clep questions

1. Question: What is the powerhouse of the cell?
   Answer: Mitochondria

2. Question: During which phase of mitosis do sister chromatids separate and move to opposite poles?
   Answer: Anaphase

3. Question: Which cellular structure is responsible for protein synthesis?
   Answer: Ribosomes

4. Question: What is the primary function of chloroplasts?
   Answer: Photosynthesis

5. Question: Which molecule stores and transmits genetic information?
   Answer: DNA

6. Question: What process breaks down glucose to produce ATP without oxygen?
   Answer: Fermentation

7. Question: Which domain includes all prokaryotic organisms?
   Answer: Bacteria and Archaea

8. Question: What is the fluid mosaic model related to?
   Answer: Cell membrane

9. Question: Which process converts light energy into chemical energy?
   Answer: Photosynthesis

10. Question: What is the role of ATP synthase in cellular respiration?
   Answer: Produce ATP

11. Question: Which structure is responsible for water balance in protozoans?
   Answer: Contractile vacuole

12. Question: What phenotype results when neither allele is completely dominant?
   Answer: Intermediate trait between parents

13. Question: Which ecological relationship describes one species benefiting while the other is unaffected?
   Answer: Commensalism

14. Question: What is the primary function of the pancreas in digestion?
   Answer: Enzyme secretion

15. Question: Which blood vessels have the thickest walls?
   Answer: Arteries

16. Question: What is the role of helper T cells in the immune system?
   Answer: Activate other immune cells

17. Question: Which hormone is responsible for blood glucose regulation?
   Answer: Insulin

18. Question: What is the Hardy-Weinberg principle used to study?
   Answer: Genetic equilibrium in populations

19. Question: Which type of natural selection favors extreme phenotypes?
   Answer: Disruptive selection

20. Question: What is the primary role of decomposers in an ecosystem?
   Answer: Recycle nutrients

21. Question: What is the function of the Golgi apparatus?
   Answer: Package and modify proteins

22. Question: Which phase of the cell cycle includes DNA replication?
   Answer: S phase

23. Question: What is the end product of glycolysis?
   Answer: Pyruvate

24. Question: Which process repairs damaged DNA?
   Answer: DNA repair

25. Question: What is the role of tRNA in protein synthesis?
   Answer: Carry amino acids

26. Question: Which organ system removes nitrogenous wastes?
   Answer: Excretory system

27. Question: What type of tissue conducts action potentials?
   Answer: Nervous tissue

28. Question: Which structure in plants transports water upward?
   Answer: Xylem

29. Question: What is the function of white blood cells?
   Answer: Fight infection

30. Question: Which chamber of the heart pumps blood to the body?
   Answer: Left ventricle

31. Question: Which chromosome typically determines male sex in humans?
   Answer: Y chromosome

32. Question: Which process creates genetic variation in sexual reproduction?
   Answer: Crossing over

33. Question: What is the relationship between a predator and prey?
   Answer: Coevolution

34. Question: Which factor limits population growth?
   Answer: Carrying capacity

35. Question: What is the role of keystone species?
   Answer: Maintain community structure

36. Question: Which process produces haploid cells?
   Answer: Meiosis

37. Question: What is the function of the rough ER?
   Answer: Protein synthesis

38. Question: Which molecule carries oxygen in blood?
   Answer: Hemoglobin

39. Question: What type of muscle tissue is found in the heart?
   Answer: Cardiac muscle

40. Question: Which kingdom includes mushrooms?
   Answer: Fungi

41. Question: Which of the following best describes the primary function of chlorophyll in an organism?
   Answer: It absorbs light to energize electrons

42. Question: What is the end result of meiosis in a diploid cell?
   Answer: Four haploid cells

43. Question: How do neurotransmitters enter the synapse from vesicles?
   Answer: Exocytosis

44. Question: What is the primary function of carotenoids in photosynthesis?
   Answer: Transfer energy to chlorophyll

45. Question: What process releases neurotransmitters back into the neuron?
   Answer: Endocytosis

46. Question: How many chromatids are present in prophase I of meiosis?
   Answer: Four chromatids per homologous pair

47. Question: Which pigments are responsible for light harvesting in red algae?
   Answer: Phycobilins

48. Question: What happens to synaptic vesicles after neurotransmitter release?
   Answer: They are recycled

49. Question: During which phase of meiosis does crossing over occur?
   Answer: Prophase I

50. Question: How do inhibitory neurotransmitters affect the postsynaptic neuron?
   Answer: Hyperpolarize the membrane

51. Question: What is the role of DNA helicase in DNA replication?
   Answer: Unwind the DNA double helix

52. Question: Which enzyme joins Okazaki fragments during DNA replication?
   Answer: DNA ligase

53. Question: What is the function of RNA primase?
   Answer: Synthesize RNA primers

54. Question: Which phase of cellular respiration produces the most ATP?
   Answer: Electron transport chain

55. Question: What is the primary function of NADH in cellular respiration?
   Answer: Electron carrier

56. Question: Which hormone promotes cell elongation in plants?
   Answer: Auxin

57. Question: What is the role of gibberellins in plants?
   Answer: Promote stem growth

58. Question: Which plant hormone causes leaf abscission?
   Answer: Ethylene

59. Question: What is the primary function of root hairs?
   Answer: Increase water absorption

60. Question: Which type of tissue conducts water in plant roots?
   Answer: Xylem

61. Question: What is the role of carbonic anhydrase in red blood cells?
   Answer: Catalyze CO2 transport

62. Question: Which blood component is responsible for clotting?
   Answer: Platelets

63. Question: What is the function of the sinoatrial node?
   Answer: Initiate heartbeat

64. Question: Which antibody is produced first in an immune response?
   Answer: IgM

65. Question: What is the role of memory B cells?
   Answer: Provide lasting immunity

66. Question: Which process creates genetic variation in bacteria?
   Answer: Conjugation

67. Question: What type of inheritance is determined by multiple alleles?
   Answer: ABO blood type

68. Question: Which ecological relationship describes both species benefiting?
   Answer: Mutualism

69. Question: What is the primary role of decomposers in a food web?
   Answer: Recycle nutrients

70. Question: Which process converts atmospheric nitrogen to usable forms?
   Answer: Nitrogen fixation

71. Question: What is the role of DNA polymerase III?
   Answer: Synthesize new DNA strand

72. Question: Which molecule serves as the template for protein synthesis?
   Answer: mRNA

73. Question: What is the function of the codon AUG?
   Answer: Start protein synthesis

74. Question: Which organelle modifies proteins after translation?
   Answer: Golgi apparatus

75. Question: What is the role of phospholipids in cell membranes?
   Answer: Form bilayer barrier

76. Question: What is the role of transcription factors?
   Answer: Regulate gene expression

77. Question: Which enzyme removes RNA primers during DNA replication?
   Answer: DNA polymerase I

78. Question: What is the function of telomerase?
   Answer: Maintain chromosome ends

79. Question: Which molecule acts as a competitive inhibitor?
   Answer: Similar to substrate

80. Question: What determines enzyme specificity?
   Answer: Active site shape

81. Question: How do second messengers affect cells?
   Answer: Amplify signals

82. Question: What is the role of cyclin in the cell cycle?
   Answer: Regulate checkpoints

83. Question: Which process forms the neural tube?
   Answer: Neurulation

84. Question: What is the function of hox genes?
   Answer: Determine body segments

85. Question: Which germ layer forms the nervous system?
   Answer: Ectoderm

86. Question: What is the role of guard cells in leaves?
   Answer: Control gas exchange

87. Question: Which plant tissue provides support?
   Answer: Sclerenchyma

88. Question: What is the function of root nodules?
   Answer: Nitrogen fixation

89. Question: Which hormone triggers fight-or-flight response?
   Answer: Epinephrine

90. Question: What is the role of calcitonin?
   Answer: Lower blood calcium

91. Question: Which behavior is innate?
   Answer: Instinct

92. Question: What type of behavior is imprinting?
   Answer: Rapid learning

93. Question: Which process produces genetic drift?
   Answer: Random chance

94. Question: What is the founder effect?
   Answer: Reduced variation

95. Question: Which speciation occurs with geographic barriers?
   Answer: Allopatric

96. Question: What is character displacement?
   Answer: Reduced competition

97. Question: Which trophic level has most energy?
   Answer: Producers

98. Question: What is the role of pioneer species?
   Answer: First colonizers

99. Question: How does weathering affect the carbon cycle?
   Answer: Releases CO2 from rocks

100. Question: What is the role of denitrifying bacteria?
   Answer: Return N2 to air

101. Question: Which process releases oxygen?
   Answer: Photolysis

102. Question: What is the function of cristae?
   Answer: Increase surface area

103. Question: Which molecule is the universal coenzyme?
   Answer: ATP

104. Question: What is the role of restriction enzymes?
   Answer: Cut DNA

105. Question: Which process repairs thymine dimers?
   Answer: Nucleotide excision

106. Question: How would you test the effect of light intensity on photosynthesis rate?
   Answer: Measure oxygen production

107. Question: What conclusion can be drawn from a population showing Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium?
   Answer: No evolution is occurring

108. Question: Which graph best shows exponential population growth?
   Answer: J-shaped curve

109. Question: How do desert plants minimize water loss?
   Answer: Reduced leaf surface area

110. Question: What distinguishes monocot from dicot seed structure?
   Answer: Number of cotyledons

111. Question: Which data supports the endosymbiotic theory?
   Answer: Mitochondrial DNA presence

112. Question: How do you determine a population's age structure?
   Answer: Demographics pyramid

113. Question: What evidence suggests two species share a recent common ancestor?
   Answer: Similar DNA sequences

114. Question: Which vertebrate adaptation first allowed colonization of land?
   Answer: Amniotic egg

115. Question: How do you measure species diversity in a community?
   Answer: Simpson's diversity index