1.  World Bank Data: GDP (current US$) - Organisation of Islamic Cooperation.
[https://data.worldbank.org/indicator/NY.GDP.MKTP.CD?locations=XP](https://data.worldbank.or
g/indicator/NY.GDP.MKTP.CD?locations=XP)
2.  International Monetary Fund: World Economic Outlook Reports.
[https://www.imf.org/en/Publications/WEO/Issues/2023/Oct/world-economic-outlook](https://www
.imf.org/en/Publications/WEO/Issues/2023/Oct/world-economic-outlook)
3.  Organisation of Islamic Cooperation (OIC) Official Statistics & Reports.
[https://www.oic-oci.org/page/?p_id=205&v_id=4&lan=en](https://www.oic-oci.org/page/?p_id=2
05&v_id=4&lan=en)
4.  Kuran, Timur. *The Long Divergence: How Islamic Law Held Back the Middle East*.
Princeton University Press, 2011.
[https://press.princeton.edu/books/hardcover/9780691152010/the-long-divergence](https://press
.princeton.edu/books/hardcover/9780691152010/the-long-divergence)
5.  World Bank Data: Unemployment, youth total (% of total labor force ages 15-24) (modeled
ILO estimate).
[https://data.worldbank.org/indicator/SL.UEM.YTH.ZS](https://data.worldbank.org/indicator/SL.U
EM.YTH.ZS)
6.  Brookings Institution: Iran's Economy Under Sanctions and Beyond.
[https://www.brookings.edu/regions/middle-east-north-africa/iran/](https://www.brookings.edu/reg
ions/middle-east-north-africa/iran/)
7.  Transparency International: Corruption Perception Index 2022.
[https://www.transparency.org/en/cpi/2022](https://www.transparency.org/en/cpi/2022)
8.  Freedom House: Freedom in the World 2023.
[https://freedomhouse.org/report/freedom-world/2023/repressive-realities](https://freedomhouse.
org/report/freedom-world/2023/repressive-realities)
9.  Islamic Financial Services Board (IFSB) Annual Reports and Publications.
[https://www.ifsb.org/publications/](https://www.ifsb.org/publications/)
10. World Bank Data: Female labor force participation rate (% of female population ages 15+)
(modeled ILO estimate).
[https://data.worldbank.org/indicator/SL.TLF.CACT.FE.ZS](https://data.worldbank.org/indicator/S
L.TLF.CACT.FE.ZS)
11. United Nations Development Programme (UNDP): Human Development Reports.
[https://hdr.undp.org/content/human-development-report-2021-22](https://hdr.undp.org/content/h
uman-development-report-2021-22)
12. Statistical Center of Iran: Inflation Rate Reports.
[https://www.amar.org.ir/english/](https://www.amar.org.ir/english/)
13. Human Rights Watch: World Report on Iran.
[https://www.hrw.org/world-report/2023/country-chapters/iran](https://www.hrw.org/world-report/2
023/country-chapters/iran)
14. Al-Monitor: Iran's currency crisis deepens.
[https://www.al-monitor.com/originals/2023/02/irans-currency-crisis-deepens-rial-loses-half-its-va
lue-year](https://www.al-monitor.com/originals/2023/02/irans-currency-crisis-deepens-rial-loses
half-its-value-year)
15. World Bank Data: Poverty headcount ratio at $2.15 a day (2017 PPP) (% of population) -
Pakistan.
[https://data.worldbank.org/indicator/SI.POV.DDAY?locations=PK](https://data.worldbank.org/ind
icator/SI.POV.DDAY?locations=PK)
16. IMF Blog: Islamic Finance: A Stable and Inclusive Alternative.
[https://www.imf.org/en/News/Articles/2019/10/02/blog-islamic-finance-a-stable-and-inclusive-alt
ernative](https://www.imf.org/en/News/Articles/2019/10/02/blog-islamic-finance-a-stable-and-incl
usive-alternative)
17. Ernst & Young (EY) Global Islamic Banking Reports.
[https://www.ey.com/en_uk/financial-services/islamic-banking](https://www.ey.com/en_uk/financi
al-services/islamic-banking)
18. United Nations Population Fund (UNFPA): The State of World Population Report (youth
demographics). [https://www.unfpa.org/swop](https://www.unfpa.org/swop)
19. UNESCO Institute for Statistics: Literacy Rates.
[https://uis.unesco.org/en/topic/literacy](https://uis.unesco.org/en/topic/literacy)
20. Arab Monetary Fund (AMF): Arab Economic Report (MENA region economic indicators).
[https://www.amf.org.ae/publications/joint-reports/arab-economic-report](https://www.amf.org.ae/
publications/joint-reports/arab-economic-report)
21. Asian Development Bank (ADB): Pakistan Economic Outlook.
[https://www.adb.org/countries/pakistan/economy](https://www.adb.org/countries/pakistan/econo
my)
22. Council on Foreign Relations (CFR): Economic Sanctions on Iran.
[https://www.cfr.org/iran-sanctions](https://www.cfr.org/iran-sanctions)
23. Maddison, Angus. *Contours of the World Economy 1-2030 AD: Essays in Macro-Economic
History*. Oxford University Press, 2007.
[https://global.oup.com/academic/product/contours-of-the-world-economy-1-2030-ad-97801992
27204](https://global.oup.com/academic/product/contours-of-the-world-economy-1-2030-ad-978
0199227204)
24. Saudi Arabia Public Investment Fund (PIF) Annual Reports.
[https://www.pif.gov.sa/en/pages/publications.aspx](https://www.pif.gov.sa/en/pages/publications
.aspx)
25. World Bank Data: GINI index (World Bank estimate) - Middle East & North Africa.
[https://data.worldbank.org/indicator/SI.POV.GINI?regions=ZQ](https://data.worldbank.org/indica
tor/SI.POV.GINI?regions=ZQ)
26. Islamic Development Bank (IsDB) Publications & Reports (education & finance).
[https://www.isdb.org/publications](https://www.isdb.org/publications)
27. The Economist: Why Islamic finance fails to live up to its promise.
[https://www.economist.com/finance-and-economics/2016/11/17/why-islamic-finance-fails-to-live-up-to-its-promise](https://www.economist.com/finance-and-economics/2016/11/17/why-islamic-f
inance-fails-to-live-up-to-its-promise)
28. Atlantic Council: Iran's Economic Outlook.
[https://www.atlanticcouncil.org/blogs/iransource/irans-economy/](https://www.atlanticcouncil.org
/blogs/iransource/irans-economy/)
29. Cato Institute: Property Rights and Economic Freedom in the Middle East.
[https://www.cato.org/cato-journal/fall-2016/property-rights-economic-freedom-middle-east](https
://www.cato.org/cato-journal/fall-2016/property-rights-economic-freedom-middle-east)
30. BBC News: How bad is Iran's economy?
[https://www.bbc.com/news/world-middle-east-62879201](https://www.bbc.com/news/world-midd
le-east-62879201)