985 collects evidence on all aspects of the life of an army, and Morrison and Coates 2000 reconstruct Athens’s greatest weapon and how it was used. Morpeth 2006 attempts to elicit statistics, while Hanson 2005 dramatizes the fighting. Lazenby 2004 attempts to offer a complete commentary.
  1107.  
  1108. Hanson, Victor Davis. 2005. A war like no other: How the Athenians and Spartans fought the Peloponnesian war. New York: Random House.
  1109.  
  1110. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  1111.  
  1112. A vivid retelling for the general reader, with new interpretations of well-known battles.
  1113.  
  1114. Find this resource:
  1115.  
  1116.  
  1117. Lazenby, J. F. 2004. The Peloponnesian war: A military study. London and New York: Routledge.
  1118.  
  1119. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  1120.  
  1121. The first military commentary on the entire war.
  1122.  
  1123. Find this resource:
  1124.  
  1125.  
  1126. Morpeth, Neil. 2006. Thucydides’ war: Accounting for the faces of conflict. Hildesheim, Germany: Olms.
  1127.  
  1128. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  1129.  
  1130. Concentrates on the numerical estimates of manpower, ships, and other war materials.
  1131.  
  1132. Find this resource:
  1133.  
  1134.  
  1135. Morrison, J. S., and J. F. Coates. 2000. The Athenian trireme: The history and reconstruction of an ancient Greek warship. 2d ed. Cambridge. UK: Cambridge University Press.
  1136.  
  1137. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  1138.  
  1139. A reconstruction of the Athenian trireme and a study of its role in sea battles in Herodotus and Thucydides.
  1140.  
  1141. Find this resource:
  1142.  
  1143.  
  1144. Pritchett, W. Kendrick. 1971–1985. The Greek state at war. 4 vols. Berkeley: University of California Press.
  1145.  
  1146. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  1147.  
  1148. Compendium of evidence for military customs and conventions of all kinds.
  1149.  
  1150. Find this resource:
  1151.  
  1152.  
  1153. Economics and Finance
  1154. Beyond studying the financial basis of the war, Kallet 1993 and Kallet 2001 trace the role of money in Thucydides’ narrative.
  1155.  
  1156. Kallet-Marx, Lisa. 1993. Money, expense and naval power in Thucydides 1–5.24. Berkeley: University of California Press.
  1157.  
  1158. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  1159.  
  1160. Traces the prominence of the financial theme throughout the first part of the history, with many valuable detailed interpretations.
  1161.  
  1162. Find this resource:
  1163.  
  1164.  
  1165. Kallet, Lisa. 2001. Money and the corrosion of power in Thucydides: The Sicilian expedition and its aftermath. Berkeley: University of California Press.
  1166.  
  1167. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  1168.  
  1169. The role of financial mismanagement in the Sicilian disaster.
  1170.  
  1171. Find this resource:
  1172.  
  1173.  
  1174. Inattention to Religion and Gender
  1175. What Thucydides is not interested in can be significant for his historical theory as well, as Loraux 1985 argues for gender and Hornblower 1992 for religion. Crane 1996 uses vocabulary analysis to note his omissions, and Furley 2006 reexamines his attitude to the gods.
  1176.  
  1177. Crane, Gregory. 1996. Thucydidean exclusions and the language of the polis I: Women and kinship. In The blinded eye: Thucydides and the new written word. By Gregory Crane, 111–146. Lanham, MD: Rowman and Littlefield.
  1178.  
  1179. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  1180.  
  1181. A statistical demonstration of the subjective impression that for Thucydides the family is not a proper object of history.
  1182.  
  1183. Find this resource:
  1184.  
  1185.  
  1186. Furley, William D. 2006. Thucydides and religion. In Brill’s companion to Thucydides. Edited by Antonios Rengakos and Antonis Tsakmakis, 415–438. Leiden, The Netherlands: Brill.
  1187.  
  1188. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  1189.  
  1190. A concise survey of religious topics either included or omitted in the narrative.
  1191.  
  1192. Find this resource:
  1193.  
  1194.  
  1195. Hornblower, Simon. 1992. The religious dimension to the Peloponnesian War, or what Thucydides does not tell us. Harvard Studies in Classical Philology 94:169–197.
  1196.  
  1197. DOI: 10.2307/311424Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  1198.  
  1199. Draws attention to what Thucydides might have added to his narrative had he thought it significant.
  1200.  
  1201. Find this resource:
  1202.  
  1203.  
  1204. Loraux, Nicole. 1985. La cité, l’historien, les femmes. Pallas 32:7–39.
  1205.  
  1206. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  1207.  
  1208. The absence of women reveals the limitations of Thucydides’ conception of political history without social history.
  1209.  
  1210. Find this resource:
  1211.  
  1212.  
  1213. Ancient Reception
  1214. Hornblower 1995 is a dense introduction to a neglected period.
  1215.  
  1216. Hornblower, Simon. 1995. The fourth-century and Hellenistic reception of Thucydides. Journal of Hellenic Studies 115:46–68.
  1217.  
  1218. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  1219.  
  1220. A detailed study of his possible influence on the fragmentary writers of this age (in contrast to Herodotus).
  1221.  
  1222. Find this resource:
  1223.  
  1224.  
  1225. Continuators
  1226. In the ancient world, both Rood 2004 and Nicolai 2009 describe how Thucydides’ concept of the practical value of historical paradigms was largely abandoned in favor of biographies of the great on the one hand, and rhetorical moralizing on the other.
  1227.  
  1228. Nicolai, Roberto. 2009. Ktêma es aei: Aspects of the reception of Thucydides in the ancient world. In Thucydides. Edited by Jeffrey S. Rusten, 381–404. Oxford Readings in Classical Studies. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
  1229.  
  1230. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  1231.  
  1232. The changing nature of civic life meant that Thucydides was no longer read by the ancients as political analysis, but as a rhetorical memorial of greatness.
  1233.  
  1234. Find this resource:
  1235.  
  1236.  
  1237. Rood, Tim. 2004. Xenophon and Diodorus: Continuing Thucydides. In Xenophon and his world: Papers from a conference held in Liverpool in July 1999. Edited by Christopher Tuplin, 341–396. Historia Einzelschriften 172. Stuttgart, Germany: Steiner.
  1238.  
  1239. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  1240.  
  1241. Although he distanced himself from some Thucydidean judgments, Xenophon (and Diodorus) has closer intertextual relations with Thucydides than hitherto suspected.
  1242.  
  1243. Find this resource:
  1244.  
  1245.  
  1246. Imitators
  1247. The historiographical form Thucydides introduced, with its professions of accuracy and insertion of speeches by leading characters, was adopted by every serious historian after him, and even his difficult prose style (which had no followers in Greek) was imitated by the Latin historians Sallust (Scanlon 1980) and Tacitus. Both Roman (Rodgers 1986) and Byzantine (Pazdernik 2000, Reinsch 2006) historians applied motifs and themes from his work to later events.
  1248.  
  1249. Pazdernik, Charles F. 2000. Procopius and Thucydides on the labors of war: Belisarius and Brasidas in the field. Transactions of the American Philological Association 130:149–187.
  1250.  
  1251. DOI: 10.1353/apa.2000.0011Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  1252.  
  1253. Procopius uses the theme of recovering a city’s freedom to give depth to the expeditions of Belisarius.
  1254.  
  1255. Find this resource:
  1256.  
  1257.  
  1258. Reinsch, Dieter Roderich. 2006. Byzantine adaptations of Thucydides. In Brill’s Companion to Thucydides. Edited by Antonios Rengakos and Antonis Tsakmakis, 756–778. Leiden, The Netherlands: Brill.
  1259.  
  1260. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  1261.  
  1262. The reputation and judgment of Thucydides’ Byzantine readers from Procopius to Critobulus.
  1263.  
  1264. Find this resource:
  1265.  
  1266.  
  1267. Rodgers, Barbara Saylor. 1986. Great expeditions: Livy on Thucydides. Transactions of the American Philological Association 116:335–352.
  1268.  
  1269. DOI: 10.2307/283923Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  1270.  
  1271. Parallels (whether in Livy or his sources) between the speeches of the Sicilian expedition and those of the second Punic war.
  1272.  
  1273. Find this resource:
  1274.  
  1275.  
  1276. Scanlon, Thomas Francis. 1980. The influence of Thucydides on Sallust. Bibliothek der Klassischen Altertumswissenschaften; n.F., 2. Reihe, Bd. 70. Heidelberg, Germany: Winter.
  1277.  
  1278. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  1279.  
  1280. Parallels in language and thoughts between the two historians.
  1281.  
  1282. Find this resource:
  1283.  
  1284.  
  1285. Critics
  1286. The idolatry of Thucydides by some (Greenwood 2006) was counterbalanced by hostile critics of his method (see Fox 2001), his influence (Weaire 2005), and his difficult Greek (Luzzatto 1999).
  1287.  
  1288. Fox, Matthew. 2001. Dionysius, Lucian, and the prejudice against rhetoric in history. Journal of Roman Studies 91:76–93.
  1289.  
  1290. DOI: 10.2307/3184771Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  1291.  
  1292. Some of Thucydides’ critics are motivated by a general antipathy to those he has influenced.
  1293.  
  1294. Find this resource:
  1295.  
  1296.  
  1297. Greenwood, Emily. 2006. Reading Thucydides with Lucian. In Thucydides and the shaping of history. By Emily Greenwood, 109–129. Classical Literature and Society. London: Duckworth.
  1298.  
  1299. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  1300.  
  1301. Lucian’s playful treatment of Thucydides has a serious purpose in appropriating some of the historian’s aura for himself.
  1302.  
  1303. Find this resource:
  1304.  
  1305.  
  1306. Luzzatto, Maria Jagoda. 1999. Tzetzes lettore di Tucidide: note autografe sul Codice Heidelberg palatino greco 252. Bari, Italy: Dedalo.
  1307.  
  1308. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  1309.  
  1310. The effusions of a learned but frustrated Byzantine reader of Thucydides.
  1311.  
  1312. Find this resource:
  1313.  
  1314.  
  1315. Weaire, Gavin Allen. 2005. Dionysius of Halicarnassus’ professional situation and the “De Thucydide.” Phoenix 59:246–266.
  1316.  
  1317. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  1318.  
  1319. The politics of Atticism in late Republican Rome.
  1320.  
  1321. Find this resource:
  1322.  
  1323.  
  1324. Modern Reception
  1325. The growing research specialty in classical reception is especially aptly applied to an author with such an enduring and controversial tradition of readings. Among others to come, Murari Pires 2008 inaugurates a single author’s project of a complete reception, whereas Valérie Fromentin, Sophie Gotteland, and Pascal Payen have organized three colloquia on the reception of Thucydides (2007–2008) that will be published. See the video of the final colloquium online.
  1326.  
  1327. Murari Pires, Francisco. 2008. Modernidades tucidideanas: Ktema es aei. Vol. I: No tempo dos humanistas: (Re)surgimento(s). São Paulo: Editora da Universidade de São Paulo.
  1328.  
  1329. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  1330.  
  1331. The inauguration of a multi-volume history of Thucydides’ reception in the modern age.
  1332.  
  1333. Find this resource:
  1334.  
  1335.  
  1336. Thucydide: introduction Valérie Fromentin, Sophie Gotteland, Pascal Payen.
  1337.  
  1338. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  1339.  
  1340. Video of the final colloquim
  1341.  
  1342. Find this resource:
  1343.  
  1344.  
  1345. Renaissance
  1346. Thucydides was less read in the Renaissance than Plutarch, but still admired, as Pade 2006 shows in detail.
  1347.  
  1348. Pade, Marianne. 2006. Thucydides’ Renaissance readers. In Brill’s Companion to Thucydides. Edited by Antonios Rengakos and Antonis Tsakmakis, 779–810. Leiden, The Netherlands: Brill.
  1349.  
  1350. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  1351.  
  1352. Thucydides was read in Greek by more than just Lorenzo Valla, but he was appreciated primarily for his rhetorical skill in the speeches.
  1353.  
  1354. Find this resource:
  1355.  
  1356.  
  1357. Historiography
  1358. In modern times, David Hume famously declared that real history began with Thucydides (Momigliano 1984), and in 19th-century Germany Von Ranke, Niebuhr, and Droysen raised him to be the ancestor of “scientific” history, aiming at an unmediated access to the past (Montepaone et al. 1994), while German philologists dissected the stages of composition (Piovan 1995).
  1359.  
  1360. Momigliano, Arnaldo. 1984. The place of ancient historiography in modern historiography. In Settimo contributo alla storia degli studi classici e del mondo antico. By Arnaldo Momigliano, 13–36. Storia e letteratura: raccolta di studi e testi 161. Rome: Edizioni di storia e letteratura.
  1361.  
  1362. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  1363.  
  1364. Discussion of the use of ancient historians (among them Thucydides) as models from the 18th century onward.
  1365.  
  1366. Find this resource:
  1367.  
  1368.  
  1369. Montepaone, C., G. Imbruglia, M. Catarzi, and M. L. Silvestre. 1994. Tucidide nella storiografia moderna: G. B. Niebuhr, L. v. Ranke, W. Roscher, E. Meyer. Cultura e storia 7. Naples, Italy: Morano.
  1370.  
  1371. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  1372.  
  1373. Essays on the Thucydides view of the great 19th-century German historians, and translations of relevant parts of their work.
  1374.  
  1375. Find this resource:
  1376.  
  1377.  
  1378. Piovan, Dino. 1995. Tucidide in Germania: tra storicismo e filologia. Patavium 3:35–63.
  1379.  
  1380. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  1381.  
  1382. German interpretations of Thucydides as historian and writer from Ullrich to Schwartz.
  1383.  
  1384. Find this resource:
  1385.  
  1386.  
  1387. European Political Theory
  1388. In the wake of the English civil war Thucydides greatly influenced Thomas Hobbes, who translated his work into English and adapted the “three greatest motives—fear, honor and advantage” (put forward by the Athenians justifying their empire, I.75) as the foundation of human behavior in Leviathan (Scott 2009). Ogilvie 1964 describes how he subsequently became a canonical university text.
  1389.  
  1390. Ogilvie, R. M. 1964. Plato, Thucydides, and the Victorians. In Latin and Greek: A history of the influence of the classics on English life from 1600 to 1918. By R. M. Ogilvie, 91–133. London: Routledge and Kegan Paul.
  1391.  
  1392. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  1393.  
  1394. How Thucydides received a place of honor in the Oxford “greats” curriculum.
  1395.  
  1396. Find this resource:
  1397.  
  1398.  
  1399. Scott, Jonathan. 2009. The peace of silence: Thucydides and the English civil war. In Thucydides. Edited by Jeffrey S. Rusten, 405–433. Oxford Readings in Classical Studies. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
  1400.  
  1401. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  1402.  
  1403. Thucydides’ political and literary impression on Hobbes remained strong to the end; he invoked the horrors of stasis to oppose Republicanism and insist on a more complex understanding of freedom and individual will.
  1404.  
  1405. Find this resource:
  1406.  
  1407.  
  1408. 20th-Century International Relations
  1409. In the 20th century, especially during the Cold War (Lebow and Strauss 1991), the Thucydidean dictum (from the Melian dialogue) that relations between states depended solely on a balance of power was represented by Hans Morgenthau, among others, especially with the advent of nuclear weapons, and by “realist” approaches to international relations today (Monten 2006, Low 2007). The variety and vividness of his analysis, narrative, and speeches lend themselves just as well to illustrating the horrors of war (Lebow 2003) and internal conflict (Ober 2009) as to explaining their inevitability in human nature.
  1410.  
  1411. Lebow, Richard Ned, and Barry S. Strauss. 1991. Hegemonic rivalry: From Thucydides to the nuclear age. Boulder. CO: Westview.
  1412.  
  1413. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  1414.  
  1415. A collection of essays on the Cold War and Thucydides, from a conference held in 1988.
  1416.  
  1417. Find this resource:
  1418.  
  1419.  
  1420. Lebow, Richard Ned. 2003. The tragic vision of politics: Ethics, interests and orders. Cambridge. UK: Cambridge University Press.
  1421.  
  1422. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  1423.  
  1424. Thucydides is not the founder of realism, but translates the worldview of tragedy into political narrative.
  1425.  
  1426. Find this resource:
  1427.  
  1428.  
  1429. Low, Polly. 2007. International relations and ancient history. In Interstate relations in Classical Greece: Morality and power. By Polly Low, 16–21. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press.
  1430.  
  1431. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  1432.  
  1433. A discussion not of the relevance of Thucydides to contemporary international relations, but of the (limited) relevance of contemporary debates to Thucydides.
  1434.  
  1435. Find this resource:
  1436.  
  1437.  
  1438. Monten, Jonathan. 2006. Thucydides and modern realism. International Studies Quarterly 50:3–25.
  1439.  
  1440. DOI: 10.1111/j.1468-2478.2006.00390.xSave Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  1441.  
  1442. A survey of the “cottage industry” in asserting or denying that Thucydides is a realist.
  1443.  
  1444. Find this resource:
  1445.  
  1446.  
  1447. Ober, Josiah. 2009. Thucydides theorêtikos/Thucydides histôr: Realist theory and the challenge of history. In Thucydides. Edited by Jeffrey S. Rusten, 434–478. Oxford Readings in Classical Studies. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
  1448.  
  1449. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  1450.  
  1451. Thucydides is not only the theorist of the rationalist power-equation, but also the historian of contingent, factual outcomes.
  1452.  
  1453. Find this resource:
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