user1@lab:~$ touch myscript

user1@lab:~$ ls -l
total 8
-rw-rw-r-- 1 user1 user1  0 Nov  5 17:16 myscript
-rw------- 1 user1 user1  2 Oct 27 07:41 nano.save
-rw-rw-r-- 1 user1 user1  0 Nov  4 18:45 pids
-rw-rw-r-- 1 user1 user1  0 Oct 20 09:29 test.sh
-rwxrwxr-x 1 user1 user1 26 Oct 27 07:24 text

user1@lab:~$ chmod +x ./myscript

user1@lab:~$ ls -l
total 8
-rwxrwxr-x 1 user1 user1  0 Nov  5 17:16 myscript
-rw------- 1 user1 user1  2 Oct 27 07:41 nano.save
-rw-rw-r-- 1 user1 user1  0 Nov  4 18:45 pids
-rw-rw-r-- 1 user1 user1  0 Oct 20 09:29 test.sh
-rwxrwxr-x 1 user1 user1 26 Oct 27 07:24 text

user1@lab:~$ nano ./myscript

  GNU nano 2.5.3              File: ./myscript                        Modified

#!/bin/bash
# This is a comment

pwd
whoami

user1@lab:~$ ./myscript
/home/user1
user1

-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

user1@lab:~$ nano ./myscript

  GNU nano 2.5.3              File: ./myscript                        Modified

#!/bin/bash
# our comment is here

echo "The current directory is:"
pwd
echo "The user logged in is:"
whoami

user1@lab:~$ ./myscript
The current directory is:
/home/user1
The user logged in is:
user1

-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

user1@lab:~$ nano ./myscript

  GNU nano 2.5.3              File: ./myscript                        Modified

#!/bin/bash
# display user home

echo "Home for the current user is: $HOME"

user1@lab:~$ ./myscript
Home for the current user is: /home/user1

-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

user1@lab:~$ nano ./myscript

  GNU nano 2.5.3              File: ./myscript                        Modified

#!/bin/bash

echo "I have $1 in my pocket"
echo "I have \$1 in my pocket"

user1@lab:~$ ./myscript
I have  in my pocket
I have $1 in my pocket

user1@lab:~$ ./myscript web
I have web in my pocket
I have $1 in my pocket

-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

user1@lab:~$ nano ./myscript

  GNU nano 2.5.3                File: ./myscript                             Modified

#!/bin/bash
# testing variables

grade=5
person="Adam"
echo "$person is a good boy, he is in grade $grade"

user1@lab:~$ ./myscript
Adam is a good boy, he is in grade 5

-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

user1@lab:~$ nano ./myscript

  GNU nano 2.5.3              File: ./myscript                        Modified

#!/bin/bash

mydir=`pwd`
echo $mydir

mydir1=$(pwd)
echo $mydir1

user1@lab:~$ ./myscript
/home/user1
/home/user1

-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

user1@lab:~$ nano ./myscript

  GNU nano 2.5.3                File: ./myscript                             Modified

#!/bin/bash

var1=$(( 5 + 5 ))
echo $var1
var2=$(( $var1 * 2 ))
echo $var2

user1@lab:~$ ./myscript
10
20

-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

user1@lab:~$ nano ./myscript

  GNU nano 2.5.3                File: ./myscript                             Modified

#!/bin/bash

if pwd
then
echo "It works"
fi

user1@lab:~$ ./myscript
/home/user1
It works

-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

user1@lab:~$ nano ./myscript

  GNU nano 2.5.3                File: ./myscript                             Modified

#!/bin/bash

user=user1

if grep $user /etc/passwd
then
echo "The user $user Exists"
fi

user1@lab:~$ ./myscript
user1:x:1000:1000::/home/user1:/bin/bash
user10:x:1009:1009::/home/user10:/bin/bash
The user user1 Exists

-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

user1@lab:~$ nano ./myscript

  GNU nano 2.5.3                File: ./myscript                             Modified

#!/bin/bash

user=anotherUser

if grep $user /etc/passwd
then
echo "The user $user Exists"
else
echo "The user $user doesn't exist"
fi

user1@lab:~$ ./myscript
The user anotherUser doesn't exist

-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

user1@lab:~$ nano ./myscript

  GNU nano 2.5.3                File: ./myscript                             Modified

#!/bin/bash

user=anotherUser

if grep $user /etc/passwd
then
echo "The user $user Exists"
elif ls /home
then
echo "The user doesn't exist but anyway there is a directory under /home"
fi

user1@lab:~$ ./myscript
user1  user10  user2  user3  user4  user5  user6  user7  user8  user9
The user doesn't exist but anyway there is a directory under /home

-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

user1@lab:~$ nano ./myscript

  GNU nano 2.5.3                File: ./myscript                             Modified

#!/bin/bash

val1=6
if [ $val1 -gt 5 ]
then
echo "The test value $val1 is greater than 5"
else
echo "The test value $val1 is not greater than 5"
fi

user1@lab:~$ ./myscript
The test value 6 is greater than 5

-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

user1@lab:~$ nano ./myscript

  GNU nano 2.5.3                File: ./myscript                             Modified

#!/bin/bash

user="user1"

if [ $user = $USER ]
then
echo "The user $user is the current logged in user"
fi

user1@lab:~$ ./myscript
The user user1 is the current logged in user

-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

user1@lab:~$ nano ./myscript

  GNU nano 2.5.3                File: ./myscript                             Modified

#!/bin/bash

val1=text
val2="another text"

if [ $val1 \> $val2 ]
then
echo "$val1 is greater than $val2"
else
echo "$val1 is less than $val2"
fi

user1@lab:~$ ./myscript
./myscript: line 6: [: too many arguments
text is less than another text

user1@lab:~$ nano ./myscript

  GNU nano 2.5.3                File: ./myscript                             Modified

#!/bin/bash

val1=text
val2="another text"

if [ $val1 \> "$val2" ]
then
echo "$val1 is greater than $val2"
else
echo "$val1 is less than $val2"
fi

user1@lab:~$ ./myscript
text is greater than another text

-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

user1@lab:~$ nano ./myscript

  GNU nano 2.5.3                File: ./myscript                             Modified

#!/bin/bash

val1=User1
val2=user1

if [ $val1 \> $val2 ]
then
echo "$val1 is greater than $val2"
else
echo "$val1 is less than $val2"
fi

user1@lab:~$ ./myscript
User1 is less than user1

user1@lab:~$ echo -e "User1\nuser1\nWeb\nIT\nprograming\n2017\n.." > ./myfile

user1@lab:~$ ls -l
total 16
-rw-rw-r-- 1 user1 user1  38 Nov  5 19:15 myfile
-rwxrwxr-x 1 user1 user1 138 Nov  5 18:54 myscript
-rw------- 1 user1 user1   2 Oct 27 07:41 nano.save
-rw-rw-r-- 1 user1 user1   0 Nov  4 18:45 pids
-rw-rw-r-- 1 user1 user1   0 Oct 20 09:29 test.sh
-rwxrwxr-x 1 user1 user1  26 Oct 27 07:24 text

user1@lab:~$ cat ./myfile
User1
user1
Web
IT
programing
2017
..
user1@lab:~$ sort ./myfile
..
2017
IT
User1
Web
programing
user1

-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

user1@lab:~$ nano ./myscript

  GNU nano 2.5.3                File: ./myscript                             Modified

#!/bin/bash

mydir=/home/user1

if [ -d $mydir ]
then
echo "The $mydir directory exists"
cd $mydir
ls
else
echo "The $mydir directory does not exist"
fi

user1@lab:~$ ./myscript
The /home/user1 directory exists
myfile  myscript  nano.save  pids  test.sh  text

-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

user1@lab:~$ nano ./myscript

  GNU nano 2.5.3                File: ./myscript                             Modified

#!/bin/bash

for var in first second third fourth fifth
do
echo The $var item
done

user1@lab:~$ ./myscript
The first item
The second item
The third item
The fourth item
The fifth item

-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

user1@lab:~$ nano ./myscript

  GNU nano 2.5.3                File: ./myscript                             Modified

#!/bin/bash

for var in first "the second" "the third" "I'll do it"
do
echo "This is: $var"
done

user1@lab:~$ ./myscript
This is: first
This is: the second
This is: the third
This is: I'll do it

-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

user1@lab:~$ nano ./myscript

  GNU nano 2.5.3                File: ./myscript                             Modified

#!/bin/bash

file="myfile"

for var in $(cat $file)
do
echo " $var"
done

user1@lab:~$ ./myscript
 User1
 user1
 Web
 IT
 programing
 2017
 ..

-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

user1@lab:~$ nano ./myscript

  GNU nano 2.5.3                File: ./myscript                             Modified

#!/bin/bash

file="/etc/passwd"

IFS=$'\n'

for var in $(cat $file)
do
echo " $var"
done

user1@lab:~$ ./myscript
 root:x:0:0:root:/root:/bin/bash
 daemon:x:1:1:daemon:/usr/sbin:/usr/sbin/nologin
 bin:x:2:2:bin:/bin:/usr/sbin/nologin
 sys:x:3:3:sys:/dev:/usr/sbin/nologin
 sync:x:4:65534:sync:/bin:/bin/sync
 games:x:5:60:games:/usr/games:/usr/sbin/nologin
 man:x:6:12:man:/var/cache/man:/usr/sbin/nologin
 lp:x:7:7:lp:/var/spool/lpd:/usr/sbin/nologin
 mail:x:8:8:mail:/var/mail:/usr/sbin/nologin
 news:x:9:9:news:/var/spool/news:/usr/sbin/nologin
 uucp:x:10:10:uucp:/var/spool/uucp:/usr/sbin/nologin
 proxy:x:13:13:proxy:/bin:/usr/sbin/nologin
 www-data:x:33:33:www-data:/var/www:/usr/sbin/nologin
 backup:x:34:34:backup:/var/backups:/usr/sbin/nologin
 list:x:38:38:Mailing List Manager:/var/list:/usr/sbin/nologin
 irc:x:39:39:ircd:/var/run/ircd:/usr/sbin/nologin
 gnats:x:41:41:Gnats Bug-Reporting System (admin):/var/lib/gnats:/usr/sbin/nologin
 nobody:x:65534:65534:nobody:/nonexistent:/usr/sbin/nologin
 systemd-timesync:x:100:102:systemd Time Synchronization,,,:/run/systemd:/bin/false
 systemd-network:x:101:103:systemd Network Management,,,:/run/systemd/netif:/bin/false
 systemd-resolve:x:102:104:systemd Resolver,,,:/run/systemd/resolve:/bin/false
 systemd-bus-proxy:x:103:105:systemd Bus Proxy,,,:/run/systemd:/bin/false
 syslog:x:104:109::/home/syslog:/bin/false
 _apt:x:105:65534::/nonexistent:/bin/false
 postfix:x:106:112::/var/spool/postfix:/bin/false
 sshd:x:107:65534::/var/run/sshd:/usr/sbin/nologin
 uuidd:x:108:115::/run/uuidd:/bin/false
 messagebus:x:109:116::/var/run/dbus:/bin/false
 user1:x:1000:1000::/home/user1:/bin/bash
 user2:x:1001:1001::/home/user2:/bin/bash
 user3:x:1002:1002::/home/user3:/bin/bash
 user4:x:1003:1003::/home/user4:/bin/bash
 user5:x:1004:1004::/home/user5:/bin/bash
 user6:x:1005:1005::/home/user6:/bin/bash
 user7:x:1006:1006::/home/user7:/bin/bash
 user8:x:1007:1007::/home/user8:/bin/bash
 user9:x:1008:1008::/home/user9:/bin/bash
 user10:x:1009:1009::/home/user10:/bin/bash

-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

user1@lab:~$ nano ./myscript

  GNU nano 2.5.3                File: ./myscript                             Modified

#!/bin/bash

for file in /home/user1/*
do
if [ -d "$file" ]
then
echo "$file is a directory"
elif [ -f "$file" ]
then
echo "$file is a file"
fi
done

user1@lab:~$ ./myscript
/home/user1/myfile is a file
/home/user1/myscript is a file
/home/user1/nano.save is a file
/home/user1/pids is a file
/home/user1/test.sh is a file
/home/user1/text is a file

-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

user1@lab:~$ nano ./myscript

  GNU nano 2.5.3                File: ./myscript                             Modified

#!/bin/bash

for (( i=1; i <= 10; i++ ))
do
echo "number is $i"
done

user1@lab:~$ ./myscript
number is 1
number is 2
number is 3
number is 4
number is 5
number is 6
number is 7
number is 8
number is 9
number is 10

-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

user1@lab:~$ nano ./myscript

  GNU nano 2.5.3                File: ./myscript                             Modified

#!/bin/bash

var1=5

while [ $var1 -gt 0 ]
do
echo $var1
var1=$[ $var1 - 1 ]
done

user1@lab:~$ ./myscript
5
4
3
2
1

-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

user1@lab:~$ nano ./myscript

  GNU nano 2.5.3                File: ./myscript                             Modified

#!/bin/bash

for (( a = 1; a <= 3; a++ ))
do
echo "Start $a:"
for (( b = 1; b <= 3; b++ ))
do
echo " Inner loop: $b"
done
done

user1@lab:~$ ./myscript
Start 1:
 Inner loop: 1
 Inner loop: 2
 Inner loop: 3
Start 2:
 Inner loop: 1
 Inner loop: 2
 Inner loop: 3
Start 3:
 Inner loop: 1
 Inner loop: 2
 Inner loop: 3

-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

user1@lab:~$ nano ./myscript

  GNU nano 2.5.3                File: ./myscript                             Modified

#!/bin/bash

IFS=$'\n'

for entry in $(cat /etc/passwd)
do
echo "Values in $entry -"
IFS=:
for value in $entry
do
echo " $value"
done
done

user1@lab:~$ ./myscript
Values in root:x:0:0:root:/root:/bin/bash -
 root
 x
 0
 0
 root
 /root
 /bin/bash
Values in daemon:x:1:1:daemon:/usr/sbin:/usr/sbin/nologin -
 daemon
 x
 1
 1
 daemon
 /usr/sbin
 /usr/sbin/nologin
Values in bin:x:2:2:bin:/bin:/usr/sbin/nologin -
 bin
 x
 2
 2
 bin
 /bin
 /usr/sbin/nologin
Values in sys:x:3:3:sys:/dev:/usr/sbin/nologin -
 sys
 x
 3
 3
 sys
 /dev
 /usr/sbin/nologin
Values in sync:x:4:65534:sync:/bin:/bin/sync -
 sync
 x
 4
 65534
 sync
 /bin
 /bin/sync
Values in games:x:5:60:games:/usr/games:/usr/sbin/nologin -
 games
 x
 5
 60
 games
 /usr/games
 /usr/sbin/nologin
Values in man:x:6:12:man:/var/cache/man:/usr/sbin/nologin -
 man
 x
 6
 12
 man
 /var/cache/man
 /usr/sbin/nologin
Values in lp:x:7:7:lp:/var/spool/lpd:/usr/sbin/nologin -
 lp
 x
 7
 7
 lp
 /var/spool/lpd
 /usr/sbin/nologin
Values in mail:x:8:8:mail:/var/mail:/usr/sbin/nologin -
 mail
 x
 8
 8
 mail
 /var/mail
 /usr/sbin/nologin
Values in news:x:9:9:news:/var/spool/news:/usr/sbin/nologin -
 news
 x
 9
 9
 news
 /var/spool/news
 /usr/sbin/nologin
Values in uucp:x:10:10:uucp:/var/spool/uucp:/usr/sbin/nologin -
 uucp
 x
 10
 10
 uucp
 /var/spool/uucp
 /usr/sbin/nologin
Values in proxy:x:13:13:proxy:/bin:/usr/sbin/nologin -
 proxy
 x
 13
 13
 proxy
 /bin
 /usr/sbin/nologin
Values in www-data:x:33:33:www-data:/var/www:/usr/sbin/nologin -
 www-data
 x
 33
 33
 www-data
 /var/www
 /usr/sbin/nologin
Values in backup:x:34:34:backup:/var/backups:/usr/sbin/nologin -
 backup
 x
 34
 34
 backup
 /var/backups
 /usr/sbin/nologin
Values in list:x:38:38:Mailing List Manager:/var/list:/usr/sbin/nologin -
 list
 x
 38
 38
 Mailing List Manager
 /var/list
 /usr/sbin/nologin
Values in irc:x:39:39:ircd:/var/run/ircd:/usr/sbin/nologin -
 irc
 x
 39
 39
 ircd
 /var/run/ircd
 /usr/sbin/nologin
Values in gnats:x:41:41:Gnats Bug-Reporting System (admin):/var/lib/gnats:/usr/sbin/nologin -
 gnats
 x
 41
 41
 Gnats Bug-Reporting System (admin)
 /var/lib/gnats
 /usr/sbin/nologin
Values in nobody:x:65534:65534:nobody:/nonexistent:/usr/sbin/nologin -
 nobody
 x
 65534
 65534
 nobody
 /nonexistent
 /usr/sbin/nologin
Values in systemd-timesync:x:100:102:systemd Time Synchronization,,,:/run/systemd:/bin/false -
 systemd-timesync
 x
 100
 102
 systemd Time Synchronization,,,
 /run/systemd
 /bin/false
Values in systemd-network:x:101:103:systemd Network Management,,,:/run/systemd/netif:/bin/false -
 systemd-network
 x
 101
 103
 systemd Network Management,,,
 /run/systemd/netif
 /bin/false
Values in systemd-resolve:x:102:104:systemd Resolver,,,:/run/systemd/resolve:/bin/false -
 systemd-resolve
 x
 102
 104
 systemd Resolver,,,
 /run/systemd/resolve
 /bin/false
Values in systemd-bus-proxy:x:103:105:systemd Bus Proxy,,,:/run/systemd:/bin/false -
 systemd-bus-proxy
 x
 103
 105
 systemd Bus Proxy,,,
 /run/systemd
 /bin/false
Values in syslog:x:104:109::/home/syslog:/bin/false -
 syslog
 x
 104
 109

 /home/syslog
 /bin/false
Values in _apt:x:105:65534::/nonexistent:/bin/false -
 _apt
 x
 105
 65534

 /nonexistent
 /bin/false
Values in postfix:x:106:112::/var/spool/postfix:/bin/false -
 postfix
 x
 106
 112

 /var/spool/postfix
 /bin/false
Values in sshd:x:107:65534::/var/run/sshd:/usr/sbin/nologin -
 sshd
 x
 107
 65534

 /var/run/sshd
 /usr/sbin/nologin
Values in uuidd:x:108:115::/run/uuidd:/bin/false -
 uuidd
 x
 108
 115

 /run/uuidd
 /bin/false
Values in messagebus:x:109:116::/var/run/dbus:/bin/false -
 messagebus
 x
 109
 116

 /var/run/dbus
 /bin/false
Values in user1:x:1000:1000::/home/user1:/bin/bash -
 user1
 x
 1000
 1000

 /home/user1
 /bin/bash
Values in user2:x:1001:1001::/home/user2:/bin/bash -
 user2
 x
 1001
 1001

 /home/user2
 /bin/bash
Values in user3:x:1002:1002::/home/user3:/bin/bash -
 user3
 x
 1002
 1002

 /home/user3
 /bin/bash
Values in user4:x:1003:1003::/home/user4:/bin/bash -
 user4
 x
 1003
 1003

 /home/user4
 /bin/bash
Values in user5:x:1004:1004::/home/user5:/bin/bash -
 user5
 x
 1004
 1004

 /home/user5
 /bin/bash
Values in user6:x:1005:1005::/home/user6:/bin/bash -
 user6
 x
 1005
 1005

 /home/user6
 /bin/bash
Values in user7:x:1006:1006::/home/user7:/bin/bash -
 user7
 x
 1006
 1006

 /home/user7
 /bin/bash
Values in user8:x:1007:1007::/home/user8:/bin/bash -
 user8
 x
 1007
 1007

 /home/user8
 /bin/bash
Values in user9:x:1008:1008::/home/user9:/bin/bash -
 user9
 x
 1008
 1008

 /home/user9
 /bin/bash
Values in user10:x:1009:1009::/home/user10:/bin/bash -
 user10
 x
 1009
 1009

 /home/user10
 /bin/bash

-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

user1@lab:~$ nano ./myscript

  GNU nano 2.5.3                File: ./myscript                             Modified

#!/bin/bash

for var1 in 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
do
if [ $var1 -eq 5 ]
then
break
fi
echo "Number: $var1"
done

user1@lab:~$ ./myscript
Number: 1
Number: 2
Number: 3
Number: 4

-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

user1@lab:~$ nano ./myscript

  GNU nano 2.5.3                File: ./myscript                             Modified

#!/bin/bash

var1=1

while [ $var1 -lt 10 ]
do
if [ $var1 -eq 5 ]
then
break
fi
echo "Iteration: $var1"
var1=$(( $var1 + 1 ))
done

user1@lab:~$ ./myscript
Iteration: 1
Iteration: 2
Iteration: 3
Iteration: 4

-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

user1@lab:~$ nano ./myscript

  GNU nano 2.5.3                File: ./myscript                             Modified

#!/bin/bash

for (( var1 = 1; var1 < 15; var1++ ))
do
if [ $var1 -gt 5 ] && [ $var1 -lt 10 ]
then
continue
fi
echo "Iteration number: $var1"
done

user1@lab:~$ ./myscript
Iteration number: 1
Iteration number: 2
Iteration number: 3
Iteration number: 4
Iteration number: 5
Iteration number: 10
Iteration number: 11
Iteration number: 12
Iteration number: 13
Iteration number: 14

-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

user1@lab:~$ nano ./myscript

  GNU nano 2.5.3                File: ./myscript                             Modified

#!/bin/bash

for (( a = 1; a < 10; a++ ))
do
echo "Number is $a"
done > myfile.txt
echo "finished."

user1@lab:~$ ./myscript
finished.

user1@lab:~$ ls -l
total 20
-rw-rw-r-- 1 user1 user1  38 Nov  5 19:15 myfile
-rw-rw-r-- 1 user1 user1 108 Nov  5 20:22 myfile.txt
-rwxrwxr-x 1 user1 user1 100 Nov  5 20:21 myscript
-rw------- 1 user1 user1   2 Oct 27 07:41 nano.save
-rw-rw-r-- 1 user1 user1   0 Nov  4 18:45 pids
-rw-rw-r-- 1 user1 user1   0 Oct 20 09:29 test.sh
-rwxrwxr-x 1 user1 user1  26 Oct 27 07:24 text

user1@lab:~$ cat myfile.txt
Number is 1
Number is 2
Number is 3
Number is 4
Number is 5
Number is 6
Number is 7
Number is 8
Number is 9

-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

user1@lab:~$ nano ./myscript

  GNU nano 2.5.3                File: ./myscript                             Modified

#!/bin/bash

IFS=:

for folder in $PATH
do
echo "$folder:"
for file in $folder/*
do
if [ -x $file ]
then
echo " $file"
fi
done
done

user1@lab:~$ ./myscript
/usr/local/sbin:
/usr/local/bin:
/usr/sbin:
 /usr/sbin/aa-exec
 /usr/sbin/aa-status
 /usr/sbin/accessdb
 /usr/sbin/add-shell
 /usr/sbin/addgroup
 /usr/sbin/adduser
 /usr/sbin/apparmor_status
 /usr/sbin/arp
 /usr/sbin/arpd
 /usr/sbin/biosdecode
 /usr/sbin/chgpasswd
 /usr/sbin/chpasswd
 /usr/sbin/chroot
 /usr/sbin/cpgr
 /usr/sbin/cppw
 /usr/sbin/cron
 /usr/sbin/delgroup
 /usr/sbin/deluser
 /usr/sbin/dmidecode
 /usr/sbin/dpkg-divert
 /usr/sbin/dpkg-preconfigure
 /usr/sbin/dpkg-reconfigure
 /usr/sbin/dpkg-statoverride
 /usr/sbin/e2freefrag
 /usr/sbin/e4defrag
 /usr/sbin/fdformat
 /usr/sbin/filefrag
 /usr/sbin/genl
 /usr/sbin/groupadd
 /usr/sbin/groupdel
 /usr/sbin/groupmod
 /usr/sbin/grpck
 /usr/sbin/grpconv
 /usr/sbin/grpunconv
 /usr/sbin/iconvconfig
 /usr/sbin/install-sgmlcatalog
 /usr/sbin/invoke-rc.d
 /usr/sbin/ip6tables-apply
 /usr/sbin/iptables-apply
 /usr/sbin/irqbalance
 /usr/sbin/ldattach
 /usr/sbin/locale-gen
 /usr/sbin/logrotate
 /usr/sbin/make-ssl-cert
 /usr/sbin/mkinitramfs
 /usr/sbin/mklost+found
 /usr/sbin/newusers
 /usr/sbin/nfnl_osf
 /usr/sbin/nologin
 /usr/sbin/ownership
 /usr/sbin/pam-auth-update
 /usr/sbin/pam_getenv
 /usr/sbin/pam_timestamp_check
 /usr/sbin/popcon-largest-unused
 /usr/sbin/popularity-contest
 /usr/sbin/postalias
 /usr/sbin/postcat
 /usr/sbin/postconf
 /usr/sbin/postdrop
 /usr/sbin/postfix
 /usr/sbin/postfix-add-filter
 /usr/sbin/postfix-add-policy
 /usr/sbin/postkick
 /usr/sbin/postlock
 /usr/sbin/postlog
 /usr/sbin/postmap
 /usr/sbin/postmulti
 /usr/sbin/postqueue
 /usr/sbin/postsuper
 /usr/sbin/posttls-finger
 /usr/sbin/pwck
 /usr/sbin/pwconv
 /usr/sbin/pwunconv
 /usr/sbin/qmqp-sink
 /usr/sbin/qmqp-source
 /usr/sbin/qshape
 /usr/sbin/readprofile
 /usr/sbin/remove-shell
 /usr/sbin/rmail
 /usr/sbin/rmt
 /usr/sbin/rmt-tar
 /usr/sbin/rsyslogd
 /usr/sbin/rtcwake
 /usr/sbin/sendmail
 /usr/sbin/service
 /usr/sbin/setvesablank
 /usr/sbin/smtp-sink
 /usr/sbin/smtp-source
 /usr/sbin/sshd
 /usr/sbin/tarcat
 /usr/sbin/tcpdump
 /usr/sbin/tunelp
 /usr/sbin/tzconfig
 /usr/sbin/ufw
 /usr/sbin/update-alternatives
 /usr/sbin/update-ca-certificates
 /usr/sbin/update-catalog
 /usr/sbin/update-info-dir
 /usr/sbin/update-initramfs
 /usr/sbin/update-locale
 /usr/sbin/update-mime
 /usr/sbin/update-passwd
 /usr/sbin/update-pciids
 /usr/sbin/update-rc.d
 /usr/sbin/update-usbids
 /usr/sbin/update-xmlcatalog
 /usr/sbin/useradd
 /usr/sbin/userdel
 /usr/sbin/usermod
 /usr/sbin/uuidd
 /usr/sbin/validlocale
 /usr/sbin/vcstime
 /usr/sbin/vigr
 /usr/sbin/vipw
 /usr/sbin/visudo
 /usr/sbin/vpddecode
 /usr/sbin/zic
/usr/bin:
 /usr/bin/2to3-3.5
 /usr/bin/X11
 /usr/bin/[
 /usr/bin/aa-enabled
 /usr/bin/addpart
 /usr/bin/appres
 /usr/bin/apropos
 /usr/bin/apt
 /usr/bin/apt-cache
 /usr/bin/apt-cdrom
 /usr/bin/apt-config
 /usr/bin/apt-extracttemplates
 /usr/bin/apt-ftparchive
 /usr/bin/apt-get
 /usr/bin/apt-key
 /usr/bin/apt-mark
 /usr/bin/apt-sortpkgs
 /usr/bin/arch
 /usr/bin/atobm
 /usr/bin/awk
 /usr/bin/base32
 /usr/bin/base64
 /usr/bin/basename
 /usr/bin/bashbug
 /usr/bin/bitmap
 /usr/bin/bmtoa
 /usr/bin/bootctl
 /usr/bin/bsd-from
 /usr/bin/bsd-write
 /usr/bin/busctl
 /usr/bin/c_rehash
 /usr/bin/cal
 /usr/bin/calendar
 /usr/bin/captoinfo
 /usr/bin/catchsegv
 /usr/bin/catman
 /usr/bin/cautious-launcher
 /usr/bin/chage
 /usr/bin/chattr
 /usr/bin/chcon
 /usr/bin/check-language-support
 /usr/bin/chfn
 /usr/bin/chrt
 /usr/bin/chsh
 /usr/bin/ckbcomp
 /usr/bin/cksum
 /usr/bin/clear
 /usr/bin/clear_console
 /usr/bin/cmp
 /usr/bin/codepage
 /usr/bin/col
 /usr/bin/colcrt
 /usr/bin/colrm
 /usr/bin/column
 /usr/bin/comm
 /usr/bin/compose
 /usr/bin/cpp
 /usr/bin/cpp-5
 /usr/bin/crontab
 /usr/bin/csplit
 /usr/bin/ctstat
 /usr/bin/cut
 /usr/bin/dbus-cleanup-sockets
 /usr/bin/dbus-daemon
 /usr/bin/dbus-monitor
 /usr/bin/dbus-run-session
 /usr/bin/dbus-send
 /usr/bin/dbus-update-activation-environment
 /usr/bin/dbus-uuidgen
 /usr/bin/deallocvt
 /usr/bin/deb-systemd-helper
 /usr/bin/deb-systemd-invoke
 /usr/bin/debconf
 /usr/bin/debconf-apt-progress
 /usr/bin/debconf-communicate
 /usr/bin/debconf-copydb
 /usr/bin/debconf-escape
 /usr/bin/debconf-set-selections
 /usr/bin/debconf-show
 /usr/bin/delpart
 /usr/bin/dh_bash-completion
 /usr/bin/dh_installxmlcatalogs
 /usr/bin/dh_pypy
 /usr/bin/dh_python3
 /usr/bin/diff
 /usr/bin/diff3
 /usr/bin/dig
 /usr/bin/dircolors
 /usr/bin/dirname
 /usr/bin/do-release-upgrade
 /usr/bin/dpkg
 /usr/bin/dpkg-deb
 /usr/bin/dpkg-divert
 /usr/bin/dpkg-maintscript-helper
 /usr/bin/dpkg-query
 /usr/bin/dpkg-split
 /usr/bin/dpkg-statoverride
 /usr/bin/dpkg-trigger
 /usr/bin/du
 /usr/bin/dumpkeys
 /usr/bin/edit
 /usr/bin/editor
 /usr/bin/editres
 /usr/bin/eject
 /usr/bin/env
 /usr/bin/envsubst
 /usr/bin/eqn
 /usr/bin/ex
 /usr/bin/expand
 /usr/bin/expiry
 /usr/bin/expr
 /usr/bin/factor
 /usr/bin/faillog
 /usr/bin/fallocate
 /usr/bin/file
 /usr/bin/find
 /usr/bin/flock
 /usr/bin/fmt
 /usr/bin/fold
 /usr/bin/free
 /usr/bin/from
 /usr/bin/ftp
 /usr/bin/geqn
 /usr/bin/getconf
 /usr/bin/getent
 /usr/bin/getkeycodes
 /usr/bin/getopt
 /usr/bin/gettext
 /usr/bin/gettext.sh
 /usr/bin/ginstall-info
 /usr/bin/gpasswd
 /usr/bin/gpg
 /usr/bin/gpg-zip
 /usr/bin/gpgsplit
 /usr/bin/gpgv
 /usr/bin/gpic
 /usr/bin/groff
 /usr/bin/grog
 /usr/bin/grops
 /usr/bin/grotty
 /usr/bin/groups
 /usr/bin/gtbl
 /usr/bin/hd
 /usr/bin/head
 /usr/bin/helpztags
 /usr/bin/hexdump
 /usr/bin/host
 /usr/bin/hostid
 /usr/bin/hostnamectl
 /usr/bin/i386
 /usr/bin/iceauth
 /usr/bin/ico
 /usr/bin/iconv
 /usr/bin/id
 /usr/bin/info
 /usr/bin/infobrowser
 /usr/bin/infocmp
 /usr/bin/infotocap
 /usr/bin/install
 /usr/bin/install-info
 /usr/bin/ionice
 /usr/bin/ipcmk
 /usr/bin/ipcrm
 /usr/bin/ipcs
 /usr/bin/iptables-xml
 /usr/bin/ischroot
 /usr/bin/join
 /usr/bin/kbdinfo
 /usr/bin/killall
 /usr/bin/last
 /usr/bin/lastb
 /usr/bin/lastlog
 /usr/bin/lcf
 /usr/bin/ldd
 /usr/bin/less
 /usr/bin/lessecho
 /usr/bin/lessfile
 /usr/bin/lesskey
 /usr/bin/lesspipe
 /usr/bin/lexgrog
 /usr/bin/line
 /usr/bin/link
 /usr/bin/linux-version
 /usr/bin/linux32
 /usr/bin/linux64
 /usr/bin/listres
 /usr/bin/lnstat
 /usr/bin/loadkeys
 /usr/bin/loadunimap
 /usr/bin/locale
 /usr/bin/localectl
 /usr/bin/localedef
 /usr/bin/locate
 /usr/bin/logger
 /usr/bin/logname
 /usr/bin/look
 /usr/bin/lorder
 /usr/bin/lsattr
 /usr/bin/lsb_release
 /usr/bin/lscpu
 /usr/bin/lshw
 /usr/bin/lsinitramfs
 /usr/bin/lsipc
 /usr/bin/lslocks
 /usr/bin/lslogins
 /usr/bin/lsof
 /usr/bin/lspci
 /usr/bin/lspgpot
 /usr/bin/lsusb
 /usr/bin/ltrace
 /usr/bin/luit
 /usr/bin/mailq
 /usr/bin/man
 /usr/bin/mandb
 /usr/bin/manpath
 /usr/bin/mapscrn
 /usr/bin/mawk
 /usr/bin/mcookie
 /usr/bin/md5sum
 /usr/bin/md5sum.textutils
 /usr/bin/mesg
 /usr/bin/mk_modmap
 /usr/bin/mkfifo
 /usr/bin/mlocate
 /usr/bin/mtr
 /usr/bin/namei
 /usr/bin/nawk
 /usr/bin/ncal
 /usr/bin/neqn
 /usr/bin/netkit-ftp
 /usr/bin/newaliases
 /usr/bin/newgrp
 /usr/bin/ngettext
 /usr/bin/nice
 /usr/bin/nl
 /usr/bin/nohup
 /usr/bin/nproc
 /usr/bin/nroff
 /usr/bin/nsenter
 /usr/bin/nslookup
 /usr/bin/nstat
 /usr/bin/nsupdate
 /usr/bin/ntfsdecrypt
 /usr/bin/numfmt
 /usr/bin/oclock
 /usr/bin/od
 /usr/bin/on_ac_power
 /usr/bin/openssl
 /usr/bin/pager
 /usr/bin/partx
 /usr/bin/passwd
 /usr/bin/paste
 /usr/bin/pathchk
 /usr/bin/pcimodules
 /usr/bin/pdb3
 /usr/bin/pdb3.5
 /usr/bin/peekfd
 /usr/bin/perl
 /usr/bin/perl5.22.1
 /usr/bin/pftp
 /usr/bin/pg
 /usr/bin/pgrep
 /usr/bin/pic
 /usr/bin/pico
 /usr/bin/pinky
 /usr/bin/pkill
 /usr/bin/pldd
 /usr/bin/pmap
 /usr/bin/pr
 /usr/bin/preconv
 /usr/bin/print
 /usr/bin/printenv
 /usr/bin/printerbanner
 /usr/bin/printf
 /usr/bin/prlimit
 /usr/bin/prtstat
 /usr/bin/psfaddtable
 /usr/bin/psfgettable
 /usr/bin/psfstriptable
 /usr/bin/psfxtable
 /usr/bin/pstree
 /usr/bin/pstree.x11
 /usr/bin/ptx
 /usr/bin/pwdx
 /usr/bin/py3clean
 /usr/bin/py3compile
 /usr/bin/py3versions
 /usr/bin/pybuild
 /usr/bin/pydoc3
 /usr/bin/pydoc3.5
 /usr/bin/pygettext3
 /usr/bin/pygettext3.5
 /usr/bin/python3
 /usr/bin/python3.5
 /usr/bin/python3.5m
 /usr/bin/python3m
 /usr/bin/rcp
 /usr/bin/realpath
 /usr/bin/rename.ul
 /usr/bin/rendercheck
 /usr/bin/renice
 /usr/bin/reset
 /usr/bin/resizecons
 /usr/bin/resizepart
 /usr/bin/rev
 /usr/bin/rgrep
 /usr/bin/rlogin
 /usr/bin/rmail
 /usr/bin/routef
 /usr/bin/routel
 /usr/bin/rsh
 /usr/bin/rstart
 /usr/bin/rstartd
 /usr/bin/rsync
 /usr/bin/rtstat
 /usr/bin/run-mailcap
 /usr/bin/runcon
 /usr/bin/rview
 /usr/bin/rvim
 /usr/bin/savelog
 /usr/bin/scp
 /usr/bin/screendump
 /usr/bin/script
 /usr/bin/scriptreplay
 /usr/bin/sdiff
 /usr/bin/see
 /usr/bin/select-editor
 /usr/bin/sensible-browser
 /usr/bin/sensible-editor
 /usr/bin/sensible-pager
 /usr/bin/seq
 /usr/bin/sessreg
 /usr/bin/setarch
 /usr/bin/setkeycodes
 /usr/bin/setleds
 /usr/bin/setlogcons
 /usr/bin/setmetamode
 /usr/bin/setpci
 /usr/bin/setsid
 /usr/bin/setterm
 /usr/bin/setxkbmap
 /usr/bin/sftp
 /usr/bin/sg
 /usr/bin/sha1sum
 /usr/bin/sha224sum
 /usr/bin/sha256sum
 /usr/bin/sha384sum
 /usr/bin/sha512sum
 /usr/bin/showconsolefont
 /usr/bin/showkey
 /usr/bin/showrgb
 /usr/bin/shred
 /usr/bin/shuf
 /usr/bin/skill
 /usr/bin/slabtop
 /usr/bin/slogin
 /usr/bin/smproxy
 /usr/bin/snice
 /usr/bin/soelim
 /usr/bin/sort
 /usr/bin/split
 /usr/bin/splitfont
 /usr/bin/ssh
 /usr/bin/ssh-add
 /usr/bin/ssh-agent
 /usr/bin/ssh-argv0
 /usr/bin/ssh-copy-id
 /usr/bin/ssh-keygen
 /usr/bin/ssh-keyscan
 /usr/bin/startx
 /usr/bin/stat
 /usr/bin/stdbuf
 /usr/bin/strace
 /usr/bin/sudo
 /usr/bin/sudoedit
 /usr/bin/sudoreplay
 /usr/bin/sum
 /usr/bin/systemd-analyze
 /usr/bin/systemd-cat
 /usr/bin/systemd-cgls
 /usr/bin/systemd-cgtop
 /usr/bin/systemd-delta
 /usr/bin/systemd-detect-virt
 /usr/bin/systemd-path
 /usr/bin/systemd-resolve
 /usr/bin/systemd-run
 /usr/bin/systemd-stdio-bridge
 /usr/bin/tabs
 /usr/bin/tac
 /usr/bin/tail
 /usr/bin/taskset
 /usr/bin/tbl
 /usr/bin/tee
 /usr/bin/telnet
 /usr/bin/telnet.netkit
 /usr/bin/test
 /usr/bin/tic
 /usr/bin/time
 /usr/bin/timedatectl
 /usr/bin/timeout
 /usr/bin/tload
 /usr/bin/toe
 /usr/bin/top
 /usr/bin/touch
 /usr/bin/tput
 /usr/bin/tr
 /usr/bin/tracepath
 /usr/bin/tracepath6
 /usr/bin/traceroute6
 /usr/bin/traceroute6.iputils
 /usr/bin/transset
 /usr/bin/troff
 /usr/bin/truncate
 /usr/bin/tset
 /usr/bin/tsort
 /usr/bin/tty
 /usr/bin/tzselect
 /usr/bin/ubuntu-support-status
 /usr/bin/ucf
 /usr/bin/ucfq
 /usr/bin/ucfr
 /usr/bin/ul
 /usr/bin/unexpand
 /usr/bin/unicode_stop
 /usr/bin/uniq
 /usr/bin/unlink
 /usr/bin/unshare
 /usr/bin/update-alternatives
 /usr/bin/update-mime-database
 /usr/bin/update-mime-database.real
 /usr/bin/updatedb
 /usr/bin/updatedb.mlocate
 /usr/bin/uptime
 /usr/bin/usb-devices
 /usr/bin/usbhid-dump
 /usr/bin/users
 /usr/bin/utmpdump
 /usr/bin/uuidgen
 /usr/bin/vi
 /usr/bin/view
 /usr/bin/viewres
 /usr/bin/vim
 /usr/bin/vim.basic
 /usr/bin/vim.tiny
 /usr/bin/vimdiff
 /usr/bin/vimtutor
 /usr/bin/vmstat
 /usr/bin/volname
 /usr/bin/w
 /usr/bin/w.procps
 /usr/bin/wall
 /usr/bin/watch
 /usr/bin/wc
 /usr/bin/wget
 /usr/bin/whatis
 /usr/bin/whereis
 /usr/bin/which
 /usr/bin/who
 /usr/bin/whoami
 /usr/bin/write
 /usr/bin/x11perf
 /usr/bin/x11perfcomp
 /usr/bin/x86_64
 /usr/bin/x86_64-linux-gnu-cpp
 /usr/bin/x86_64-linux-gnu-cpp-5
 /usr/bin/xargs
 /usr/bin/xauth
 /usr/bin/xbiff
 /usr/bin/xcalc
 /usr/bin/xclipboard
 /usr/bin/xclock
 /usr/bin/xcmsdb
 /usr/bin/xconsole
 /usr/bin/xcursorgen
 /usr/bin/xcutsel
 /usr/bin/xdg-user-dir
 /usr/bin/xdg-user-dirs-update
 /usr/bin/xditview
 /usr/bin/xdpyinfo
 /usr/bin/xdriinfo
 /usr/bin/xedit
 /usr/bin/xev
 /usr/bin/xeyes
 /usr/bin/xfd
 /usr/bin/xfontsel
 /usr/bin/xgamma
 /usr/bin/xgc
 /usr/bin/xhost
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 /usr/bin/xkbbell
 /usr/bin/xkbcomp
 /usr/bin/xkbevd
 /usr/bin/xkbprint
 /usr/bin/xkbvleds
 /usr/bin/xkbwatch
 /usr/bin/xkeystone
 /usr/bin/xkill
 /usr/bin/xload
 /usr/bin/xlogo
 /usr/bin/xlsatoms
 /usr/bin/xlsclients
 /usr/bin/xlsfonts
 /usr/bin/xmag
 /usr/bin/xman
 /usr/bin/xmessage
 /usr/bin/xmodmap
 /usr/bin/xmore
 /usr/bin/xprop
 /usr/bin/xrandr
 /usr/bin/xrdb
 /usr/bin/xrefresh
 /usr/bin/xset
 /usr/bin/xsetmode
 /usr/bin/xsetpointer
 /usr/bin/xsetroot
 /usr/bin/xsm
 /usr/bin/xstdcmap
 /usr/bin/xvidtune
 /usr/bin/xvinfo
 /usr/bin/xwd
 /usr/bin/xwininfo
 /usr/bin/xwud
 /usr/bin/xxd
 /usr/bin/yes
 /usr/bin/zdump
/sbin:
 /sbin/MAKEDEV
 /sbin/acpi_available
 /sbin/agetty
 /sbin/apm_available
 /sbin/apparmor_parser
 /sbin/badblocks
 /sbin/blkdiscard
 /sbin/blkid
 /sbin/blockdev
 /sbin/bridge
 /sbin/capsh
 /sbin/cfdisk
 /sbin/chcpu
 /sbin/ctrlaltdel
 /sbin/debugfs
 /sbin/depmod
 /sbin/dhclient
 /sbin/dhclient-script
 /sbin/dosfsck
 /sbin/dosfslabel
 /sbin/dumpe2fs
 /sbin/e2fsck
 /sbin/e2image
 /sbin/e2label
 /sbin/e2undo
 /sbin/fatlabel
 /sbin/fdisk
 /sbin/findfs
 /sbin/fsck
 /sbin/fsck.cramfs
 /sbin/fsck.ext2
 /sbin/fsck.ext3
 /sbin/fsck.ext4
 /sbin/fsck.ext4dev
 /sbin/fsck.fat
 /sbin/fsck.minix
 /sbin/fsck.msdos
 /sbin/fsck.nfs
 /sbin/fsck.vfat
 /sbin/fsfreeze
 /sbin/fstab-decode
 /sbin/fstrim
 /sbin/getcap
 /sbin/getpcaps
 /sbin/getty
 /sbin/halt
 /sbin/hdparm
 /sbin/hwclock
 /sbin/ifconfig
 /sbin/ifdown
 /sbin/ifquery
 /sbin/ifup
 /sbin/init
 /sbin/insmod
 /sbin/installkernel
 /sbin/ip
 /sbin/ip6tables
 /sbin/ip6tables-restore
 /sbin/ip6tables-save
 /sbin/ipmaddr
 /sbin/iptables
 /sbin/iptables-restore
 /sbin/iptables-save
 /sbin/iptunnel
 /sbin/isosize
 /sbin/kbdrate
 /sbin/killall5
 /sbin/ldconfig
 /sbin/ldconfig.real
 /sbin/logsave
 /sbin/losetup
 /sbin/lsmod
 /sbin/mii-tool
 /sbin/mkdosfs
 /sbin/mke2fs
 /sbin/mkfs
 /sbin/mkfs.bfs
 /sbin/mkfs.cramfs
 /sbin/mkfs.ext2
 /sbin/mkfs.ext3
 /sbin/mkfs.ext4
 /sbin/mkfs.ext4dev
 /sbin/mkfs.fat
 /sbin/mkfs.minix
 /sbin/mkfs.msdos
 /sbin/mkfs.ntfs
 /sbin/mkfs.vfat
 /sbin/mkhomedir_helper
 /sbin/mkntfs
 /sbin/mkswap
 /sbin/modinfo
 /sbin/modprobe
 /sbin/mount.fuse
 /sbin/mount.lowntfs-3g
 /sbin/mount.ntfs
 /sbin/mount.ntfs-3g
 /sbin/nameif
 /sbin/ntfsclone
 /sbin/ntfscp
 /sbin/ntfslabel
 /sbin/ntfsresize
 /sbin/ntfsundelete
 /sbin/on_ac_power
 /sbin/pam_extrausers_chkpwd
 /sbin/pam_extrausers_update
 /sbin/pam_tally
 /sbin/pam_tally2
 /sbin/parted
 /sbin/partprobe
 /sbin/pivot_root
 /sbin/plipconfig
 /sbin/plymouthd
 /sbin/poweroff
 /sbin/rarp
 /sbin/raw
 /sbin/reboot
 /sbin/resize2fs
 /sbin/resolvconf
 /sbin/rmmod
 /sbin/route
 /sbin/rtacct
 /sbin/rtmon
 /sbin/runlevel
 /sbin/runuser
 /sbin/setcap
 /sbin/setvtrgb
 /sbin/sfdisk
 /sbin/shadowconfig
 /sbin/shutdown
 /sbin/slattach
 /sbin/start-stop-daemon
 /sbin/sulogin
 /sbin/swaplabel
 /sbin/swapoff
 /sbin/swapon
 /sbin/switch_root
 /sbin/sysctl
 /sbin/tc
 /sbin/telinit
 /sbin/tipc
 /sbin/tune2fs
 /sbin/udevadm
 /sbin/unix_chkpwd
 /sbin/unix_update
 /sbin/ureadahead
 /sbin/wipefs
 /sbin/xtables-multi
 /sbin/zramctl
/bin:
 /bin/bash
 /bin/bunzip2
 /bin/busybox
 /bin/bzcat
 /bin/bzcmp
 /bin/bzdiff
 /bin/bzegrep
 /bin/bzexe
 /bin/bzfgrep
 /bin/bzgrep
 /bin/bzip2
 /bin/bzip2recover
 /bin/bzless
 /bin/bzmore
 /bin/cat
 /bin/chgrp
 /bin/chmod
 /bin/chown
 /bin/chvt
 /bin/cp
 /bin/cpio
 /bin/dash
 /bin/date
 /bin/dd
 /bin/df
 /bin/dir
 /bin/dmesg
 /bin/dnsdomainname
 /bin/domainname
 /bin/dumpkeys
 /bin/echo
 /bin/ed
 /bin/egrep
 /bin/false
 /bin/fgconsole
 /bin/fgrep
 /bin/findmnt
 /bin/fuser
 /bin/fusermount
 /bin/grep
 /bin/gunzip
 /bin/gzexe
 /bin/gzip
 /bin/hostname
 /bin/ip
 /bin/journalctl
 /bin/kbd_mode
 /bin/kill
 /bin/kmod
 /bin/less
 /bin/lessecho
 /bin/lessfile
 /bin/lesskey
 /bin/lesspipe
 /bin/ln
 /bin/loadkeys
 /bin/login
 /bin/loginctl
 /bin/lowntfs-3g
 /bin/ls
 /bin/lsblk
 /bin/lsmod
 /bin/mkdir
 /bin/mknod
 /bin/mktemp
 /bin/more
 /bin/mount
 /bin/mountpoint
 /bin/mt
 /bin/mt-gnu
 /bin/mv
 /bin/nano
 /bin/nc
 /bin/nc.openbsd
 /bin/netcat
 /bin/netstat
 /bin/networkctl
 /bin/nisdomainname
 /bin/ntfs-3g
 /bin/ntfs-3g.probe
 /bin/ntfs-3g.secaudit
 /bin/ntfs-3g.usermap
 /bin/ntfscat
 /bin/ntfscluster
 /bin/ntfscmp
 /bin/ntfsfallocate
 /bin/ntfsfix
 /bin/ntfsinfo
 /bin/ntfsls
 /bin/ntfsmove
 /bin/ntfstruncate
 /bin/ntfswipe
 /bin/open
 /bin/openvt
 /bin/pidof
 /bin/ping
 /bin/ping6
 /bin/plymouth
 /bin/ps
 /bin/pwd
 /bin/rbash
 /bin/readlink
 /bin/red
 /bin/rm
 /bin/rmdir
 /bin/rnano
 /bin/run-parts
 /bin/sed
 /bin/setfont
 /bin/setupcon
 /bin/sh
 /bin/sh.distrib
 /bin/sleep
 /bin/ss
 /bin/static-sh
 /bin/stty
 /bin/su
 /bin/sync
 /bin/systemctl
 /bin/systemd
 /bin/systemd-ask-password
 /bin/systemd-escape
 /bin/systemd-hwdb
 /bin/systemd-inhibit
 /bin/systemd-machine-id-setup
 /bin/systemd-notify
 /bin/systemd-tmpfiles
 /bin/systemd-tty-ask-password-agent
 /bin/tailf
 /bin/tar
 /bin/tempfile
 /bin/touch
 /bin/true
 /bin/udevadm
 /bin/ulockmgr_server
 /bin/umount
 /bin/uname
 /bin/uncompress
 /bin/unicode_start
 /bin/vdir
 /bin/wdctl
 /bin/which
 /bin/whiptail
 /bin/ypdomainname
 /bin/zcat
 /bin/zcmp
 /bin/zdiff
 /bin/zegrep
 /bin/zfgrep
 /bin/zforce
 /bin/zgrep
 /bin/zless
 /bin/zmore
 /bin/znew
/usr/games:
/usr/local/games:

-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

user1@lab:~$ nano ./myscript

  GNU nano 2.5.3                File: ./myscript                             Modified

#!/bin/bash

echo $0
echo $1
echo $2
echo $3

user1@lab:~$ ./myscript 5 10 15
./myscript
5
10
15

user1@lab:~$ ./myscript 7 15 -1
./myscript
7
15
-1

-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

user1@lab:~$ nano ./myscript

  GNU nano 2.5.3                File: ./myscript                             Modified

#!/bin/bash

total=$[ $1 + $2 ]
echo The first parameter is $1.
echo The second parameter is $2.
echo The sum is $total.

user1@lab:~$ ./myscript 5 10 15
The first parameter is 5.
The second parameter is 10.
The sum is 15.

user1@lab:~$ ./myscript 20 40 34
The first parameter is 20.
The second parameter is 40.
The sum is 60.

-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

user1@lab:~$ nano ./myscript

  GNU nano 2.5.3                File: ./myscript                             Modified

#!/bin/bash

echo Hello $1, how do you do

user1@lab:~$ ./myscript Adam
Hello Adam, how do you do

user1@lab:~$ ./myscript John
Hello John, how do you do

-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

user1@lab:~$ nano ./myscript

  GNU nano 2.5.3                File: ./myscript                             Modified

#!/bin/bash

if [ -n "$1" ]
then
echo Hello $1.
else
echo "No parameters found."
fi

user1@lab:~$ ./myscript John
Hello John.

user1@lab:~$ ./myscript
No parameters found.

-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

user1@lab:~$ nano ./myscript

  GNU nano 2.5.3                File: ./myscript                             Modified

#!/bin/bash

echo There were $# parameters passed.

user1@lab:~$ ./myscript 1 2 3 4 5
There were 5 parameters passed.

user1@lab:~$ ./myscript 7 5 3 2 1 10 8 -1
There were 8 parameters passed.

-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

user1@lab:~$ nano ./myscript

  GNU nano 2.5.3                File: ./myscript                             Modified

#!/bin/bash

echo The last parameter was ${!#}

user1@lab:~$ ./myscript 1 2 3 4 5
The last parameter was 5

user1@lab:~$ ./myscript 7 5 3 2 1 10 8 -1
The last parameter was -1

-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

user1@lab:~$ nano ./myscript

  GNU nano 2.5.3                File: ./myscript                             Modified

#!/bin/bash

echo "Using the \$* method: $*"
echo "-----------"
echo "Using the \$@ method: $@"

user1@lab:~$ ./myscript 1 2 3 4 5
Using the $* method: 1 2 3 4 5
-----------
Using the $@ method: 1 2 3 4 5

user1@lab:~$ ./myscript 7 5 3 2 1 10 8 -1
Using the $* method: 7 5 3 2 1 10 8 -1
-----------
Using the $@ method: 7 5 3 2 1 10 8 -1

-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

user1@lab:~$ nano ./myscript

  GNU nano 2.5.3                File: ./myscript                             Modified

#!/bin/bash

count=1

for param in "$*"
do
echo "\$* Parameter #$count = $param"
count=$(( $count + 1 ))
done

count=1

for param in "$@"
do
echo "\$@ Parameter #$count = $param"
count=$(( $count + 1 ))
done

user1@lab:~$ ./myscript 1 2 3 4 5
$* Parameter #1 = 1 2 3 4 5
$@ Parameter #1 = 1
$@ Parameter #2 = 2
$@ Parameter #3 = 3
$@ Parameter #4 = 4
$@ Parameter #5 = 5

user1@lab:~$ ./myscript 7 5 3 2 1 10 8 -1
$* Parameter #1 = 7 5 3 2 1 10 8 -1
$@ Parameter #1 = 7
$@ Parameter #2 = 5
$@ Parameter #3 = 3
$@ Parameter #4 = 2
$@ Parameter #5 = 1
$@ Parameter #6 = 10
$@ Parameter #7 = 8
$@ Parameter #8 = -1

-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

user1@lab:~$ nano ./myscript

  GNU nano 2.5.3                File: ./myscript                             Modified

#!/bin/bash

count=1

while [ -n "$1" ]
do
echo "Parameter #$count = $1"
count=$(( $count + 1 ))
shift
done

user1@lab:~$ ./myscript 1 2 3 4 5
Parameter #1 = 1
Parameter #2 = 2
Parameter #3 = 3
Parameter #4 = 4
Parameter #5 = 5

user1@lab:~$ ./myscript 7 5 3 2 1 10 8 -1
Parameter #1 = 7
Parameter #2 = 5
Parameter #3 = 3
Parameter #4 = 2
Parameter #5 = 1
Parameter #6 = 10
Parameter #7 = 8
Parameter #8 = -1

-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

user1@lab:~$ nano ./myscript

  GNU nano 2.5.3                File: ./myscript                             Modified

#!/bin/bash

echo
while [ -n "$1" ]
do
case "$1" in
-a) echo "Found the -a option" ;;
-b) echo "Found the -b option" ;;
-c) echo "Found the -c option" ;;
*) echo "$1 is not an option" ;;
esac
shift
done

user1@lab:~$ ./myscript -a -b -c -d -1 2 @

Found the -a option
Found the -b option
Found the -c option
-d is not an option
-1 is not an option
2 is not an option
@ is not an option

-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

user1@lab:~$ nano ./myscript

  GNU nano 2.5.3                File: ./myscript                             Modified

#!/bin/bash

while [ -n "$1" ]
do
case "$1" in
-a) echo "Found the -a option" ;;
-b) echo "Found the -b option";;
-c) echo "Found the -c option" ;;
--) shift
break ;;
*) echo "$1 is not an option";;
esac
shift
done

count=1

for param in $@
do
echo "Parameter #$count: $param"
count=$(( $count + 1 ))
done

user1@lab:~$ ./myscript -a -b -c 1 ! -3 -- 7 25 -12 -33
Found the -a option
Found the -b option
Found the -c option
1 is not an option
! is not an option
-3 is not an option
Parameter #1: 7
Parameter #2: 25
Parameter #3: -12
Parameter #4: -33

-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

user1@lab:~$ nano ./myscript

  GNU nano 2.5.3                File: ./myscript                             Modified

#!/bin/bash

while [ -n "$1" ]
do
case "$1" in
-a) echo "Found the -a option";;
-b) param="$2"
echo "Found the -b option, with parameter value $param"
shift ;;
-c) echo "Found the -c option";;
--) shift
break ;;
*) echo "$1 is not an option";;
esac
shift
done

count=1

for param in "$@"
do
echo "Parameter #$count: $param"
count=$(( $count + 1 ))
done

user1@lab:~$ ./myscript -a -b 20 -c 'test' -- 12 14 44
Found the -a option
Found the -b option, with parameter value 20
Found the -c option
test is not an option
Parameter #1: 12
Parameter #2: 14
Parameter #3: 44

-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

user1@lab:~$ nano ./myscript

  GNU nano 2.5.3                File: ./myscript                             Modified

#!/bin/bash

echo -n "Enter your name: "
read name
echo "Hello $name, welcome to my program."

user1@lab:~$ ./myscript
Enter your name: Adam
Hello Adam, welcome to my program.

-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

user1@lab:~$ nano ./myscript

  GNU nano 2.5.3                File: ./myscript                             Modified

#!/bin/bash

read -p "Enter your name: " first last
echo "Your data for $last, $first..."

user1@lab:~$ ./myscript
Enter your name: first last
Your data for last, first...

-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

user1@lab:~$ nano ./myscript

  GNU nano 2.5.3                File: ./myscript                             Modified

#!/bin/bash

read -p "Enter your name: "
echo Hello $REPLY, welcome to my program.

user1@lab:~$ ./myscript
Enter your name: Adam
Hello Adam, welcome to my program.

-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

user1@lab:~$ nano ./myscript

  GNU nano 2.5.3                File: ./myscript                             Modified

#!/bin/bash

if read -t 5 -p "Enter your name: " name
then
echo "Hello $name, welcome to my script"
else
echo "Sorry, too slow!"
fi

user1@lab:~$ ./myscript
Enter your name: Sorry, too slow!

user1@lab:~$ ./myscript
Enter your name: Adam
Hello Adam, welcome to my script

-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

user1@lab:~$ nano ./myscript

  GNU nano 2.5.3                File: ./myscript                             Modified

#!/bin/bash

read -s -p "Enter your password: " pass
echo "Is your password really $pass?"

user1@lab:~$ ./myscript
Enter your password: Is your password really 1111?

user1@lab:~$ ./myscript
Enter your password: Is your password really test@123?

-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

user1@lab:~$ nano ./myscript

  GNU nano 2.5.3                File: ./myscript                             Modified

#!/bin/bash

count=1

cat myfile | while read line
do
echo "Line $count: $line"
count=$(( $count + 1 ))
done
echo "Finished"

user1@lab:~$ ./myscript
Line 1: User1
Line 2: user1
Line 3: Web
Line 4: IT
Line 5: programing
Line 6: 2017
Line 7: ..
Finished

-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

user1@lab:~$ pwd >> myfile1
user1@lab:~$ cat ./myfile1
/home/user1

user1@lab:~$ ls -l xfile > myfile1
ls: cannot access 'xfile': No such file or directory

user1@lab:~$ ls -l xfile 2> myfile1
user1@lab:~$ cat ./myfile1
ls: cannot access 'xfile': No such file or directory

user1@lab:~$ ls -l myfile1 xfile anotherfile 2> errorcontent 1> correctcontent
user1@lab:~$ cat ./correctcontent
-rw-rw-r-- 1 user1 user1 53 Nov  5 22:19 myfile1
user1@lab:~$ cat ./errorcontent
ls: cannot access 'xfile': No such file or directory
ls: cannot access 'anotherfile': No such file or directory

user1@lab:~$ ls -l myfile1 xfile anotherfile &> content
user1@lab:~$ cat ./content
ls: cannot access 'xfile': No such file or directory
ls: cannot access 'anotherfile': No such file or directory
-rw-rw-r-- 1 user1 user1 53 Nov  5 22:19 myfile1

-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

user1@lab:~$ nano ./myscript

  GNU nano 2.5.3                File: ./myscript                             Modified

#!/bin/bash

echo "This is an error" >&2
echo "This is normal output"

user1@lab:~$ ./myscript
This is an error
This is normal output

user1@lab:~$ ./myscript 2> content
This is normal output
user1@lab:~$ cat ./content
This is an error

-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

user1@lab:~$ nano ./myscript

  GNU nano 2.5.3                File: ./myscript                             Modified

#!/bin/bash

exec 1> outfile
echo "This is a test of redirecting all output"
echo "from a shell script to another file."
echo "without having to redirect every line"

user1@lab:~$ ./myscript
user1@lab:~$ cat ./outfile
This is a test of redirecting all output
from a shell script to another file.
without having to redirect every line

-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

user1@lab:~$ nano ./myscript

  GNU nano 2.5.3                File: ./myscript                             Modified

#!/bin/bash

exec 2> myerror
echo "This is the start of the script"
echo "now redirecting all output to another location"
exec 1> myfile
echo "This should go to the myfile file"
echo "and this should go to the myerror file" >&2

user1@lab:~$ ./myscript
This is the start of the script
now redirecting all output to another location

user1@lab:~$ cat ./myerror
and this should go to the myerror file

user1@lab:~$ cat ./myfile
This should go to the myfile file

-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

user1@lab:~$ nano ./myscript

  GNU nano 2.5.3                File: ./myscript                             Modified

#!/bin/bash

exec 0< myfile

count=1

while read line
do
echo "Line #$count: $line"
count=$(( $count + 1 ))
done

user1@lab:~$ ./myscript
./myscript: line 3: testfile: No such file or directory
user1@lab:~$ touch testfile
user1@lab:~$ echo -e 'this is the first line\nthis is the second line\nthis is t he third line' > testfile
user1@lab:~$ ./myscript
Line #1: this is the first line
Line #2: this is the second line
Line #3: this is the third line

-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

user1@lab:~$ nano ./myscript

  GNU nano 2.5.3                File: ./myscript                             Modified

#!/bin/bash

exec 3> myfile
echo "This should display on the screen"
echo "and this should be stored in the file" >&3
echo "And this should be back on the screen"

user1@lab:~$ ./myscript
This should display on the screen
And this should be back on the screen
user1@lab:~$ cat ./myfile
and this should be stored in the file

-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

user1@lab:~$ nano ./myscript

  GNU nano 2.5.3                File: ./myscript                             Modified

#!/bin/bash

exec 6<&0
exec 0< myfile

count=1

while read line
do
echo "Line #$count: $line"
count=$(( $count + 1 ))
done

exec 0<&6
read -p "Are you done now? " answer
case $answer in
y) echo "Goodbye";;
n) echo "Sorry, this is the end.";;
esac

user1@lab:~$ ./myscript
Line #1: First line
Line #2: Second line
Line #3: Third line
Are you done now? y
Goodbye

user1@lab:~$ ./myscript
Line #1: First line
Line #2: Second line
Line #3: Third line
Are you done now? n
Sorry, this is the end.

-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

user1@lab:~$ nano ./myscript

  GNU nano 2.5.3                File: ./myscript                             Modified

#!/bin/bash

exec 3> myfile
echo "This is a test line of data" >&3
exec 3>&-
echo "This won't work" >&3

user1@lab:~$ ./myscript
./myscript: line 6: 3: Bad file descriptor

-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

user1@lab:~$ lsof -a -p $$ -d 0,1,2
COMMAND   PID  USER   FD   TYPE DEVICE SIZE/OFF NODE NAME
bash    21637 user1    0u   CHR  136,2      0t0    5 /dev/pts/2
bash    21637 user1    1u   CHR  136,2      0t0    5 /dev/pts/2
bash    21637 user1    2u   CHR  136,2      0t0    5 /dev/pts/2

-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

user1@lab:~$ nano ./myscript

  GNU nano 2.5.3                File: ./myscript                             Modified

#!/bin/bash

exec 3> myfile1
exec 6> myfile2
exec 7< myfile3
lsof -a -p $$ -d 0,1,2,3,6,7

user1@lab:~$ ./myscript
COMMAND    PID  USER   FD   TYPE DEVICE SIZE/OFF   NODE NAME
myscript 21895 user1    0u   CHR  136,2      0t0      5 /dev/pts/2
myscript 21895 user1    1u   CHR  136,2      0t0      5 /dev/pts/2
myscript 21895 user1    2u   CHR  136,2      0t0      5 /dev/pts/2
myscript 21895 user1    3w   REG    7,0        0 524496 /home/user1/myfile1
myscript 21895 user1    6w   REG    7,0        0 524507 /home/user1/myfile2
myscript 21895 user1    7r   REG    7,0        0 524508 /home/user1/myfile3

-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

user1@lab:~$ ls -al badfile anotherfile 2> /dev/null
user1@lab:~$ cat /dev/null > myfile