2016-07-23 Saturday: 12 Experts

Greg Malivuk
[email protected]
http://www.pastebin.com/u/gmalivuk
“2016-07-23 Saturday: 12 Experts”
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Homework:
Imagine a human and an alien are meeting for the first time. Use reported speech to describe (part of) their conversation.
	Read the article about samurai on p. 147 and do parts 4, 5, 6 on p. 146.
		(In part 6, I want to know exactly where each sentence can go. Between which other sentences? Not just which section it would go in.)
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p. 147 part 4
1 T
2 F “However, during a long period of peace in Japan, things didn’t go well for the samurai and eventually, in the 1860s, they lost their position of power in Japanese society.”
3 T
4 F
5 T
part 5
1 appeal
2 overcoming
3 fierce
4 battle-weary
5 savage
6 unarmed
7 threat
8 lone
threat, thread, head, read (past), dead, weapon - ‘ea’ is pronounced like short ‘e’
He is a lone gunman. - “lone” comes before nouns
The gunman is alone. - “alone” comes after a verb
part 6
1 Bushido - after the last sentence (“his words” = the quoted speech from Terunuki Uki)
2 Samurai history - after “the wealthy landowners might not have employed private soldiers” (“these men” = wealthy landowners)
3 Samurai identity - between “...the theater” and “But of all their cultural activities…” (“also” means it comes after other examples)
4 Samurai today - after “...TV dramas”
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vocabulary
reenact = repeat an action, especially acting like soldiers in past battles
conscript = a soldier who is called up to fight by the authorities (and who doesn’t get a choice)
p. 146 part 2
martial arts: aikido, judo, karate, kung fu, etc.
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p. 142 - expeditions
part 1 - In pairs, explain why each of these things or people or actions is important for an expedition, and add more things that you think are also important.
- flashlight
- compass
- rope
- lighter
- first aid kit
- bug spray
- paper map
- extra batteries
- water
- water filter
- iodine tablets (to purify the water)
- toilet paper
- Swiss Army knife
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Read about the two women.

extinct = disappeared forever
endangered = with small numbers, in danger of possible extinction
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p. 142 part 6 - Listen to the women’s stories and answer the questions.
1 local trackers and guides
2 screaming and shouting
3 They had set up their camp in the middle of an elephant path.
4 The tents were flattened
5 mammoth bones, tusks, and mummies
6 It was remote and deserted.
7 There were millions of mosquitos.
8 They put mosquito nets over their heads.
part 7 - Who probably said these things?
1 Emma
2 Beth (or Emma)
3 Beth
4 Emma
5 Beth
6 Emma
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Modals for past advisability and possibility
We could have been killed. = It was possible, but it didn’t happen. (= We might have been killed.)
We couldn’t have avoided the insects. = It wasn’t possible (even if we had done something differently).
We should have taken more repellent. = It was the best idea, but we didn’t do it.
We shouldn’t have put up our tents there. = It was a bad idea, but we did it.
(The modals on this page are about past unreal situations. They didn’t actually happen, but we’re talking about what was possible or advisable.)

modal + have + past participle = [modal] about the past

Remember, “could” and “might” can also be for real possibility:
I’m not sure where she is. She could/might have left early. = It’s possible, but I don’t know.
I’m glad she got home safely. She could/might have died. = It was possible, but it didn’t happen.
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part 10 - Complete the paragraph with “should (not) have” and “could (not) have” plus the past participle.
1 shouldn’t have eaten
2 couldn’t have felt
3 should have had
4 should have taken
5 could have died
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Pronunciation: reduction of “have” in perfect modals
should have -> should’ve (sounds like “should of”) -> shoulda
could have -> could’ve (sounds like “could of”) -> coulda
We also often say “mighta”, “woulda”, and “musta”.

shouldn’t have -> “shouldn’t’ve” -> shouldna
(and “couldna”, “wouldna”)
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BREAK
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p. 144 part 1 - Answer the questions about the arctic.
Read the book review article.

Despite watching the Inuit build igloos, the explorers slept in tents.
= Even though they watched the Inuit build igloos, the explorers slept in tents.
haul = pull
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Grammar: Third Conditional = past unreal conditional
Parry’s men wouldn’t have been as healthy if they hadn’t eaten the salads.
(They were relatively healthy because they ate the salads.)

If they had learned to build igloos, the explorers would have been warm even in the worst Arctic weather.
(They didn’t learn to build igloos, so the explorers weren’t warm.)

if + [past perfect], would/could/might + have + past participle
(Remember: second conditional = if + [simple past], would/could/might + base form)

Find the other two examples of 3rd conditional in the article
Explorers could have avoided starvation, frostbite, and even death if they had copied the survival techniques of the local Inuit people.
(They didn’t avoid those things because they didn’t copy the survival techniques.)
If the explorers had worn sealskin and furs like the Inuit, they wouldn’t have suffered from the frostbite that was common among them.
(They didn’t wear sealskin and furs, so they suffered from frostbite.)
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2nd conditional: If I were rich, I would invest my money in space travel. (about right now)
		(= I’m not rich, so I don’t invest my money in space travel.)
3rd conditional: If I had been rich, I would have invested my money in space travel.
		(= I wasn’t rich, so I didn’t invest my money in space travel.)

From p. 143: “We could have been killed (if we hadn’t woken up in time).”
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p. 145 part 9 - Match the sentences and write third conditionals.
1 b - If we had planned everything better, the vacation wouldn’t have been a disaster.
	The vacation wouldn’t have been a disaster if we had planned everything better.
2 c - If we had known how to read the road signs, we wouldn’t have gotten lost.
	We wouldn’t have gotten lost if we had known how to read the road signs.
3 e - If we had taken a phrasebook we could have asked for help. (“could” because it’s about ability)
4 d - If the people hadn’t given us directions, we wouldn’t have found the way back to the main road.
5 a - If we hadn’t forgotten to check the museum opening times, we wouldn’t have gotten there too late.
	If we had checked the museum opening times, ...
	If we had remembered to check the museum opening times, ...
	If we had known the museum opening times, ...
6 f - If we had bought tickets ahead of time, we could have gotten into the museum.
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p. 148 part 1 - Would you apologize in these situations? Is it typical in your country?