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The Greek Novel (Classics)

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  1. Introduction
  2.  
  3. In the first century CE large-scale fictional works written in Greek prose began to appear, generally erotic and focusing upon invented figures and scenarios. The origins of what we have come to call the Greek novel or romance (the ancient world has given us no term for these texts) are murky. There are certainly elements of continuity with the Odyssey and stories in Herodotus (e.g., the Gyges and Candaules story). The near-total loss of early and mid-Hellenistic prose makes it impossible to trace the emergence of the form in the post-Classical period, although we certainly have some evidence for inventive narrative (e.g., Euhemerus’s Holy account, Iamblichus’s so-called Islands of the Sun, and the earliest strata of the Alexander romance), albeit in a form very different from the novel. What is more, our earliest texts (seemingly Chariton’s Callirhoe and/or the fragmentary Ninus) are not securely dated (see Dating and Titles): some have taken them to be late Hellenistic, although a majority of scholars now see them as early Imperial. Given the relative absence of Greek antecedents, some scholars have explained the novel as the result of influence from Egyptian or Near Eastern cultures (see Cultural Context). Origins apart, the novel quickly achieved a canonical form: a young girl and boy meet, fall in love, and are separated by circumstances and adventure, before being reunited at the end. Marriage is an ever-present feature, whether at the beginning (as in the earlier novels) or as the culmination (in those of the 2nd century and later). This is the form on which this survey focuses; other fictional texts from the era, such as the Life of Aesop, the Alexander romance and Lucian’s True stories, are beyond its scope. The Greek novel was influential on contemporary, Byzantine, Persian, and later European literature (see Reception). Unlike their Roman counterparts Petronius and Apuleius, the Greek novelists themselves are shadowy figures: some testimony survives (see Individual Works), but this seems to have been invented after the fact.
  4.  
  5. General Overviews
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  7. Most general volumes on the Greek novel also include material on the Roman novel (but nothing or relatively little on Near Eastern and early Christian fiction). Holzberg 1995 is a good general introduction; there is still much of value in Hägg 1983, but the characterization of the genre as middlebrow is not fashionable now. Schmeling 2003 gives up-to-date scholarly introductions to the individual novels and related texts, as well as some more general essays; see also Morgan and Stoneman 1994. The essays in Whitmarsh 2008 are more thematic and theoretical. Swain 1999 collects older, classic discussions. Tatum 1994 and Panayotakis, et al. 2003 also contain a variety of interesting discussions. Also notable is the journal Ancient Narrative, which publishes annually and also has a supplement series featuring both monographs and collections of essays.
  8.  
  9. Hägg, Tomas. 1983. The novel in antiquity. Berkeley: Univ. of California Press.
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  11. An important and lucid introductory account by one of the leading scholars in the field. One of its virtues is the emphasis upon the variety of fictional texts available in the ancient world, including the Alexander romance. Hägg’s view of the novel as a fundamentally “popular” genre is less widely held now, but far from dead.
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  13. Holzberg, Niklas. 1995. The ancient novel: An introduction. Translated by Christine Jackson-Holzberg. London: Routledge.
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  15. A good, brief, general account for the beginner, with sections on each of the novels. Like Hägg, Holzberg is excellent on varieties of fiction, including fragmentary texts found on papyri.
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  17. Morgan, John Robert, and Richard Stoneman, eds. 1994. Greek fiction: The Greek novel in context. London: Routledge.
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  19. A collection of essays by leading scholars in the field, emphasizing the wider literary context of the novels (with important essays on connections with Lucian, Dio, Philostratus, and Christian literature).
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  21. Panayotakis, Stelios, Maaike Zimmerman, and Wytse Keulen, eds. 2003. The ancient novel and beyond. Leiden, The Netherlands: Brill.
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  23. A good collection of advanced-level scholarly essays by international experts.
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  25. Schmeling, Gareth L., ed. 2003. The novel in the ancient world. 2d ed. Leiden, The Netherlands: Brill.
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  27. An enormous collection of essays by experts, particularly valuable for its authoritative coverage of each of the individual texts. There are also (in the second edition) useful bibliographies and collections of online resources.
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  29. Swain, Simon, ed. 1999. Oxford readings in the Greek novel. Oxford: Oxford Univ. Press.
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  31. A collection of important, research-level essays written in the 1980s and 1990s, some appearing in English for the first time.
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  33. Tatum, James, ed. 1994. The search for the ancient novel. Baltimore: Johns Hopkins Univ. Press.
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  35. A collection of scholarly essays for advanced readers.
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  37. Whitmarsh, Tim, ed. 2008. The Cambridge companion to the Greek and Roman novel. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge Univ. Press.
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  39. A collection of essays by international experts on themes and contexts for the Greek and Roman novels. Intended for both students and scholars, and differing from Schmeling 2003 in its emphasis on ideas rather than texts.
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  41. Bibliographies
  42.  
  43. See the Petronian Society Newsletter for the most up-to-date bibliography.
  44.  
  45. Bowie, Ewen L., and S. J. Harrison. 1993. The romance of the novel. Journal of Roman Studies 83:159–178.
  46. DOI: 10.2307/300984Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  47. A useful, if now dated, annotated bibliography.
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  49. Petronian Society Newsletter
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  51. The best and most current online bibliography, expertly curated by Jean Alvares.
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  53. Texts
  54.  
  55. The best editions are as follows: Reardon for Chariton (Chariton 2004); O’Sullivan for Xenophon of Ephesus (Xenophon of Ephesus 2005), which is also the basis of the Xenophon section of Henderson’s Longus and Xenophon of Ephesus 2009; Garnaud for Achilles Tatius (Achilles Tatius 1991); Reeve for Longus (Longus 1986), which is the basis of the Longus section of Henderson’s Longus and Xenophon of Ephesus 2009; Rattenbury and Lumb for Heliodorus (Heliodorus 1960); and Stephens and Winkler 1995 for the fragments. The Loeb Classical Library edition of Chariton 1995, edited by G. P. Goold, is serviceable.
  56.  
  57. Achilles Tatius. 1991. Le Roman de Leucippé et Clitophon. Edited by Jean-Philippe Garnaud. Paris: Les Belles Lettres.
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  59. The best text of Achilles, together with a French translation.
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  61. Chariton. 1995. Chariton, Callirhoe. Edited by G. P. Goold. Cambridge, MA: Harvard Univ. Press.
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  63. Affordable and serviceable text and translation.
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  65. Chariton. 2004. De Callirhoe narrationes amatoriae. Edited by Bryan P. Reardon. Munich and Leipzig, Germany: Teubner.
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  67. The best text of Chariton.
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  69. Heliodorus. 1960. Héliodore, Les Éthiopiques. Edited by R. M. Rattenbury and T. W. Lumb. 2d ed. Paris: Les Belles Lettres.
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  71. The best text of Heliodorus, coupled with a French translation.
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  73. Longus. 1986. Longus, Daphnis et Chloe. 2d ed. Edited by Michael D. Reeve. Leipzig, Germany: Teubner.
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  75. The best text of Longus.
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  77. Longus and Xenophon of Ephesus. 2009. Longus, Daphnis and Chloe. Xenophon of Ephesus, Anthia and Habrocomes. Edited by Jeffrey Henderson. Cambridge, MA: Harvard Univ. Press.
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  79. Affordable text and translation, the former based on the authoritative editions of Reeve (Longus 1986) and O’Sullivan (Xenophon of Ephesus 2005).
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  81. Stephens, Susan A., and John J. Winkler, eds. 1995. Ancient Greek novels: The fragments. Princeton, NJ: Princeton Univ. Press.
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  83. Texts of the fragments, together with English translations.
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  85. Xenophon of Ephesus. 2005. Xenophon Ephesius, De Anthia et Habrocome Ephesiacorum libri V. Edited by James N. O’Sullivan. Munich and Leipzig, Germany: Teubner.
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  87. The best text of Xenophon.
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  89. Translations
  90.  
  91. A complete set of translations is available in Reardon 1989. Good modern translations are also available individually for Longus (by McCail, Longus 2002; by Morgan, Longus 2004) and Achilles Tatius (by Whitmarsh, Achilles Tatius 2001). The Loeb Classical Library series offers translations (and texts) of Chariton 1995 (by Goold), and Longus and Xenophon 2009 (by Henderson); the older editions of Longus and Achilles are not recommended here, since much better modern versions exist.
  92.  
  93. Achilles Tatius. 2001. Achilles Tatius, Leucippe and Clitophon. Translated by Tim Whitmarsh; introduction by Helen Morales. Oxford: Oxford Univ. Press.
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  95. A modern translation with notes on Achilles, together with Morales’s influential introduction.
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  97. Chariton. 1995. Chariton, Callirhoe. Edited and translated by G. P. Goold. Cambridge, MA: Harvard Univ. Press.
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  99. Affordable and serviceable text and translation.
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  101. Longus. 2002. Longus, Daphnis and Chloe. Translated by Ronald McCail. Oxford: Oxford Univ. Press.
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  103. Interesting translation, emphasising the poetic qualities of the text.
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  105. Longus. 2004. Longus: Daphnis and Chloe. Translated by John Robert Morgan. Oxford: Aris and Phillips.
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  107. An elegant and accurate translation, coupled with Reeve’s text and a useful commentary.
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  109. Longus and Xenophon of Ephesus. 2009. Longus, Daphnis and Chloe. Xenophon of Ephesus, Anthia and Habrocomes. Edited and translated by Jeffrey Henderson. Cambridge, MA: Harvard Univ. Press.
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  111. Affordable text and translation.
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  113. Reardon, Bryan P., ed. 1989. Collected ancient Greek novels. Berkeley: Univ. of California Press.
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  115. An invaluable collection of respected translations. Reprinted with new foreword by John Robert Morgan (Reardon, Bryan P., ed. 2008. Collected ancient Greek novels. Berkeley: Univ. of California Press).
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  117. Commentaries and Lexica
  118.  
  119. English-language commentaries are available for Achilles (Vilborg 1962) and Longus (Morgan 2004). A concordance of the corpus is supplied by Conca, et al. 1983–1997. O’Sullivan 1980 is an authoritative lexicon to Achilles.
  120.  
  121. Conca, Fabrizio, Edoardo de Carli, Giuseppe Zanetto, et al. 1983–1997. Lessico dei romanzeri greci. 4 vols. Milan: Cisalpino-Goliardica.
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  123. An authoritative lexicon to all of the Greek novels.
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  125. Morgan, John Robert. 2004. Introduction. In Longus, Daphnis and Chloe. Translated by John Robert Morgan. Oxford: Aris and Phillips.
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  127. An excellent and influential commentary (together with text and translation) on Longus, focusing particularly on literary interpretation.
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  129. O’Sullivan, James N. 1980. A Lexicon to Achilles Tatius. Berlin: de Gruyter.
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  131. A useful analytical lexicon.
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  133. Vilborg, Ebbe. 1962. Achilles Tatius, Leucippe and Clitophon: A commentary. Göteborg, Sweden: Acta Universitatis Gothoburgensis
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  135. Dated, but the only commentary available on Achilles Tatius.
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  137. Dating and Titles
  138.  
  139. The dating of all of the novels is a vexed question, in some cases highly so. Chariton has been placed at various points between the 1st century BCE and the 2nd century CE (where a papyrus fragment fixes the latest possible date of composition). The earlier date was based on erroneous linguistic arguments; current orthodoxy places him in the mid-1st century CE (Bowie 2002), but nothing is certain, though some take the Callirhoe referred to by the Neronian poet Persius (Satires 1.134) as this novel. Xenophon may be late 1st century CE, but again the evidence is slender (Bowie 2002). Achilles cannot be later than the earliest papyri, which scholars date to the 2nd century CE; and the use (albeit mild and erratic) of the Attic dialect suggests a date a little earlier in the same century (see again Bowie 2002). With Longus we are left guessing: the Atticism suggests the 2nd century CE or later, and a few similarities to Lucian, Aelian, and the equally undatable Alciphron may point to an efflorescence of sophisticated eroticism in the late 2nd and early 3rd centuries, but this kind of argument is always vulnerable (see in general Hunter 1983, 1–15; and Morgan 2004, 1–2). Heliodorus has been placed between the 2nd and the 4th centuries. The 4th-century camp is probably slightly larger, basing their arguments upon alleged similarities between Heliodorus’s narrative of a siege of Aswan and accounts of the siege of Nisibis in 350 (e.g., Bowersock 1994; alternatively, see Lightfoot 1988 and Swain 1996). Detailed discussions of dates are also available in the relevant chapters of Schmeling 2003. Whitmarsh 2005 reviews the evidence for the titles.
  140.  
  141. Bowersock, Glen Warren. 1994. Fiction as history: Nero to Julian. Berkeley: Univ. of California Press.
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  143. Argues, among many other things, that Heliodorus should be dated to the late 4th century (pp. 149–160).
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  145. Bowie, Ewen L. 2002. The chronology of the earlier Greek novels since B.E. Perry: Revisions and precisions. Ancient Narrative 2:47–63.
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  147. Argues that Chariton is to be dated between 41 and 62 CE (and Metiochus and Parthenope also around this time), Ninus between 63 and 75, Xenophon after 65, Antonius Diogenes between 98 and 130, perhaps in the decade after 98, and Achilles Tatius at some time before 164.
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  149. Hunter, Richard L. 1983. A study of Daphnis and Chloe. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge Univ. Press.
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  151. Reviews the evidence for Longus’s date, concluding cautiously that the late 2nd century or early 3rd is likely.
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  153. Lightfoot, C. S. 1988. Facts and fiction: The third siege of Nisibis (AD 350). Historia 37:105–125.
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  155. Argues that Heliodorus is not imitating Julian, so cannot be dated on those grounds to the 4th century (see especially pp. 117–119).
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  157. Morgan, John Robert. 2004. Introduction. In Longus: Daphnis and Chloe. Translated by John Robert Morgan. Oxford: Aris and Phillips.
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  159. More agnosticism (cf. Hunter 1983) on the date of Longus.
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  161. Schmeling, Gareth L., ed. 2003. The novel in the ancient world. 2d ed. Leiden, The Netherlands: Brill.
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  163. Individual chapters contain discussions of the evidence for authors, titles, and dates.
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  165. Swain, Simon. 1996. Hellenism and empire: Language, classicism, and power in the Greek world, AD 50–250. Oxford: Oxford Univ. Press.
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  167. Contains an appendix (pp. 422–425) on the dating of the novels, most significantly arguing for a 3rd-century date for Heliodorus.
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  169. Whitmarsh, Tim. 2005. The Greek novel: Titles and genre. American Journal of Philology 126:587–611.
  170. DOI: 10.1353/ajp.2006.0011Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  171. Argues that the ideal novels were conventionally titled “The story about (ta peri or kata) girl’s name (and sometimes boy’s name too).”
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  173. Individual Works
  174.  
  175. In addition to the works cited here, Schmeling 2003 in particular has important, scholarly text-by-text accounts.
  176.  
  177. Schmeling, Gareth L., ed. 2003. The novel in the ancient world. 2d ed. Leiden, The Netherlands: Brill.
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  179. Provides scholarly introductions to all the individual novels and related texts, a good starting point. See especially pp. 131–150.
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  181. Chariton, Callirhoe
  182.  
  183. For general literary accounts see Reardon 1982 and Hunter 1994 (Schmeling 1974 is dated now). A notable recent trend is to read Callirhoe as a commentary on 1st-century imperial politics: see Edwards 1994, Connors 2002, Schwartz 2003, and Smith 2007.
  184.  
  185. Connors, Catherine. 2002. Chariton’s Syracuse and its histories of empire. In Space in the ancient novel. Edited by Michael Paschalis and Stavros A. Frangoulidis, 12–26. Ancient Narrative Supplementum 1. Groningen, The Netherlands: Barkhuis.
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  187. Argues that Chariton’s representation of Syracuse reflects Julio-Claudian political interests.
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  189. Edwards, Douglas R. 1994. Defining the web of power in Asia Minor: The Novelist Chariton and his city Aphrodisias. Journal of the American Academy of Religion 62:699–718.
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  191. Argues that Chariton’s novel promotes the power of Aphrodite, patron goddess of his city, Aphrodisias, and of the Julio-Claudian imperial dynasty.
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  193. Hunter, Richard L. 1994. History and historicity in the romance of Chariton. Aufstieg und Niedergang der römischen Welt ser. 2, 34.2:1055–1086.
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  195. Scholarly discussion of literary texture, focusing particularly on historiography.
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  197. Reardon, Bryan P. 1982. Theme, structure and narrative in Chariton. Yale Classical Studies 27:1–27.
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  199. An appreciation of Chariton’s literary technique. Reprinted in Swain 1999, 163–188, cited under General Overviews.
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  201. Schmeling, Gareth L. 1974. Chariton. New York: Twayne.
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  203. An introductory survey.
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  205. Schwartz, Saundra. 2003. Rome in the Greek novel? Images and ideas of empire in Chariton’s Persia. Arethusa 36:375–394.
  206. DOI: 10.1353/are.2003.0027Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  207. Argues that Chariton’s Persia can be seen as an allegory for Rome.
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  209. Smith, Steven D. 2007. Greek identity and the Athenian past in Chariton: The romance of empire. Ancient Narrative Supplementum 9. Groningen, The Netherlands: Barkhuis.
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  211. Emphasizes Chariton’s interest in and sophisticated handling of the theme of imperialism.
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  213. Xenophon of Ephesus, Anthia and Habrocomes
  214.  
  215. Xenophon is the least studied of the novelists: most work has been expended on attempting to explain his perceived inadequacies, particularly in the light of the claim of Bürger 1892 that the text that we have is partly epitomized. This is denied by Hägg 2004; O’Sullivan 1995 proposes instead that the text should be read as a variety of oral narrative. There has been some interest in Xenophon’s portrayal of male homosexuality (Alvares 1995, Watanabe 2003; see further under Gender and Sexuality).
  216.  
  217. Alvares, Jean. 1995. The drama of Hippothous in Xenophon of Ephesus’ Ephesiaka. Classical Journal 90:393–404.
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  219. Explores the role of the bandit in the narrative.
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  221. Bürger, K. 1892. Zu Xenophon von Ephesus. Hermes 27:36–67.
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  223. Argues that Xenophon is partially epitomated.
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  225. Hägg, Tomas. 2004. The Ephesiaca of Xenophon Ephesius: Original or epitome? In Parthenope: Selected studies in ancient Greek fiction (1969–2004). Edited by Lars Boje Mortensen and Tormod Eide, 159–198. Copenhagen, Denmark: Museum Tusculanum Press.
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  227. Against the epitome theory. For the original German see Hägg, Tomas. 1966. Die Ephesiaka des Xenophon Ephesios—Original oder Epitomie? Classica et Mediaevalia 27:118–61.
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  229. O’Sullivan, James N. 1995. Xenophon of Ephesus: His compositional technique and the birth of the novel. Berlin and New York: de Gruyter.
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  231. Argues that Xenophon is the earliest of the novels, and still rooted in oral literature.
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  233. Schmeling, Gareth L. 1980. Xenophon of Ephesus. Boston: Twayne.
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  235. A general survey.
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  237. Watanabe, Akihiko. 2003. The masculinity of Hippothous. Ancient Narrative 3:1–42.
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  239. On the ambiguous gender identity of a bandit.
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  241. Achilles Tatius, Leucippe and Clitophon
  242.  
  243. For studies of Achilles’s literary and cultural significance see Bartsch 1989 and Morales 2004 (an excellent book-length study). Achilles has often been read as the joker in the pack: see Durham 1938 (obsolete on dating but still useful) and Chew 2000. Also distinctive is Achilles’s use of the first-person narrator (Reardon 1994, Whitmarsh 2003), and the question of the narrative frame (Most 1989 and especially Repath 2005).
  244.  
  245. Bartsch, Shadi. 1989. Decoding the ancient novel: The reader and the role of description in Heliodorus and Achilles Tatius. Princeton, NJ: Princeton Univ. Press.
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  247. Explores the ways in which Achilles and Heliodorus invite the reader to predict imminent events through techniques of foreshadowing, particularly in descriptive passages.
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  249. Chew, Kathryn S. 2000. Achilles Tatius and Parody. Classical Journal 96:57–70.
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  251. Revisits the theories of Durham 1938.
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  253. Durham, Donald Blythe. 1938. Parody in Achilles Tatius. Classical Philology 33:1–19.
  254. DOI: 10.1086/362072Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  255. Reads Achilles as parodying the novel form. Few would now agree (not least because the relative dating is unlikely) that Heliodorus is his target.
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  257. Morales, Helen L. 2004. Vision and narrative in Achilles Tatius’ Leucippe and Clitophon. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge Univ. Press.
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  259. Emphasizes Achilles’s predilection for scenes of viewing, particularly male viewing of females.
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  261. Most, Glen W. 1989. The stranger’s stratagem: Self-disclosure and self-sufficiency in Greek culture. Journal of Hellenic Studies 109:114–133.
  262. DOI: 10.2307/632036Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  263. Argues that the oddities of Achilles’s narrative frame can be explained in terms of the conventions of Greek storytelling.
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  265. Reardon, Bryan P. 1994. Achilles Tatius and ego-narrative. In Greek fiction: The Greek novel in context. Edited by John Robert Morgan and Richard Stoneman, 80–96. London: Routledge.
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  267. Literary appreciation, focusing particularly upon the use of first-person narrative. Reprinted in Swain 1999, 243–258, cited under General Overviews.
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  269. Repath, Ian. 2005. Achilles Tatius’ Leucippe and Clitophon: What happened next? Classical Quarterly 55:250–265.
  270. DOI: 10.1093/cq/bmi018Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  271. Analyzes explanations for the oddities of the narrative frame.
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  273. Whitmarsh, Tim. 2003. Reading for pleasure: Narrative, irony, and erotics in Achilles Tatius. In The ancient novel and beyond. Edited by Stelios Panayotakis, Maaike Zimmerman, and Wytse Hette Keulen, 191–205. Leiden, The Netherlands: Brill.
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  275. Points to the ironies and feints in Achilles’s use of first-person narrative.
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  277. Longus, Daphnis and Chloe
  278.  
  279. In contrast to the earlier scholarship that saw Daphnis and Chloe as primarily a story of rustic piety (Chalk 1960), recent studies have emphasised Longus’s sophisticated manipulation of the literary heritage (Cresci 1999, Effe 1999, Hunter 1983, Hunter 1997), narratological cunning (Morgan 2003) and aesthetic ambition (Zeitlin 1990). Morgan 2004 provides an excellent critical survey of current thinking.
  280.  
  281. Chalk, H. H. O. 1960. Eros and the Lesbian pastorals of Longus. Journal of Hellenic Studies 80:32–51.
  282. DOI: 10.2307/628374Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  283. Reads the text as a hymn to Eros. Reprinted in Gärtner, H., ed. 1984. Beiträge zum griechischen Liebesroman, 388–407. Hildesheim, Germany: Olms.
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  285. Cresci, Lia Raffaella. 1999. The novel of Longus the Sophist and the pastoral tradition. In Oxford readings in the Greek novel. Edited by Simon Swain, 210–242. Oxford: Oxford Univ. Press.
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  287. On features in the text drawn from the pastoral literary tradition. For the original Italian version see Cresci, Lia Raffaella. 1981. Il romanzo di Longo Sofista e la tradizione bucolica. Atene e Roma 26:1–25.
  288. Find this resource:
  289. Effe, Bernd. 1999. Longus: Towards a history of bucolic and its function in the Roman Empire. In Oxford readings in the Greek novel. Edited by Simon Swain, 189–209. Oxford: Oxford Univ. Press.
  290. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  291. On the clash between urban and rustic perspectives. For the original German see Effe, Bernd. 1982. Longos: Zur Funktionsgeschichte der Bukolik in der römischen Kaiserzeit. Hermes 110:65–84.
  292. Find this resource:
  293. Hunter, Richard L. 1983. A study of Daphnis and Chloe. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge Univ. Press.
  294. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  295. A thorough and authoritative study, focusing particularly upon literary texture and style.
  296. Find this resource:
  297. Hunter, Richard L. 1997. Longus and Plato. In Der antike Roman und seine mittelalterliche Rezeption. Edited by Michelangelo Picone and Bernhard Zimmermann, 15–28. Basel, Switzerland: Birkhäuser.
  298. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  299. Longus’s relationship with the famous philosopher.
  300. Find this resource:
  301. Morgan, John Robert. 2003. Nymphs, neighbours and narrators: A narratological approach to Longus. In The ancient novel and beyond. Edited by Stelios Panayotakis, Maaike Zimmerman, and Wytse Keulen, 171–189. Leiden, The Netherlands: Brill.
  302. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  303. Argues that Longus deliberately subverts the authority of his narrator.
  304. Find this resource:
  305. Morgan, John Robert. 2004. Introduction. In Longus: Daphnis and Chloe. Translated by John Robert Morgan. Oxford: Aris and Phillips.
  306. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  307. A useful critical introduction, surveying current trends.
  308. Find this resource:
  309. Zeitlin, Froma I. 1990. The Poetics of eros: Nature, art and imitation in Longus’ Daphnis and Chloe. In Before sexuality: The construction of erotic experience in the ancient Greek world. Edited by David M. Halperin, John J. Winkler, and Froma I. Zeitlin, 417–464. Princeton, NJ: Princeton Univ. Press.
  310. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  311. Powerful discussion of Longus’s philosophical undertow.
  312. Find this resource:
  313. Heliodorus, Charicleia and Theagenes
  314.  
  315. Recent studies on Charicleia and Theagenes have been dominated by responses to Winkler 1982, an ingeniously playful interpretation. Some have resisted (Dowden 1996), but many have followed and refined Winkler’s lead: in particular, Bartsch 1989 and a series of studies by John Morgan (principally Morgan 1989a and Morgan 1989b) have further underlined Heliodorus’s literary and narrative sophistication. Other important literary studies include Paulsen 1992 (in German), and a number of essays in Hunter 1998. Another major trend has been toward exploring Heliodorus’s exoticism and perceived resistance to Hellenocentrism: see, e.g., Hilton, et al. in Hunter 1998.
  316.  
  317. Bartsch, Shadi. 1989. Decoding the ancient novel: The reader and the role of description in Heliodorus and Achilles Tatius. Princeton, NJ: Princeton Univ. Press.
  318. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  319. Explores the ways in which Achilles and Heliodorus invite the reader to predict imminent events through techniques of foreshadowing, particularly in descriptive passages.
  320. Find this resource:
  321. Dowden, Ken. 1996. Heliodoros: Serious intentions. Classical Quarterly 46:267–285.
  322. DOI: 10.1093/cq/46.1.267Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  323. Heliodorus was committed to the philosophical position underpinning his text.
  324. Find this resource:
  325. Hunter, Richard L., ed. 1998. Studies in Heliodorus. Proceedings of the Cambridge Philological Society Supplement 21. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge Philological Society.
  326. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  327. Important collection of scholarly essays.
  328. Find this resource:
  329. Morgan, John Robert. 1989a. The story of Knemon in Heliodorus’ Aethiopika. Journal of Hellenic Studies 109:99–113.
  330. DOI: 10.2307/632035Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  331. Argues that one of the major embedded narratives is cast as an inversion of the primary narrative. Reprinted in Swain 1999, 259–285 (see General Overviews).
  332. Find this resource:
  333. Morgan, John Robert. 1989b. A sense of the ending: The conclusion of Heliodorus’ Aethiopica. Transactions of the American Philological Association 119:299–320.
  334. DOI: 10.2307/284278Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  335. On Heliodorus’s orchestration of closure.
  336. Find this resource:
  337. Paulsen, Thomas. 1992. Inszenierung des Schicksals: Tragödie und Komödie im roman des Heliodor. Trier, Germany: Wissenschaftlicher Verlag.
  338. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  339. On Heliodorus’s use of tragic and comic motifs.
  340. Find this resource:
  341. Sandy, Gerald N. 1982. Heliodorus. Boston: Twayne.
  342. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  343. Useful introduction.
  344. Find this resource:
  345. Winkler, John J. 1982. The mendacity of Kalasiris and the narrative strategy of Heliodoros’ Aethiopica. Yale Classical Studies 27:93–158.
  346. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  347. Reprinted in Swain 1999, 286–350 (see General Overviews).
  348. Find this resource:
  349. The Fragments
  350.  
  351. A selection of important studies on the fragments; see Morgan 1998 for a survey of work done up until that point. Particularly notable since is Hägg and Utas 2003, demonstrating that something akin to the novel we know as Metiochus and Parthenope survives in a Persian form.
  352.  
  353. Barchiesi, Alessandro. 1999. Traces of Greek narrative and the Roman novel: A survey. In Oxford readings in the Roman novel. Edited by S. Harrison, 124–141. Oxford: Oxford Univ. Press.
  354. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  355. The Iolaus fragment shows the existence of a prosimetric, earthy form of Greek fiction comparable to Petronius’s Satyrica. This translated version contains a new afterword. For the original Italian see Barchiesi, Alessandro. 1986. Tracce di narrativa greca e romanzo latino: Una rassegna. In Semiotica della novella latina, 219–236.
  356. Find this resource:
  357. Hägg, Tomas. 1987. Callirhoe and Parthenope: The beginnings of the historical novel. Classical Antiquity 6:184–204.
  358. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  359. Argues that the earliest novels emerge out of historically based narratives. Reprinted in Swain 1999, 137–160 (see General Overviews); also as Hägg 2004.
  360. Find this resource:
  361. Hägg, Tomas, and Bo Utas, eds. 2003. The virgin and her lover: Fragments of an ancient Greek novel and a Persian epic poem. Leiden, The Netherlands: Brill.
  362. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  363. Critical edition of and commentary on ʿUnsuri’s poem based on Metiochus and Parthenope (and the Greek fragments), together with the extraordinary story of its discovery.
  364. Find this resource:
  365. Morales, Helen. 2006. Marrying Mesopotamia: Female sexuality and cultural resistance in Iamblichus’ Babylonian Tales. Ramus 35:78–101.
  366. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  367. Reading of Iamblichus’s Babyloniaca in terms of its interest in both female-female sexuality and resistance to Rome.
  368. Find this resource:
  369. Morgan, John Robert. 1985. Lucian’s True histories and the Wonders beyond Thule of Antonios Diogenes. Classical Quarterly 35:475–490.
  370. DOI: 10.1017/S0009838800040313Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  371. There is no evidence that Lucian was aware of Antonius Diogenes.
  372. Find this resource:
  373. Morgan, John Robert. 1998. On the fringes of the canon: Work on the fragments of ancient Greek fiction. Aufstieg und Niedergang der römischen Welt ser. 2, 34.4:3293–3390.
  374. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  375. Survey of fragments published up to the time, and scholarship on it.
  376. Find this resource:
  377. Winkler, John J. 1980. Lollianos and the desperadoes. Journal of Hellenic Studies 100:155–181.
  378. DOI: 10.2307/630738Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  379. Reading of the Lollianus fragment as a representative of a “criminal-satyric” strain in novelistic literature, also incorporating Petronius and Apuleius.
  380. Find this resource:
  381. Cultural Context
  382.  
  383. There has been a general tendency to locate the novels within the supposed revival of Greek cultural self-consciousness sometimes called the “Second Sophistic”: see especially Bowie 1970 (and chapters in Whitmarsh 2008) and Swain 1996, 101–131 (see Dating and Titles). Others, however, stress the exoticism of the form (see Whitmarsh 2001, 71–87), and one tradition (reaching back to Braun 1938) sees the novel as a product of cultural fusion with the Near East: see especially Anderson 1984, Selden 1994, and Stephens in Whitmarsh 2008. Rutherford 2000 sees echoes of Egyptian Demotic fiction in Heliodorus.
  384.  
  385. Anderson, Graham. 1984. Ancient fiction: The novel in the Graeco-Roman world. London and Sydney: Croom Helm.
  386. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  387. Novelistic motifs can be found in older Mesopotamian and Egyptian literature.
  388. Find this resource:
  389. Bowie, Ewen L. 1970. Greeks and their past in the Second Sophistic. Past and Present 46:3–41.
  390. DOI: 10.1093/past/46.1.3Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  391. Greek culture of this period was devoted to archaism. (Reprint: Bowie, Ewen L. 1974. Greeks and their past in the Second Sophistic. In Studies in ancient society. Edited by Moses I. Finley, 166–209. London: Routledge.)
  392. Find this resource:
  393. Braun, Martin. 1938. History and romance in Graeco-Oriental literature. Oxford: Oxford Univ. Press.
  394. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  395. The novels emerge in the Hellenised East, out of narratives of great leaders. Reprinted 1987, New York: Garland.
  396. Find this resource:
  397. Morgan, John Robert. 1995. The Greek novel: Towards a sociology of production and reception. In The Greek world. Edited by Anton Powell, 130–152. London: Routledge.
  398. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  399. Emphasizes the importance of Greek elite values.
  400. Find this resource:
  401. Rutherford, Ian. 2000. The genealogy of the Boukoloi: How Greek literature appropriated an Egyptian narrative motif. Journal of Hellenic Studies 120:106–121.
  402. DOI: 10.2307/632483Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  403. The bandits in the Greek novels are already found in Egyptian literature.
  404. Find this resource:
  405. Saïd, Suzanne. 1999. Rural society in the Greek novel, or the country seen from the town. In Oxford readings in the Greek novel. Edited by Simon Swain, 81–107. Oxford: Oxford Univ. Press.
  406. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  407. The novels promote an urban perspective. For the original French version see Saïd, Suzanne. 1987. La société rurale dans le roman grec ou la campagne vue de la ville. In Sociétés urbaines, sociétés rurales dans l’Asie Mineure et la Syrie hellénistiques et romaines. Edited by Edmond Frézouls. Strasbourg, France: AECR, 149–171.
  408. Find this resource:
  409. Selden, Daniel L. 1994. Genre of genre. In The Search for the ancient novel. Edited by James Tatum, 39–64. Baltimore: Johns Hopkins Univ. Press.
  410. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  411. The novels can accommodate both Greek and non-Greek perspectives.
  412. Find this resource:
  413. Whitmarsh, Tim. 2001. Greek literature and the Roman Empire: The Politics of imitation. Oxford: Oxford Univ. Press.
  414. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  415. Greek literature of the period (including the novel) is consciously devoted to replicating the Greek past.
  416. Find this resource:
  417. Whitmarsh, Tim, ed. 2008. The Cambridge companion to the Greek and Roman novel. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge Univ. Press.
  418. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  419. Contains a section on cultural context.
  420. Find this resource:
  421. Religion
  422.  
  423. Older theories postulated an origin of the Greek novel in ritual aretalogy (Kerényi 1927) or initiation cult (Merkelbach 1962, Merkelbach 1988; English summary of his position in Merkelbach 1994). This position never gained wide acceptance and has often been pilloried. More generally “pietist” readings (e.g., Chalk 1960) have fallen out of fashion in favor of more literary, ludic interpretations. There has, however, been some counterreaction (e.g., Dowden 1996). Two recent discussions, Beck 2003 and Zeitlin 2008, emphasize the proximity of novelistic narrative to religious experience, without wanting to collapse the one into the other.
  424.  
  425. Beck, Roger. 2003. Mystery religions, aretalogy, and the ancient novel. In The Novel in the ancient world. Edited by Gareth L. Schmeling, 131–150. 2d ed. Leiden, The Netherlands: Brill.
  426. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  427. Thoughtful survey of the issues.
  428. Find this resource:
  429. Chalk, H. H. O. 1960. Eros and the Lesbian pastorals of Longus. Journal of Hellenic Studies 80:32–51.
  430. DOI: 10.2307/628374Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  431. Reads the text as a hymn to Eros. Reprinted 1984. In Beiträge zum griechischen Liebesroman. Edited by Hans Gärtner, 388–407. Hildesheim, Germany: Olms.
  432. Find this resource:
  433. Dowden, Ken. 1996. Heliodoros: Serious intentions. Classical Quarterly 46:267–285.
  434. DOI: 10.1093/cq/46.1.267Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  435. Heliodorus was committed to the philosophical position underpinning his text.
  436. Find this resource:
  437. Kerényi, Karl. 1927. Die griechisch-orientalische Romanliteratur in religionsgeschichtlicher Beleuchtung. Darmstadt, Germany: Mohr.
  438. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  439. The novel is a secularized form of religious narratives, principally Isiac.
  440. Find this resource:
  441. Merkelbach, Reinhold. 1962. Roman und Mysterium in der Antike. Munich: Beck.
  442. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  443. The novels are texts for mystery religions.
  444. Find this resource:
  445. Merkelbach, Reinhold. 1988. Die Hirten des Dionysos: Die Dionysos-Mysterien der romischen Kaiserzeit und der bukolische Roman des Longus. Stuttgart, Germany: Teubner.
  446. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  447. An in-depth expansion of Merkelbach’s theory for Longus.
  448. Find this resource:
  449. Merkelbach, Reinhold. 1994. The novel and aretalogy. In The search for the ancient novel. Edited by James Tatum, 283–295. Baltimore: Johns Hopkins Univ. Press.
  450. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  451. English-language summary of Merkelbach’s theory.
  452. Find this resource:
  453. Zeitlin, Froma I. 2008. Religion. In The Cambridge companion to the Greek and Roman novel. Edited by Tim Whitmarsh, 91–108. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge Univ. Press.
  454. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  455. Informed critique of conventional approaches.
  456. Find this resource:
  457. Gender and Sexuality
  458.  
  459. Studies of gender and sexuality have been one of the major growth areas (a number of studies discussed elsewhere in this bibliography abut this field). Much of the impetus was provided by Foucault 1990, which in a brief epilogue identifies the novels as portending a “new erotics” of symmetrical, reciprocal relationships between women and men, in contrast to earlier emphasis upon hierarchical and often pederastic erōs. Foucault is followed and nuanced by Konstan 1994, and critiqued for an overly prescriptive view of the novels by Goldhill 1995. A number of studies have claimed that in fact gender relations are hierarchical in the novels (e.g., Elsom 1992 and Winkler 1990). Egger 1999, by contrast, has argued that the novels offer visions of female empowerment, perhaps even for a female readership. Representations of women are surveyed by Haynes 2003. These issues are effectively surveyed by Morales 2008.
  460.  
  461. Egger, Brigitte. 1999. The role of women in the Greek novel: Woman as heroine and reader. In Oxford readings in the Greek novel. Edited by Simon Swain, 108–137. Oxford: Oxford Univ. Press.
  462. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  463. Argues for a female readership. For the original German see Egger, Brigitte. 1988. Zu den Frauenrollen im griechischen Roman: Die Frau als Heldin und Leserin. Groningen Colloquia on the Novel 1:33–66.
  464. Find this resource:
  465. Elsom, Helen. 1992. Callirhoe: Displaying the phallic woman. In Pornography and representation in Greece and Rome. Edited by Amy Richlin, 212–230. New York: Oxford Univ. Press.
  466. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  467. Callirhoe is presented as the object of the male gaze.
  468. Find this resource:
  469. Foucault, Michel. 1990. The history of sexuality, Volume 3: The care of the self. Translated by Robert Hurley. New York: Vintage Books.
  470. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  471. The novels reflect a more general shift toward the privileging of heterosexuality and marriage (part 6, chapter 3).
  472. Find this resource:
  473. Goldhill, Simon. 1995. Foucault’s virginity: Ancient erotic fiction and the history of sexuality. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge Univ. Press.
  474. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  475. Foucault misses the novels’ cunning sophistication.
  476. Find this resource:
  477. Haynes, Katharine. 2003. Fashioning the feminine in the Greek novel. London: Routledge.
  478. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  479. Discusses representations of women.
  480. Find this resource:
  481. Konstan, David. 1994. Sexual symmetry: Love in the ancient novel and related genres. Princeton, NJ: Princeton Univ. Press.
  482. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  483. The novels reflect a new interest in symmetrical models of sexuality.
  484. Find this resource:
  485. Morales, Helen. 2008. The history of sexuality. In The Cambridge companion to the Greek and Roman Novel. Edited by Tim Whitmarsh, 39–56. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge Univ. Press.
  486. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  487. Critical survey of trends.
  488. Find this resource:
  489. Winkler, John J. 1990. The constraints of desire: The anthropology of sex and gender in ancient Greece. New York and London: Routledge.
  490. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  491. Longus dramatizes the lesson that women must be subordinate (pp. 101–126).
  492. Find this resource:
  493. Literary Form
  494.  
  495. Many of the general studies noted elsewhere in this bibliography contain sections on literary form (there is a section devoted to this in Whitmarsh 2008).
  496.  
  497. Brethes, Romain. 2007. De l’idéalisme au réalisme: Une étude du comique dans le roman grec. Salerno, Italy: Helios.
  498. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  499. On the novels’ use of comic drama.
  500. Find this resource:
  501. Fusillo, Massimo. 1989. Il romanzo greco: Polifonia ed eros. Venice: Marsilio.
  502. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  503. Emphasizes the novel’s polymorphous appropriation of other literary genres.
  504. Find this resource:
  505. Lalanne, Sophie. 2006. Une éducation grecque: Rites de passage et construction des genres dans le roman grec ancien. Paris: Découverte.
  506. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  507. The novels are “rites of passage” narratives.
  508. Find this resource:
  509. Perry, Ben Edwin. 1967. The ancient romances: A literary-historical account of their origins. Berkeley and Los Angeles: Univ. of California Press.
  510. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  511. The Greek novels are a sentimental form filling the gap left by the disappearance of New Comedy.
  512. Find this resource:
  513. Reardon, Bryan P. 1991. The form of Greek romance. Princeton, NJ: Princeton Univ. Press.
  514. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  515. Explores the literary elements that make up the novel.
  516. Find this resource:
  517. Rohde, Erwin. 1914. Der griechische Roman und seine Vorläufer. 3d ed. Leipzig, Germany: Breitkopf & Hartel.
  518. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  519. The foundational work in the modern study of the novel, arguing that it emerged out of a fusion of Hellenistic travel narrative and erotic elegy, blended with a sophistic sensibility. (Reprint: Rohde, Erwin. 1960. Der griechische Roman und seine Vorläufer. Hildesheim, Germany: Olms.)
  520. Find this resource:
  521. Whitmarsh, Tim, ed. 2008. The Cambridge companion to the Greek and Roman novel. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge Univ. Press.
  522. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  523. Contains a section on literary form.
  524. Find this resource:
  525. Narrative
  526.  
  527. There has been a considerable amount of work on narrative technique. Hägg 1971 is still useful, although limited to three of the novelists. Morgan’s chapters in de Jong, et al. 2004 and de Jong and Nünlist 2007 on the five extant “ideal” novels are authoritative. For a recent overview from a slightly different perspective, see Bartsch and Whitmarsh 2008.
  528.  
  529. Bartsch, Shadi, and Tim Whitmarsh. 2008. Narrative. In The Cambridge companion to the Greek and Roman novel. Edited by Tim Whitmarsh, 237–257. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge Univ. Press.
  530. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  531. Overview of narrative theory as it relates to Greek and Roman novels.
  532. Find this resource:
  533. de Jong, Irene, René Nünlist, and Angus Bowie, eds. 2004. Narrators, narratees, and narratives in ancient Greek literature. Leiden, The Netherlands: Brill.
  534. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  535. Contains important chapter on the novels by John Morgan.
  536. Find this resource:
  537. de Jong, Irene, and René Nünlist, eds. 2007. Time in ancient Greek literature. Leiden, The Netherlands: Brill.
  538. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  539. Contains important chapter on the novels by John Morgan.
  540. Find this resource:
  541. Fusillo, Massimo. 1997. How novels end: Some patterns of closure in ancient narrative. In Classical closure: Reading the end in Greek and Latin literature. Edited by Deborah Roberts, Francis M. Dunn, and Don Fowler, 209–227. Princeton, NJ: Princeton Univ. Press.
  542. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  543. On closure.
  544. Find this resource:
  545. Hägg, Tomas. 1971. Narrative technique in ancient Greek romance: Studies of Chariton, Xenophon Ephesius, and Achilles Tatius. Stockholm, Sweden: Svenska Institutet i Athen.
  546. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  547. Groundbreaking study of narrative techniques.
  548. Find this resource:
  549. Language and Style
  550.  
  551. Language and style are an area where more work remains to be done, particularly for English-language scholarship: see for now Laird 2008. Studies of individual texts include Papanikolaou 1973 and Ruiz Montero 1991 on Chariton, Valley 1926 and Hunter 1983 on Longus, and Mazal 1958 on Heliodorus.
  552.  
  553. Hunter, Richard L. 1983. A study of Daphnis and Chloe. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge Univ. Press.
  554. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  555. Contains an important discussion of Longus’s style (pp. 84–98).
  556. Find this resource:
  557. Laird, Andrew. 2008. Style. In The Cambridge companion to the Greek and Roman novel. Edited by Tim Whitmarsh, 201–217. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge Univ. Press.
  558. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  559. Interesting survey of the issues.
  560. Find this resource:
  561. Mazal, Otto. 1958. Die Satzstruktur in den Aithiopika des Heliodor von Emesa. Wiener Studien 71:116–131.
  562. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  563. On Heliodorus’s baroque style. Reprinted in Gärtner, Hans, ed. 1984. Beiträge zum griechischen Liebesroman, 451–466. Hildesheim, Germany: Olms.
  564. Find this resource:
  565. Papanikolaou, Antonios Demetrios. 1973. Chariton-Studien: Untersuchungen zur Sprache unde Chronologie der griechische Romane. Göttingen, Germany: Vandenhoeck and Ruprecht.
  566. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  567. Detailed study of Chariton, arguing that he avoids Atticism and should therefore be dated early.
  568. Find this resource:
  569. Ruiz Montero, Consuelo. 1991. Aspects of the vocabulary of Chariton of Aphrodisias. Classical Quarterly 41:484–489.
  570. DOI: 10.1017/S0009838800004614Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  571. Contra Papanikolaou 1975, Chariton has much in common with late 1st century CE writers.
  572. Find this resource:
  573. Valley, Gunnar. 1926. Über den Sprachgebrauch des Longus. Uppsala, Sweden: Edv. Berlings NYA Bocktryckeri A.–B.
  574. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  575. Still useful on Longus’s vocabulary and morphology.
  576. Find this resource:
  577. Reception
  578.  
  579. The reception of the Greek novel is a huge field. Both Schmeling 2003 and Whitmarsh 2008 contain substantial sections, covering not only Early Modern European (see also Plazenet 1997, Plazenet 2002) and contemporary responses but also those of ancients, including Christians in Late Antiquity (who wove novelistic patterns into martyr acts) and the 12th-century Byzantine imitators (see especially Beaton 1996). One area where considerable research remains to be done is in the Near Eastern reception: see for now Hägg 1986 and Hägg and Utas 2003.
  580.  
  581. Beaton, Roderick. 1996. The medieval Greek romance. 2d ed. London: Routledge.
  582. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  583. On the Byzantine romances, modeled on the ancient Greek texts.
  584. Find this resource:
  585. Hägg, Tomas. 1986. The Oriental reception of Greek novels: A survey with some preliminary considerations. Symbolae Osloensis 61:99–131.
  586. DOI: 10.1080/00397678608590800Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  587. A survey of existing and potential approaches to the near-eastern impact of the novels. Reprinted 2004. In Parthenope: Selected studies in ancient Greek fiction [1969–2004]. Edited by Lars Boje Mortensen and Tormod Eide, 159–198. Copenhagen, Denmark: Museum Tusculanum Press.
  588. Find this resource:
  589. Hägg, Tomas, and Bo Utas, eds. 2003. The virgin and her lover: Fragments of an ancient Greek novel and a Persian epic poem. Leiden, The Netherlands: Brill.
  590. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  591. Critical edition of and commentary on ʿUnsuri’s 10th-century poem based on Metiochus and Parthenope (and the Greek fragments), together with the extraordinary story of its discovery.
  592. Find this resource:
  593. Plazenet, Laurence. 2002. Jacques Amyot and the Greek novel: The invention of the French novel. In The classical heritage in France. Edited by Gerard N. Sandy, 237–280. Leiden, The Netherlands: Brill.
  594. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  595. French reception.
  596. Find this resource:
  597. Plazenet, Laurence. 1997. L’ebahissement et la delectation: Reception comparée et poétiques du roman grec en France et en Angleterre aux XVI et XVII siècles. Paris: Champion.
  598. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  599. French and English reception.
  600. Find this resource:
  601. Schmeling, Gareth L., ed. 2003. The novel in the ancient world. 2d ed. Leiden, The Netherlands: Brill.
  602. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  603. Contains chapters on reception.
  604. Find this resource:
  605. Whitmarsh, Tim, ed. 2008. The Cambridge companion to the Greek and Roman novel. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge Univ. Press.
  606. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  607. Contains a section on reception.
  608. Find this resource:
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