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Seven Years' War (Military History)

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  1. Introduction
  2.  
  3. The Seven Years’ War was a vast conflict and its voluminous historiography reflects its multi-theater nature. Traditionally, works focused on the operations and military campaigns of such great captains as Frederick the Great, General Wolfe, or Lord Clive, to name a few. This old-fashioned “drum and trumpet” history often overemphasized the great battles at the expense of lesser known engagements and theaters, and it was essentially Eurocentric. Lost in the fog of war were the context of military operations and often any appreciation of the non-European participants and combatants. Recently, newer literature has brought into focus the context in which the war was fought (diplomatic, economic, social, etc.), with the result that we now have a more scholarly and nuanced portrait of the conflict. Most of the literature can be divided among the main theaters of war: Europe, North America, and India. But the global nature and maritime operations evident in the conflict suggest that the historiography should grow in other directions, as fighting occurred on every continent except Antarctica. A new appreciation for the economic importance of the 18th century in general and of the Seven Years’ War in particular, as the progenitor of the fiscal-military state, also drives current scholarship. Finally, over the past decade an appreciation of the war by sociocultural historians has taken root, and some of the most thought-provoking scholarship has emerged from this school. Overall, the trend toward both understanding the conflict as a global phenomenon that bled over into other areas and recognizing that the war entailed regional conflicts around the world should be the emphasis for future studies of the conflict.
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  5. Reference Works
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  7. There is a dearth of scholarly reference works devoted to the war. For a detailed timeline of events see Dobson 1763. The most useful printed reference is the forty-eight-volume The Yale Edition of Horace Walpole’s Correspondence (Walpole 1937–1983). It is a “gateway” to bibliography, primary sources, and biographical and general information on the Seven Years’ War, much of which is found in the annotations and multivolume index. In particular, the correspondence with Henry Seymour Conway, his cousin and deputy to Lord Granby of the British expeditionary force in Germany, is valuable and is available online for free. The chief online resource for contemporary literature, pamphlets, etc., is Gale’s Eighteenth-Century Collections Online (ECCO), a full-text database of all books printed in Great Britain during the 18th century. The English Short Title Catalog (ESTC) provides bibliographic information while both Eighteenth-Century Resources and the Center for Eighteenth-Century Studies provide links to documents on the web. For the Annual Register, the Internet Library of Early Journals is a free resource. A good encyclopedic site that addresses statistics of specific battles, sieges, and campaigns (though geared toward buffs) is the Seven Years’ War Project. Overall, what is needed is a full-scale reference encyclopedia for the war.
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  9. Center for Eighteenth-Century Studies. Indiana University.
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  11. Provides links to online resources for scholars and students in history and literature.
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  13. Dobson, John. Chronological Annals of the War: From Its Beginning to the Present Time. London: Clarendon, 1763.
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  15. Provides a chronicle of all the events in all the theaters in strict chronological order with brief description of those events. A valuable but overlooked reference book.
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  17. Eighteenth-Century Collections Online (ECCO).
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  19. The key research database for 18th-century printed books. Contains nearly 200,000 full-text titles.
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  21. Eighteenth-Century Resources.
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  23. Provides links to all facets of 18th-century studies, including links to online primary source collections and documents in history and warfare. Edited and updated by Jack Lynch of Rutgers University.
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  25. English Short Title Catalog (ESTC). Center for Bibliographical Studies and Research, University of California, Riverside.
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  27. A vast bibliographic database of all literature printed in Great Britain, 1473–1800.
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  29. Internet Library of Early Journals: A Digital Library of 18th and 19th Century Journals.
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  31. Contains full text versions of The Annual Register, Volumes 1–21 (1758–1778).
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  33. Seven Years’ War Project.
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  35. An excellent reference source for the war’s armies, navies, regiments, battles, and sieges. Provides details and statistics for most units. A useful reference site.
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  37. Walpole, Horace. The Yale Edition of Horace Walpole’s Correspondence. 48 vols. Edited by Wilmarth Sheldon Lewis. New Haven, CT: Yale University Press, 1937–1983.
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  39. A primary source for letters and correspondence during the war, this treasure is one of the most useful reference works for 18th-century military history. The annotations by Lewis, the bibliographic and source citations, and the multivolume index serve as comprehensive reference tools for all personalities and events of the war. An indispensable resource.
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  41. Published Primary Sources
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  43. Multitudes of published primary documents relate to some facet, theater, or personality of the war. Many more are still tied up in private archives (at least for the European theater). Most of the correspondence and memoirs of the leading political and military figures is available, if extant.
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  45. Correspondence
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  47. Published correspondence makes up a prodigious amount of the available primary sources. The most important collection for the war in Europe continues to be Politische Correspondenz Friedrichs des Grossen (Frederick II 1879–2003). It is an indispensable resource for Prussian military strategy and Frederick’s conduct of the conflict. Unfortunately, the Prussian military archives were destroyed in World War II, so other collections are required for detailed logistics, troop movements, and orders of battle. Chief among those works is the underused Westphalen 1872, the collected papers of the headquarters of Prince Ferdinand of Brunswick in western Germany. Pitt 1838 and Pitt 1906 are most valuable for the British cabinet’s conduct of the war; along with Barrington 1988, Broglie 1879 provides valuable insight into French foreign policy. For the North American conflict the most important and useful collection is The Papers of Sir William Johnson (Johnson 1921–1965) and The Papers of Henry Bouquet (Bouquet 1972–1994). Until the papers of Jeffrey Amherst are edited and published in totality, the best resource for the British high command is Amherst and the Conquest of Canada (Amherst 2003).
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  49. Amherst, Jeffery. Amherst and the Conquest of Canada: Selected Papers from the Correspondence of Major-General Jeffrey Amherst while Commander-in-Chief in North America from September 1758 to December 1760. Edited by Richard Middleton. Publications of the Army Records Society, Vol. 20. Stroud, UK: Sutton, 2003.
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  51. A collection of relevant letters that introduce the conquest of Quebec through the eyes of the British commander-in-chief.
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  53. Barrington, William Viscount. An Eighteenth-Century Secretary at War: The Papers of William, Viscount Barrington. Edited by Tony Hayter. Publications of the Army Records Society 4. London: Bodley Head, 1988.
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  55. Barrington was the British Secretary at War (1755–1761). These papers provide insight into the bureaucratic workings in London of the British war effort.
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  57. Bouquet, Henry. The Papers of Henry Bouquet. 6 vols. Edited by S. K. Stevens, Donald H. Kent, Autumn L. Leonard, John L. Tottenham, and Louis M. Waddell. Harrisburg: Pennsylvania Historical and Museum Commission, 1972–1994.
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  59. Essential source material for understanding the frontier war in North America and relations with Native Americans.
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  61. Broglie, Albert, duc de, ed. The King’s Secret: Being the Secret Correspondence of Louis XV with His Diplomatic Agents from 1752 to 1774. 2 vols. London and New York: Cassell, Peter, & Galpin, 1879.
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  63. Louis XV promoted two foreign policies: the official public version and a secret, internal policy, which was in effect the “real” policy. This is an excellent collection of letters that outline and detail the dynamics of France’s Byzantine approach to foreign affairs.
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  65. Frederick II, Politische Correspondenz Friedrichs des Großen. 47 vols. Edited by Johann Gustav Droysen, Max Duncker, Heinrich v. Sybel, Albert Naudé, et al. Berlin: A. Duncker, 1879–2003.
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  67. This classic collection is a necessity for researching Prussian policy before during and after the war. Much of the correspondence is in French, Frederick’s language of choice. Excellent annotations.
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  69. Johnson, William. The Papers of Sir William Johnson. Edited by James Sullivan, Alexander C. Flick, Almon W. Lauber, Milton W. Hamilton, and Albert B. Corey. 14 vols. Albany: State University of New York Press, 1921–1965.
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  71. Johnson commanded Iroquois and colonial militia, fought at the battle of Lake George in 1755, and captured Fort Niagara in 1759. One of the most important primary source collections for the war in North America, especially as it relates to Indian and colonial militia affairs.
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  73. Pitt, William. The Correspondence of William Pitt, Earl of Chatham. 4 vols. Edited by William Stanhope Taylor and John Henry Pringle. London: John Murray, 1838.
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  75. This collection is required for understanding British policy during the war. It has not been superseded by any modern edition.
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  77. Pitt, William. Correspondence of William Pitt when Secretary of State with Colonial Governors and Military and Naval Commissioners in America. 2 vols. Edited by Gertude Selwyn Kimball. New York: Macmillan, 1906.
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  79. An excellent collection of military correspondence relating to North American affairs.
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  81. Westphalen, Christian Heinrich Philipp, Edler von, ed. Geschichte der Feldzüge des Herzogs Ferdinand von Braunschweig-Lüneburg. 6 vols. Berlin: Ernst Siegfried Mittler & Sohn, 1872.
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  83. Another often ignored but immeasurably valuable collection of papers from the headquarters of Prince Ferdinand of Brunswick, who led the allied army in the defense of Hanover. Collected and edited by his personal secretary.
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  85. Firsthand Accounts
  86.  
  87. A plethora of firsthand accounts were published in the years following the war. For the European war, Ligne 2008 and St. Paul 1914 provide excellent detail from the Austrian perspective. The most substantial Prussian memoir is Gaudi 1996–2003, which has yet to be synthesized into English-language literature. The chief memoir for the French and Indian War is Knox 1914–1916, which must be consulted. Amherst 1931, Pouchot 1994, and Rogers 1961 provide much-needed detail from both the British and the French perspectives. One of the few accounts from the lower ranks is Todd 2001, which details the British forces in Germany. For India, Lawrence 1761 stands out as the most complete overview by a participant.
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  89. Amherst, Jeffery. The Journal of Jeffery Amherst: Recording the Military Career of General Amherst in America from 1758 to 1763. Edited by John Clarence Webster. Toronto: Ryerson Press, 1931.
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  91. Valuable firsthand account of Amherst’s tenure as commander in chief in North America.
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  93. Gaudi, Friedrich Wilhelm von. Journal vom Siebenjährigen Kriege. 9 vols. Edited by Georg Ortenburg and Jürgen Ziechmann. Buchholz-Sprötze, Germany: LTR-Verlag, 1996–2003.
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  95. Gaudi served as adjutant to King Frederick and chief of staff for General Ziethen. He fought in most of the important battles of the war. This valuable journal has yet to be thoroughly synthesized into the literature. Gaudi fell out of favor with the king, so this must be read with that in mind.
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  97. Knox, John Doughty. An Historical Journal of the Campaigns in North America for the Years 1757, 1758, 1759, and 1760 by Captain John Knox. 3 vols. Edited by Arthur G. Doughty. Toronto: Champlain Society, 1914–1916.
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  99. First published 1778, this is one of the most complete “journals” of the French and Indian War. Provides one of the best accounts of the battle on the Plains of Abraham, as he was a member of the 43rd Foot.
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  101. Lawrence, Stringer. An Account of the War in India: Between the English and French, on the Coast of Coromandel, from 1750 to the Year 1760. Edited by Richard Owen Cambridge. London: T. Jefferys, 1761.
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  103. Useful account of British activities in southeast India during the Carnatic Wars.
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  105. Ligne, Charles Joseph, prince de. Mon journal de la guerre de sept ans. Edited by Jeroom Vercruysse and Bruno Colon. Paris: Champion, 2008.
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  107. Personal memoirs of an Austrian commander who served with distinction at Breslau, Luethen, Hochkirch, and Maxen.
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  109. Pouchot, Pierre. Memoirs on the Late War in North America between France and England. Translated by Michael Cardy. Edited with annotations by Brian Leigh Dunnigan. Youngstown, NY: Old Fort Niagara Association, 1994.
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  111. Pouchot, an engineer who became commander at Fort Niagara, provides useful insight into French strategy and operations in upstate New York 1759. First published in French in 1781.
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  113. Rogers, Robert. Journals of Major Robert Rogers. With an introduction by Howard H. Pechkam. New York: Corinth Books, 1961.
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  115. Valuable firsthand account of the famous leader of Rogers’ Rangers, considered to be one of the first commando units in modern times and the unofficial “founder” of the US Army Rangers.
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  117. St. Paul, Horace. A Journal of the First Two Campaigns of the Seven Years’ War. Edited by George Grey Butler. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press, 1914.
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  119. St. Paul, an Englishman, joined the Austrian army as a cavalry officer and fought in nearly all the major battles of the war with Prussia. Includes more than sixty maps and orders of battle. Written in French.
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  121. Todd, William. The Journal of Corporal William Todd, 1745–1762. Edited by Andrew Cormack and Alan Jones. Publications of the Army Records Society 18. London: Sutton, 2001.
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  123. One of the few diaries by an enlisted soldier, this volume covers the two extant volumes covering the war up to 1759 and then from 1761 to 1762. An invaluable resource on the British army in Germany.
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  125. Contemporary Works (to 1800)
  126.  
  127. Many authors and participants wrote historical narratives of the war in the later 18th century. Chief among them is Lloyd 2005. It stands as the first analysis of continental campaigns and first public criticism of Frederick II’s military methods. It provoked a strong response by the Prussian officer Georg Friedrich von Tempelhoff (Tempelhoff 1783–1801), whose spirited defense of the king became the standard work for the 19th-century German military. Scholars should not overlook Frederick II 1789, or narratives by such opposing officers as Tielke 1787–1788. The most influential work with respect to the English-language literature is Archenholz 1843, which went through several German and then English editions in the 19th century. Entick, et al. 1763–1764 was a popular account in the postwar era and went through several editions. British military readers preferred Ramsay 1779. The only comprehensive contemporary history of the French and Indian War is Mante 1772.
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  129. Archenholz, Johann Wilhelm von. The History of the Seven Years’ War in Germany. Translated by Frederic Adam Catty. Frankfurt: C. Jugel, 1843.
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  131. First published in German in 1793, Archenholz, a former Prussian captain who was injured at Torgau in 1760, produced one of the most influential histories of the European conflict. It went through several additions in German and English and was the standard history in the English-speaking world throughout the 19th century.
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  133. Entick, John, et al. The General History of the Late War: Containing Its Rise, Progress, and Event, in Europe, Asia, Africa, and America. 5 vols. London: Printed for Edward Dilly and John Millan, 1763–1764.
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  135. The first published history of the war in English. It is highly detailed and takes a global view of the conflict. Most of the narrative is drawn from The Annual Register. It went through many editions and reprints and was apparently popular in its day.
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  137. Frederick II. “History of the Seven Years War.” In Posthumous Works of Frederic II, King of Prussia. Translated by Thomas Holcroft. London: G. G. J. and J. Robinson, 1789.
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  139. Written for his successors, Frederick’s account is generally forthright if not unbiased. Should be used as a quasi-primary source, but should also be checked against other sources. Frederick shows an appreciation for the global nature of the war and provides useful data on the war’s toll on Prussia and Austria.
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  141. Lloyd, Henry Humphrey Evans. “The History of the Late War in Germany between the King of Prussia, and the Empress of Austria and Her Allies.” In War, Society and Enlightenment: The Works of General Lloyd. 2 vols. Edited by Patrick Speelman, 1–184, 535–738. Leiden, The Netherlands: Brill, 2005.
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  143. Lloyd’s narrative of the German war is the first analytical study and should be noted for his extensive use of primary accounts (although mostly unattributed) and his critical interpretation of Frederick’s methods, which explain its being published anonymously in 1766. The second volume was published posthumously in 1790 from Lloyd’s manuscripts.
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  145. Mante, Thomas. The History of the Late War in North America and the Islands of the West Indies including the Campaigns of MDCCLXIII and MDCCLXIV against His Majesty’s Indian Enemies. London: Printed for W. Strahan and T. Cadell, 1772.
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  147. A highly detailed operation history interspersed with a large number of hand-drawn maps, reproductions of letters, and orders of battle.
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  149. Ramsay, David. Military Memoirs of Great Britain: Or, History of the War, 1755–1763. Edinburgh: Printed for the author, 1779.
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  151. A detailed narrative of the war intended to rally the nation in the midst of the American War for Independence. He draws many parallels between it and the Seven Years’ War, which initially was marked by several defeats and disappointments.
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  153. Tempelhoff, Georg Friedrich von. Geschichte des siebenjährigen Krieges in Deutschland zwischen den Kaiserin Königen mit ihren Allierten vom General Lloyd. 6 vols. Berlin: Johann Friedrich Unger, 1783–1801.
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  155. The Prussian officer Tempelhoff wrote a spirited rebuttal of Lloyd’s critical analysis of the revered Frederick’s generalship, while borrowing extensively from that author’s narrative. Highly influential, it established the foundation of the Prussian, and later German, interpretation of Frederick as a military archetype. It exists only in the original German.
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  157. Tielke, Johann Gottlieb. An Account of Some of the Most Remarkable Events of the War between the Prussians, Austrians, and Russians, from 1756 to 1763. 2 vols. Translated by Charles Craufurd and Robert Craufurd. London: Printed for the translators, and sold by J. Walter, 1787–1788.
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  159. Tielke was a Saxon officer who had fought against Prussia. It was first published in six volumes (1775–1786). The first volume covers the battle of Maxen and includes a treatise on attacking and defending fortified sites. The second volume covers the campaign of 1758. The final four volumes in German were not translated into English.
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  161. Origins/Diplomatic Revolution
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  163. The question of the origins and outbreak of the war has long attracted the attention of historians. There are two basic concerns. First, how and why did the Diplomatic Revolution take place? The most thorough account remains Waddington 1896. Horn 1970 and Dann 1996 place British interests within this context. Arguments over the relative influence of American and British interests in provoking war with France are found in Higgonet 1968 and Clayton 1981. Second, who was responsible for the conflict? The traditional narrative pointed to Frederick II’s invasion of Saxony as the key event, and he has had both his apologists and his critics. Butterfield 1951 sparked a controversy in his suggestion of Prussian innocence and Russian complicity. His conclusions are drawn out and developed in earnest in Kaplan 1968. For French relations with Russia see Oliva 1964. Danley 2012 offers the most cogent historiographic discussion of the war’s meaning and scope and goes well beyond the traditional myopic European or North American focus.
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  165. Butterfield, Herbert. Reconstruction of an Historical Episode: The History of the Enquiry into the Origins of the Seven Years’ War. Glasgow: Jackson, 1951.
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  167. Argues that Russia, not Prussia or revenge-driven Austria, was to blame for the outbreak of the war.
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  169. Clayton, T.R. “The Duke of Newcastle, the Earl of Halifax and the American Origins of the Seven Years’ War.” Historical Journal 24.3 (September 1981): 571–603.
  170. DOI: 10.1017/S0018246X00022524Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  171. Argues against Higgonet 1968 that the war was spurred by colonial interests; rather, it was a logical outcome of court politics. Newcastle was misinformed and badly counseled by pro-war figures and diplomats in Europe. A point-by-point rebuttal. Available online for purchase or by subscription.
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  173. Danley, Mark H. “The ‘Problem’ of the Seven Years’ War.” In The Seven Years’ War: Global Views. Edited by Mark H. Danley and Patrick J. Speelman, xxiii–lvii. History of Warfare 80. Boston: Brill, 2012.
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  175. Examines a larger, global view of the war’s meaning, definition, and scope. One of the best historiographic introductions to the war. A must-read for anyone seeking to engage in serious study of the topic.
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  177. Dann, Uriel. Hanover and Great Britain, 1740–1760: Diplomacy and Survival. Leicester, UK: Leicester University Press, 1996.
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  179. First published in German in 1986, Dann takes the view that King George II was dedicated to reckless expansionist policies that did not serve the interests of his electorate and only led to material devastation in the war. Uses Hanoverian archival sources.
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  181. Higgonet, Patrice Louis-René. “The Origins of the Seven Years’ War.” Journal of Modern History 40.1 (March 1968): 57–90.
  182. DOI: 10.1086/240165Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  183. Argues that the war was the result of blundering and misconceptions by statesmen and diplomats in both Britain and France, as no one really wanted a conflict except a few American colonials such as lieutenant governor Robert Dinwiddie of Virginia. Available online for purchase or by subscription.
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  185. Horn, David Bayne. “The Duke of Newcastle and the Origins of the Diplomatic Revolution.” In The Diversity of History: Essays in Honour of Sir Herbert Butterfield. Edited by J. H. Elliot and H. G. Koenigsberger, 247–268. Ithaca, NY: Cornell University Press, 1970.
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  187. Argues that Newcastle sought to keep the old alliance with Austria and was unaware of Kaunitz’s goal to ally with France and that his policy for the imperial election plan posed a significant problem for Kaunitz, who dared not accept it lest he anger France, a newly desired ally.
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  189. Kaplan, Herbert. Russia and the Outbreak of the Seven Years’ War. Berkeley, CA: University of California Press, 1968.
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  191. Argues that Elizabeth’s anti-Prussian policies and desires for territorial expansion are to blame for the outbreak of the war in Europe in 1756. Well grounded in Russian, Prussian, British, and Austrian sources.
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  193. Oliva, Lawrence Jay. Misalliance: A Study of French Policy in Russia during the Seven Years’ War. New York: New York University Press, 1964.
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  195. Details France’s diplomacy that led to Russia’s accession to the Treaty of Versailles. Concludes the alliance did not serve France’s interests, as neither side could agree upon objectives.
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  197. Waddington, Richard. Louis XV et le renversement des alliances: Préliminaires de la guerre de sept ans. Paris: Firmin-Didot, 1896.
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  199. Classic work on the Diplomatic Revolution signaled by the Treaties of Versailles. Well-grounded archival study.
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  201. War in Europe
  202.  
  203. The bulk of the military literature on the war focuses on the campaigns and commanders who fought in Europe. Corbett 1992 became the chief strategic analysis of Britain’s global war with an eye toward maritime affairs. Waddington 1899–1914 still stands as the most detailed comprehensive study overall. Of value, though dated, is Dorn 1940 as well as Carter 1971 and Ilari, et al. 2000 for the issues of neutral states. The most important recent narrative of the war is Szabo 2008, which uses Austrian state archives and synthesizes the voluminous German literature on the war. It is a detailed diplomatic and operational study that will remain the standard by which all others are judged. The most recent German work—Füssel 2010—synthesizes non–English-language literature as well. It should be noted that Schumann and Schweizer 2008 and Baugh 2011 are recent studies that take a more global approach to the European war, as does Aksan 2012. Anklam 2012 provides an in-depth look at petite guerre, while Schumann 2012 addresses the neglected topic of troop withdrawal’s relationship to diplomacy.
  204.  
  205. Aksan, Virginia H. “The Ottoman Absence from the Battlefields of the Seven Years’ War.” In The Seven Years’ War: Global Views. Edited by Mark H. Danley and Patrick J. Speelman, 165–190. History of Warfare 80. Boston: Brill, 2012.
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  207. Examines why the Ottoman Empire did not get involved in the conflict by looking at larger strategic and political issues facing the Porte at the time.
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  209. Anklam, Ewa. “Battre l’estrade: Military Reconnaissance in the German Theatre of War.” In The Seven Years’ War: Global Views. Edited by Mark H. Danley and Patrick J. Speelman, 213–241. History of Warfare 80. Boston: Brill, 2012.
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  211. An excellent examination of “little war,” intelligence gathering, and reconnaissance that eschews the traditional preoccupation with big battles and great leaders.
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  213. Baugh, Daniel. The Global Seven Years War, 1754–1763: Britain and France in a Great Power Contest. New York: Longman, 2011.
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  215. This book is a general history of the conflict with an emphasis on the Anglo-French global maritime struggle. The analysis focuses on the decisions of statesmen and the relative ability and degree of success at projecting force across the globe.
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  217. Carter, Alice Clare. The Dutch Republic in Europe in the Seven Years’ War. Coral Gables, FL: University of Miami Press, 1971.
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  219. A study of an important neutral country and why the Dutch chose that status as it hoped to avoid material destruction and to forge new alliances for the future.
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  221. Corbett, Julian. England in the Seven Years’ War: A Study in Combined Strategy. 2 vols. Novato, CA: Presidio Press, 1992.
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  223. Originally published in 1907, this is a study of British naval and maritime strategy in all theaters. Based on archival research, it remains an influential analysis and general overview of the larger conflict.
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  225. Dorn, Walter L. Competition for Empire, 1740–1763. New York: Harper Brothers, 1940.
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  227. Somewhat dated, this study remains one of the better overviews of the politics and diplomacy of the wars of the mid-century.
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  229. Füssel, Marian. Der siebenjährige Krieg: Ein Weltkrieg im 18. Jahrhundert. Munich: C. H. Beck, 2010.
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  231. A general survey that examines the conflict within its larger global context. A good introductory text that provides most recent German historiography and interpretation.
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  233. Ilari, Virgilio, Ciro Paoletti, and Piero Crociani. Bella Italia militar: Eserciti e marine nell’Italia pre-napoleonica (1748–1792). Rome: Stato Maggiore dell’Esercito, Ufficio Storico, 2000.
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  235. Sheds light on the neutrality of the Italian states and the nature of the Family Compact between France and Spain.
  236. Find this resource:
  237. Schumann, Matt. “The End of the Seven Years’ War in Germany.” In The Seven Years’ War: Global Views. Edited by Mark H. Danley and Patrick J. Speelman, 487–518. History of Warfare 80. Boston: Brill, 2012.
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  239. Examines the role of military withdrawal in Germany and its relationship to the preliminaries of the peace settlement.
  240. Find this resource:
  241. Schumann, Matt, and Karl Schweizer. The Seven Years’ War: A Transatlantic History. London: Routledge, 2008.
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  243. An excellent study of the larger global nature of the conflict. Integrates diplomatic, maritime, and military themes with economics and domestic politics. Contains an excellent annotated bibliography.
  244. Find this resource:
  245. Szabo, Franz A. J. The Seven Years’ War in Europe 1756–1763. New York: Pearson/Longman, 2008.
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  247. A thorough analysis of the military campaigns in central Europe that synthesizes both primary and secondary sources, especially Austrian. This is the best recent book on the European war. Readers should note an overt anti-Prussian tone.
  248. Find this resource:
  249. Waddington, Richard. La guerre de sept ans: Histoire diplomatique et militaire. 5 vols. Paris: Firmin-Didot, 1899–1914.
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  251. A classic, though dated, study, but it still ranks as the definitive French history of the war. Very thorough and based on French archives. The author can be considered more interested in the diplomacy of the war than in strictly military affairs.
  252. Find this resource:
  253. Austria/Habsburg/Imperial
  254.  
  255. No official history of Austria’s participation in the war exists. The most comprehensive and thoroughly researched work is Duffy 1999–2008. It is nearly encyclopedic in its coverage of Maria Theresa’s army and the narrative it provides of Austria’s military campaigns, with sources drawn from the Austrian Kriegsarchiv. Duffy’s portrait of General von Browne, Duffy 1967, is still the best biography. For Fieldmarshall Daun, see Thadden 1967, still an authoritative text. Wilson 1998 and Hochedlinger 2003 constitute studies of imperial military affairs within the larger context of German politics in the former and political, economic, and social affairs in the latter.
  256.  
  257. Duffy, Christopher. Wild Goose and the Eagle: A Life of Marshal von Browne, 1705–1757. London: Chatto and Windus, 1967.
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  259. An instructive biography that sheds light on the nature of warfare in the 18th century. Provides a detailed account of Browne’s campaigns in 1756–1757.
  260. Find this resource:
  261. Duffy, Christopher. The Austrian Army in the Seven Years’ War. 2 vols. London: Emperor’s Press, 1999–2008.
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  263. The first volume is an analytical study of the military forces of Maria Theresa (and supersedes his earlier The Army of Maria Theresa). The second volume is an erudite narrative campaign history of that army in the Seven Years’ War. Both are grounded in a wide range of primary sources. This work serves as the starting point for further investigation by scholars.
  264. Find this resource:
  265. Hochedlinger, Michael. Austria’s Wars of Emergence: War, State and Society in the Habsburg Monarchy 1683–1797. London: Longman, 2003.
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  267. Focuses less on battles and campaigns in favor of examining the rise of state-sponsored armed forces within the political, social, and economic contexts.
  268. Find this resource:
  269. Thadden, Franz-Lorenz von. Feldmarschall Daun: Maria Theresias größter Feldherr. Vienna: Herold, 1967.
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  271. The standard biography of Frederick II’s chief Austrian antagonist.
  272. Find this resource:
  273. Wilson, Peter. German Armies: War and German Politics, 1648–1806. London: UCL Press, 1998.
  274. DOI: 10.4324/9780203499146Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  275. Examines the Holy Roman Empire’s military system and the relationship between politics and war in the 18th century. Concludes the empire survived because it welded a collective defense structure that was cooperative and defensive. This structure was upended by the Seven Years’ War.
  276. Find this resource:
  277. France
  278.  
  279. French historians traditionally have not paid close attention to the military campaigns on the European continent. The best study of the French armies that fought in western Germany remains Kennett 1967. Readers who wish to examine a narrative of the campaigns from the French perspective must consult more general histories of the French army such as Corvisier 1992 and the older Pajol 1881–1892. Choiseul’s plan to invade England in 1759 is illuminated in Nordmann 1982. Recent studies have dealt with repelling of British coastal raids, see Hopkin, et al. 2008 and Lagadec, et al. 2009. See Shovlin 2010 for other new trends that deal with the attempt to mobilize public and European support for the war against Britain. No official history exists.
  280.  
  281. Corvisier, André. Histoire militaire de France. Vol. 2, De 1715 à 1871. Paris: Presses Universitaires de France, 1992.
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  283. A good general introduction to French participation from the French perspective. Valuable in that the war has traditionally garnered little attention from French historians.
  284. Find this resource:
  285. Hopkin, David, Yann Lagadec, and Stéphane Perréon. “The Experience and Culture of War in the Eighteenth Century: The British Raids on the Breton Coast, 1758.” French Historical Studies 31.2 (Spring 2008): 193–227.
  286. DOI: 10.1215/00161071-2007-020Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  287. Emphasizes the role the common people played in repelling the British attack on Saint-Cast and their commemoration of the feat over the ensuing decades. Available online for purchase or by subscription.
  288. Find this resource:
  289. Kennett, Lee. The French Armies in the Seven Years’ War: A Study in Military Organization and Administration. Durham, NC: Duke University Press, 1967.
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  291. Surveys the French army within numerous categories to help explain how it failed completely in the war. A good institutional analysis, but it does not contain any narrative from the conflict.
  292. Find this resource:
  293. Lagadec, Yann, Stéphane Perréon, and David Hopkin. La bataille de Saint-Cast: Bretagne, 11 septembre 1758, entre histoire et mémoire. Rennes, France: Presses Universitaires de Rennes, 2009.
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  295. An interesting look at the French defense of St. Cast from the British amphibious assault and how the Breton people celebrated and remembered the event.
  296. Find this resource:
  297. Nordmann, Claude. “Choiseul and the Last Jacobite Attempt of 1759.” In Ideology and Conspiracy: Aspects of Jacobitism, 1689–1759. Edited by Eveline Cruikshanks, 201–217. Edinburgh: J. Donald, 1982.
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  299. Outlines the duc de Choiseul’s invasion plan of Britain within the context of domestic Jacobite support.
  300. Find this resource:
  301. Pajol, Charles-Pierre-Victor, comte de. Les guerres sous Louis XV. 7 vols. Paris: Firmi-n-Didot, 1881–1892.
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  303. Volume 6 offers a classic survey and narrative of French participation.
  304. Find this resource:
  305. Shovlin, John. “Selling American Empire on the Eve of the Seven Years’ War: The French Propaganda Campaign, 1755–1756.” Past & Present 206 (February 2010): 121–149.
  306. DOI: 10.1093/pastj/gtp046Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  307. Examines pamphlet literature designed to persuade Europe that France was a victim of British aggression in North America and to keep the Dutch neutral. Available online for purchase or by subscription.
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  309. Great Britain
  310.  
  311. Historians traditionally examined William Pitt’s ministry in orchestrating victory and to a lesser extent the campaigns of the British expeditionary force. The centrality of Pitt’s role is generally the norm in the older literature, such as Sherrard 1955. Middleton 1985 revised this view and elevated individuals such as Commander-in-Chief Ligonier and Admiralty Lord Anson to equal status as strategists of victory. For Pitt’s relationship with the London mob see Peters 1980. For the role of Ligonier see Whitworth 1958. The Anglo-German campaigns are best treated in detail in Savory 1966. Other works provide studies of specific events or people. Charteris 1925 examines the role of Cumberland in detail. Mackesey 1979 is a classic study of Sackville at Minden. Little 1981, an unpublished dissertation, should be the basis for a modern study. The lack thereof stems, in part, from the fact that many of the manuscript collections of leading British commanders, such as the Marquis of Granby, are still held in private/family archives that are not generally open to the public. Danley 2012 examines the war’s strategic dimension through the lens of the British popular press.
  312.  
  313. Charteris, Evan. William Augustus, Duke of Cumberland and the Seven Years’ War. London: Hutchinson, 1925.
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  315. The classic biographical study of the British commander-in-chief and of the first two years of the defense of Hanover in western Germany. A sympathetic, highly detailed study of the disgraced prince that is well grounded in archival material.
  316. Find this resource:
  317. Danley, Mark H. “The British Political Press and Military Thought during the Seven Years’ War.” In The Seven Years’ War: Global Views. Edited by Mark H. Danley and Patrick J. Speelman, 359–397. History of Warfare 80. Boston: Brill, 2012.
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  319. Examines the role that the British press played in critiquing the government’s strategy and influencing the making of strategy.
  320. Find this resource:
  321. Little, H. “The British Army Commissaries in Germany during the Seven Years’ War.” PhD diss., London University, 1981.
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  323. The only study of the British commissaries in Germany during the war. Provides a penetrating analysis of the internal supply and logistics of the expeditionary force and its relations with its German allies.
  324. Find this resource:
  325. Mackesey, Piers. The Coward of Minden: The Affair of Lord George Sackville. London: Allen Lane, 1979.
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  327. A sympathetic study of the disgrace of Lord George Sackville, who was convicted of cowardice for not pursuing the French after Minden. Lays much of the blame on Prince Ferdinand and his inability to communicate intentions to subordinates before, during, and after the battle.
  328. Find this resource:
  329. Middleton, Richard. The Bells of Victory: The Pitt-Newcastle Ministry and the Conduct of the Seven Years’ War, 1757–1762. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press, 1985.
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  331. An overview of the British cabinet’s leadership in the war. It deemphasizes the role of Pitt and argues that cooperation and teamwork within the cabinet and government were key to British victory.
  332. Find this resource:
  333. Peters, Marie. Pitt and Popularity: The Patriot Minister and London Opinion during the Seven Years’ War. New York: Oxford University Press, 1980.
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  335. Explains Pitt’s ability to portray himself as a patriot minister in light of his aggressive pursuit of a war to defend Hanover. A particularly insightful study on the nature and limitation of popular politics, especially in London, in the 18th century.
  336. Find this resource:
  337. Savory, Reginald. His Britannic Majesty’s Army in Germany during the Seven Years’ War. Oxford: Clarendon, 1966.
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  339. The standard account of the war theater in western Germany, drawn extensively from British sources and focusing on the British expeditionary force and its campaigns.
  340. Find this resource:
  341. Sherrard, Owen Aubrey. Lord Chatham: Pitt and the Seven Years’ War. London: Bodley Head, 1955.
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  343. A classic study that puts Pitt at the center of all military and strategic decisions; Sherrard emphasizes his leadership and sincere patriotism.
  344. Find this resource:
  345. Whitworth, Rex. Field Marshal Lord Ligonier: A Story of the British Army, 1702–70. Oxford: Clarendon, 1958.
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  347. The only biography of the British commander-in-chief who convinced Pitt of the need to fight two wars—one in America and one in Germany—in order to pin down and defeat the French.
  348. Find this resource:
  349. Portugal and Spain
  350.  
  351. The Spanish invasion of Portugal in 1762 has not attracted a great deal of interest. The most comprehensive and illustrated work is the recent Barrento 2006, which is based on the Portuguese military archives in Lisbon. The British experience is best covered in Francis 1981, Black 1989, and Speelman 2012. The best explanation of Spanish intentions and plans can be found in Christelow 1946 and Elliott 2006. No comparative Spanish history of the campaign exists.
  352.  
  353. Barrento, António. Guerra fantástica, 1762: Portugal, o Conde de Lippe e a Guerra dos Sete Anos. Lisbon: Tribuna da História, 2006.
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  355. A short survey of the Portuguese campaign that utilizes the Portuguese military archives. Contains excellent maps and illustrations.
  356. Find this resource:
  357. Black, Jeremy. “The British Expeditionary Force to Portugal in 1762.” British Historical Society of Portugal Annual Report and Review 16 (1989): 66–75.
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  359. A concise overview of the expeditionary force drawn from the Loudoun Papers-Scottish held at the Huntington Library.
  360. Find this resource:
  361. Christelow, Allan. “Economic Background to the Anglo-Spanish War of 1762.” Journal of Modern History 18.1 (March 1946): 22–36.
  362. DOI: 10.1086/236979Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  363. Argues Spain’s entry into the war against Britain marked the culmination of Charles II’s assumptions about the menace posed by British monopolization of the trade of the French West Indies. Available online for purchase or by subscription.
  364. Find this resource:
  365. Elliott, John H. Empires of the Atlantic World: Britain and Spain in America, 1492–1830. New Haven, CT: Yale University Press, 2006.
  366. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  367. Offers a grand synthesis of the “Atlantic World” and stresses the importance of the effects of the war on both the British Empire and the Spanish Empire.
  368. Find this resource:
  369. Francis, Alan David. “The Campaign in Portugal, 1762.” Journal of the Society for Army Historical Research 59.237 (1981): 25–43.
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  371. The only detailed overview in English. Focuses on the British expeditionary force and is based on British archives.
  372. Find this resource:
  373. Speelman, Patrick J. “Strategic Illusions and the Iberian War of 1762.” In The Seven Years’ War: Global Views. Edited by Mark H. Danley and Patrick J. Speelman, 429–460. History of Warfare 80. Boston: Brill, 2012.
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  375. An overview of the war and its strategic and cultural dimensions that uses British and Portuguese archival sources. The analysis focuses on the details of the British and Portuguese experience and less on the Spanish and French.
  376. Find this resource:
  377. Prussia
  378.  
  379. A tremendous amount of material exists on Frederick the Great and Prussian military history. The most detailed, but not the most accessible, is the official history of the Grossen Generalstab 1901–1913, which did not include the last campaigns as its publication was interrupted by World War I. Kessel 2007 finishes that narrative. The best introduction to Frederician methods and the battles of the Seven Years’ War in English is Showalter 1996, which utilizes the above-mentioned official histories. Citino 2005 places Frederick within the larger context of German war making. For an analytical study of the Prussian army, Duffy 1996 is by far the most valuable for its detail, as is Duffy 2003. Many biographies of Frederick the Great are available. Kunisch 2004 is considered the best recent account, but it has not yet been translated into English. Scholars should not ignore Prince Henry of Prussia, who became a de facto leader of opposition to Frederick’s war strategy. The only English work is Easum 1942.
  380.  
  381. Citino, Robert M. The German Way of War: From the Thirty Years’ War to the Third Reich. Lawrence: University Press of Kansas, 2005.
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  383. Places Frederick II’s waging of the Seven Years’ War within the context of the creation of a specific German way of war that culminated in Operation Barbarossa. Excellent synthesis and interpretation.
  384. Find this resource:
  385. Duffy, Christopher. The Army of Frederick the Great. 2d ed. Chicago: Emperor’s Press, 1996.
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  387. A detailed analysis of Frederick’s war machine, which supersedes his earlier works on the subject. Thoroughly grounded in primary and secondary sources.
  388. Find this resource:
  389. Duffy, Christopher. Prussia’s Glory: Rossbach and Leuthen, 1757. Chicago: Emperor’s Press, 2003.
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  391. This work is considered the “definitive” account of Frederick’s victories in 1757, which saved Prussia’s war effort. Very readable and grounded in archival research.
  392. Find this resource:
  393. Easum, Chester V. Prince Henry of Prussia: Brother of Frederick the Great. Madison: University of Wisconsin Press, 1942.
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  395. The only biography in English of Frederick’s brother, who emerged as the chief critic of the king’s war methods and aims in the conflict.
  396. Find this resource:
  397. Grossen Generalstab. Der Siebenjährige Kriege, 1756–1763. Part 3 of Die Kriege Friedrichs des Grossen. 12 vols. Berlin: Mittler, 1901–1913.
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  399. A valuable, but difficult to access, official history drawn from the Prussian military archives, which were destroyed in World War II. The narrative ends in 1760 and its final two volumes were at one time considered lost. Contains a wealth of information, maps, and orders of battles for the student of Frederician warfare.
  400. Find this resource:
  401. Kessel, Eberhard. Das Ende des siebenjährigen Krieges, 1760–1763. 2 vols. Paderborn, Germany: Schöningh, 2007.
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  403. New publication of the once lost final two volumes of the German General Staff’s official history.
  404. Find this resource:
  405. Kunisch, Johannes. Friedrich der Grosse: Der König und seine Zeit. Munich: C. H. Beck, 2004.
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  407. Considered the best modern biography of Frederick in which the author analyzes his military campaigns and wars within the context of early modern European development. A much-needed English translation still awaits.
  408. Find this resource:
  409. Showalter, Dennis. The Wars of Frederick the Great. New York: Longman, 1996.
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  411. An excellent survey of Prussian military methods and Frederick’s generalship. A must-read text that draws extensively from the official histories of the German General Staff.
  412. Find this resource:
  413. Russia
  414.  
  415. Russian military historians, like their counterparts in France, have not focused attention on the Seven Years’ War. The best narrative overview remains Duffy 1981. Keep (Keep 1987 and Keep 2002) makes available to English-language readers a great deal of information on the Russian army during the war; as does Fūssel 2012. LeDonne 2004 places the war within the larger context of Russian geopolitics. Talbot Rice 1970 provides the only English biography of the Russian czarina who became Frederick II’s implacable foe. No modern study exists of the Russian army of the mid-18th century.
  416.  
  417. Duffy, Christopher. Russia’s Military Way to the West: The Origins and Nature of Russian Military Power, 1700–1800. London: Routledge and Kegan Paul, 1981.
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  419. Detailed overview of the Russian military, its commanders and soldiers, and the wars, campaigns, and battles of the Seven Years’ War.
  420. Find this resource:
  421. Fūssel, Marian. “‘Féroces et barbares?’ Cossacks, Kalmyks and Russian Irregular Warfare during the Seven Years’ War.” In The Seven Years’ War: Global Views. Edited by Mark H. Danley and Patrick J. Speelman, 243–262. History of Warfare 80. Boston: Brill, 2012.
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  423. An impressive examination of the Russian irregular forces and how their enemies understood and interpreted their methods.
  424. Find this resource:
  425. Keep, John L. “Feeding the Troops: Russian Army Supply Policies during the Seven Years’ War.” Canadian Slavonic Papers 29.1 (March 1987): 24–44.
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  427. Considers Russian military difficulties to be a product of deficiencies in logistics and supply.
  428. Find this resource:
  429. Keep, John L. “The Russian Army in the Seven Years’ War.” In The Military and Society in Russia, 1450–1917. Edited by Eric Lohr and Marshall Poe, 197–220. Leiden, The Netherlands: Brill, 2002.
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  431. A survey that examines troop numbers, soldiers’ experience, logistics, and overall army performance. Valuable for the bibliography of Russian literature in the footnotes.
  432. Find this resource:
  433. LeDonne, John P. The Grand Strategy of the Russian Empire, 1650–1831. Oxford and New York: Oxford University Press, 2004.
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  435. Examines Russian participation within the context of a phase of “hegemonic expansion” and the creation of the ability to launch “deep strikes” into the heart of Europe.
  436. Find this resource:
  437. Talbot Rice, Tamara. Elizabeth, Empress of Russia. New York: Praeger, 1970.
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  439. The only biography in English of this often-neglected Russian ruler.
  440. Find this resource:
  441. Sweden
  442.  
  443. Sweden’s “Pomeranian War” against Prussia has not received a great deal of scholarly attention either in or out of Sweden. Säve 1915 is the standard Swedish account; Åselius 2012 is the standard account in English. Between Roberts 1986 and Oakley 1992 English-language readers can glean the basics of the war. Winton 2012 provides financial and domestic political details. The correspondence in Montalembert 1777, a French officer attached to the Swedish army, is an important addition. The campaign from the German perspective can be found in Sulicki 1994.
  444.  
  445. Åselius, Gunnar. “Sweden and the Pomeranian War.” In The Seven Years’ War: Global Views. Edited by Mark H. Danley and Patrick J. Speelman, 135–164. History of Warfare 80. Boston: Brill, 2012.
  446. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  447. A detailed operational account of Sweden’s involvement based upon earlier Swedish scholarship, including Teofran Säve.
  448. Find this resource:
  449. Montalembert, Marc-René, marquis de. Correspondance de Monsieur le Marquis de Montalembert étant employé par le Roi de France à l’armée Suédoise, avec Mr. le Marquis D’Havrincour, ambassadeur de France à la cour de Suède, Mr. le Marechal de Richelieu, Les Ministres du Roi à Versailles, MM. les Generaux Suedois & autres, &c. pendant les campagnes de 1757, 58, 59, 60 & 61: Pour servir à l’histoire de la dernière guerre. 3 vols. London: [s.n], 1777.
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  451. Montalembert was a French commissioner attached to the Swedish army during the war. He oversaw Swedish fortifications in Pomerania. A valuable and overlooked collection that sheds light on the often-neglected Pomeranian War.
  452. Find this resource:
  453. Oakley, Stewart P. War and Peace in the Baltic, 1560–1790. London and New York: Routledge, 1992.
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  455. Places the “Pommern War” within the larger context of Baltic history. Excellent bibliography of non-English-language sources.
  456. Find this resource:
  457. Roberts, Michael. The Age of Liberty: Sweden, 1719–1772. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press, 1986.
  458. DOI: 10.1017/CBO9780511562730Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  459. Only English study of Sweden during the Seven Years’ War. It covers the war, but it cannot be viewed as a definitive military history.
  460. Find this resource:
  461. Säve, Teofran. Sveriges deltagande i sjuåriga kriget åren 1757–1762. Stockholm: Beijers bokförlagsaktiebolag, 1915.
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  463. The standard Swedish history of Sweden’s involvement in the war. A modern study beckons.
  464. Find this resource:
  465. Sulicki, Karl Marschall von. Der siebenjährige Krieg in Pommern und in den benachbarten Marken: Studie des Detaschements- und des kleinen Krieges. Buchholz-Sprötze, Germany: LTR-Verlag, 1994.
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  467. First published in 1867, this work’s importance stems from the author’s examining the operations of small war and detachment fighting, which marked the Pommern war, rather than focusing on large-scale engagements.
  468. Find this resource:
  469. Winton, Patrik. “Sweden and the Seven Years’ War, 1757–1762: War, Debt and Politics.” War in History 19.1 (January 2012): 5–31.
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  471. No doubt the best overview in English of Sweden’s involvement in the war. The article focuses on the economic and political contexts and costs of the war and does not explicitly look at military operations. Available online for purchase or by subscription.
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  473. War in North America
  474.  
  475. A massive amount of literature exists on the French and Indian War. The classic work remains Parkman 1884, but Anderson 2000 has become its modern-day equivalent as it is the grand narrative for this generation. Nester 2000 is overlooked but contains succinct accounts of each year’s campaigns. Borneman 2006, Fowler 2006, and Marston 2003 are readable popular accounts. Most works tend to examine the results of the war within the context of the future United States. A more balanced and global approach, including the legacy for Canada, for example, may add value to future narratives. Brumwell 2002 provides the best overview of the British regulars who fought in the war. Mapp 2011 provides a thought-provoking reassessment of the conflict’s geographic contours/concerns.
  476.  
  477. Anderson, Fred. Crucible of War: The Seven Years’ War and the Fate of Empire in British North America, 1754–1766. New York: Alfred A. Knopf, 2000.
  478. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  479. In his grand narrative of the French and Indian War, Anderson takes great pains to connect its events within the context of Europe in particular. Considered a modern classic, it argues that the seeds of an American identity emerged from the future country’s experience in the conflict.
  480. Find this resource:
  481. Borneman, Walter R. The French and Indian War: Deciding the Fate of North America. New York: HarperCollins, 2006.
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  483. A short, readable narrative of the war drawn mostly from secondary sources.
  484. Find this resource:
  485. Brumwell, Stephen. Redcoats: The British Soldier and War in the Americas, 1755–1763. New York: Cambridge University Press, 2002.
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  487. Analyzes the experience of rank-and-file British soldiers who fought in the French and Indian War. He challenges traditional assumptions that they were the “dregs” of society and their officers were unprofessional dullards. By war’s end, Britain’s “American Army” was an effective fighting force.
  488. Find this resource:
  489. Fowler, William M., Jr. Empires at War: The French and Indian War in North America, 1754–1763. New York: Walker, 2006.
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  491. A thorough, detailed narrative of the war in North America.
  492. Find this resource:
  493. Mapp, Paul W. The Elusive West and the Contest for Empire, 1713–1763. Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 2011.
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  495. Attempts to connect the Atlantic and Pacific worlds to the war by examining the efforts to control the far western regions of the North American continent and connecting it to Europe’s larger strategic plans. Observes Spanish, British, French, and Native-American perspectives.
  496. Find this resource:
  497. Marston, Daniel. The French and Indian War, 1754–1760. New York: Routledge, 2003.
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  499. A short, introductory narrative and analysis with a scholarly bibliography.
  500. Find this resource:
  501. Nester, William R. The First Global War: Britain, France, and the Fate of North America, 1756–1775. Westport, CT: Praeger, 2000.
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  503. A good scholarly account that covers the war beginning in 1756. Focuses on military strategy and the importance of the war for the future United States. Good bibliography and use of printed materials. Lesser-known volume as it was easily overshadowed by Anderson 2000.
  504. Find this resource:
  505. Parkman, Francis. France and England in North America. Vol. 6-7, Montcalm and Wolfe. Boston: Little, Brown, 1884.
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  507. Dated, but the classic, grand narrative that sets the parameters of study for the North American conflict. History as literature at its best.
  508. Find this resource:
  509. Quebec/Canada
  510.  
  511. Most of the attention in treating the conquest of Quebec has been dominated by the personalities and genius of Wolfe and Amherst at the expense of the events that preceded them. For the earlier stages of the war and Lord Loudon’s decrepit leadership see Pargellis 1993. Brumwell 2006 is an excellent biography of Wolfe, which is measured in its admiration and presents the man and his legacy “warts and all.” No modern biography exists for Amherst—that project awaits an ambitious scholar. Anderson 1984 is a classic model of the “New Military History,” while Charters 2009 and Fenn 2000 examine the role of disease in military operations. Frégault 1969 remains the most authoritative narrative from the French perspective. Explanations for New France’s fall are found in Brecher 1998. Boscawen 2011 and O’Toole 2005 are recent works that provide excellent syntheses of important campaigns and forgotten leaders, while Osman 2012 examines French officers’ preoccupation with reputation and honor.
  512.  
  513. Anderson, Fred. A People’s Army: Massachusetts Soldiers and Society in the Seven Years’ War. Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 1984.
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  515. Examines the effects of the war on Massachusetts through the experience of its citizen-soldiers, which is often contrasted with that of British regulars and professionals.
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  517. Boscawen, Hugh. The Capture of Louisbourg, 1758. Vol. 27 of Campaigns and Commanders Series. Edited by Gregory J. Urwin. Norman: University of Oklahoma Press, 2011.
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  519. Most thorough examination of the capture of Louisbourg, which, the author argues, was not necessarily a great military feat; but the naval and logistical effort to launch the siege signaled a larger military revolution.
  520. Find this resource:
  521. Brecher, Frank. Losing a Continent: France’s North American Policy, 1753–1763. Westport, CT: Greenwood, 1998.
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  523. Argues that the loss of North America stemmed from an aggressive, reckless policy and that wiser statesmen could have avoided such a catastrophe.
  524. Find this resource:
  525. Brumwell, Stephen. Paths of Glory: The Life and Death of General James Wolfe. London: Continuum International Publishing Group, 2006.
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  527. The best modern biography of Wolfe. Brumwell’s is a positive portrait but he does explain Wolfe with all his warts and shortcomings. Explains the role Wolfe played in creating the British army of the mid- to late 18th century.
  528. Find this resource:
  529. Charters, Erica M. “Disease, Wilderness Warfare and Imperial Relations: The Battle for Quebec, 1759–1760.” War in History 16.1 (January 2009): 1–24.
  530. DOI: 10.1177/0968344508097615Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  531. Examines the siege within the context of disease and how it affected colonial and British relations during and after the conquest of Quebec. Available online for purchase or by subscription.
  532. Find this resource:
  533. Fenn, Elizabeth. “Biological Warfare in Eighteenth-Century North America: Beyond Jeffery Amherst.” Journal of American History 86.4 (March 2000): 1552–1580.
  534. DOI: 10.2307/2567577Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  535. Attempts to broaden the debate and to place the issue of Amherst and smallpox into context. Argues that the Amherst and Fort Pitt affair was not an aberration, but an example of biological warfare practiced against both natives and other colonials. Available online for purchase or by subscription.
  536. Find this resource:
  537. Frégault, Guy. Canada: The War of the Conquest. Translated by Margaret M. Cameron. Toronto: Oxford University Press, 1969.
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  539. First published in French in 1955, this was considered in its time to be the best one-volume history of the French and Indian War. Focuses more on political facets than on military operations. Generally views British strategy as engaged in a war of territorial conquest rather than commercial supremacy.
  540. Find this resource:
  541. Osman, Julia. “Pride, Prejudice and Prestige: French Officers in North America during the Seven Years’ War.” In The Seven Years’ War: Global Views. Edited by Mark H. Danley and Patrick J. Speelman, 191–211. History of Warfare 80. Boston: Brill, 2012.
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  543. Examines French officers’ desires for glory and its acknowledgment by French authorities. An essay well grounded in primary sources that breaks free from the traditional concerns of Francis Parkman’s Montcalm and Wolfe (New York: Collier, 1966).
  544. Find this resource:
  545. O’Toole, Finton. White Savage: William Johnson and the Invention of America. New York: Farrar, Straus and Giroux, 2005.
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  547. The best modern biography of an overlooked key figure. Examines his life and significance to American history, and considers him second only to George Washington in importance in creating the United States.
  548. Find this resource:
  549. Pargellis, Stanley. Lord Loudoun in North America. New Haven, CT: Yale University Press, 1933.
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  551. The only study of Lord Loudoun, who served as commander-in-chief of British forces, only to fail and to be relieved of command. Argues that the army he created would later win Canada, albeit under different leadership. Somewhat dated, but it contains useful information.
  552. Find this resource:
  553. The Frontier
  554.  
  555. Military historians have taken a keen interest in studying the fighting on the frontier between Europeans, colonials, and Native Americans. To what extent did those experiences transform the patterns of fighting? Why did the conflicts become so savage and total? Grenier 2005 is the starting point. Grenier argues that the conditions on the frontier are most responsible for the creation of a way of war so distinct from that waged in Europe and even in the Atlantic coastal regions. Starkey 1998 highlights the differences between native and European styles of fighting. This topic is well analyzed and treated in detail in Brumwell 2004. The issue of Braddock’s expedition is also a topic of debate. His reputation was revived in Kopperman 1977, and Crocker 2009 is the best modern treatment. Ward 2003 provides the best overview of the conflict in the disputed backcountry, and is complemented by Jennings 1988. A detailed look at Native American relations is followed up in Ward 2012. The realities and nuances of colonial-native warfare on the Cherokee frontier are thoroughly analyzed in Oliphant 2001 and Oliphant 2012. For the effects of the war in Virginia see Titus 1991.
  556.  
  557. Brumwell, Stephen. White Devil: A True Story of War, Savagery and Vengeance in Colonial America. Cambridge, MA: Da Capo, 2004.
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  559. A scholarly but lively examination of Robert Rangers’s methods and the native interpretation and response.
  560. Find this resource:
  561. Crocker, Thomas E. Braddock’s March: How the Man Sent to Seize a Continent Changed American History. Chicago: Westholme, 2009.
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  563. Argues that, while a failure, Braddock’s expedition, or, rather, the road cut out of the wilderness by that expedition, would help fuel western expansion in later years.
  564. Find this resource:
  565. Grenier, John. The First Way of War: American War Making on the Frontier, 1607–1814. New York: Cambridge University Press, 2005.
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  567. Argues that irregular warfare was the defining way of war for detached English colonials on the frontier, and not the end result of their becoming “American.” A significant book for our understanding of colonial military history and the waging of the Seven Years’ War.
  568. Find this resource:
  569. Jennings, Francis. Empire of Fortune: Crowns, Colonies and Empires in the Seven Years’ War. New York: W. W. Norton, 1988.
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  571. A study that examines the Pennsylvania backcountry. Views the native tribes as seeking rational objectives and generally not wanting to fight in the conflict. Views most British officials as villains and the often derided Quakers as heroic due to their desire to treat the natives in a fair manner.
  572. Find this resource:
  573. Kopperman, Paul E. Braddock at the Monongahela. Pittsburgh: University of Pittsburgh Press, 1977.
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  575. The definitive narrative of the campaign that seeks to clear up myths and legends. Generally exonerates Braddock and lays much of the blame on Thomas Gage, who failed to secure the army’s flanks, and the fact that the British regulars panicked.
  576. Find this resource:
  577. Oliphant, John. Peace and War on the Anglo-Cherokee Frontier, 1756–63. Basingstoke, UK: Palgrave, 2001.
  578. DOI: 10.1057/9780230599178Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  579. A highly detailed account of the breakdown in Anglo-Cherokee relations with an emphasis on the attempt by British leaders to preserve the dignity and honor of their former allies at the peace table.
  580. Find this resource:
  581. Oliphant, John. “The Anglo-Cherokee War, 1759–1761.” In The Seven Years’ War: Global Views. Edited by Mark H. Danley and Patrick J. Speelman, 325–358. History of Warfare 80. Boston: Brill, 2012.
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  583. Adds new information and research developed since Oliphant 2001.
  584. Find this resource:
  585. Starkey, Armstrong. European and Native American Warfare, 1675–1815. Norman: University of Oklahoma Press, 1998.
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  587. Analyzes the clash of cultures between the “skulking” way of war and the traditional European methods.
  588. Find this resource:
  589. Titus, James. The Old Dominion at War: Society, Politics, and Warfare in Late Colonial Virginia. Columbia: University of South Carolina Press, 1991.
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  591. Argues that Virginia’s leaders sought greater stability by transforming military service into a volunteer system. These policies and the experience of the war had a significant impact on post-1763 Virginia.
  592. Find this resource:
  593. Ward, Matthew C. Breaking the Backcountry: The Seven Years’ War in Virginia and Pennsylvania, 1754–1765. Pittsburgh: University of Pittsburgh Press, 2003.
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  595. Examines the war on the frontier with a focus on both native and settler societies and the devastation that the conflict brought to both sides. A key text to understanding the North American conflict.
  596. Find this resource:
  597. Ward, Matthew C. “Understanding Native American Alliances.” In The Seven Years’ War: Global Views. Edited by Mark H. Danley and Patrick J. Speelman, 47–72. History of Warfare 80. Boston: Brill, 2012.
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  599. Offers an excellent overview of the nature of native politics and alliances within the larger framework of European conflict.
  600. Find this resource:
  601. Caribbean
  602.  
  603. The secondary literature covering the maritime war in the Caribbean is generally dominated by the study of British amphibious operations against French and Spanish possessions. Still the most detailed and thorough overview is Pares 1936. A good modern overview is Harding 2012. Much of the literature is found in journals, and the only monographic treatment of specific attacks on the French West Indies is the dated Smelser 1955. Much is available for large-scale histories of the various operations, including Durant 1996 and Syrett 1970. The British capture of Havana has received the greatest amount of attention due to its relevance at the peace negotiations. Both Syrett (Syrett 1968 and Syrett 1969) and Marley (Marley 1992 and Marley 1994) provide excellent analyses.
  604.  
  605. Durant, George. “Expedition to Martinique and Guadeloupe, 1758.” In Military Miscellany I: Manuscripts from the Seven Years’ War, the First and Second Sikh Wars and the First World War. Edited by Alan J. Guy, R.N.W. Thomas, and Gerard J. DeGroot. Publications of the Army Records Society 12. Stroud, UK: Sutton, 1996.
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  607. Useful narratives of two key amphibious operations that helped to shape the Peace of Paris.
  608. Find this resource:
  609. Harding, Richard. “The War in the West Indies.” In The Seven Years’ War: Global Views. Edited by Mark H. Danley and Patrick J. Speelman, 293–323. History of Warfare 80. Boston: Brill, 2012.
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  611. Provides a sound introductory overview of the war in the Caribbean.
  612. Find this resource:
  613. Marley, David F. “Havana Surprised: Prelude to the British Invasion, 1762.” Mariner’s Mirror 78.3 (August 1992): 293–305.
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  615. Studies the missteps of Spanish officials who believed Havana unassailable. Uses Archivo General de la Nación, Mexico.
  616. Find this resource:
  617. Marley, David F. “A Fearful Gift: The Spanish Naval Build-Up in the West Indies, 1759–1762.” Mariner’s Mirror 80.4 (November 1994): 403–417.
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  619. Analyzes Spain’s naval buildup in the Caribbean, which failed to protect Havana from a British amphibious assault. Uses Archivo General de la Nación, Mexico. Available online for purchase or by subscription.
  620. Find this resource:
  621. Pares, Richard. War and Trade in the West Indies, 1739–1763. London and Edinburgh: Thomas Nelson (Printers), 1936.
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  623. A classic work of the Caribbean at war during the mid-18th century. Strong on the economics and strategy of conflict. A starting point for the study of the Caribbean during the war.
  624. Find this resource:
  625. Smelser, Marshall. The Campaign for the Sugar Islands, 1759: A Study of Amphibious Warfare. Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 1955.
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  627. The only detailed, archival study of the failed attack on Martinique and the capture of Guadeloupe by the British.
  628. Find this resource:
  629. Syrett, David. “American Provincials and the Havana Campaign of 1762.” New York History 49 (October 1968): 375–390.
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  631. A short study of the colonial troops who took part in the capture of Havana.
  632. Find this resource:
  633. Syrett, David. “The British Landing at Havana: An Example of an Eighteenth-Century Combined Operation.” Mariner’s Mirror 55.3 (August 1969): 325–331.
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  635. A thorough analysis and narrative of this important British victory grounded in mostly British archival sources.
  636. Find this resource:
  637. Syrett, David, ed. The Siege and Capture of Havana, 1762. Vol. 114. London: Navy Records Society, 1970.
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  639. A collection of letters and papers concerning the siege. A good starting point for anyone interested in this topic.
  640. Find this resource:
  641. War in India
  642.  
  643. The war in India has long attracted the attention of British writers, and, as such, the literature is generally focused on key personalities and triumphant British forces rather than on the Indians themselves. Dodwell 1920 and Edwardes 1969 are classic histories within that context. A good, synthetic overview can be found in Marshall 2005, Bryant 2012a, and Bryant 2012b. Recent scholarship by Bryant (Bryant 2004a and Bryant 2004b) has brought into relief the analysis of British power in India within the context of logistics and Britain’s Indian foes. The most important recent literature focuses on the peoples of India and the resistance to European aggression—British, French, or otherwise—in examining the war within the larger context of Mughal decline and Indian geopolitics. An excellent early example is Gupta 1966. Recent examples in this manner include Barua 2009 and Roy 2011. The trend is to explore and analyze the military forces of the Indian leaders and princes in order to understand their relative success or failure in the face of European encroachment.
  644.  
  645. Barua, Pradeep. The State at War in South Asia. Lincoln: University of Nebraska Press, 2009.
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  647. A useful general narrative and analysis that blends social history and military concerns such as tactics and strategy. Particularly strong on the pre-19th-century era.
  648. Find this resource:
  649. Bryant, G.J. “Asymmetric Warfare: The British Experience in Eighteenth-Century India.” Journal of Military History 68.2 (April 2004a): 431–469.
  650. DOI: 10.1353/jmh.2004.0019Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  651. Examines the Indo-British struggle via the term asymmetric warfare. Views Indian powers as the “weaker” and the British as the “stronger” agents. The British won because they retained their technical superiority and the Indians were politically divided. Available online by subscription.
  652. Find this resource:
  653. Bryant, G.J. “British Logistics and the Conduct of the Carnatic Wars.” War in History 11 (July 2004b): 278–306.
  654. DOI: 10.1191/0968344504wh301oaSave Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  655. British logistical concerns dominated strategy because the enemy’s cavalry could easily sever British communications even if they could not defeat the British in battles or sieges. Available online for purchase or by subscription.
  656. Find this resource:
  657. Bryant, G. J. “The War in Bengal.” In The Seven Years’ War: Global Views. Edited by Mark H. Danley and Patrick J. Speelman, 399–428. History of Warfare 80. Boston: Brill, 2012a.
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  659. A thorough overview of the later phases of the war involving British conflict with the vassals of the Mughal Empire in northeast India.
  660. Find this resource:
  661. Bryant, G. J. “The War in the Carnatic.” In The Seven Years’ War: Global Views. Edited by Mark H. Danley and Patrick J. Speelman, 73–106. History of Warfare 80. Boston: Brill, 2012b.
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  663. A thorough overview of the early phases of the war stemming from Anglo-French conflict in southeastern India.
  664. Find this resource:
  665. Dodwell, Henry H. Dupleix and Clive: The Beginning of Empire. London: Methuen, 1920.
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  667. The classic introduction to the war in India. Sees aggression by Dupleix as the key factor for war.
  668. Find this resource:
  669. Edwardes, Michael. Plassey: The Founding of an Empire. New York: Taplinger, 1969.
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  671. The standard work on Plassey and the conquest of Bengal.
  672. Find this resource:
  673. Gupta, Brijen K. Sirajuddaullah and the East India Company, 1756–1757: Background to the Foundation of British Power in India. Leiden, The Netherlands: Brill, 1966.
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  675. Examination of the Nawab of Bengal’s decision for war against the British East India Company. Rejects British position that the Black Hole of Calcutta stemmed from that ruler’s desire for vengeance; rather, the war was the outgrowth of long-term developments, namely, the decline of Mughal power, in the Bengal region.
  676. Find this resource:
  677. Marshall, Peter J. The Making and Unmaking of Empires: Britain, India, and America c.1750–1783. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2005.
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  679. Examines how the British won India but lost America even though the policies for both were generally the same.
  680. Find this resource:
  681. Roy, Kaushik. War, Culture and Society in Early Modern South Asia, 1740–1849. London and New York: Routledge, 2011.
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  683. An examination of the British conquest of India within the context of Mughal decline. Argues that the power of the British East India Company has been traditionally overstated. Uses British, French, and various Indian archival collections and sources.
  684. Find this resource:
  685. Naval and Maritime
  686.  
  687. In many ways, the naval dimension of the war is tied to the geographic regions under study, such as India or the Caribbean. As such, this category of scholarship generally complements previous groupings. The study of navies and naval power is often restricted to British and French forces, as they were the chief instruments in the Anglo-French global struggle. Corbett 1992 (cited under War in Europe) is the classic treatment and serves as the starting point for understanding British strategy and the use of naval and joint expeditionary forces. Both Harding 1999 and Syrett 2008 provide the modern standard for scholarship on British naval affairs. Specific expeditions and battles also have their modern incarnations. Boscawen 2011 (cited under Quebec/Canada) is an important study of the naval operations that led to the capture of Louisbourg. Willis 2009 and Tracy 2010 provide the definitive accounts of the lead up to, and the battle of, Quiberon, respectively. Searing 2012 provides the only modern study in English of the attack on Senegal. Organizational and administrative concerns are also found in the literature, see Gradish 1980 and Eder 2004. On the French side, the modern classic is Dull 2005, the key work in the genre. It is not only an operational history of the French navy in the war, but also it is as complete a history of France during the conflict that exists in English. For the organization and administration of the French navy see Pritchard 1987. The final joint expedition of the war, the capture of Manila, has garnered attention far exceeding its contemporary significance. Tracy 1995 and Tracy 2012 are by the leading scholar of this unusual episode.
  688.  
  689. Dull, Jonathan R. The French Navy and the Seven Years’ War. Lincoln: University of Nebraska Press, 2005.
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  691. Already a classic, Dull’s study is the best full-length analysis and narrative in English of French participation in the war, with an emphasis on the naval and maritime contexts. Dull draws on extensive French archives and generally argues that the attrition and ultimate defeat of the French navy caused France’s general defeat in the war.
  692. Find this resource:
  693. Eder, Markus. Crime and Punishment in the Royal Navy of the Seven Years’ War. Burlington, VT: Ashgate, 2004.
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  695. Provides a comprehensive study of criminal activity in the Royal Navy and the means used to instill discipline and punish transgressors. Eder puts naval law within the larger context of English law.
  696. Find this resource:
  697. Gradish, Stephen F. The Manning of the British Navy during the Seven Years’ War. London: Royal Historical Society, 1980.
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  699. An administrative history of the procurement and distribution of the approximately 80,000 mariners Britain used to secure victory in the war. Very good discussion on the role of impressment.
  700. Find this resource:
  701. Harding, Richard. Seapower and Naval Warfare, 1650–1830. London: UCL Press, 1999.
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  703. The best single volume on war at sea and naval power in the 18th century.
  704. Find this resource:
  705. Pritchard, James S. Louis XV’s Navy, 1748–1762: A Study of Organization and Administration. Montreal: McGill-Queen’s University Press, 1987.
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  707. An administrative and organizational history that argues that poor finances and bad leadership were to blame for the French navy’s poor showing in the war.
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  709. Searing, James F. “The Seven Years’ War in West Africa: The End of Company Rule and the Emergence of the Habitants.” In The Seven Years’ War: Global Views. Edited by Mark H. Danley and Patrick J. Speelman, 263–291. History of Warfare 80. Boston: Brill, 2012.
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  711. Provides a rare look at the eastern periphery of the Atlantic Theater.
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  713. Syrett, David. Shipping and Military Power in the Seven Years’ War: The Sails of Victory. Exeter, UK: University of Exeter Press, 2008.
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  715. A key work in understanding British maritime strategy, Syrett examines the logistical underpinnings of amphibious operations based on the hiring of merchant shipping, with particular attention on the siege of Havana.
  716. Find this resource:
  717. Tracy, Nicholas. Manila Ransomed: The British Expedition to the Philippines in the Seven Years’ War. Exeter, UK: Exeter University Press, 1995.
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  719. Best work on the capture of Manila, which utilizes both British and Spanish sources.
  720. Find this resource:
  721. Tracy, Nicholas. The Battle of Quiberon Bay, 1759: Admiral Hawke and the Defeat of the French Invasion. Barnsley, UK: Pen & Sword Maritime, 2010.
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  723. The definitive account of the battle that saved Britain from imminent French invasion in 1759 and therefore undermined French strategy to win the conflict. Parallels with the battle of Trafalgar, fought in 1805, are drawn.
  724. Find this resource:
  725. Tracy, Nicholas. “The British Expedition to Manila.” In The Seven Years’ War: Global Views. Edited by Mark H. Danley and Patrick J. Speelman, 461–486. History of Warfare 80. Boston: Brill, 2012.
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  727. A concise analysis based on Tracy 1995.
  728. Find this resource:
  729. Willis, Sam. “The Battle of Lagos, 1759.” Journal of Military History 73.3 (July 2009): 745–766.
  730. DOI: 10.1353/jmh.0.0366Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  731. A detailed examination of Admiral Boscawen’s preliminary encounter off Portugal, which aided in the later defeat of the French fleet at Quiberon Bay. Available online by subscription.
  732. Find this resource:
  733. Peacemaking and Diplomacy
  734.  
  735. Examination of the peace treaties is usually found in general works of the conflict. The only comprehensive study of the Peace of Hubertusburg remains Beaulieu-Marconnay 1871. The Peace of Paris has received the most attention, especially as it relates to the history of the British colonies. The only modern study of the negotiations to draft the treaty, and an example of technical “old school” diplomatic history, is Rashed 1951. The best modern study of its effects and consequences in North America is Calloway 2006. For the influence of mercantile interest see Gough 1992. With regard to the diplomacy of the war in general, attention to the Anglo-Prussian alliance occupies center stage in Doran 1986, Schweizer 1989, and Schweizer 1991, which are the authoritative works. On the role that native treaties and diplomacy played in peacemaking see Oliphant 1999 and Patterson 2009. The need exists for a large-scale, general study of peacemaking and the various treaties that concluded the war in all theaters.
  736.  
  737. Beaulieu-Marconnay, Karl von. Der Hubertusburger Friede. Leipzig: S. Hirzel, 1871.
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  739. The definitive work on Hubertusburg, although dated, and demanding a modern revision.
  740. Find this resource:
  741. Calloway, Colin G. The Scratch of a Pen: 1763 and the Transformation of North America. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2006.
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  743. Examines the effects that the Peace of Paris had on North America, which altered living arrangements and relations with nearly every national/ethnic group.
  744. Find this resource:
  745. Doran, Patrick F. Andrew Mitchell and Anglo-Prussian Diplomatic Relations during the Seven Years’ War. New York: Garland, 1986.
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  747. The definitive account of Britain’s envoy to Prussia during the war. Emphasizes his personal role in keeping together the Anglo-Prussian alliance. Used both British and Prussian archives.
  748. Find this resource:
  749. Gough, Barry M. British Mercantile Interests in the Making of the Peace of Paris, 1763: Trade, War and Empire. Lewiston, NY: Edwin Mellen, 1992.
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  751. Studies the mercantile interests of Britain and how they attempted to influence the peace. Argues that advancement of the landed interests thwarted mercantile concerns with the signing of a peace that did not reflect the victories of the war.
  752. Find this resource:
  753. Oliphant, John. “The Cherokee Embassy to London, 1762.” Journal of Imperial and Commonwealth History 27.1 (January 1999): 1–26.
  754. DOI: 10.1080/03086539908583045Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  755. Details Ostenaca’s mission to Britain to forge a new relationship after the Cherokee War, which ended in the Treaty of Charleston 1761. Available online for purchase or by subscription.
  756. Find this resource:
  757. Patterson, Stephen. “Eighteenth-Century Treaties: The Mi’kmaq, Maliseet, and Passamaquoddy Experience.” Native Studies Review 18.1 (July 2009): 25–52.
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  759. Examines the Anglo-native treaties made between 1759 and1761 in Nova Scotia and argues that they serve as the basis on which questions of treaty rights are resolved today.
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  761. Rashed, Zenab Esmat. The Peace of Paris, 1763. Liverpool: Liverpool University Press, 1951.
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  763. Remains the most comprehensive account of the negotiations that led to the drafting of the Peace of Paris. It is especially useful in its analysis of the latter discussions between Bedford and Nivernais.
  764. Find this resource:
  765. Schweizer, Karl W. England, Prussia and the Seven Years’ War: Studies in Alliance Policies and Diplomacy. Lewiston, NY: Edwin Mellon Press, 1989.
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  767. A collection of essays on related topics. Depicts Fredrick II as duplicitous and opportunistic, which tends to counter the English historiographic view of the Prussian king.
  768. Find this resource:
  769. Schweizer, Karl W. Frederick the Great, William Pitt, and Lord Bute: The Anglo-Prussian Alliance, 1756–1763. New York: Garland, 1991.
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  771. Only full-length diplomatic treatment of the alliance, which was troubled more often than not, with particular attention to why it broke down under Lord Bute in 1762.
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  773. Economic Concerns/Aftermath
  774.  
  775. Apart from military operations, the economics of the war has been a favorite topic for historians. The amount of taxation, spending, and debt is generally the focus of study. Brewer 1989 is the most important general work that examines British taxes and debt within the construct of the “fiscal-military state.” Both Charters 2009 and Storrs 2009 develop and examine many of Brewer’s themes. Browning 1971 provides details of Newcastle’s role in financing the conflict, and West 1991 provides the only study of the procurement of gunpowder. Also of importance is the study of the after effects of the war. Neal 1977 offers an economic view of the consequences of the war for Britain. Riley 1986 and Scott 2001 are the best monographs looking at the economic, material, and fiscal destruction wrought by the conflict. Scott 2011 provides a broad analysis of the war within the context of late-18th-century history, as does Speelman 2012.
  776.  
  777. Brewer, John. The Sinews of War: War, Money and the English State, 1688–1783. New York: Alfred A. Knopf, 1989.
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  779. Examines the growth of the “fiscal-military state” and the role that state taxation and the public debt played in expanding the military power of Britain.
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  781. Browning, Reed. “The Duke of Newcastle and the Financing of the Seven Years’ War.” Journal of Economic History 31.2 (June 1971): 344–377.
  782. DOI: 10.1017/S0022050700090914Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  783. Argues that the Duke of Newcastle headed a competent Treasury during the war and that, compared to his immediate successor and predecessor, he should be given more credit than he is traditionally allocated. Available online for purchase or by subscription.
  784. Find this resource:
  785. Charters, Erica M. “The Caring Fiscal-Military State during the Seven Years’ War, 1756–1763.” Historical Journal 52.4 (December 2009): 921–941.
  786. DOI: 10.1017/S0018246X09990306Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  787. Examines the concept of the fiscal-military state in the context of the British armed forces during the war. Argues that the British victory depended on the state caring about the well-being of its troops, as well as its being perceived to care. Available online for purchase or by subscription.
  788. Find this resource:
  789. Neal, Larry. “Interpreting Power and Profit in Economic History: A Case Study of the Seven Years War.” Journal of Economic History 37.1 (March 1977): 20–35.
  790. DOI: 10.1017/S0022050700096698Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  791. Examines the economic costs of the war to Britain and how, and to what extent, resources were diverted from the rest of the economy. Concludes that many resources, human and otherwise, may have been borrowed from abroad (especially from the Netherlands). Available online for purchase or by subscription.
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  793. Riley, James. The Seven Years’ War and the Old Regime in France: The Economic and Financial Toll. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 1986.
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  795. Argues that the short-term effects on the French economy have been exaggerated, but long-term damage to the monarchy was the true casualty of the war. The debt and financial miscalculations of the mid-18th century led to the bankruptcy of the monarchy and, ultimately, to the French Revolution.
  796. Find this resource:
  797. Scott, Hamish. “The Seven Years War and Europe’s Ancien Régime.” War in History 18.4 (November 2011): 419–455.
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  799. An insightful and highly original assessment of the role of the war in state formation and much more in the decades following the war. Provides a short overview of the emergence of literature on the war in the later 18th century. Available online for purchase or by subscription.
  800. Find this resource:
  801. Scott, H. M. The Emergence of the Eastern Powers, 1756–1775. Cambridge Studies in Early Modern History. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press, 2001.
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  803. Examines the destruction and aftermath of the war and the role played in the emergence of the greats powers of eastern Europe—Prussia, Austria, and Russia—by 1800.
  804. Find this resource:
  805. Speelman, Patrick J. “Conclusion: Father of the Modern Age.” In The Seven Years’ War: Global Views. Edited by Mark H. Danley and Patrick J. Speelman, 519–536. History of Warfare 80. Boston: Brill, 2012.
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  807. A brief examination of the peacemaking that ended the war as well as the war’s costs and political and economic legacies, with an attempt to outline the emergence of the war in historical literature.
  808. Find this resource:
  809. Storrs, Christopher, ed. The Fiscal-Military State in Eighteenth-Century Europe: Essays in Honour of P. G. M. Dickson. Burlington, VT: Ashgate, 2009.
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  811. Essays apply the concept of the “fiscal-military” state to the major states and belligerents in the war, thus approaching the topic in an international context.
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  813. West, Jenny. Gunpowder, Government and War in the Mid-Eighteenth Century. London: Royal Historical Society, 1991.
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  815. Analyzes the supply of gunpowder to the British army and navy during the war with attention to the problems of gunpowder manufacturing. Utilizes mostly the archives of the Office of Ordnance.
  816. Find this resource:
  817. Sociocultural Perspectives
  818.  
  819. If there is a new trend in the historiography of the Seven Years’ War then it would be the increasing attention paid by social-cultural historians to the study of the conflict. The issue of the soldier as laborer is found in Way 2003, and reasons for desertion in Agostini 2007. Patriot art is a key theme in this emerging literature: Cardwell 2004 and Fordham 2010 serve as the foundation texts with Richardson 2008 explaining contemporary impediments to a national school. Starkey 2012 examines European philosophers’ reaction to it. On the other side, Burkhardt 2012 offers an analysis of the religious moorings of the German war. More generally, an appreciation of the cultural context of the war, especially between Europeans and non-Europeans, in the creation of identities is a thriving topic. Hofstra 2007 and Watts 2007 are the introductory texts on this issue. Further, Little 2007 applies gender analysis to the war, using colonial New England as a case study. If one general observation can be made, then the inclusion of native/non-Western perspectives is the key characteristic of works in this category.
  820.  
  821. Agostini, Thomas. “Deserted His Majesty’s Service: Military Runaways, the British-American Press, and the Problem of Desertion during the Seven Years’ War.” Journal of Social History 40.4 (Summer 2007): 957–985.
  822. DOI: 10.1353/jsh.2007.0083Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  823. Analyzes the advertisements for return of British deserters in North America in order to determine motives and the general traits that deserters exhibited. Available online by subscription.
  824. Find this resource:
  825. Burkhardt, Johannes. “Religious War or Imperial War? Views of the Seven Years’ War from Germany and Rome.” In The Seven Years’ War: Global Views. Edited by Mark H. Danley and Patrick J. Speelman, 107–133. History of Warfare 80. Boston: BrillBoston, 2012.
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  827. Offers a rare look at the war from the perspective of sectarian conflict and attempts to answer why the war did not devolve into one fueled by religious barbarity.
  828. Find this resource:
  829. Cardwell, John M. Arts and Arms: Literature, Politics and Patriotism during the Seven Years’ War. New York: Manchester University Press, 2004.
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  831. Examines political controversies in Britain during the war through popular writings, political tracts, and the press. Argues that an active literary-political culture existed at nearly all levels of society.
  832. Find this resource:
  833. Fordham, Douglas. British Art and the Seven Years’ War: Allegiance and Autonomy. Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press, 2010.
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  835. Argues that the war and domestic political dissent helped forge a “national” school of art in Great Britain, which sought to represent the “state” in aesthetic forms.
  836. Find this resource:
  837. Hofstra, Warren R., ed. Cultures in Conflict: The Seven Years’ War in North America. New York: Rowman and Littlefield, 2007.
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  839. Provides essays from various scholars on all aspects of the war in North America, including origins, French colonial participation, native aspects, history, and memory, within a larger cultural context.
  840. Find this resource:
  841. Little, Ann M. Abraham in Arms: War and Gender in Colonial New England. Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press, 2007.
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  843. Argues for the central role that gender definitions of masculinity in war played in constructing the identities of colonials and natives. These ideas justified violence between the two groups.
  844. Find this resource:
  845. Richardson, John. “Imagining Military Conflict during the Seven Years’ War.” SEL Studies in English Literature 1500–1900 48.3 (Summer 2008): 585–611.
  846. DOI: 10.1353/sel.0.0012Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  847. Argues that contemporary poets desired a “martial muse” to celebrate the war, but none emerged. Available online by subscription.
  848. Find this resource:
  849. Starkey, Armstrong. “‘To Encourage the Others’: The Philosophes and the War.” In The Seven Years’ War: Global Views. Edited by Mark H. Danley and Patrick J. Speelman, 23–45. History of Warfare 80. Boston: Brill, 2012.
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  851. Examines the war’s effects upon major European thinkers of the era and their reaction to its destructive nature.
  852. Find this resource:
  853. Watts, Carol. The Cultural Work of Empire: The Seven Years’ War and the Imagining of the Shandean State. Toronto: University of Toronto Press, 2007.
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  855. Affirms that the war helped to create a national consciousness and triggered a re-imagining of the British state and the role of the subjects therein. Analyzes literature, philosophy, poetry, and political writings of the period from the 1750s to the 1770s.
  856. Find this resource:
  857. Way, Peter. “Class and the Common Soldier in the Seven Years’ War.” Labor History 44.4 (November 2003): 455–481.
  858. DOI: 10.1080/0023656032000170078Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  859. Studies the raising of specialist labor—soldiers—through recruitment and the press. Available online for purchase or by subscription.
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