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Aeneas Sylvius Piccolomini (Renaissance and Reformation)

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  1. Introduction
  2.  
  3. Aeneas Sylvius Piccolomini (b. 1405–d. 1464) is one of the more interesting and enigmatic figures of the Italian Renaissance, a Renaissance humanist who became Pope Pius II. Born into an old but no-longer-prosperous family from the area around Siena, the young Aeneas Sylvius lived an open, easy life serving a variety of increasingly powerful individuals, shifting his alliances and remaining on good terms with everyone. Along the way he took orders and became more serious in his interests and goals, emerging rather surprisingly as pope in 1458. His short time in office was dominated by an unsuccessful effort to launch a crusade to recover the Holy Land. He was a prolific author, one whose Latin did not rise to the highest humanistic standards but whose works include the only autobiography ever written by a sitting pope. Worldly yet also a man of genuine faith, self-serving while he also served others, the complexity of Aeneas Sylvius’s character is symbolized by his official retraction bull of 1462, Aeneam suscipite, Pium recipite, in which he used a commonly understood reference to pious Aeneas, the hero of Virgil’s epic, to dissociate himself from the humanist past that he would continue to rely on to write his Commentaries.
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  5. Bibliography
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  7. While much has been written about Aeneas Sylvius, recent works in languages other than English often have to be gleaned from the notes of relevant books and articles. Older material is accessible in Casella 1972, while Feinberg 1992 offers an extensively annotated guide to works, published in English translation.
  8.  
  9. Casella, N. “Recenti studi su Enea Silvio Piccolomini.” Rivista di storia della chiesa in Italia 26 (1972): 473–488.
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  11. Devoted primarily to the contents of Maffei 1968 and Deputazione di storia patria per le Marche 1964–1965 (both cited under Essay Collections) but useful for an overview of scholarship at the point when it was published.
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  13. Feinberg, R. “Aeneas Silvius Piccolomini (1405–1464), Pope Pius II, Model of the Early Renaissance: A Select, Annotated Bibliography of English-Language Materials.” Bulletin of Bibliography 49 (1992): 135–155.
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  15. In theory a survey of both writings by and about Aeneas Sylvius, limited to works written in English, but many of the secondary entries contain little direct information on Aeneas Sylvius and are useful more for general background.
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  17. Biography
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  19. Aeneas Sylvius took care to shape the image he left to posterity, but his efforts were not completely successful. A number of modern biographies that subject Aeneas Sylvius’s self-fashioning to critical scrutiny are available.
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  21. Modern Studies
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  23. Voigt 1967, originally published more than 150 years ago, continues to dominate efforts to assess Aeneas Sylvius’s life and works, with biographies written since then countering, to a greater or lesser degree, Voigt’s negative assessment. Widmer 1963 offers a balanced view, with Paparelli 1978 inclining toward an even more positive approach. Of the three often-cited biographies in English, Ady 1913 is the best, while Boulting 1908 and Mitchell 1962 are less scholarly. Garin 1958 offers the best brief overview, while Walser 1974 offers both a biographical narrative and relevant documents.
  24.  
  25. Ady, Cecelia M. Pius II (Aeneas Silvius Piccolomini), the Humanist Pope. London: Methuen, 1913.
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  27. An intellectual biography that stresses Aeneas Sylvius’s public career as a manifestation of his humanist ideals. An older study that still contains much useful material.
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  29. Boulting, William. Aeneas Silvius (Enea Silvio de’ Piccolomini–Pius II): Orator, Man of Letters, Statesman, and Pope. London: Constable, 1908.
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  31. Offers a favorable assessment of its subject. Less scholarly than Ady 1913, but still worth the read as offering another perspective for those who are restricted to scholarship in English.
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  33. Garin, Eugenio. “Ritratto di Enea Silvio Piccolomini.” Bolletino senese di storia patria 65 (1958): 5–28.
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  35. A lively, readable portrait of the humanist pope, the best short introduction to his life and works for those who read Italian.
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  37. Mitchell, Rosamond Joscelyne. The Laurels and the Tiara: Pope Pius II, 1458–1464. London: Harvill, 1962.
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  39. Readable if not terribly original, this biography focuses on Aeneas Sylvius as a person without neglecting his role in the larger political tapestry of his times.
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  41. Paparelli, Gioacchino. Enea Silvio Piccolomini: L’umanesimo sul soglio di Pietro. 2d ed. Pleiadi 5. Ravenna, Italy: Longo, 1978.
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  43. A laudatory biography, seeing Aeneas Sylvius as a man who harmonized a series of contradictory impulses to function successfully within the moral and political parameters of his time. Originally published in 1950 (Bari, Italy: Laterza).
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  45. Voigt, G. Enea Silvio de’ Piccolomini, als Papst Pius der Zweite, und sein Zeitalter. 3 vols. Berlin: W. de Gruyter, 1967.
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  47. Still the classic biography, now more than 150 years old, focusing on Aeneas Sylvius’s role in church politics and often critical of his actions. Originally published in 1856.
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  49. Walser, Ernst. Poggius Florentinus: Leben und Werk. Hildesheim, Germany: Georg Olms, 1974.
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  51. With Voigt 1967, the other key scholarly treatment of Aeneas Sylvius’s life and works, with a 324-page biography followed by 235 pages of primary source documents. Originally published in 1914 (Leipzig and Berlin: Teubner).
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  53. Widmer, Berthe. Enea Silvio Piccolomini in der sittlichen und politischen Entscheidung. Basler Beiträge zur Geschichtswissenschaft 88. Basel, Switzerland: Helbing & Lichtenhahn, 1963.
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  55. A critical analysis of Voigt’s intellectual biography (Voigt 1967), offering an alternative interpretation that is more positive in its conclusions and stressing the ethical and religious foundations of Aeneas Sylvius’s character and actions.
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  57. Aeneas Sylvius’s Self-Fashioning
  58.  
  59. Aeneas Sylvius, just as did a number of other important figures of his age, had an acute awareness of his own role in shaping how he was, and would be, viewed by others, both in his own day and afterward. The principal means by which this self-fashioning was done was the autobiographical Commentaries. Totaro 1978 and Bürck 1956 provide an overview of the work, while O’Brien 2009 shows how a classical source could provide an appropriate model and Honegger Chiari 1991 explains how Aeneas Sylvius’s literary heir continued to protect his image. Esch 1989 and Schimmelpfennig 1974 focus on the papal years, while Martels 2005 explores Aeneas Sylvius’s concern for his legacy.
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  61. Bürck, Gerhart. Selbstdarstellung und Personenbildnis bei Enea Silvio Piccolomini (Pius II). Basler Beiträge zur Geschichtswissenschaft 56. Basel, Switzerland: Helbing & Lichtenhahn, 1956.
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  63. An interesting study of how Aeneas Sylvius understands two key humanist genres, autobiography as seen in his Commentaries and biography in his On Famous Men, with the former focused on crafting a desirable self-image.
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  65. Esch, Arnold. “Enea Silvio Piccolomini als Papst Pius II: Herrschaftspraxis und Selbtsdarstellung.” In Lebenslehren und Weltwürfe in Übergang vom Mittelalter zur Neuzeit. Edited by H. Boockmann, et al., 112–140. Abhandlungen der Akademie der Wissenschaften in Göttingen, Philologisch-Historische Klasse ser. 3, 179. Göttingen, Germany: Vandenhoeck & Ruprecht, 1989.
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  67. An important study of Aeneas Sylvius’s “self-fashioning” as pope, showing that in exercising temporal as well as spiritual power, he took care to present himself to his contemporaries as a formidable ruler.
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  69. Honegger Chiari, Sara. “L’edizione del 1584 dei ‘Commentarii’ di Pio II e la duplice revisione di Francesco Bandini (analisi del libro primo).” Archivio storico italiano 149.3 (1991): 585–612.
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  71. An interesting study of how Francesco Bandini, a descendant of Aeneas Sylvius’s, edited his illustrious ancestor’s autobiography to adjust the portrait it presents and to meet the demands of ecclesiastical censorship.
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  73. Martels, Zweder von. “Pope Pius II and the Idea of the Thematisation of the Self.” In Princes and Princely Culture, 1450–1650. Vol. 2. Edited by M. Gosman, A. Macdonald, and A. Vanderjagt, 1–21. Leiden, The Netherlands: Brill, 2005.
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  75. A somewhat rambling essay that stresses how the humanist concern for fame and what is appropriate shaped Aeneas Sylvius’s self-awareness.
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  77. O’Brien, Emily. “Arms and Letters: Julius Caesar, the Commentaries of Pope Pius II, and the Politicization of Papal Imagery.” Renaissance Quarterly 62 (2009): 1057–1097.
  78. DOI: 10.1086/650023Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  79. Argues that Julius Caesar’s histories offered valuable apologetic strategies by which Aeneas Sylvius constructed his own textual self-portrait, as pope and prince.
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  81. Schimmelpfennig, Bernhard. “Die Krönung des Papstes im Mittelalter dargestellt am Bespiel der Krönung Pius’ II. (3. 9. 1458).” Quellen und Forschungen aus italienischen Archiven und Bibliotheken 54 (1974): 192–270.
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  83. A detailed accounting of the ceremonies accompanying Aeneas Sylvius’s ascent to the Papacy as an example of how the new pope fashioned an appropriate self-image, based on a manuscript in Florence, Biblioteca Medicea Laurenziana, Ashburnham 181.
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  85. Totaro, Luigi. Pio II nei suoi “Commentarii”: Un contributo alla lettura della autobiografia di Enea Silvio Piccolomini. Il mondo medievale, Studi di storia e storiografia 5. Bologna, Italy: Pàtron Editore, 1978.
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  87. A detailed study of the architectural design of the Commentaries, as part of a broader study of the life and papacy of Aeneas Sylvius described therein.
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  89. Editions
  90.  
  91. Although the Piccolomini 1967 edition of his complete works (cited under Two or More Works) is still cited, Aeneas Sylvius has been well served by editors over the last several generations.
  92.  
  93. Two or More Works
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  95. Piccolomini 1967 remains valuable for Aeneas Sylvius’s minor works, while Sutton’s Aeneas Silvius makes a variety of editions, mostly old, available online. Piccolomini 1968 and Widmer 1960 offer a useful selection of material, mostly excerpts from longer works.
  96.  
  97. Piccolomini, Aeneas Sylvius. Aeneae Sylvii Piccolominei Senensis . . . opera quae extant omnia. Edited by Conradus Licosthenes and Marcus Hopperus. Frankfurt: Minerva, 1967.
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  99. The default source for the works of Aeneas Sylvius that have not been reprinted in modern editions. Originally published in 1551.
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  101. Piccolomini, Aeneas Sylvius. Aeneae Silvii Piccolomini Senensis qui postea fuit Pius II pont. max. opera inedita descripsit ex codicibus chisianis vulgavit notisque. Edited by Giuseppe Cugnoni. Farnborough, UK: Gregg International, 1968.
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  103. A selection of Latin texts, including letters, speeches, poems, narrative material, and miscellaneous other works. Originally published in 1883 (Rome: Coi tipi del Salviucci).
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  105. Sutton, Dana F. “Aeneas Silvius.” In An Analytic Bibliography of On-Line Neo-Latin Texts. Edited by Dana F. Sutton.
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  107. Provides access to a series of digital versions of Aeneas Sylvius Piccolomini’s works, mostly from early printed editions in the public domain. A useful resource for those interested in the publishing history of these books and for those without easy access to a good research library.
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  109. Widmer, Berthe, ed. Enea Silvio Piccolomini, Papst Pius II: Ausgewählte Texte aus seinen Schriften. Basel, Switzerland: Schwabe, 1960.
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  111. A useful introduction to Aeneas Sylvius, containing a 130-page biographical introduction followed by selected source texts divided thematically into ten sections.
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  113. Belles Lettres
  114.  
  115. Piccolomini 1973 offers a modern edition of Aeneas Sylvius’s most famous literary work, his Tale of Two Lovers, while Piccolomini 1988 contains a contemporary German translation along with a Latin text. Van Heck 1994 is an edited volume of Aeneas Sylvius’s shorter poetry, and Cecchini 1968 and Charlet 2006 constitute editions of his obscene drama, the Chrysis. Avesani 1981 offers an orientation to Aeneas Sylvius’s work in verse.
  116.  
  117. Avesani, Rino. “Poesie latine edite e inedite.” In Miscellanea Augusto Campana. Vol. 1. Edited by Augusto Campana, 1–26. Medioevo e Umanesimo 44–45. Padua, Italy: Antenore, 1981.
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  119. A detailed overview of the available editions of Aeneas Sylvius’s poetry, identifying what is available and laying out a blueprint for what still needs to be done.
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  121. Cecchini, Enzo, ed. Chrysis. Florence: Sansoni, 1968.
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  123. A critical edition of Aeneas Sylvius’s comedy, with notes stressing its close relationship to Roman drama.
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  125. Charlet, Jean-Louis, ed. Chrysis. Textes de la Renaissance 102. Paris: Champion, 2006.
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  127. A critical edition of Aeneas Sylvius’s comedy, with an extensive commentary, a French translation, and an introduction covering the interpretation of the text, meter, etc.
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  129. Piccolomini, Aeneas Sylvius. Storia di due amanti. Translated by Maria Luisa Doglio. Turin, Italy: UTET, 1973.
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  131. A dual-language edition, Latin and Italian, with a nice introduction by Luigi Firpo on Aeneas Sylvius’s activities as humanist and pope.
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  133. Piccolomini, Aeneas Sylvius. The Tale of Two Lovers: Eurialus and Lucretia. Translated by Niklas von Wyle and Edited by Eric John Morrall. Amsterdamer Publikationen zur Sprache und Literatur 77. Amsterdam: Rodopi, 1988.
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  135. An edition of a German translation of The Tale of Two Lovers by a friend of Aeneas Sylvius’s, Niklas von Wyle, along with a Latin text and substantive introduction.
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  137. van Heck, Adrian, ed. Enee Silvii Piccolominei postea Pii PP-II Carmina. Studi e testi 364. Vatican City: Biblioteca Apostolica Vaticana, 1994.
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  139. A critical edition of Cynthia, Eclogue, Epigrams, and Miscellaneous Poems, in which the notes often threaten to overwhelm the text but which shows the quality of the verse that proved embarrassing to its author after he became pope.
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  141. Historical, Biographical, and Geographical Writings
  142.  
  143. Aeneas Sylvius travelled widely in Renaissance Europe, with Hejnic and Rothe 2005, Knödler 2009, and van Heck 2001 representing historical and geographical treatments of various countries in Europe. Van Heck 1984 and van Heck 1991 offer critical editions of two other favored humanist genres, the autobiography and the survey of famous men.
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  145. Hejnic, Joseph, and Hans Rothe, eds. Historia Bohemica. 3 vols. Bausteine zur slavischen Philologie und Kulturgeschichte, Reihe B, Editionen, n.s. 20. Cologne: Böhlau, 2005.
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  147. A meticulously prepared critical edition with 250-page introduction of Aeneas Sylvius’s history of Bohemia, followed by the German translation of Peter Eschenloer (1463) and the Czech translation of Jan Húska (1487).
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  149. Knödler, Julia, ed. Eneas Silvius Piccolimini Historia Austrialis. 2 vols. Introduction by Martin Wagendorfer. Monumenta Germaniae historica, Scriptores rerum Germanicarum, n.s. 24. Hannover, Germany: Hahnsche Buchhandlung, 2009.
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  151. A carefully prepared critical edition, with notes, of all three states of Aeneas Sylvius’s humanistic history of Austria.
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  153. van Heck, Adrianus, ed. Pii II Commentarii rerum memorabilium que temporibus suis contigerunt. 2 vols. Studi e testi 312–313. Vatican City: Biblioteca Apostolica Vaticana, 1984.
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  155. A carefully prepared critical edition, with brief notes identifying sources, of Aeneas Sylvius’s most influential work.
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  157. van Heck, Adrianus, ed. Enee Silvii Piccolominei postea Pii PP-II De viris illustribus. Studi e testi 341. Vatican City: Biblioteca Apostolica Vaticana, 1991.
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  159. A critical edition of Aeneas Sylvius’s treatise on famous men, a genre beloved by humanists from Petrarch onward.
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  161. van Heck, Adrianus, ed. Enee Silvii Piccolominei postea Pii PP. II De Europa. Studi e testi 398. Vatican City: Biblioteca Apostolica Vaticana, 2001.
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  163. A critical edition, prepared to the editor’s usual high standards, of Aeneas Sylvius’s geographical survey of Europe, a work with unusual modern resonances.
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  165. Letters, Dialogues, and Treatises
  166.  
  167. Aeneas Sylvius’s unusually interesting life is reflected in his unusually interesting letters, with Wolkan 1909–1918 the classic collection and Wolkan and van Heck 2007 offering a modern alternative. Glei and Köhler 2012 offers an edition of what is probably Aeneas Sylvius’s single most interesting letter, while Kallen 1939, Piccolomini 2012, and Schmidt 1962 present editions of treatises on politics. Henderson 2011 and Schingnitz 2009 are two edited volumes of Aeneas Sylvius’s dialogues.
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  169. Glei, Reinhold F., and Markus Köhler, eds. Epistola ad Mahumetem: Einleitung, kritische Edition, Übersetzung. Bochumer altertumswissenschaftliches Colloquium 50. Trier, Germany: WVT, Wissenschaftlicher Verlag, 2012.
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  171. A nice critical edition, with an introduction of more than one hundred pages and a German translation, of Aeneas Sylvius’s letter to Sultan Mehmet II, a key document in the Renaissance dialogue between Christianity and Islam.
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  173. Henderson, Duane R., ed. Dialogus. Monumenta Germaniae historica, Quellen zur Geistesgeschichte des Mittelalters 27. Hannover, Germany: Hahnsche Buchhandlung, 2011.
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  175. A critical edition with extensive notes of Aeneas Sylvius’s Dialogue, a dream vision based on Dante’s Divine Comedy.
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  177. Kallen, Gerhard. Aeneas Silvius Piccolomini als Publizist in der epistola De ortu et auctoritate imperii Romani. Cologne: Petrarca-Haus, 1939.
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  179. Contains the text from Wolkan 1909–1918 (see below) of Aeneas Sylvius’s letter on the origin and authority of the Roman Empire, along with a study identifying the relationship between Aeneas Sylvius’s political thought and that of his predecessors.
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  181. Piccolomini, Aeneas Sylvius. “De miseriis curialium.” In Hofkritik im Licht humanistischer Lebens- und Bildungsideale: Enea Silvio Piccolomini, De miseriis curialium (1444), Über das Elend der Hofleute, und Ulrichi de Hutten, Equitis Germani Aula dialogus (1518), Aula, eines deutschen Ritters Dialog über den Hof. Edited by Klaus Schreiner and Ernst Wenzel, 14–116. Mittellateinische Studien und Texte 44. Leiden, The Netherlands: Brill, 2012.
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  183. Not a critical edition, but an accessible text of one of Aeneas Sylvius’s more important works, usefully paired with another treatise critiquing princely courts.
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  185. Schingnitz, Christoph, ed. Pentalogus. Monumenta Germaniae historica, Staatsschriften des späteren Mittelalters 8. Hannover, Germany: Hahnsche Buchhandlung, 2009.
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  187. A critical edition with notes of a dialogue that Aeneas Sylvius hoped to use to advance his position at the Habsburg court, through commentary on various problems afflicting church and state.
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  189. Schmidt, Adolf, ed. “Germania.” In Germania [von] Aeneas Silvius und Responsa et replicae ad Eneam Silvium [von]. Edited by Jakob Wimpfeling, 13–124. Cologne: Böhlau, 1962.
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  191. A critical edition of Aeneas Sylvius’s treatise on the relationship between German political power and the papacy, with other relevant documents, including Jakob Wimpfeling’s response.
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  193. Wolkan, Rudolf, ed. Der Briefwechsel des Eneas Silvius Piccolomini. 4 vols. Part 2. Vols. 61, 62, 67, and 68. Fontes rerum Austriacarum. Vienna: A. Hölder, 1909–1918.
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  195. A carefully prepared, monumental critical edition of Aeneas Sylvius’s letters, with brief notes summarizing the content of each letter. Also contains the text of The Tale of Two Lovers.
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  197. Wolkan, Rudolf, and Adrianus van Heck. Enee Silvii Piccolominei Epistolarium seculare: Complectens De duobus amantibus, De naturis equorum, De curialium miseriis. Studi e testi 439. Vatican City: Biblioteca Apostolica Vaticana, 2007.
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  199. A new critical edition by Aeneas Sylvius’s most prolific modern editor of the collection of secular letters published originally by Wolkan (see Wolkan 1909–1918), including several works often published separately.
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  201. Translations
  202.  
  203. Many works of Aeneas Sylvius remain untranslated, but several key texts are available in English, sometimes with a choice of translations.
  204.  
  205. The Tale of Two Lovers
  206.  
  207. The popularity of The Tale of Two Lovers is reflected in the number of available English translations, with Piccolomini 1978 the classic version and Piccolomini 1996 and Piccolomini 1999 presenting a 16th-century English translation.
  208.  
  209. Piccolomini, Aeneas Sylvius. The Tale of the Two Lovers. Translated by Flora Grierson. Westport, CT: Hyperion, 1978.
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  211. More readable than Piccolomini 1999 and often cited. Originally published in 1929 (London: Constable).
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  213. Piccolomini, Aeneas Sylvius. The Goodli History of the Ladye Lucres of Scene and of Her Lover Eurialus. Translated by E. J. Morrall. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1996.
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  215. A carefully prepared critical edition of a 16th-century translation with extensive notes and a brief but insightful introduction. Published for the Early English Text Society.
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  217. Piccolomini, Aeneas Sylvius. The Two Lovers: The Goodly History of Lady Lucrece and Her Lover Eurialus. Edited by Emily O’Brien and Kenneth R. Bartlett. Publications of the Barnabe Riche Society 11. Ottawa, ON: Dovehouse, 1999.
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  219. A scholarly edition with modern spelling of a 16th-century translation with a lengthy introduction analyzing the text and placing it in the context of the development of Elizabethan prose fiction.
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  221. Non-fiction
  222.  
  223. Piccolomini 2003–2007 offers a translation of Aeneas Sylvius’s most important work, his autobiographical Commentaries, with useful excerpts available in Piccolomini 1988. Hay and Smith 1992 provides insight into the Council of Basle, while Piccolomini 2000 presents a translation of a treatise important in Aeneas Sylvius’s political thought. A useful selection of letters is available in Piccolomini 1969 and Piccolomini 2006, while Piccolomini 1990 is devoted to the crucial letter to Mohammed II. Piccolomini 2002 contains the treatise on education.
  224.  
  225. Hay, Denys, and W. K. Smith, eds. De gestis concilii Basiliensis commentariorum, libri II. 2d ed. Oxford Medieval Texts. Oxford: Clarendon, 1992.
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  227. A critical edition. with English translation of the Commentaries on the Proceedings of the Council of Basle, a firsthand narrative of the turning point in the church council that led to the election of the anti-pope Felix V. First published in 1967.
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  229. Piccolomini, Aeneas Sylvius. Selected Letters of Aeneas Sylvius Piccolomini. Edited and translated by Albert R. Baca. Northridge, CA: San Fernando Valley State College, 1969.
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  231. A translation of ten key letters followed by a Latin text and brief commentary.
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  233. Piccolomini, Aeneas Sylvius. Travels in Italy: Selections from the Commentarii of Pope Pius II. Edited and with commentary by Andrew Hutchinson. Bristol, UK: Bristol Classical, 1988.
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  235. Excerpts from the Commentaries, in English translation with accompanying Latin text and a useful commentary keyed to the Latin.
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  237. Piccolomini, Aeneas Sylvius. Epistola ad Mahomatem II—Epistle to Mohammed II. Edited and translated by Albert R. Baca. American University Studies Series 2, Romance Languages and Literature 127. New York: Peter Lang, 1990.
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  239. A fairly literal translation, with brief notes and a Latin text following, of Aeneas Sylvius’s rhetorical effort to win over Mohammed II to Christianity.
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  241. Piccolomini, Aeneas Sylvius. “On the Origin and Authority of the Roman Empire.” In Three Tracts on Empire. Edited by Thomas M. Izbicki and Cary J. Nederman, 95–112. Bristol, UK: Thoemmes, 2000.
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  243. A translation of De ortu, along with Engelbert of Admont’s On the Rise and End of the Roman Empire and Juan de Torquemada’s Work in Honour of the Roman Empire and the Roman Lords, along with a short introduction placing these three treatises into the context of late medieval and early Renaissance ideas about empire.
  244. Find this resource:
  245. Piccolomini, Aeneas Sylvius. “The Education of Boys.” In Humanist Educational Treatises. Edited by Craig Kallendorf, 126–259. The I Tatti Renaissance Library 5. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 2002.
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  247. A Latin text and English translation of Aeneas Sylvius’s educational treatise, along with similar works by Pier Paolo Vergerio, Leonardo Bruni, and Battista Guarino. Paperback (translation only) published in 2008.
  248. Find this resource:
  249. Piccolomini, Aeneas Sylvius. Commentaries. 2 vols. Edited by Margaret Meserve and Marcello Simonetta. The I Tatti Renaissance Library 12 and 29. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 2003–2007.
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  251. A readable translation, accompanied by a scholarly text, of Aeneas Sylvius’s autobiography, a heroic dramatization of his life and career written while he was pope.
  252. Find this resource:
  253. Piccolomini, Aeneas Sylvius. Reject Aeneas, Accept Pius: Selected Letters of Aeneas Sylvius Piccolomini (Pope Pius II). Introduction and translation by Thomas M. Izbicki, Gerald Christianson, and Philip Krey. Washington, DC: Catholic University of America Press, 2006.
  254. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  255. A selection of seventy-five important letters from Aeneas Sylvius’s substantial oeuvre, with a nice introduction.
  256. Find this resource:
  257. Essay Collections
  258.  
  259. Scholarship on Aeneas Sylvius begins with several key essay collections. Deputazione di storia patria per le Marche 1964–1965; Calzona, et al. 2003; di Paola, et al. 2006; Maffei 1968; and Secchi Tarugi 1991 contain papers from a series of important conferences in Italy, while Crescentini and Palumbo 2005 originated in an exhibition. Bernetti 1971 is a collection of writings on Aeneas Sylvius by one author, with Martels and Vanderjagt 2003 offering essays by other, primarily non-Italian groups of scholars.
  260.  
  261. Bernetti, Giuseppe. Saggi e studi sugli scritti de Enea Silvio Piccolomini Papa Pio II, 1405–64. Florence: Tipografia S.T.I.A.V., 1971.
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  263. A collection of essays on several aspects of Aeneas Sylvius’s life and works, originally published over many years in a variety of journals.
  264. Find this resource:
  265. Calzona, Arturo, Centro di Studi Leon Battista Albertin, et al., eds. Il sogno di Pio II e il viaggio da Roma a Mantova: Atti del convegno internazionale, Montova, 13–15 aprile 2000. Ingenium 5. Florence: Leo S. Olschki, 2003.
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  267. A lengthy set of conference proceedings that ostensibly focuses on Pius II’s role at the Congress of Mantua (1459–1460) but, in fact, opens out to larger issues in Italian, indeed European, politics.
  268. Find this resource:
  269. Crescentini, Claudio, and Margherita Palumbo, eds. Nymphilexis: Enea Silvio Piccolomini, l’umanesimo e la geografia: Manoscritti, stampati, monete, medaglie, ceramiche. Rome: Edizioni dell’Associazione culturale Shakespeare, 2005.
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  271. A valuable volume originating in an exhibition held at the Biblioteca Casanatense in Rome during April and May of 2005, but extending from the objects on display to a series of essays on various aspects of Aeneas Sylvius’s life and times.
  272. Find this resource:
  273. Deputazione di storia patria per le Marche. Atti del convegno storico piccolominiano: Ancona, 9 maggio 1965. Vol. 4, fasc 2. Atti e memorie della deputazione di storia patria per le Marche serie 8. Ancona, Italy: S.I.T.A., 1964–1965.
  274. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  275. A series of essays focused primarily, although not exclusively, on Aeneas Sylvius’s relation to the Marches.
  276. Find this resource:
  277. di Paola, Roberto, Arianna Antoniutti, and Marco Gallo, eds. Enea Silvio Piccolomini: Arte, storia e cultura nell’Europa di Pio II; Atti dei convegni internazionali di studi 2003–2004. Rome: Edizioni dell’Associazione culturale Shakespeare, 2006.
  278. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  279. A sumptuously illustrated collection of essays from five different conferences held over a twelve-month period, focused on Pius II and his relationship to Tuscany, Rimini, and Ancona and to the arts and economics.
  280. Find this resource:
  281. Maffei, Domenico, ed. Enea Silvio Piccolomini papa Pio II: Atti del convegno per il 5. centenario della morte e altri scritti. Siena, Italy: Accademia Senese degli Intronati, 1968.
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  283. A set of conference proceedings that ranges widely over Aeneas Sylvius’s various spheres of activity, from his work as a writer to his relationship with the Swiss.
  284. Find this resource:
  285. Martels, Zweder von, and Arjo Vanderjagt, eds. Pius II, “el più expeditivo pontifice”: Selected Studies on Aeneas Sylvius Piccolomini, 1405–1464. Brill’s Studies in Intellectual History 117. Leiden, The Netherlands: Brill, 2003.
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  287. An important set of essays designed to shed light on Aeneas Sylvius from a variety of perspectives, mostly by non-Italian scholars.
  288. Find this resource:
  289. Secchi Tarugi, Luisa Rotondi, ed. Pio II e la cultura del suo tempo: Atti del convegno internazionale, 1989. Milan: Guerini e Associati, 1991.
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  291. A collection of essays from both Italian and non-Italian scholars, focused primarily on Aeneas Sylvius as a humanist.
  292. Find this resource:
  293. Aeneas Sylvius and Siena
  294.  
  295. Aeneas Sylvius was born near Siena and maintained close relations with this area throughout his life. Jenkens 1999, Nevola 2006, and Walton 1998 show how Aeneas Sylvius and his family transformed the appearance of the city, while Settis, et al. 1998 focuses on the library in Siena cathedral that was to embody his legacy.
  296.  
  297. Jenkens, A. Lawrence. “Pius II’s Nephews and the Politics of Architecture at the End of the Fifteenth Century in Siena.” Bollettino senese di storia patria 106 (1999): 68–114.
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  299. A lengthy study focused on the public agendas of Giacomo and Andrea Piccolomini, Aeneas Sylvius’s nephews, and how these agendas led to the construction of the Palazzo Piccolomini as a seat of familial power in Siena.
  300. Find this resource:
  301. Nevola, Fabrizio. “Ritual Geography: Housing the Papal Court of Pius II Piccolomini in Siena, 1459–60.” Renaissance Studies 20 (2006): 201–224.
  302. DOI: 10.1111/j.1477-4658.2006.00196.xSave Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  303. A study of the impact of the pope and his court on everyday life and ritual life in Siena, in two visits of 1459 and 1460.
  304. Find this resource:
  305. Settis, Salvatore, Donatella Toracca, Alessandro Angelini, et al., eds. La Libreria Piccolomini nel Duomo di Siena. Mirabilia Italiae 7. Modena, Italy: Franco Cosimo Panini, 1998.
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  307. A splendid volume, with two hundred pages of pictures followed by essays on the Piccolomini Library and its books (Piccolomini Library in Siena Cathedral), with all the essays in English and Italian. Includes an extensive bibliography.
  308. Find this resource:
  309. Walton, Mirella Cirfi. “Antonio Federighi and Pope Pius II: The Emergence of Renaissance Architecture in Siena.” Rivista di studi italiani 16 (1998): 116–127.
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  311. Shows how Siena took on the appearance of a Renaissance city through the direct patronage of the pope in Rome and his chief architect in Siena, Antonio Federighi.
  312. Find this resource:
  313. Humanist
  314.  
  315. Traglia 1965 identifies the key issues in general and Bianchi 1994 studies the general humanistic environment in Aeneas Sylvius’s family. Other studies are more focused: Glendinning 1997 on The Tale of Two Lovers and the Latin tradition, Haussmann 1973 on poetry, Nederman 1993 on the classical origins of Aeneas Sylvius’s political thought, and Seeber 1997 on an unexpectedly late manifestation of his humanism.
  316.  
  317. Bianchi, Rossella. “Cultura umanistica intorno ai Piccolomini fra Quattro e Cinquecento: Antonio da San Severino e altri.” In Umanesimo a Siena: Letteratura, arti figurative, musica; Siena, 5–8 Giugno 1991, atti del Convegno. Edited by Elisabetta Cioni and Daniela Fausti, 29–88. Siena, Italy: Università degli Studi, 1994.
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  319. An overview of the humanist culture of the various members of the Piccolomini family, as revealed in Rome, Biblioteca Angelica, MS 1077.
  320. Find this resource:
  321. Glendinning, Robert. “Love, Death, and the Art of Compromise: Aeneas Sylvius Piccolomini’s Tale of Two Lovers.” Fifteenth-Century Studies 23 (1997): 101–120.
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  323. Examines the love-death theme in a Latin translation of Boccaccio’s tale of Guisgardo and Ghismonda (Decameron, Day 4, Tale 1) and a retelling of Livy’s account of the rape of Lucretia by Sextus Tarquinius.
  324. Find this resource:
  325. Haussmann, Frank-Rutger. “Enea Silvio Piccolomini ‘Poeta’ und die Rezeption der heidnischen Antike.” Bibliothèque d’humanisme et Renaissance 35 (1973): 441–461.
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  327. Studies Aeneas Sylvius’s understanding of poetry, first on the theoretical level and then as a practicing poet, with both levels bound inextricably to the classical past.
  328. Find this resource:
  329. Nederman, Cary J. “Humanism and Empire: Aeneas Sylvius Piccolomini, Cicero and the Imperial Ideal.” Historical Journal 36.3 (1993): 499–515.
  330. DOI: 10.1017/S0018246X0001428XSave Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  331. Argues that the De ortu et auctoritate imperii Romani defends the idea of universal monarchy not as an anachronistic throwback to the Middle Ages but on the basis of Aeneas Sylvius’s understanding of Cicero’s position on the subject. Reprinted in Cary J. Nederman, Medieval Aristotelianism and Its Limits: Classical Traditions in Moral and Political Philosophy, 12th–15th Centuries (Aldershot, UK: Ashgate, 1997), pp. 499–515.
  332. Find this resource:
  333. Seeber, N. Enea Vergilianus:Vergilisches in den ‘Kommentaren’ des Enea Silvio Piccolomini (Pius II). Innsbruck, Austria: Universitätsverlag Wagner, 1997.
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  335. A fascinating study of how Aeneas Sylvius used passages from Virgil’s poetry to help shape his Commentaries, which refutes his claim to have abandoned humanistic studies when he became pope.
  336. Find this resource:
  337. Traglia, Antonio. “De Aenea Silvio Piccolomini, qui fuit Pius II Pont. Max., humaniorum litterarum cultore.” Latinitas 13 (1965): 243–277.
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  339. An interesting study of Aeneas Sylvius as patron of humanism, written in the same Latin he continued to cultivate as pope, notwithstanding a certain embarrassment regarding some of his earlier profane writings.
  340. Find this resource:
  341. Prince and Politician
  342.  
  343. First as a courtier, then as a pope whose authority included temporal as well as spiritual matters, Aeneas Sylvius was a shrewd politician who has attracted scholarly interest for his accomplishments in this area. Battaglia 1936, Kisch 1967, Schmidinger 1978, and Toews 1968 explore the political theory behind Aeneas Sylvius’s actions, while Head 1970 is an interesting account of how he tried to use his political power as a mediator.
  344.  
  345. Battaglia, Felice. “Il pensiero politico di Enea Silvio Piccolomini.” In Enea Silvio Piccolomini e Francesco Patrizi: Due politici senesi del Quattrocento. Edited by Felice Battaglia, 1–71. Siena, Italy: Istituto comunale d’arte e di storia, 1936.
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  347. Traces the development of Aeneas Sylvius’s political thought, away from democracy and conciliarism to an absolutist ideology from which the modern state evolved. A fundamental work on Aeneas Sylvius as a political thinker.
  348. Find this resource:
  349. Head, Constance. “Pope Pius II and the Wars of the Roses.” Archivum historiae pontificiae 8 (1970): 139–178.
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  351. An interesting study of Aeneas Sylvius’s unsuccessful effort to mediate the Lancastrian-Yorkist struggle in England; an effort that rested on his temporal as well as his spiritual power.
  352. Find this resource:
  353. Kisch, Guido. Enea Silvio Piccolomini und die Jurisprudenz. Basel, Switzerland: Helbing & Lichtenhahn, 1967.
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  355. A comprehensive study of Aeneas Sylvius’s knowledge of, and attitudes toward, the law, a key element of his political thought.
  356. Find this resource:
  357. Schmidinger, Heinrich. Romana regia potestas: Staats- und Reichsdenken bei Engelbert von Admont und Enea Silvio Piccolomini. Basel, Switzerland: Helbing & Lichtenhahn, 1978.
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  359. A thirty-four-page pamphlet rather than a proper book, this essay compares the political thought of Aeneas Sylvius to that of Engelbert von Admont, noting points of similarity and difference.
  360. Find this resource:
  361. Toews, J. B. “The View of Empire in Aeneas Sylvius Piccolomini (Pope Pius II).” Traditio 24 (1968): 471–487.
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  363. A subtly argued analysis of Aeneas Sylvius’s attitude toward the Holy Roman Empire, recognizing that the tension between the claims of papacy and empire was further exacerbated by the demands of practical, day-to-day politics.
  364. Find this resource:
  365. Pope
  366.  
  367. Much of the scholarship on Aeneas Sylvius is devoted to the six years in which he served as pope, with Baldi 2006 providing a good overview of the issues involved. Brosius and Scheschkerwitz 1993 offers an introduction to the source material. Reinhard 1972 stresses the importance of the opening days of Aeneas Sylvius’s papacy for understanding the time that followed. Rowe 1961 and Schwoebel 1971 offer assessments of larger goals and achievements, while Brosius 1976 and Schmugge, et al. 1996 focus on the day-to-day activities of the papal state and Frommel 1983 assesses Aeneas Sylvius’s building program in Rome.
  368.  
  369. Baldi, Barbara. Pio II e le trasformazioni dell’Europa cristiana. Milan: UNICOPLI, 2006.
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  371. A recent study of Aeneas Sylvius’s years as pope, focusing on the interactions of the papacy with the other political powers of the day and on the gap that emerged between Aeneas Sylvius’s goals and the means at his disposal to achieve his ends.
  372. Find this resource:
  373. Brosius, Dieter. “Das Itinerar Papst Pius II.” Quellen und Forschungen aus italienischen Archiven und Bibliotheken 55–56 (1976): 421–432.
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  375. A reconstruction of Aeneas Sylvius’s day-by-day activities while he was pope, along with some suggestions about how this information can be used.
  376. Find this resource:
  377. Brosius, Dieter, and Ulrich Scheschkerwitz. Repertorium Germanicum VIII. Vol. 1. Tübingen, Germany: Niemeyer, 1993.
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  379. An invaluable orientation to the study of Aeneas Sylvius’s papacy with the sources listed on pp. XVIII–LXVII (pp. 18–67), followed by an index of 5,984 people, churches, and places that appear in the official documents, with explanatory information for each that often exceeds a column in length.
  380. Find this resource:
  381. Frommel, Christoph Luitpold. “Francesco del Borgo: Architekt Pius’ II. und Pauls II.: I. der Petersplatz und weitere römische Bauten Pius’ II. Piccolomini.” Römisches Jahrbuch für Kunstgeschichte 20 (1983): 107–154.
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  383. A detailed study of the planning, financing, construction, and significance of the Roman building program of the Piccolomini pope and his architect, Francesco del Borgo.
  384. Find this resource:
  385. Reinhard, W. “Papa Pius: Prolegomena zu einer Sozialgeschichte des Papsttums.” In Von Konstanz nach Trient: Festschrift A. Franzen. Edited by Remigius Bäumer, 261–299. Munich: F. Schöningh, 1972.
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  387. An interesting article that uses Aeneas Sylvius’s choice of a papal name as a beginning point to examine the nexus of social relationships that pietas predicates for a pope, in reference both to the classical world and to Christianity.
  388. Find this resource:
  389. Rowe, John Gordon. “The Tragedy of Aeneas Sylvius Piccolomini (Pope Pius II): An Interpretation.” Church History 30 (1961): 288–313.
  390. DOI: 10.2307/3161565Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  391. Offers a unifying thesis about the failures of Aeneas Sylvius’s years as pope, arguing that he was unable to negotiate successfully between the old medieval order and the new principles of the emerging Renaissance papacy. A thoughtful article, well documented with references to late-19th-century and early-20th-century scholarship.
  392. Find this resource:
  393. Schmugge, Ludwig, Patrick Hersperger, and Béatrice Wiggenhauser. Die Supplikenregister der päpstlichen Pönitentiarie aus der Zeit Pius’ II, 1458–1464. Bibliothek des Deutschen Historischen Instituts in Rom 84. Tübingen, Germany: Max Niemeyer, 1996.
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  395. A fascinating study of the interaction between the papal bureaucracy and those who came to Rome in search of solutions to various problems that had arisen in their relationship to the church.
  396. Find this resource:
  397. Schwoebel, R. “Pius II and the Renaissance Papacy.” In Renaissance Men and Ideas. Edited by R. Schwoebel, 67–79. New York: St. Martin’s, 1971.
  398. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  399. A brief overview, attempting to craft a balanced picture of a pope who was neither a naive visionary nor a crass opportunist, but a churchman who was forced to operate within the religious and political systems of his day.
  400. Find this resource:
  401. The Crusade against the Turks
  402.  
  403. The defining event in Aeneas Sylvius’s papacy was undoubtedly the crusade that he tried, unsuccessfully, to organize against the Turks. Eysser 1938 is the classic account, summarized in Morrall 1958, while Helmrath 2000 presents a detailed overview of contemporary scholarship. Bisaha 2002 examines the putative effort to resolve the matter peacefully. Abulafia 1997, Bisaha 2004, Cardini 1979, and Prutz 1912 analyze the actual effort to organize the crusade.
  404.  
  405. Abulafia, David. “Ferrante I of Naples, Pope Pius II and the Congress of Mantua, 1459.” In Montjoie: Studies in Crusade History in Honour of Hans Eberhard Mayer. Edited by Benjamin Z. Kedar, Jonathan Riley-Smith, and Rudolf Niestand, 235–249. Aldershot, UK: Variorum, 1997.
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  407. A thoughtful analysis of the Congress of Mantua, called in 1459, and the correspondence between the pope and Ferrante I of Naples on launching a crusade to recover the Holy Land.
  408. Find this resource:
  409. Bisaha, Nancy. “Pope Pius II’s Letter to Sultan Mehmed II: A Reexamination.” Crusades 1 (2002): 183–200.
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  411. A study of Aeneas Sylvius’s letter to Sultan Mehmed II, written in 1461 but apparently never sent. The letter is ostensibly an effort to persuade Mehmed to convert, but Bisaha argues that it was really aimed at Western readers.
  412. Find this resource:
  413. Bisaha, Nancy. “Pope Pius II and the Crusade.” In Crusading in the Fifteenth Century: Message and Impact. Edited by Norman Housley, 39–52. Basingstoke, UK: Palgrave Macmillan, 2004.
  414. DOI: 10.1057/9780230523357Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  415. Attempts to explain both the personal factors and the religious and political currents that led Aeneas Sylvius to die at Ancona, where he had intended to embark on the crusade he had organized.
  416. Find this resource:
  417. Cardini, F. “La reppublica di Firenze e la crociata di Pio II.” Rivista storica della chiesa in Italia 33 (1979): 455–482.
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  419. A revisionary examination of Aeneas Sylvius’s crusade, arguing that the idea represented a sincere act of faith on the part of the pope and that the role of the Florentine republic in planning for the crusade is more complicated than has been generally understood.
  420. Find this resource:
  421. Eysser, R. Papst Pius II. und die Kreuzzug gegen Türken. Bucharest, Romania: Szilágysomlyó, Ungarn, 1938.
  422. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  423. Old and difficult to find, but still the standard account of Aeneas Sylvius’s planned crusade.
  424. Find this resource:
  425. Helmrath, Johannes. “Pius II und die Türken.” In Europa und die Türken in der Renaissance. Edited by Bodo Guthmüller and Wilhelm Kühlmann, 79–137. Tübingen, Germany: Max Niemeyer, 2000.
  426. DOI: 10.1515/9783110933567Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  427. A magisterial overview of Aeneas Sylvius’s relations with the Turks, beginning with their role in his writing and moving on to the Congress of Mantua and the failed crusade. Richly documented and subtly argued.
  428. Find this resource:
  429. Morrall, John B. “Pius II: Humanist and Crusader.” History Today 9 (1958): 27–37.
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  431. A popularizing account of Aeneas Sylvius’s failed crusade in the context of his broader goals and accomplishments but written by an acknowledged expert and containing valuable insights.
  432. Find this resource:
  433. Prutz, Hans. “Rüstungen zum Türkenkrieg und die Societas Jesu des Flandrers Gerhard des Champs, 1459–66.” Sitzungsberichte der Königlich Bayerischen Akademie der Wissenschaften, Philosophisch-philologische und historische Klasse 4 (1912): 1–63.
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  435. A study of a new order, the Societas Jesu, founded by Aeneas Sylvius to encourage a crusade against the Turks, with an identification of the new order’s leader, which had been a subject of some controversy.
  436. Find this resource:
  437. Pienza
  438.  
  439. Pienza, formerly known as Corsignano but renamed in honor of Pius II, was rebuilt by Aeneas Sylvius and stands today as the first concrete example of Renaissance urban planning. Heydenreich 1937 presents a concise overview, while Carli 1966 and Mack 1987 offer book-length studies that proceed through the city, building by building. Bonifazi Geramb 1994 and Tönnesmann 1996 show how the idealized plan for the city was modified in its interaction with the complicated realities of the day.
  440.  
  441. Bonifazi Geramb, Maria. Pienza: Studien zur Architektur und Stadtplanung unter Pius II. Wissenschaftliche Beiträge aus europäischen Hochschulen 9, Kunst- und Kulturgeschichte 6. Ammersbek bei Hamburg, Germany: Verlag an der Lottbek, 1994.
  442. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  443. A study of several key themes connected to Pienza, including its relationship to Alberti’s ideas on city planning and issues connected to the geometrical layout of the city.
  444. Find this resource:
  445. Carli, E. Pienza: La città di Pio II. Rome: Editalia, 1966.
  446. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  447. A sumptuously illustrated, meticulously documented introduction to the city and its principal buildings.
  448. Find this resource:
  449. Heydenreich, L. H. “Pius II. als Bauherr von Pienza.” Zeitschrift für Kunstgeschichte 6 (1937): 105–146.
  450. DOI: 10.2307/1480920Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  451. A good overview of how the pope transformed Corsignano into his vision of what a Renaissance city should look like.
  452. Find this resource:
  453. Mack, C. R. Pienza: The Creation of a Renaissance City. Ithaca, NY: Cornell University Press, 1987.
  454. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  455. A comprehensive study of Pienza, heavily documented and well illustrated, containing 15th-century descriptions of the city and documentary evidence from the Archivio di Stato in Rome as well.
  456. Find this resource:
  457. Tönnesmann, Andreas. Pienza: Städtebau und Humanismus. Munich: Hirmer Verlag, 1996.
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  459. A thoughtful examination of Aeneas Sylvius’s effort to transform Corsignano, showing how the humanist ideal interacted with the realities of construction during and after his short-lived papacy. Originally published in 1990.
  460. Find this resource:
  461. The European Reception of Aeneas Sylvius’s Works
  462.  
  463. Aeneas Sylvius was born and died in Italy, but he traveled widely throughout Europe and his choice of language in the works he wrote ensured that he would be influential outside his native country. Weinig 1998 explores his impact on German culture in general. The Tale of Two Lovers was widely influential, with Morrall 1996 tracing its impact in England, Morrall 1980 in Germany, and Whinnom 1982 in Spain.
  464.  
  465. Morrall, E. J. “The Tale of Eurialus and Lucretia by Aeneas Sylvius Piccolomini and Niklas von Wyle.” Neuphilologische Mitteilungen 81 (1980): 428–438.
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  467. A study of the German translation of Aeneas Sylvius’s The Tale of Two Lovers by Niklas von Wyle as a pioneering document of German humanism.
  468. Find this resource:
  469. Morrall, E. J. “Aeneas Silvius Piccolomini (Pius II), Historia de duobus amantibus: The Early Editions and the English Translation Printed by John Day.” The Library, ser. 6, 18 (1996): 216–229.
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  471. Examines the early printed editions of The Tale of Two Lovers to establish which Latin version is closest to the exemplar used by the unknown translator in the first English printing of the work.
  472. Find this resource:
  473. Weinig, Paul. Aeneam suscipite, Pium recipite: Aeneas Silvius Piccolomini: Studien zur Rezeption eines humanistischen Schriftstellers im Deutschland des 15. Jahrhunderts. Wiesbaden, Germany: Harrassowitz, 1998.
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  475. Traces Aeneas Sylvius’s influence on the development of humanism in German-speaking areas through the study of the manuscripts on which the knowledge of his works was based.
  476. Find this resource:
  477. Whinnom, Keith. “The Historia de Duobus Amantibus of Aeneas Sylvius Piccolomini (Pope Pius II) and the Development of Spanish Golden-Age Fiction.” In Essays on Narrative Fiction in the Iberian Peninsula in Honour of Frank Pierce. Edited by R. B. Tate, 243–255. Oxford: Dolphin, 1982.
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  479. A short but valuable discussion of problems with The Tale of Two Lovers and its influence on the development of prose fiction in late Renaissance Spain.
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