Industrial Revolution
Facts:
Globally, pre IR life expectancy rarely rose above 35
Pre IR 80% of global population were farmers
IR, characterised by the use of machines and new energy resources
Britain was primed for the IR as they had a culture of inventors, exportation and population growth, as well as coal and high wages

Making of a Nation
The industrial revolution was built around the steam engine and many crappy jobs, many being harmful to health: lucifer match ladies, working with the yellow phosphorus resulted in major health issues to the women and future children, e.g. decaying jaws from them eating the contaminated food. Children working in the coal mines, effects on the lungs from inhalation of the dust and debris in the tunnels. The trappers, sitting in mines for hours on end, had effects on vision due to the continuous changing of environments, regarding light exposure. Any of the mine workers had health problems affecting their backs, from the constant bent position they would work in and disease and infections on their feat from poor foot wear.

Someone might want to cross check the info, however i believe most of it is correct.

Early Immigrants
Early immigrants came to australia  through British convicts and free British settlers.
Many immigrants were either, chinese, german and kanaka.
 1850 - Booming gold field brought immigrants to australia.
Post the start of the IR in Europe Australia would have been a good alternative to live, due to it being a new country. Not overpopulated or heavily polluted.

After basic government was formed the White Australian policy, AKA, the immigration restriction ACT was introduced to start to restrict non-white decent immigrants from entering Australia

Federation
Happened on 1 January 1901

Henry Parkes first proposed the idea of a Federal Council in 1881

The main reasons FOR Federation are:

1. Wanting to protect ‘White Australia’ and stop immigration.
2. There was a growing sense of nationalism in Australia, where immigrants were beginning to think of Australia as their home. More than half the population was born in Australia.
3. To improve connections between the states and increase opportunities for trade and collaboration
4.




Australia During WWI & WWII



Wartime Controls
Weaponry, Warfare and Conditions
Bold and underlined below is similarities
WWI Weaponry and Warfare
WWII weaponry and warfare
WARFARE TYPE: Mostly Trench warfare and a bit of ideological warfare (propaganda)

WEAPONRY: Mainly rifles with a bayonet, as well as machine guns and artillery.

Women encouraged men to enlist.
Women had few opportunities at home.

OTHER SIMILARITIES
Age of soldiers
At mercy of extreme weather (it wrecked weapons)
Used best technology available.
WARFARE TYPE: a combination of aerial warfare, naval warfare, jungle warfare and ideological warfare (propaganda)
WEAPONRY: Tanks, Submarines, sub machine guns, planes, overall better technology .
Women encouraged men to enlist.
Women had increasing social power in work force, eg. women’s land army.
OTHER SIMILARITIES
Age of soldiers
At mercy of extreme weather (it wrecked weapons)
Used best technology available.


Specific Battle Australia was involved in from each War
WW2:
Battle of Kokoda, battle of midway

Why were Australians there? - Australia where there to stop the Japanese from getting a base where they could launch bombing raids against the Allied bases in northern Australia and also to stop them from cutting of vital supply lines from the US to Australia.
The battle started on 21 July 1942, the Japanese invaded Gona on Papua New Guinea’s north coast. Their goal was the town of Port Moresby in the south. The main battle was between Owers corner and Kokoda.


The battle started on 21 July 1942, the Japanese invaded Gona on Papua New Guinea’s north coast and finished It took until 23 January 1943 for the Allied forces to defeat the Japanese and be able to claim victory.
D)Australia’s 39th Infantry Battalion, along with members of the Papuan Infantry Battalion, back to Imita Ridge in the south were fighting against the Japanese.
F)  The guns that rusted in the humid climate.
G) their inexperience in jungle warfare
hot, humid weather during the day and bitterly cold nights
dif culties in the terrain
tropical diseases, especially malaria
outdated maps and poor intelligence
inadequate equipment such as World War I weapons and ammunition shortages exhaustion
Does anyone else have the rest of the questions i only have the beginning parts. Or can you please right in the other questions. - Ralph





WW1:
Gallipoli, battle of the Nek


Women’s Involvement in the Wars




Aboriginal & Torres Strait Islanders involvement
Enlistment:
In WWI, Aboriginals were banned from enlisting. It was only in 1917, when there was a greater need for troops, that the Government cautiously lifted this ban to allow indigenous people of “European Descent” to enlist. Approximately 1000 indigenous soldiers enlisted.  This primary source, a statutory declaration from Willie Cummings, shows that indigenous people still had to deny their indigenous heritage in order to enlist by proving that they were partly 'white'.  Cummings states “All my life I have lived with white people.”
In WWII, however, indigenous Australians could enlist without denying who they were and many answered the call. Dr Chris Clark from the Australian War memorial website states that “estimates of the number of Indigenous men and women who served have ranged between 3,000 and 6,000.” There was even a Torres Strait Light Infantry Battalion formed to defend Australia's Top End.

Opportunities in the Army:
Secondly, There were many more opportunities for advancement for indigenous soldiers in WWII when compared to WWI.  In WWI it was next to impossible for them to be anything other than a normal foot soldier.  There were no opportunities for indigenous soldiers to obtain rank and it was also more difficult for them to achieve a military award.
Opportunities for advancement were still limited for indigenous soldiers in WWII, but they did exist. One example of this is Reginald Saunders. He was the first aboriginal commissioned officer in history. Here are 2 photographs, both primary sources, showing Saunders advancement from sergeant (on the left) to lieutenant (on the right). This news article from 1953, a secondary source, shows how Saunders was not only commissioned as an officer, he was given critical acclaim for it back home - “The RSL has recommended that Saunders… should be included in the coronation contingent. … Whatever his race, his war record alone should entitle him to a place in that contingent.”




 Returning Soldiers:

Finally, the treatment of returning soldiers was better in WWII. After fighting for their country in WWI, indigenous soldiers came home hopeful for a change. However, the Department of Veterans Affairs, a secondary source, records that they found “their service counted for little” and "still had to live under the so-called ‘Protection Acts’”. According to Professor Maynard from the University of Technology Sydney, some returning soldiers found that their "children had been taken away during their fathers’ absence and Indigenous land given to white soldiers with no recompense for Aboriginal families.” They were also denied service in pubs at reunions and banned from joining the RSL clubs.

Contrastingly, Aboriginals returning home from WWII had a better experience. In 1949, after heavy campaigning for indigenous rights, the Government gave indigenous ex- servicemen the right to vote. This was one of the first steps towards all indigenous people being granted citizenship in 1967. Whilst indigenous servicemen still did not receive the recognition they deserved, due to the changing attitudes of society, it was vastly preferable to be an aboriginal soldier returning in WWII.

Enemy Aliens
Australian Soldiers Returning Home
Returned Soldiers WWI - Pretty sure info is mostly accurate, but i would double check just to be sure.
WWI was the first war Australians were involved in, so the men who signed up were unaware of the horrors that awaited. This was not helped by government provided propaganda, which pressured Australian men into signing up. In the war, they had seen their friends and comrades fall, sustained serious injuries and suffered from mental diseases such as shell-shock and PTSD. Treatment was given to some victims but not all, and these soldiers in particular found it hard to readjust to regular life again. There were not many people who wanted to hire them either, in case they had a mental breakdown while on the job, or their PTSD could easily be triggered by everyday noises.
There were a variety of other reasons that made work and money scarce for many of the returned soldiers. Firstly, jobs they had previously held had been taken over by women. At this point in time society was very patriarchal, and employers discovered that women could complete the same jobs as men, but at nearly half the cost. They were therefore reluctant to replace them when society was inundated with the thousands of returned soldiers.
The government’s plan was the Soldier Settlement Schemes, which allowed returned soldiers to settle on farms and cattle stations. This initially boosted agricultural growth however as most soldiers were highly inexperienced, and couldn’t provide for their families, they ended up moving back to the cities. The failed experiment cost the government 25 million pounds.
Whilst abroad in WWI, many soldiers contracted the Spanish Flu, and several of them brought it back to Australia. This led to an outbreak of the disease in society, which killed over 10,000 Australians.

Returned Soldiers WWII
After WWI, soldiers found it very difficult to adapt to regular life, however after WWII the government helped in their readjustment. Civil rehabilitation centre were places where the government began providing veterans with assistance and advice about land settlement and housing, work training, education, loans and legal aid. These things were done to best assist the men and women that served their country in returning to a normal life. These centres were scattered throughout the country.
Medical treatment was also far better after WWII than after WWI, and new hospitals were built to cater for the severe physical and mental illnesses returned soldiers brought back with them.
After WWII in 1945 the demobilisation process begun, where, over half a million Australian soldiers and service personnel were discharged, to reduce the size of the defence force. The Department of Post-War Reconstruction was responsible for the transition of military to civilian, and gave each soldier a score based upon their age, years of service, marital status, and other factors.
The higher the score a person was given, the sooner they would be able to attain discharge papers, and return to their homes and families, leaving both war and all military service behind. Due to the size of the project, the last of the returned soldiers were released in 1947. After being released, soldiers could find work and continue life without the burden of being on call for battle or war.

Prep for War (Soldiers Training)
Legacy of the Wars (How do we Commemorate the Wars?)
POW Treatment
WW1

Food
There was a shortage of food - The men received small amounts of bread and oats each day, enough to keep the men in a satisfactory condition.
1916 and onwards the British Blockade on the Western Front, food was even harder to get and rations became smaller.
Unions started to form such as the Prisoners of War Help Committee to organise food deliveries. Families could send Red Cross food parcels to the POWs for around $1. According to prisonersofwar1914-1918documents.com three packages were sent to the prisoners every fortnight and they weighed in at around 100 g and contained basic necessities like bread.
Treatment
In WW1 once captured, the officers were separated from their soldiers and sent to Germany for imprisonment . The wounded received medical treatment. SydneyMorningHerald 2017 said that once the men were healthy enough to work they would be sent behind lines as forced labourers and spend 15 hours a day digging machine-gun pits, clearing roads, and unloading ammunition and engineering supplies at nearby dumps. Disease was common, but only 90 of the 1170 Australian Bullecourt prisoners died of sickness. High ranking officers were more respected and received better treatment than the standard soldier.


WW2
Food
Scarce red cross food parcels were stored and issued under German supervision.
Men had to share parcels because of the lack. Having 1 parcel between 4 men. Each parcel was only enough for 1 man.
In Eric Stephenson’s diary, who was a soldier that was in a German camp during 1943, he recounts, “We could not store much because the Germans used to puncture all the tins at each end.”  Those in Japanese POWs were further malnourished. The majority survived on barley, green stew, meat or fish once a month. Red Cross parcels were sometimes not even distributed to the prisoners and illness was common. Ulcers and cholera occurred due to the lack of supplies including medication. This led to the starvation of men
Treatment
Of the 22,376 Australian prisoners of war captured by the Japanese alone, over 8000 died while in captivity. Those that suffered the worst conditions and hardship while Japanese prisoners of war, were those that were sent to build the Burma-Thailand railway. Prisoners of war and Asian labourers worked side by side to build the 260 mile railroad by hand. They were expected to work from dawn to dusk, ten days on and one day off, moving earth, building bridges, blasting through mountains and laying track. It was known as on the Burma Railway, referred to as the death railway. According to history.net very few of the Japanese guards spoke English and internees were forced to learn Japanese in order to understand commands they were given and failure to comply with instructions would merit a beating. Certain prisoners were assigned the roll of grave digger to bury all of the dead prisoners