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Iraq and Its Neighbors


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Iraq Overview

Geographic Overview
The Republic of Iraq has a land area of 434,128 sq km. Iraq is distinguished by the variety of its geographic landforms, including level sedimentary plains and mountains. The country is divided into a mountainous northern area, a desert area in the west, and a large fertile plain in the middle and south of the country that is watered by the two rivers, the Tigris and the Euphrates. Iraq has a population of 30M, most of whom live in towns and cities.

The Tigris River, originating in Turkey, is 1,850 km long. The Euphrates reaches 2,350 km and also springs from Turkey. The two rivers meet at the town of Qurna to form the river known as the Shatt al-Arab, which flows for another 185 km until it reaches the Arabian Gulf. Iraq is bordered by Turkey to the North; Saudi Arabia, Kuwait, and the Arab Gulf to the South; Iran to the East; and Syria and Jordan to the West. The total population of these neighbours approaches 170M.

Iraq is divided into 18 provinces. The capital city is Baghdad; in addition to Baghdad, major cities include Mosul, Basrah, and Erbil. Iraq's major resources consist of oil, natural gas, sulphur, phosphate, iron, kaoline, bauxite, limestone, gravel, and sand.

Population
Iraq has about 30M citizens, with a yearly population growth rate of 2.6%. The population is young, with more than half less than 20 years old. Over two-thirds of the population lives in urban areas.

The Economy
Iraq has the capacity to be a thriving, middle class country. With a long trading history, deep commercial traditions, and vast natural resources - including the world's second largest proven oil reserves; Iraq, at the crossroad of culture and commerce, has enormous potential.

Today Iraq is on the rebound. As security improves, and as oil exports and internal commerce recover, GDP has risen. GDP has grown from $57B USD in 2006 to $131B USD in 2008. GDP per capita has surpassed $3,000 USD and is forecast to exceed $4,500 USD by 2014.

Moreover, as Iraq reintegrates into the world community, a growing number of agreements will help restart the Iraqi economy. Among key successes:

The Paris Club announced in November 2004, a deal to write off 80% of Iraq's debt. When fully implemented, the agreement will yield $100 B USD of debt relief to Iraq, a major boost to long-term economic growth.
Iraq has completed over three years of standby arrangements with the International Monetary Fund (IMF). The final arrangement expired in March 2009, triggering the final stage of Iraq's Paris Club debt reduction agreement.
The World Trade Organization (WTO) agreed in December 2004 to open membership talks with Iraq. Iraq has been a WTO observer since February 2004. A working party to examine the application of Iraq was established. The Working Party met for a second time in April 2008 to continue the examination of Iraq's foreign trade regime. Iraq hopes to gain membership in 2010.

Key Economic Statistics
GDP
$131B USD
Per Capita Income
$4,360 USD
Workforce
Amm7,740,000an
Consumer Price Inflation
6.8%
Key Agricultural Products
Wheat, Barley, Rice, Vegetables, Dates, Cotton
Key Sectors
Oil and Gas, Petrochemicals, Textiles, Leather Goods, Construction Materials, Food Processing, Metal Fabrication
Average Daily Oil Production
2.4M Barrels4M
Average Daily Oil Exports
1.8M Barrels
Proven Oil Reserves
115B Barrels
Proven Natural Gas Reserves
3.2T Cubic Meters

The 2010 budget is expected to be more optimistic, based both on rising oil prices and increasing production capacity: the government's budget committee is recommending a budget based on oil prices of $60 USD per barrel and exports of 2.15M bpd. This seems achievable: Already in 2009, exports have reached nearly 2.4M bpd, surpassing the Iraqi Oil Ministry's target of 2.2M bpd, at prices approaching $65 USD per barrel. Iraq plans to increase its crude oil production to 6.0M bpd by the year 2015.

Recent Economic Observations
The IMF, in its 2008 Iraq country report, noted economic activity was "picking up" and forecasted "robust" growth, following higher oil production and a recovery in non-oil activity.
The IMF recently estimated that the Iraqi economy would grow at 6.7% during 2009 and would continue to grow at this rate for the next five years.
The Iraqi government is aiming to lift the growth rate of the economy's non-oil share to at least 7% in 2010, according to Central Bank.
The Central Bank of Iraq's policy of allowing the dinar to appreciate against the dollar has successfully dampened inflation. Core inflation (excluding energy prices) was 10.8% in 2008, against 31.9% in 2006.
The Central Bank of Iraq's daily foreign exchange auction, the average daily flow of transfers to accounts outside Iraq, more than doubled from November 2007 to October 2008.
The government has increased its budget expenditure. By November 2008 it had expended 82.5% of the basic budget, representing a 79% increase in expenditure over the same period in 2007.


2009
2010
2011
2012
2013
Real GDP Growth (%)
7.7
7.2
7.3
6.9
6.7
GDP per capita ($)
138
157
168
201
218

Recent Market Observations
Iraq's GDP per capita is forecast to more than double from its estimated 2006 level of $2,000 USD to over $4,000 USD in 2013. This figure reflects the massive increase in economic activity, which is already well underway. GDP has already increased from $57B USD in 2006 to $104B USD in 2008.
The population of the country is enjoying an increase in economic freedom for the first time in many decades. There is a huge demand for products of all kinds from financial services to consumer goods and transport, not to mention a rapidly increasing consumption of fuel for transport and electricity for domestic use.
Government funded reconstruction requires not only large amounts of materials but also equipment and expertise.

Employment
Iraq has a young and motivated workforce of almost eight million people.
In recent years, 24% of students in tertiary education have been studying engineering, manufacturing, science and construction, according to the 2007/2008 United Nations Development Program (UNDP) Human Development Report.
Unemployment in Iraq is 15%.

Foreign Investment
More and more investors have been putting their money into Iraq projects and business every year. The year-on-year foreign investment into Iraq increased by a factor of 15 in 2008 from $3B USD in 2007 to $47.6B USD in 2008, according to U.S.-based consultants Dunia Frontier Investments. This surge in activity was focused on the hydrocarbons and real estate sectors. Dunia's top forecasts for foreign direct investment in these two sectors are that they will see combined inflows of $65.4B USD in 2009 and $97.7B USD in 2010. Now the Iraqi authorities are making concerted efforts to attract investments across several sectors

Investors who have already taken advantage of the benefit of being first into the market include:
Byblos Bank (Lebanon) - Has agreed to establish banking operations in the Kurdish Region of Iraq.
Lafarge Cements (France) - Entered Iraq with the acquisition of Orascom in 2008. The company now has two cement plants in Iraq with a total capacity of 5M tons per year. The plants are in Tasluja and at Bazian in Iraqi Kurdistan, and employ approximately 2000 people.
Merchant Bridge (Lux) - Has been active in both the banking and telecommunications industry. The company founded the Mansour Bank, a private bank listed on the Iraqi Stock Exchange.
Mesopotamia Oil and Gas (UK) - Has agreed to a joint venture with the Iraq Drilling Company to improve capabilities and oil recovery.
Orascom (Egypt) - Has been active in both the construction and telecommunications industry since 2003. Specifically, the company has been involved in cement production, construction, and mobile telephony.
Zain (Kuwait) - Has been active in Iraq's telecom market. The company first won a bid to supply the southern region of Iraq with wireless services, then acquired Iraqna to create Iraq's largest mobile carrier.


The Government of Iraq passed a modern and open investment law in 2006 which encourages both local and foreign private investors to invest in the country and which protects investors' property rights. The law:

Exempts approved investment projects from certain taxes and fees for at least 10 years
Allows investors to repatriate investments and profits from investments
Allows investors to rent or lease land for the whole period of an investment project, in some cases for up to 50 years
Allows investors to insure projects with any national or foreign insurance company
Permits investors to open accounts in Iraqi or foreign currency or both at Iraqi banks or at banks outside Iraq
Ensures the right to employ foreign workers when needed
Allows non-Iraqi workers to transfer salaries outside Iraq
Guarantees that the government will not nationalize or confiscate investments

More details on Iraqi investment laws can be found in the Investor Guide to Iraq.

National Wealth
The long term, Iraq will be one of the wealthiest countries in the world. Its 115 billion barrels of proven oil reserves place it second in the world behind Saudi Arabia. Some estimates say that current proven reserves could nearly double. In a world of approaching peak oil demand, these reserves have great strategic significance. It is perhaps the only major oil producer that will continue to be able to increase production when demand starts to rise again.

Security Improvements Encourage Business
The embedding of democracy has advanced with a significant fall in the level of violence. Security issues are no longer an impediment to business. Increasingly, passengers arriving at Baghdad and Basrah airports are business people rather than military or security personnel. Significantly improved levels of security make it possible for foreign businessmen businesspeople to travel safely all over the country.

Government in Iraq
Democracy is now a fact of life in Iraq. The late-January provincial elections confirmed the general upturn in the political environment, showing that a new politics is emerging within the country. Iraq's constitution has established a parliamentary democracy. The next general election for the Council of Representatives of Iraq (CRI) will take place in January 2010. The CRI is the main legislative body. It sits for a four year term and elects a speaker, the President, the Prime Minister and the cabinet. The country is divided into 18 provinces or governorates, whose assemblies are elected for four year terms. The most recent elections in 14 of the provinces took place in January 2009. They were peaceful and well-ordered, without a single fatal security incident.

A permanent 275-member Iraqi National Assembly was elected in a general election in December 2005, initiating the formation of a new government of Iraq. Provincial elections were held in Iraq in January 2009. A total of 14,431 candidates, including 3,912 women, contested 444 seats. The candidates came from over 400 parties, around 75% of which were newly formed.
The National Insurance Company explains the insurance coverage

 The National Insurance Company is one of the oldest companies in the Middle East. It offers insurance protection to investors interested in reconstruction all over Iraq with competitive prices, good services and easy procedures.

The National Insurance Company is pleased to offer you the insurance coverage regarding possible risks which investors are keen to protect.

They are as follows:

1.     Engineering insurance: covers electric, mechanical and construction contracts during establishing and installing phase. It is a compulsory insurance.
2.     Marine insurance: covers all risks of imported goods from country of origin to warehouses. It covers damages due to loss or damage for goods while transforming by plain, vessel, or vehicle during uploading or downloading. The threat of terrorism actions can be added.
3.     Accident insurance: group and individual with threat of terrorism
4.     Life and health insurance for individuals
5.     Fire and theft insurance
6.     Vehicle insurance
7.     Accident insurance
8.     Responsibility insurance
9.     Any other insurance according to need







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Iraq and its neighbors