2014-10-29 Structure: infinitives

Greg Malivuk
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http://www.pastebin.com/u/gmalivuk
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Homework: p. 277 exercise 2B, 278-279 (3, 4A)
exercise 2B
2 Bob's helping
3 My boss's criticizing
4 Her living
5 Mary's advising
6 my becoming
7 their  being
8 Our getting
I saw Bob driving. (I saw Bob while he was driving.)
I saw Bob's driving. (I saw how Bob drives.)
use, excuse, abuse, reuse - same spelling, but the sound changes between noun and verb
advise/advice

subj	obj	possessive
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I	me	my	mine
you	you	your	yours
we	us	our	ours
they	them	their	theirs
he	him	his	his
she	her	her	hers
it	it	its	(its)
who	whom	whose	whose
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exercise 3
2 seeing her
3 having enrolled (I enrolled before I was angry.)
4 assigning
5 arguing
6 having said (She said it in the past.)
7 studying
8 helping
9 passing
10 having told
(1 and 6 are the only ones where it is *necessary* to use "having", because the gerund action happened in the past but the main verb is in the present.)

I look forward to learning French.
= I'm excited about the process of learning a new language.

I look forward to having learned French.
= I just want to know French, which will happen after I learn it. (But maybe I'm *not* looking forward to the learning period.)
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exercise 4
1 Do you prefer being asked out on a date or asking someone yourself?
2 Are you more interested in entertaining yourself or in being entertained by others?
3 Do you prefer preparing dinner yourself or being invited to dinner by friends?
4 Do you like being told what to do or giving orders?
5 Do you like figuring things out yourself or being shown how to do things?
6 Do you prefer being given advice by friends or giving your friends advice?

Being told what to do takes out the guesswork.

Let's not reinvent the wheel.
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p. 285
connotation: the "extra" meaning a word has, for example if it's a positive or negative word

postpone / procrastinate

careful / paranoid

thin / skinny

economic(al) / cheap or stingy or tight-fisted

(All of these pairs can describe the same thing, but if I use the ones on the right it means I have a more negative opinion about that thing.)

euphemism: a word or expression with a more positive or neutral connotation, to talk about something normally considered inappropriate for polite conversation
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INFINITIVES
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to + base form

Some things are the same as gerunds:

- subject: To procrastinate causes many problems.
- object: I don't like to study.

Other things are only possible with infinitives:

(after adjectives)
It is important to study every day.
I am surprised to see you here.
It's nice to meet you.
I'm pleased to meet you.

(after "too" and "enough")
She is too short to go on this ride.
I'm not old enough to be the president.
They are old enough to vote.
He doesn't have enough money to buy a new computer.

(after most nouns)
I made a decision to go to college.
There's no reason to do this at home.
It is time to go to school.

(infinitives of purpose)
I went to the store to buy milk.
I'm studying English to get a better job in my country.
Who did you go with to buy your new car?
(these go at the end of the sentence, which is sometimes after a preposition)

- infinitives can also be past and passive:
I'm very glad to have met you.
I was happy to be invited to the party.
I am pleased to have been invited to the party.
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Homework: p. 293 exercise 3 and p. 294 exercise 4