Nonverbal Comm: behavior other than written or spoken language that creates meaning for someone

-non verbal messages are the primary way we communicate our feelings and attitudes
•	and are usually more believable
1) nonverbal cues help us manage verbal messages
•	can repeat, contradict or reegulate what we say
2) nonverbal cures augment the emotional meaning of verbal messages

interaction adaption theory: suggest that people interact with others by adapting to their communication behaviors

Interactional synchrony: mirroring of each others non verbal behavior by communication

Movements and gestures: communicate information, status, warm, credibility, interest in others, attitudes, liking
-non verbal messages are ambiguous, and continuous, and multi channeled
•	interpretation Is culture based

•	Kinesics: study of human movemeta and gesture

•	Emblems: behaviors that have a specific generally understood meaning
o	Clapping

•	Illustrators: cures that accompany verbal messages and add meaning to the message
o	Pounting the lectern to emphasize a point

•	Affect displays: expressions of emotion
o	A hug

•	Regulators: cures that control and manage the flow of communication between two people
o	Raising your hand during a lecture

•	Adaptors: behaviors that help you adapt to the environment
o	Crossing your arms when it’s cold

Eye contact: cognitive function because it gives you info about the other persons thought process
•	Use to monitore the behavior of others
•	Powerful regulatory cues that you can use to signal when you want to speak to someone
•	Expressive fn

Facial expression:express emotions

Vocal cues: communicate emotion through pitch, rate, colume, and quality; modify the meaning of messages
•	Backchannel cues:vocal cues that signal your wish to speak or not speak

Personal space:
•	Zone 1: 0-1.5 ft
o	Communicating with out most intimate acquaintances
•	Zone 2: 1.5-4 ft
o	Communicating with good friends and family members
•	Zone 3: 4-12 ft.
o	Working with others in small groups and in professional situations
•	Zone 4: 12+
o	Public spaking situations
•	Territoriality: how humans use space and objects to communicate occupancy or ownership of space

•	Territorial markers: tangible objects that are used to signify that someone has claimed an area

Touch: communicates intimacy affection or rejection
•	Usually in intimate situations:
o	When we ask someone to do something for us
o	When we share rather than ask for info
o	When we try to persuade someone to do something
o	When we are talking about intimate topics
o	When we are in social settings that we choose as apposed to professional settings
o	When we are thrilled and excited to share good news
o	When we listen to a troubled or worried friend
Appearance: influences perceptions of credibility and attraction
•	Americans think that Attractive people are more credible, happier, more popular, more sociable, and more prosperous

Interpreting nonverbal communication

Immediacy: communication liking
•	Feelings of liking, pleasure and closeness communicated by such nonverbal cues such as increased eye contact forward lean, touch, and open body orientation
Arousal: communicating responsiveness
•	Feelings of interest and excitement communicated by such nonverbal cues as vocal expression, facial expressions, and gestures
Dominance:
•	Cues communicate power status, position, and importance
o	Use of space (height)
o	Eye contact
o	Face
•	Frown no smile
o	Touch
o	Voice
o	Gesture
o	posture
Improving ability to interpret nonverbal messages
•	Expectancy violation theory: Theory that you interpret the messages of others based on how you expect others to behave

•	Consider nonverbal cues in context
•	Look for clusters of nonverbal cues
•	Consider past experiences when interpreting nonverbal cues

•	Perception checking: asking someone whether your interpretation of his or her nonverbal behavior is accurate
•
•	Observe their nonverbal behavior:
o	Frowning?
o	Eye contact?
•	Form a mental impression of what you think they mean
•	Ask questions to check weather your perception is accurate

Emotional contagion theory: emotional expression is contagious

Cues that communicate lying
o	Voice
•	Use more pauses when they talk
•







Interpersonal conflict: and expressed struggle that occurs when people cannot agree on a way to meed their needs or goals.

Interdependent: dependent on each other; one person’s actions affect the other person

Myths about conflict:

1) Conflict is always a sight of a poor ip relationship
2) conflict can always be avoided
3) conflict always occurs because of misunderstandings
4)conflict can always be resolved

Types of Conflict:
•	Psuedoconflict: simple because of a mis understanding, if the message isn’t cleared up a real conflict might ensue
o	Check perception: ask for clarification
o	Listen between the lines: read facial expressions to understand the message
o	Establish a supportive rather than a defensive climate for conversation
•	Simple Conflict: simple conflicts stems from differences in ideas, definitions, perceptions, or goals.
o	Clarify your and your partners understanding of the issues
o	Keep discussion focused on the facts
o	Look for more than just the initial solutions
o	Don’t try to tackle too many issues at once.
o	Find agreement in your stances when you can
o	Do not allow tempers to escalate.
•	Expressive conflict: conflict that focuses on issues about the uality of the relationship and managing interpersonal tension and hostility
•	Instrumental conflict. Conflict that centers on achieving a particular goal or task and less on rational issues
•	Ego conflict: conflict that is focused on personal issues
o	Try to steer the ego conflict back to simple conflict
o	Make the issua a problem to be solved rather than a battle to be won
o	Write down what you want to say
o	When things get personal, make a vow not to reciprocate
•	Flaming: sending an overly negative online message that personally attacks another person
Conflict as a process:
•	Prior conditions: the stage is set for the conflict because of differences in the individuals actions or attitudes
•	Frustrations awareness stage: one individual becomes aware that the differences are problematic and becomes frustrated and angry.
•	Active conflict stage: the individuals communicate with each other about the differences the conflict becomes an expressed struggle
•	Resolution stage: the individuals begin seeking ways to manage the conflict
•	Follow up stage: the individuals examine their own feelings and check with each other to monitor whether both are satisfied with the resolution.
•
•	Constructive conflict: conflict that helps build new insights and establishes new patterns in a relationship
o	Focuses attention on problems that may have to be solved
o	Clarifies what may need to be changed
o	Focuses attention on what is important to you and your partner
o	Clarifies who you are and what your values are
o	Helps you learn more about your partner
o	Keeps relationships interesting
o	Strengthens relationships by increasing that you mcan manage disagreements
•	Destructive: conflict that dismantles rather that strengthens relationships

•	Conflict management  style: consistent pattern or approach you use to manage disagreement with others.
o	Avoidance: Conflict management style that involves backing off and trying to side-step conflict; lose-lose
•	Demand withdrawal pattern: on person makes a demand and the other person avoids conflict by changing the subject or walking away.
o	Accommodation: Conflict management style that involves giving into the demands of others, lose/win style and typically wants to be liked by others
o	Competition: conflict management style that stresses winning conflict at the expense of the other person involved, win lose
o	Compromise: conflict management style that attempts to find the middle ground in a conflict- lose win- lose win approach
o	Collaboration: views conflict as a problem to be solved; negotiates to achieve a appositive solution for all involved in the conflict
•	Separate the people from the problem: leave personal grievances out of the discussion
•	Focus on shared interest
•	Generate many options to solve the problem
•	Base on objective criteria
•	Conflict management skills:
o	Manage your emotions: if we feel powerless to control our own emotions we will have difficulty taking a logical or rational approach to managing the conflict
o	Be aware that you are becoming angry and emotionally volatile
•	Be determined not to get angry yourself
•	Get on the same physical level as the other person
•	Be silent
•	Express your concern nonverbally
•	Make an appropriate empathic statement
•	Remind yourself that you are in control of your own emotions
•	Recognize that angry emotional outbursts rarely change someone’s mind
o	Seek to understand why you are angry and emotional:
•	Feeling that you have not been treated fairly
•	Feeling entitled to something that you are being denied.
o	Make a conscious decision about whether to express your anger.
•	If you do chose to, don’t lose control
o	Select a mutually acceptable time and place to discuss a conflict
o	Plan your message
o	Breathe
o	Monitor nonverbal messages
o	Avoid personal attacks, name calling, and emotional everstatement
o	Take time to establish rapport
o	Use self talk

•	Mangae Information
o	Clearly describe the conflict producing events
o	Own your statements by using descriptive I language
•	Monitor your “but” messages-statemet using the word byt that may communicate that whatever you’ve said prior to but is not really true
o	Use effective listening skills
o	Check your understanding of what others say and do
•	Be empathic
•	Manage goals:
o	Identify you and your partners goal
o	Identify where you arny your partners goals overlap
•	Manage the problem
o	Define the problem
•	Determing what you disagree about
•	Analyze the problem
	Determen the causes, symptoms, effects, and obstacles
•	Determine the goals
	Determine what you want, determine what your partner wants, how do the goals overlap
•	Generate many solutions: list many options rather than debating one or two strategies for achieving the goal
•	Select the best solution and try it: eliminate options that are not mutually agreeable, if possible take the best ideas amount those generated to reach an amicable resolution
•	Communicating withprickly people
o	Take a time out if your emotions are running hot
o	Step to the side, and ask questions and listen
o	Change the frame
•	Rather than rejectin an idea, try to see it in a different way
•
•	Build





Chapter 9:
Interpersonal relationships defined
Relationship: a connection we establish when we communicate with  another person
Interpersonal relationship: perception shared by two people of an ongoing connection that results in the development of relational expectations and varies in interpersonal intimacy.

•	Shared Perception: both individuals must share a perception that they have an ongoing relationship
•	Ongoing connection: ip relationship is a process- it is dynamic contantly changing and evolving
•	Relational expectations: establish expectations specific to a relationship
•	Interpersonal intimacy: is the degree to which relational partners mutually confirm and accept each others sense of self
Genesis of IP relationships: attraction
•	Relationships of circumstance: ip relationship that exists because of the life circumstances → your teacher, neighbor
•	Relationship choice interpersonal relationship that you choose to initiate maintain and perhaps terminate
•	Interpersonal attraction: degree to which you want to form aor maintain an interpersonal relationship
•	Short term initial attraction: degree to which you sense a potential for feveloping an ip relationship
•	Long term maintenance attraction: level of liking that motivate us to maintain or escalate a relationship
•	Predicted outcome value: potential for a relationship to confirm our self image compared to its potential costs
Factors leading to short term initial attraction:
•	Proximity: increases communication opportunities and therefore there is a higher chance of developing a relationship
•	Physical appearancenonverbal cues that allow us to asses relationship potential
Factors that lead to both short terma and long term maintenance attraction:
•	Credibility competence and intelligence
•	Self Disclosure and reciprocation of liking:
o	Liking those who like us
•	Similarities we like people whos personality values, upbringing, personal experiences attitudes and personal interese are similar to ours
•	Differences and complementary needs
o	Needs that match: each partner contributes something to the relationship that the other partner needs .
Nfulence in ip relationships: power
•	Ip power: degree to which he is able to influence his or her partner

Principles of IP power:
•	power exists in all interactions and all relationships.
•	Power primarily derives from an individuals ability to meet another persons need within a given relationship
o	Dependant relationship:relationship in which one partner has a greater need for the other to meet his or her needs
•	Both partners in an ongoing relationship have some degree of power
o	Interdependent relationship: relationship in which each person has a similar amount of power over the other
•	Power is circumstantial:
•	Relational development involves a negotiation of each partners power.
Types of power relationships:
•	Complementary relationship: relationship in which power is dvided unevenly with one partner dominating and the other submitting
•	Symmetric relationship: relationship in which both partners attempt to have the same level ov power
•	Competitive symmetric relationship: relationship in which both partners vie for control of dominance of the other
•	Submissive symmetric relationship: relationship in which neither partner wants to take control or make decisions
•	Parallel: relationshi in which power shits back and forth between the partners depending on the situation
Types of Power:
•	Legitimate power: power that is based on respect for a persons position
•	Referent power: power comes as a result of the attractiveness, charisma of the person.
•	Expert bower: based off of the persons knowledge and experience
•	Reward power: power basd on a persons ability to satisfy our needs
•	Coercive power: based on the use of santions of punishments
•	Compliance gaining: persuasive actions taken to get others to comply with our goals
Negotiating power in IP relationships:
•	Asses needs and their fulfillment in relationships
•	Identify need based conflicts and tensions: to what degree is power a factor in relational conflicts
•	Directly discuss pwer issues
Relationships with friends lovers and family
•	Friends:
o	Self disclosure
o	Openness
o	Compatibility
o	Ego-reinforcement
o	Acceptance
o	Respect
o	Helping behavior
o	Positive evaluation
o	Trust
o	Concern and empathy
•	Friendships at diff. stages in life
o	Childhood: self focused and superficial
o	Adolescent friendships: peers influence social behavior. Boys often associate with others in group whereas girls develop deep friendships with a smaller circle of friends
o	Adult:Other relationships may change one once a person chooses a lifelong mate
o	Elderly friendships: old friends are valued, friendship networks often shrink
Romantic relationships
•	Triangular theory of love: theory suggest that all loving relationships can be broken down into three dimentions: passion, commitment, and intimacy
•	Eros: sexual, erotic, based on pursuit of physical beauty and pleasure
•	Ludis: game playing love based on the enjoyment of another
•	Storge: solid love found in friendships and family based on trust and caring
•	Mania: obsessive love driven by mutual needs
•	Pragma: preactical love based on mutual benefits
•	Agape: selfless love besd on giving of yourself for others
Family relationships:
•	Traditional couples: married partners who are interdependent and who exhibit a lot of sharing and companionship
•	Independent couples: married partners who exhibit sharing and companionship and are psychologically interdependent but allow eachother individual space
•	Separate couples: married partners who support the notion of marriage and family but stress the individual over the couple
•	Mixed couples: married couples in which the husband and wife each adopt a different perspective

Stages of IP relationships:

o	Relational development: movement of a relationship from one stage to another, either toward or away from greater intimacy
o	Turning point: specific event or interaction associated with positive or negative changes in a relationship
o	Causal turning points: event that brings about a change in a relationship
o	Reflective turning point: event that signals that a change has occurred in the way a relationship is defined.
•	Relational escalation: movement of a relationship towards greater intimacy
•	Relational awareness:
o	Pre interaction awareness stage: observe someone without having any direct interaction
o	Passive strategy: Gaining information about others without directly interaction with them
•	Acquaintance:
o	Introductions: sub stage of the acquaintance state of relationship development, in which interaction is routine, and basic information is shared
o	Casual banter: sage of relationship development in which impersonal topics are discussed but very limited personal information is shared
•	Exploration:
o	Begin to give more in-depth information about yourselves, but will have little physical contact and maintain social distance
•	Intensification:
o	Start to depend on each other for self confirmation and engage in more risky self disclosure
•	Intimacy:
o	The two partners turn to each other for confirmation and acceptance of their self concepts. Their communication is highly personalized and synchronized
•	Relational de-escalation:
o	Movement of a relationship away from intimacy through five stages: turmoil, de-intensification, individualization, separation, post separation
o	Post intimacy relationship: formerly intimate relationship that is maintained at a less intimate stage
•	Turmoil or stagnation
o	Increase in conflict, as one or both partners tend to find more faults in the there , relationship seems to lose its clarity, and mutual acceptance declines. The communication climate is tense and exchanges are difficult
•	De intensification:
o	Decreasing their interactional increasing their physical, emotional, and psychological distance; and decreasing their dependence on another; it is possible that the relationship can be repaired, but it will be difficult
•	Separation:
o	Individuals make an intentional decision to elimitate or minimize further interpersonal interaction. Interactions in this stage are ofen tense and difficult. Talk is limited to superficial things,
•	Post separation:
o	Lasting effects the relationship has ahd on yourself and ther for on your other interactions and relationships.
Theories of interpersonal relationship development
•	Filtering: process of reducing partners moving to each stage by applying selection criteria
•	Social exchange theory: theory that claims people make relationship decisions by assessing and comparing the costs and rewards
•	immediate and forecasted rewards and costs
o	immediate rewards and costs: rewards and costs that are associated with a relationship at the present moment
o	forecasted rewards and costs: rewards and costs that an individual assumes will occur based on projection and prediction
•	Cumalitve rewards and costs:
o	Total rewards and costs accrued during a relationship
•	Magnitude and ratio:
o	A quantacized approach to rewards and costs: i.e. if someone is very funny +4, however they are also clingy -2= +2 overally
•	Expected rewards and costs:
o	Expectaion of how much reward we should get from a given relationship in comparison to its costs
•	Dialectical Theory:
o	Looks at the human condition in terms of sets of opposing forces when applying dialectical theory to interpersonal relationship, we can identify forces pulling us toward intimacy and opposing forces pulling us toward independaces
o	Three dialectical tensions:
•	Connectedness v. autonomy
	Desire to connect with others and to be interdependent at the same time
•	Predicatblity vs. novelty:
	Knowing what to expect and being able to predict the world around us helps to reduce tension that occurs from uncertainty, at the same time we get bored by constant repetition
•	Openness v. closedness: we wish to disclose information to others and to hear those we are attracted to disclose to us.
•	Dialectical tensions and relational development:
Strategies and skills for developing IP relationships
•	Skills used primarily to initiate a relationship
o	Observe and act on approachability cues
o	Identify and use conversation starters
o	Follow initiation norms
o	Ask questions
o	Don’t expect too much from the initial interaction
•	Skills and strategies used in both initiating and escalating relationships
o	Communicate and cultivate attraction
•	Nonverbal immediace refers to the nonverbal cues we display when we are attracted to someone.
•	Affinity seeking strategies: strategies used for other people to like you
	Control: present yourself as in control, independent, and free-thinking
	Visibility: look and dress attractively; present yourself as an interesting energetic, and enthusiastic person
	Mutual trust: present yourself as honest and reliable
	Politeness: follow appropriate conversational rules; let the other person assume control of the relationship
	Concern and caring: show interest in and ask questions about the other person; listen; show support and be sensitive
	Other involvement: put a positive spin on activities you share; draw the other person into your activities
	Self involvement: try to arrange for encounters and interaction; engage in behaviors that encourage the other person to form a closer relationship
	Commonalities: point out similarities between yourself and the other person
•	Be open and self disclose appropriately
•	Gather information to reduce uncertainty
	Uncertainty reduction theory: theory that claims people seek information in order to reduce uncertainty, thus providing control and predictability
•	Monitor your perceptions
•	Listen actively and respond confirmingly
•	Socially decenter and adopt an other oriented perspective
•	Skills and strategies specific to escalating and maintaining relationship
o	Express emotions
o	Prvide comfort and social support
•	1)they put distressed person in a more positive mood
•	2) empower the person to better manage the issues
•	3) they help reduce brooding about the problems
o	Engage in relationship talk
•	Relationship talk: talk about the nature, quality, direction, or definition of a relationship
o	Manage conflict cooperatively
•



Relationship changes:
•	Violations of relational expectations and failure events:
o	Failure events: violations of understandings between people in relationships
o	Assessing the severity of failure events: depends heavily on the commitment and expectations of both partners.
o	Responding to failure events:
•	Reproach: a message that a failure event has occured .
•	Responses: aggravating (severe), mitigating(mild)
•	Account: response to a reproach
•	Apologies include admission that the failure event has occurred, acceptance of responsibility and expression of regret.
•	Excuses: the admission that the failure event occurred, coupled with a contention that nothing could have been done to prevent the failure it was due to unforeseen circumstances
•	Justifications: accepting responsibility for the event but redefining the event as not a failure
•	Denials: are statements that the failure never took place
•	Absence of an account: ignoring the reproaches
o	Responding to failure events with forgiveness:
•	Physical separation and distance: add costs and challenges to the maintenance of a relationship
o	Social change theory: analysis of rewards and costs
o	Maintaing communication is the most important factor in maintaing long distance relationships
•	Relationships that challenge social norms:
o	In group: ones ratioal of ethnic group
o	Out group: a race culture religion or ethnic group different from ones own
•	1) awareness of racial differenced balanced against attraction between the individuals
•	2) coping with their racial difference and the responses they get as a couple
•	3) the emergence of their own identity as a coupld
•	4)maintenance of the relationship
the dark side of IP comm. And relationships
•	deception:
o	deception by omissions: intentionally holding back some of the information another person has requested or that you are expected to share
o	Deception by commission: deliberate presentation of false information
•	White lies deception by commission involving only a slight degree of falsification that has a minimal consequence
•	Exaggeration: deception by commission involving stretching the trush
•	Baldfaced lie: deception by commission involving outright falsification of information intended to deceive the listener
o	Reasons for deception:
•	To gain resouces: might help us acquire material resources such as money or property.
•	To avoid harm or loss of resources: deception may be used to prevent another persons negative reaction or to pretocet resouces
•	To protect ones self image
•	For entertainment
•	To protect anothers resouces self image or safety
o	Effects of deception:
•	Leading to the incorrect decisions or actions
•	Harming relationships
•	Loss of trust
•	Harming innocent bystanders
•	Additional harm:
•	Communication that hurts feelings:
o	Active verbal responses: reactive statements made in response to a hurtful message
o	Acquiescent responses: crying conceding or apologizing in response to a hurtful message
o	Invulnerable responses: ignoring laughing or being silent in response to a hurful message
•	Obsessive relational intrusion: repeated invasion of a persons privacy by a stranger or acquaintance who desires or assumes a close relationship
o	Stalking: repeated unwelcome intrusions that create concern for personal safety and fear in the target
•	Jealousy: a reaction to the thrat of losing a valued relationship
•	Relational violence: range of destructive behaviors aimed at other people including aggressiveness threats violent acts and verbal psychological or physical abuse
De-escalation and termination of relationships:
•	Signs of relationship problems:
o	Decrease in proximity, less sexual activity, eye contact, smiling, vocal variety, ease of interaction, decrease in amount of time spent together, and less personal interactions
•	1) cticism or attacks on someones personality
•	2) display of contempt through insults and psychological abuse
•	3) defensive behaviore such as denying responsibility, making excuses, whining,
•	4)stone walling: partners stop responding to each other
•	Repair and rejuvenation of relationships
o	Dependent on the partners ability to understand the damage
•	Decision to end a relationship:
o	Bilateral dissolution: ending of a relationship by mutual agreement of both parties
o	Unilateral dissolution: ending of a relationship by one partnereven though the other partner wants to continue
•	How relationships end:
o	Fading away: ending a relationship by slowly drifting apart
o	Sudden death: abrupt and unplanned ending of a relationship.
o	Incrementalism: systematic progression of a relationship through each of the de-escalation stages
•	Reasons for de-escalating and terminating a relationship
o	Rules
•	1) acting jealous or critical of relationship
•	2)discussion with others what your friends said in confidence
•	3) not volunteering to help in time of need
•	4) not trusting or confiding in your friend
•	5) criticizing your friend in public
•	6 not showing positive regard for your friend
•	7) not being tolerat of your friends other friends
•	8) not showing emotional support
•	10) nagging your friend
•	model of ending relationships:
o	intapsychic phase: first phase in relationship termination when an individual engages in an internal evaluation of the partner
o	dyadic phase: second phase in relationship termination when the individual discusses termination with partner
o	social phase: third phase in relationship termination whem members of the social network both parties friends become involved
o	grave dressing phase: final phase partners generate public explanations and move past the relationship
•	strategies for ending relationship:
o	indirect termination strategies: attempts to break up a relanship without explicityly stating the desire to do so
o	direct: explicit
•	Post dissolution recovery:
o	1) express your emotions
o	2) figure out what happened
o	3) realize, don’t idealize
o	prepare to feel better
o	expect to heal
o	talk to others
o	get some perspective
Interpersonal relationships at home:
•	Family defined: self defined untit made up of any number of persons who live or have lived in arelationship with one another over time in a common living space and who are usually, but not always, united by marriaga and kinship
•	family types:
o	natural family: mother father and their biological childred
o	blended family: two adults and their childred. Because of divorce seperation, death or adoption the children may be the offstpring of other parents or of just one of the adults who is raising them
o	single parent family: one parent raising one or more children
o	extended family: relatives such as aunts, incles, cousings, or grandparents and or unrelated persons who are part of a family unit
o	family of origin: family in which a person is raised
•	Model of family interaction:
o	Circumplex model of family interaction: model of the relationships among family adaptability cohesion and communication
•	Adaptability: family’s ability to modify and respond to changes in the families power structure and roles
•	Cohesion: emotional bonding and feelings of togetherness that families experience
•	Communication: the most important of all three types
•	Improving family communication:
o	Ten factors that were associated with families that had good communication: openness, maintenance of structural stability, expression of affection, emotional instrumental support, mind-reading, politeness, discipline, humor, regular routine interaction, avoidance of hurtful topics
•	Take time to talk about relationships and feelings
o	Be other oriented in your focus
o	Don’t take yourself too seriously
•	Listen actively and clarify the meaning of messages
o	Stop, look, and listen
o	Check your interpretation of messages
•	Support and encourage one another
o	Use confirming messages
o	Be selective in disclosing your feelings
•	Use productive strategies for managing conflict, stress and change
o	Watch for communication warning signs
o	Learn to renegotiate role conflicts
Interpersonal relationships and computer mediated communication (cmc)
•	CMC: communication between and among people through the medium of computers
•	Comparing face to face, and CMC
o	Non verbal cues
o	The role of written word
o	Response time
•	Challenges of CMC
o	Ease of deception
•	Types of CMC
o	Social or psychological co-presence: state of mind that occurs during computer mediated interactions or text messaging, in which partners think and act as though they were face to face.
o	Synchronous interaction: interaction in which participants are actively engaging at the same time
o	Asynchronous interaction: interaction in which participants send and receive messages from each other with delays between reception and response.
•	Initiating and establishing relationships through CMC
o	Hyper personal relationships: relationships formed primarily through CMC that become more personal than equivalent FTF relationships
o	Romantic, intimate relationships can be developed totally through CMC
•	Face to face interpersonal relationships and CMC
o	Cmc is used to escalate and maintain FTF communication
o	Email, iM, texte messaging are used extensively by 18-28
o	The impact of cmc on overall relationship time and quality is unclea
o	CMC helps crate and maintain many social and support networks
•	The dark side of CMC: cyberstalking and harassment,
addiction and compulsion
o	Cyberstalking involves using cmc to harass, control, and threaten others
o	Internet use becomes problematic and may be characterized as abuse or addiction when use of cmc detracts from performance of other responsibilities
o	Allows users to avoid face to face interactions and can detract from social skills
•	Communication skills for CMC
o	Thes who use CMC need to compensate for the lack of nonverbal cues in these formats. More information must be conveyed in writing, including self-disclosures
o	Our cmc behavior affects the impression other people have of us
o	We are attracted to others who are similar to us in CMC skills
o	The interpersonal communication skill covered through out the text apply to cmc
Interpersonal relationships at work:
•	Workplace friendships
•	Workplace romances
o	Quid pro quo: phrase that can be used to describe a type of sexual harassment. Roughly means that ill do something for you and you do something for me
•	Upward communication: talking with your boss
o	Information that flows from subordinates to superiors
•	Downward communication
o	Communication that flows from superiors to subordinates
o	Hostile environment: type of sexual harassment in which an employees rights are threatened through offensive working conditions or behavior on the part of other workers.
•	Horizontal communication
o	Communication among collegues or co workers within the same level in the organization.
•	Outward communication:
o	Communication that flows to those outside an organization