2018-04-10 TOEFL: word roots, reading reference

Greg Malivuk
[email protected]
http://www.pastebin.com/u/gmalivuk - notes from all classes
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Word Roots - list 3 - With your parnters, try to think of one or two words to explain the meanings of each root.
ego (egotistical, egomania, egocentric) = self
endo (endotherm, endocrine) = in/into/internal
epi (epiphyte, epidermis, epidemic) = on/upon (An epidemic is a disease acting on an entire people.)
equi (equidistant, equation) = same (quantity)
erg (ergonomic, energy) = work
esth/aesth (anesthetic, kinesthesia) = feeling/sensation (Many words beginning with this root have to do with beauty.)
eu (euphemism, euphoria) = good (the opposite is “dys”)
ex/ect (ex-husband, exit, excavate, ectotherm) = out/away
extra (extraordinary, extrovert, extraterrestrial) = outward/beyond
fac/fact (artifact, factory) = make
fer (transfer, ferry) = carry
flect/flex (deflect, reflection, flexible) = bend
fore (foreground, forecast) = before/front/first (These words and “pre”, “prime”, “pro” are all related.)
fract/frag (fracture, fragment) = break
fug (refugee, fugitive) = flee
funct (function, defunct) = perform
gen (generation, generate, genealogy) = make/create (From the idea of generation and family we get other words like “general” and “genre” which mean something like “kind”.)
geo (geography, geology, geocentric) = earth
graph (autograph, graphite, seismograph) = write/draw
grat (gratify, gratuity, grateful) = please
helio (heliocentric, heliograph) = sun
hemo (hemophilia, hemorrhage, hemoglobin) = blood
hetero (heterogeneous, heteronym) = different
homo (homogeneous, homonym) = same (qualitative)
hydro (hydrate, hydraulic, hydrophobia) = water (or sometimes fluids in general)
hyper (hyperextend, hyperactive, hypertension) = over
hypo (hypodermic, hypothermia, hypotension) = under
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TOEFL Test: four sections, each worth 30 points for a total of 120, around 4 hours total
1 reading: 60-80 minutes, 3 or 4 passages, 14 questions about each
2 listening: 60-90 minutes, 2 or 3 sets of three passages each, 17 questions per set and 10 minutes to choose those answers
	(10-minute break)
3 speaking: 20 minutes total, 6 tasks, 5m30s speaking time
4 writing: 60 minutes total, 2 tasks, 20 and 30 minutes writing time
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Reading Question Types:
- vocabulary
- fact
- negative fact
- inference
- reference
- purpose
- paraphrase
- sentence insertion
- summarize
- organize
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BREAK
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Reference questions ask you to identify the noun that a pronoun or adjective refers to in the passage.
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(Cambridge) R4 - Identify the referents of the underlined words.
“The English spoken in America was distinct from that spoken in Britain.”
	that = the English
“The reasons for the first war were very similar to those for the second.”
	those = the reasons
	the second = the second war
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Handout exercise R5 - take 3 minutes to identify the referents of the highlighted words and phrases
1 B
2 C
3 D
exercise R6 - Take 2 minutes to draw arrows to the referents in these paragraphs.
1 their = predators’
  (“their” in “their kin” refers to the screaming animals, not the predators)
  these screams = far-reaching cries
2 they = cartoonists
  These kinds of cartoon drawings = caricatures
  them = famous people
  them = particular characteristics
3 these pictures = pictures of desert areas
  these insects = locusts
  they = locusts
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Handout (Longman) p. 20 - Take 2.5 minutes to quickly answer the reference questions about chromium compounds.
5 A
6 B - “the surface to which [the paint] is applied”
7 A - If it meant solid particles, the verb after would be “are”.
8 C - “into which the pigment is blended” means “The pigment is blended into [this thing].”
    - The other thing to notice is that this relative clause comes directly after “liquid”.
9 B
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There are many places to eat Mexican food such as [examples of food].
There are many places to eat Mexican food, such as [examples of places].
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p. 21 - Take 2 minutes.
10 A
11 C
12 A
13 B - [This thing] has been estimated at as much as an 80% decrease in the population.
   (This doesn’t say the thing caused an 80% decrease, but that it *was* an 80% decrease.)
     - “one that” or “one which” refers back to a thing there’s only one of, “one of which” would be necessary if it was about virgin soil epidemics.
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p. 22 - Take 3 minutes.
14 B
15 D
16 B
17 C - Even if you don’t know what pawns are, the structure of the rest of the sentence tells you they’re people, which means they’re the children of the slums (children who live in those places).
18 A
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Handout (Cengage) exercise 6.2
1-5 - The answers are already underlined on the handout (sorry).
6 D
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Homework: finish the exercise 6.2 handout (Try to take about 30 seconds per question if you can.)