2017-08-08 TOEFL: word roots, reading insertion

Greg Malivuk
[email protected]
http://www.pastebin.com/u/gmalivuk - notes from all classes
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Word Roots (list 5) - With your partner, try to explain the meaning of each root with one or two words.
morph = form
multi = many (this is the Latin root)
nat = birth
neo = new
nom/nym = name
nov (innovate) = new
nov (November) = nine
ob = in front of / opposite / blocking
omni = all (this is the Latin root)
opt (optimal) = best
opt (optician) = sight/eye
paleo = old
pan = all (this is the Greek root)
path = feeling/emotion (In many words that start with “path”, it specifically means feeling sick.)
ped (pedicure) = foot
ped/paed (pediatrician) = child
peri = around
phil = love (Note that many words ending with “phile” or “philia” have a medical or sexual meaning.)
phob = fear
phon = sound
photo = light
pod = foot
poly = many (this is the Greek root)
port = carry or pass through
post = after
proto = first
pseudo = false
psych = mind
pute = think
pyro = fire
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pyro -> fire
pod -> foot
pater -> father
quod -> what
Grimm’s Law describes sound changes in Germanic languages (which includes English)
Voiced stops lose voicing: b -> p, d -> t, g -> k
Stops become fricatives: p -> f, t -> th, k -> /x/ or h
quod -> hwaet -> what
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TOEFL has four sections and a break
1 reading - 60-80 minutes to answer questions about 3 or 4 passages
2 listening - 60-90 minutes to answer questions about 6 or 9 passages (divided into sets of three)
	(10 minute break)
3 speaking - 20 minutes to do six tasks (5.5 minutes of speaking time)
4 writing - 60 minutes to do two tasks (20+30 minutes of writing time)
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Reading Question Types
- paraphrase
- vocabulary
- fact
- negative fact
- purpose
- reference
- inference
- sentence insertion
- summarize
- organize
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Preview each question type on the McGraw Hill practice test program.
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BREAK
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DELTA p. 124-126 - Clues to help you answer sentence insertion (coherence) questions.
- pronoun clues: If you can identify the meaning of a pronoun in the new sentence, it can help you decide where to put it in the paragraph.
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English has some examples of dual numbers, in addition to singular and plural.
both / all
either / any
neither / none
former / first
latter / last
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Another student is from Turkey. = I’m not finished talking about students yet.
The other student is from Turkey. = That is the last student.
Others speak French. = I’m not finished talking about all of them.
The others speak French. = All the remaining ones speak French.
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Usually, general statements come before specific examples.
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p. 129 - Take 4 minutes to choose where these sentences should go in 1-3. Then check with your partner and convince them of your answer if you disagree.
1 A
2 B
3 C
Take 3 minutes for 4-6.
4 D
5 C
6 D
Take 4 minutes for 7-10.
7 C
8 A
9 D
10 B
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Handout (Oxford) p. 76-78 - Take 15 minutes to answer the reference and sentence insertion questions about fast food addiction.
1 d - This explains which “race” the US is leading the world in. (We would probably say “with” if it were the US.)
2 c - This is additional detail about spending on fast food.
3 d
4 a
5 c - The portion refers to the whole serving you get at one of these restaurants.
6 b - This introduces the idea of examining a typical fast-food meal. “This heavy dosage” refers to “the heavy dosage of these substances” in the previous sentence.
7 b - Beta-endorphins are just one example of opioids, and it’s the opioids that are naturally occurring painkillers.
8 d - it’s about the specific cluster of cells, not the midbrain in general
9 b - dopamine is the thing that’s produced, and both “it” and “its” in this sentence refer to it
10 d - In every other position, it interrupts the discussion of dopamine.
11 a
12 c - “This” usually refers to something from the previous sentence, often the whole content of the sentence itself. The full contrast between both clauses is what suggests tolerance, not just one.
13 b - What they would require is fat and sugar in general, not the specific liquid used in the experiment.
14 b - These are symptoms of withdrawal, so they fit best after the sentence that mentions withdrawal.
15 d - It refers to the fact that more obese people have fewer dopamine receptors.
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Homework: DELTA p. 132-135 exercise 1.7.B