2017-02-11 Saturday: 12 Experts

Greg Malivuk
[email protected]
http://www.pastebin.com/u/gmalivuk
“2017-02-11 Saturday: 12 Experts”
---
Homework:
Imagine a human and an alien are meeting for the first time. Use reported speech to describe (part of) their conversation.
Read the article about samurai on p. 147 and do parts 4, 5, 6 on p. 146.
---
part 4
1 T - “Their customs would have been familiar to a medieval European knight.”
2 F - They died out “during a long period of peace in Japan”.
3 T
4 F
5 T
part 5
1 appeal
2 overcoming
3 fierce
4 battle-weary
5 savage
6 unarmed
7 threat
8 lone
part 6
1 Bushido section - at the end, after “you will enjoy life”.
2 Samurai history section - after “If the court...might never have existed.”
3 Samurai identity section - after “...and went to the theater.”
4 Samurai today section - after “The samurai have inspired...TV dramas.”
---
There was a lone gunman. / The gunman was alone.
He bought live worms for fishing. / The worms he bought were alive.
Adjective forms with a- go after a linking verb (not before the noun):
The child is awake. (NOT *There is an awake child.)
The child is asleep. (NOT *There is an asleep child.)
---
p. 142 - Vocabulary: expeditions
part 1 - How are each of these things used or useful for an expedition? What other equipment should you bring on an expedition? (Think of at least three additional things.)
medicine
water filter / water purification
watch
camera
compass
map
extra batteries
sunscreen
flashlight
lighter / matches / flint and steel
extra clothes
soap
toothbrush
toilet paper
shovel
---
part 3 - Read about the two women.
What problems do you think they might have faced?
part 4 - Listen for what problems they had, and also listen for which woman says each of these things?
part 6 - Listen again and answer these questions.
1 local trackers and guides
2 screaming and shouting
3 put the tents in an elephant pathway
4 some tents were flattened
5 mammoth remains
6 remote and deserted
7 millions of mosquitoes
8 mosquito nets
---
English is weird. It can be understood through tough thorough thought, though.
---
part 7 - Who probably said each thing?
1 Emma
2 Beth
3 Beth
4 Emma
5 Beth
6 Emma
---
Grammar: “could have” and “should have”
We could have been killed. = It was possible, but it didn’t happen.
We couldn’t have avoided the insects. = It was not possible.
We should have taken more repellent. = It was a good idea, but we didn’t do it.
We shouldn’t have put up our tents there. = It was a bad idea, but we did it.
---
“could” and “might” can be real or unreal:
real - I can’t find my lottery ticket. I could/might have won a million dollars! = Maybe I won, but I don’t know.
unreal - I wish I had bought a ticket. I could/might have won a million dollars! = It was possible, but it didn’t happen.
---
p. 143 part 11 - Pronunciation: modal + “have”
could have / could’ve / coulda - “We coulda been killed.”
should have / should’ve / shoulda - “We shoulda taken more repellent.”
would have / would’ve / woulda - “I woulda camped somewhere else.”
might have / might’ve / mighta
must have / must’ve / musta
couldn’t have / couldn’t’ve / couldna - “We couldna gone there at a different time.”
(shouldna and wouldna, but NOT “mightna” or “mustna”)
---
part 10 - Complete the story with could have, couldn’t have, should have, or shouldn’t have plus the correct form of the verb.
1 shouldn’t have eaten
2 couldn’t have felt
3 should have had
4 should have taken
5 could have died
---
p. 144 part 1 - What do you know about the Arctic? How do the people who live there overcome the difficulties of the environment? How do they overcome boredom?
---
BREAK
---
p. 144 part 2 - Read the first paragraph of the book review and find this information.
1 to find a route to Asia through the Northwest Passage
2 They ended in failure and tragedy.
3 brave, foolish
“Explorers could have avoided starvation, frostbite, and even death if they had copied the survival techniques of the local Inuit people.”
= They didn’t avoid those problems because they didn’t copy the Inuit survival techniques.
---
Read the rest of the review.
If they had learned to build igloos, the explorers would have been warm even in the worst Arctic weather.
= They didn’t learn to build igloos, so they weren’t warm.
If the explorers had worn sealskin and furs like the Inuit, they wouldn’t have suffered from the frostbite that was common among them.
= They didn’t wear sealskin and furs like the Inuit, so they suffered from frostbite.
Parry’s men wouldn’t have been as healthy if they hadn’t eaten the salads.
= Parry’s men were healthy because they ate the salads.
---
Grammar: Third Conditional = past unreal conditional
if + [past perfect], would/could/might + have + past participle
If I had studied, I would have passed the test. = I didn’t study, so I didn’t pass the test.
= I would have passed the test if I had studied. = I didn’t pass the test because I didn’t study.
---
p. 143 part 12 (sort of) - Tell your group about a time you had a problem or made a mistake with one of the things in the list. Then talk about what you could have or should have done differently, and what would have happened if you had done it differently.
---
The difference between “could”, “might”, and “would”:
If I had been rich, I would have bought a house. = This would definitely have been my decision. I want a house. / In reality, I didn’t by a house because I wasn’t rich.
If I had been rich, I could have bought a house. = This would have been possible. I would have had enough money to afford a house. (But you don’t know anything about my choice.) / In reality, I couldn’t buy a house because I wasn’t rich.
If I had been rich, I might have bought a house. = I don’t know what my decision would have been. Maybe a house, maybe something else.
---
p. 145 part 9 - With your partner, decide which sentences go together, and then write a third conditional sentence about the situation.
1 b - If we had planned everything better, the vacation wouldn’t have been a disaster.
2 c - If we had known how to read the road signs, we wouldn’t have gotten lost.
3 e - If we had taken a phrase book, we could have asked for help.
4 d - If the local people hadn’t given us directions, we couldn’t have found the way back to the main road.
5 a - If we hadn’t forgotten to check the museum opening times, we wouldn’t have gotten there too late.
	If we had checked the museum opening times, we would have gotten there on time.
6 f - If we had bought tickets ahead of time, we could have gotten into the museum.
---
Remember: this is an unreal conditional, so affirmative and negative statements are the opposite of what they are in a simple statement about the past.
---
In all unreal conditionals, we can express the same meaning without explicitly saying “if”.
- We couldn’t have avoided the insects (if we had camped somewhere else).
- I would have studied more (if I were you). = I think you should have studied more.
- I would like some water (if it’s possible for you to bring it to me).
---
We use the same grammar for if-clauses and wishes:
I wish I were rich. = If I were rich, I would be happier.
I wish I had studied more. = If I had studied more, I would be happier (because I would have passed).
I wish it were summer. = If it were summer, I would be happier.
She wishes she had brought her umbrella. = If she had brought her umbrella, she would be happier.
---
p. 138 - Crossing Antarctica
What problems do you think they had to deal with on their trip?
Watch the video for parts 4 and 5.
part 5
1 T
2 T
3 F
4 F
5 F
6 F
7 T
8 T
---
NO CLASS NEXT WEEK
The next session starts on Saturday, February 25.
---
Homework: 11-12 Test (you don’t need to do this if you won’t be in my class next session, but even if you’re not, you can do it and I’ll check it for you.)