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  38. <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading" lang="en">Factitious disorder imposed on another</h1> <div id="bodyContent" class="mw-body-content">
  39. <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> <div id="contentSub"></div>
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  44. <tr>
  45. <th colspan="2" style="text-align:center;font-size:125%;font-weight:bold;background:#ccc">Factitious disorder imposed on another</th>
  46. </tr>
  47. <tr>
  48. <th scope="row">Synonyms</th>
  49. <td>Munchausen syndrome by proxy (MSbP, MbP), fabricated or induced illness by carers (FII)</td>
  50. </tr>
  51. <tr>
  52. <th scope="row"><a href="/wiki/Specialty_(medicine)" title="Specialty (medicine)">Specialty</a></th>
  53. <td><a href="/wiki/Psychiatry" title="Psychiatry">Psychiatry</a></td>
  54. </tr>
  55. <tr class="noprint">
  56. <td colspan="2" style="text-align:center">
  57. <div style="text-align: right;">[<a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1414765" class="extiw" title="d:Q1414765">edit on Wikidata</a>]</div>
  58. </td>
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  61. <p><b>Factitious disorder imposed on another</b> (<b>FDIA</b> or <b>FDIoA</b>), also known as <b>Munchausen syndrome by proxy</b> (<b>MSbP</b>), is a condition where a <a href="/wiki/Caregiver" title="Caregiver">caregiver</a> or <a href="/wiki/Spouse" title="Spouse">spouse</a> fabricates, exaggerates, or induces mental or physical health problems in those who are in their care, with the primary motive of gaining attention or sympathy from others.<sup id="cite_ref-MBPBasics_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-MBPBasics-1">[1]</a></sup> The name is derived from the term <a href="/wiki/Munchausen_syndrome" class="mw-redirect" title="Munchausen syndrome">Munchausen syndrome</a>, a <a href="/wiki/Psychiatric_disorder" class="mw-redirect" title="Psychiatric disorder">psychiatric</a> <a href="/wiki/Factitious_disorder" title="Factitious disorder">factitious disorder</a> wherein those affected feign <a href="/wiki/Disease" title="Disease">disease</a>, illness, or <a href="/wiki/Psychological_trauma" title="Psychological trauma">psychological trauma</a> to draw attention, sympathy, or reassurance to themselves. However, unlike Munchausen syndrome, in MSbP, the deception involves not themselves, but rather someone under the person's care. MSbP is primarily distinguished from other forms of abuse or neglect by the motives of the perpetrator. Some experts consider it to be an elusive, potentially lethal, and frequently misunderstood form of <a href="/wiki/Child_abuse" title="Child abuse">child abuse</a><sup id="cite_ref-pmid15578197_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pmid15578197-2">[2]</a></sup> or medical <a href="/wiki/Neglect" title="Neglect">neglect</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Stirling_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Stirling-3">[3]</a></sup> However, others consider the concept to be problematic, since it is based largely on supposition regarding a person's motives, which can be open to radically different interpretations.<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4">[4]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5">[5]</a></sup></p>
  62. <p>Factitious disorder imposed on another has also spawned much heated controversy within the legal and social services communities. In a handful of high-profile cases, mothers who have had several children die from <a href="/wiki/Sudden_infant_death_syndrome" title="Sudden infant death syndrome">sudden infant death syndrome</a> have been declared to have MSbP. Based on MSbP testimony of an <a href="/wiki/Expert_witness" title="Expert witness">expert witness</a>, they were tried for murder, convicted, and imprisoned for several years. In some cases, that testimony was later <a href="/wiki/Witness_impeachment" title="Witness impeachment">impeached</a>, resulting in <a href="/wiki/Exoneration" title="Exoneration">exoneration</a> of those defendants.<sup id="cite_ref-bbc-mothers_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-bbc-mothers-6">[6]</a></sup></p>
  63. <p></p>
  64. <div id="toc" class="toc">
  65. <div class="toctitle" lang="en" dir="ltr" xml:lang="en">
  66. <h2>Contents</h2>
  67. </div>
  68. <ul>
  69. <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-1"><a href="#Signs_and_symptoms"><span class="tocnumber">1</span> <span class="toctext">Signs and symptoms</span></a>
  70. <ul>
  71. <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-2"><a href="#Warning_signs"><span class="tocnumber">1.1</span> <span class="toctext">Warning signs</span></a></li>
  72. </ul>
  73. </li>
  74. <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-3"><a href="#Diagnosis"><span class="tocnumber">2</span> <span class="toctext">Diagnosis</span></a>
  75. <ul>
  76. <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-4"><a href="#Terminology_confusion"><span class="tocnumber">2.1</span> <span class="toctext">Terminology confusion</span></a></li>
  77. </ul>
  78. </li>
  79. <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-5"><a href="#Epidemiology"><span class="tocnumber">3</span> <span class="toctext">Epidemiology</span></a></li>
  80. <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-6"><a href="#Society_and_culture"><span class="tocnumber">4</span> <span class="toctext">Society and culture</span></a>
  81. <ul>
  82. <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-7"><a href="#Naming"><span class="tocnumber">4.1</span> <span class="toctext">Naming</span></a></li>
  83. <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-8"><a href="#Initial_description"><span class="tocnumber">4.2</span> <span class="toctext">Initial description</span></a></li>
  84. <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-9"><a href="#Controversy"><span class="tocnumber">4.3</span> <span class="toctext">Controversy</span></a></li>
  85. <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-10"><a href="#Legal_status"><span class="tocnumber">4.4</span> <span class="toctext">Legal status</span></a></li>
  86. <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-11"><a href="#Notable_cases"><span class="tocnumber">4.5</span> <span class="toctext">Notable cases</span></a></li>
  87. </ul>
  88. </li>
  89. <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-12"><a href="#Munchausen_directed_towards_animals"><span class="tocnumber">5</span> <span class="toctext">Munchausen directed towards animals</span></a></li>
  90. <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-13"><a href="#See_also"><span class="tocnumber">6</span> <span class="toctext">See also</span></a></li>
  91. <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-14"><a href="#References"><span class="tocnumber">7</span> <span class="toctext">References</span></a></li>
  92. <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-15"><a href="#Bibliography"><span class="tocnumber">8</span> <span class="toctext">Bibliography</span></a></li>
  93. </ul>
  94. </div>
  95. <p></p>
  96. <h2><span class="mw-headline" id="Signs_and_symptoms">Signs and symptoms</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Factitious_disorder_imposed_on_another&amp;action=edit&amp;section=1" title="Edit section: Signs and symptoms">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h2>
  97. <p>In factitious disorder imposed on another, a caregiver makes a dependent person appear mentally or physically ill in order to gain attention. To perpetuate the medical relationship, the caregiver systematically misrepresents symptoms, fabricates signs, manipulates laboratory tests, or even purposely harms the dependent (e.g. by poisoning, suffocation, infection, physical injury).<sup id="cite_ref-criddle_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-criddle-7">[7]</a></sup> Studies have shown a <a href="/wiki/Mortality_rate" title="Mortality rate">mortality rate</a> of between 6% and 10%, making it perhaps the most lethal form of abuse.<sup id="cite_ref-understanding04_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-understanding04-8">[8]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Sheridan_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Sheridan-9">[9]</a></sup></p>
  98. <p>At the time of diagnosis, the average age of the persons affected was 4 years. Slightly over 50% were aged 24 months or younger, and 75% were under 6 years old. The average duration from onset of symptoms to diagnosis was 22 months. By the time of diagnosis, 6% of the affected persons were dead, mostly from <a href="/wiki/Apnea" title="Apnea">apnea</a> (a common result of <a href="/wiki/Asphyxia#Smothering" title="Asphyxia">smothering</a>) or starvation, and 7% suffered long-term or permanent injury. About half of the affected had siblings; 25% of the known siblings were dead, and 61% of siblings had symptoms similar to the affected or that was otherwise suspicious. The mother was the perpetrator in 76.5% of the cases, the father in 6.7%.<sup id="cite_ref-Sheridan_9-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Sheridan-9">[9]</a></sup></p>
  99. <p>Most present about 3 medical problems in some combination of the 103 different reported symptoms. The most-frequently reported problems are apnea (26.8% of cases), anorexia or feeding problems (24.6% of cases), diarrhea (20%), seizures (17.5%), <a href="/wiki/Cyanosis" title="Cyanosis">cyanosis</a> (blue skin) (11.7%), behavior (10.4%), asthma (9.5%), allergy (9.3%), and fevers (8.6%).<sup id="cite_ref-Sheridan_9-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Sheridan-9">[9]</a></sup> Other symptoms include <a href="/wiki/Failure_to_thrive" title="Failure to thrive">failure to thrive</a>, vomiting, bleeding, rash, and infections.<sup id="cite_ref-understanding04_8-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-understanding04-8">[8]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-kidshealth.org_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-kidshealth.org-10">[10]</a></sup> Many of these symptoms are easy to fake because they are subjective. A parent reporting that their child had a fever in the past 24 hours is making a claim that is impossible to prove or disprove. The number and variety of presented symptoms contribute to the difficulty in reaching a proper MSbP diagnosis.</p>
  100. <p>Aside from the motive (which is to gain attention or sympathy), another feature that differentiates MSbP from "typical" physical child abuse is the degree of premeditation involved. Whereas most physical abuse entails lashing out at a child in response to some behavior (e.g., crying, bedwetting, spilling food), assaults on the MSbP victim tend to be unprovoked and planned.<sup id="cite_ref-Schreier-2004_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Schreier-2004-11">[11]</a></sup></p>
  101. <p>Also unique to this form of abuse is the role that health care providers play by actively, albeit unintentionally, enabling the abuse. By reacting to the concerns and demands of perpetrators, medical professionals are manipulated into a partnership of child maltreatment.<sup id="cite_ref-criddle_7-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-criddle-7">[7]</a></sup> Challenging cases that defy simple medical explanations may prompt health care providers to pursue unusual or rare diagnoses, thus allocating even more time to the child and the abuser. Even without prompting, medical professionals may be easily seduced into prescribing diagnostic tests and therapies that are at best uncomfortable and costly, and at worst potentially injurious to the child.<sup id="cite_ref-Stirling_3-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Stirling-3">[3]</a></sup> If the health practitioner resists ordering further tests, drugs, procedures, surgeries, or specialists, the MSbP abuser makes the medical system appear negligent for refusing to help a sick child and their selfless parent.<sup id="cite_ref-criddle_7-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-criddle-7">[7]</a></sup> Like those with Munchausen syndrome, MSbP perpetrators are known to switch medical providers frequently until they find one that is willing to meet their level of need; this practice is known as "<a href="/wiki/Doctor_shopping" title="Doctor shopping">doctor shopping</a>" or "hospital hopping".</p>
  102. <p>The perpetrator continues the abuse because maintaining the child in the role of patient satisfies the abuser's needs. The cure for the victim is to separate the child completely from the abuser. When parental visits are allowed, sometimes there is a disastrous outcome for the child. Even when the child is removed, the perpetrator may then abuse another child: a sibling or other child in the family.<sup id="cite_ref-criddle_7-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-criddle-7">[7]</a></sup></p>
  103. <p>Factitious disorder imposed on another can have many long-term emotional effects on a child. Depending on their experience of medical interventions, a percentage of children may learn that they are most likely to receive the positive maternal attention they crave when they are playing the sick role in front of health care providers. Several case reports describe Munchausen syndrome patients suspected of themselves having been MSbP victims.<sup id="cite_ref-libow-2002_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-libow-2002-12">[12]</a></sup> Seeking personal gratification through illness can thus become a lifelong and multi-generational disorder in some cases.<sup id="cite_ref-criddle_7-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-criddle-7">[7]</a></sup> In stark contrast, other reports suggest survivors of MSbP develop an avoidance of medical treatment with post-traumatic responses to it.<sup id="cite_ref-libow-adulthood_13-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-libow-adulthood-13">[13]</a></sup> This variation possibly reflects broad statistics on survivors of child abuse in general, where around 30% go on to also become abusers<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14">[14]</a></sup> even though a significant percentage do not.</p>
  104. <p>The adult care-provider who has abused the child often seems comfortable and not upset over the child's hospitalization. While the child is hospitalized, medical professionals must monitor the caregiver's visits to prevent an attempt to worsen the child's condition.<sup id="cite_ref-Schreier_1993_15-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Schreier_1993-15">[15]</a></sup> In addition, in many jurisdictions, medical professionals have a duty to report such abuse to legal authorities.<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16">[16]</a></sup></p>
  105. <h3><span class="mw-headline" id="Warning_signs">Warning signs</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Factitious_disorder_imposed_on_another&amp;action=edit&amp;section=2" title="Edit section: Warning signs">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h3>
  106. <p>Warning signs of the disorder include:<sup id="cite_ref-Schreier_1993_15-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Schreier_1993-15">[15]</a></sup></p>
  107. <ul>
  108. <li>A child who has one or more medical problems that do not respond to treatment or that follow an unusual course that is persistent, puzzling, and unexplained.</li>
  109. <li>Physical or laboratory findings that are highly unusual, discrepant with patient's presentation or history, or physically or clinically impossible.</li>
  110. <li>A parent who appears medically knowledgeable, fascinated with medical details and hospital gossip, appears to enjoy the hospital environment, and expresses interest in the details of other patients' problems.</li>
  111. <li>A highly attentive parent who is reluctant to leave their child's side and who themselves seem to require constant attention.</li>
  112. <li>A parent who appears unusually calm in the face of serious difficulties in their child's medical course while being highly supportive and encouraging of the physician, or one who is angry, devalues staff, and demands further intervention, more procedures, second opinions, and transfers to more-sophisticated facilities.</li>
  113. <li>The suspected parent may work in the health-care field themselves or profess an interest in a health-related job.</li>
  114. <li>The signs and symptoms of a child's illness may lessen or simply vanish in the parent's absence (hospitalization and careful monitoring may be necessary to establish this causal relationship).</li>
  115. <li>A family history of similar or unexplained illness or death in a sibling.</li>
  116. <li>A parent with symptoms similar to their child's own medical problems or an illness history that itself is puzzling and unusual.</li>
  117. <li>A suspected emotionally distant relationship between parents; the spouse often fails to visit the patient and has little contact with physicians even when the child is hospitalized with a serious illness.</li>
  118. <li>A parent who reports dramatic, negative events, such as house fires, burglaries, or car accidents, that affect them and their family while their child is undergoing treatment.</li>
  119. <li>A parent who seems to have an insatiable need for adulation or who makes self-serving efforts for public acknowledgment of their abilities.</li>
  120. <li>A patient who inexplicably deteriorates whenever discharge is planned.</li>
  121. </ul>
  122. <h2><span class="mw-headline" id="Diagnosis">Diagnosis</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Factitious_disorder_imposed_on_another&amp;action=edit&amp;section=3" title="Edit section: Diagnosis">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h2>
  123. <p>Munchausen syndrome by proxy is a controversial term. In the <a href="/wiki/World_Health_Organization" title="World Health Organization">World Health Organization</a>'s <a href="/wiki/International_Statistical_Classification_of_Diseases" class="mw-redirect" title="International Statistical Classification of Diseases">International Statistical Classification of Diseases</a>, 10th Revision (<a href="/wiki/ICD-10" title="ICD-10">ICD-10</a>), the official diagnosis is factitious disorder (301.51 in ICD-9, F68.12 in ICD-10). Within the <a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States">United States</a>, factitious disorder imposed on another (FDIA or FDIoA) was officially recognized as a disorder in 2013,<sup id="cite_ref-DSM-5_17-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-DSM-5-17">[17]</a></sup> while in the <a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom" title="United Kingdom">United Kingdom</a>, it is known as fabricated or induced illness by carers (FII).<sup id="cite_ref-many-names_18-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-many-names-18">[18]</a></sup></p>
  124. <p>In <a href="/wiki/DSM-5" title="DSM-5">DSM-5</a>, the diagnostic manual published by the <a href="/wiki/American_Psychiatric_Association" title="American Psychiatric Association">American Psychiatric Association</a> in 2013, this disorder is listed under <i>301.51 <a href="/wiki/Factitious_disorder" title="Factitious disorder">Factitious disorder</a></i>. This, in turn, encompasses two types:<sup id="cite_ref-DSM-5_17-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-DSM-5-17">[17]</a></sup></p>
  125. <ul>
  126. <li><i>Factitious disorder imposed on self</i> – (formerly Munchausen syndrome).</li>
  127. <li><i>Factitious disorder imposed on another</i> – (formerly Munchausen syndrome by proxy); diagnosis assigned to the perpetrator; the victim may be assigned an abuse diagnosis (e.g. <a href="/wiki/Child_abuse" title="Child abuse">child abuse</a>).</li>
  128. </ul>
  129. <h3><span class="mw-headline" id="Terminology_confusion">Terminology confusion</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Factitious_disorder_imposed_on_another&amp;action=edit&amp;section=4" title="Edit section: Terminology confusion">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h3>
  130. <p>Still widely used, the term "Munchausen syndrome by proxy" has led to much confusion in the literature. In the United States, the term has never officially been included as a discrete mental disorder by the <a href="/wiki/American_Psychiatric_Association" title="American Psychiatric Association">American Psychiatric Association</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-MBPBasics_1-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-MBPBasics-1">[1]</a></sup> which publishes the widely recognized <a href="/wiki/DSM-5" title="DSM-5"><i>Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders</i></a> (DSM), now in its fifth edition.<sup id="cite_ref-DSM-5_17-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-DSM-5-17">[17]</a></sup> Although the DSM-III (1980) and DSM-III-R (1987) included Munchausen Syndrome, they did <i>not</i> include MSbP. DSM-IV (1994) and DSM-IV-TR (2000) added MSbP as a proposal only, and finally being recognized as a disorder in DSM-5 (2013) – yet <i>each</i> of these last three editions of the DSM listed this disorder (or proposal) with a different name.</p>
  131. <p>Elsewhere as well, ongoing lack of consensus has led to much confusion over terminology, and MSbP has been given many names in different places and at different times. What follows is a <i>partial</i> list of alternative names that have been either used or proposed (with approximate dates):<sup id="cite_ref-many-names_18-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-many-names-18">[18]</a></sup></p>
  132. <ul>
  133. <li><i>Factitious Disorder Imposed on Another</i> (current) (U.S., 2013) American Psychiatric Association, <a href="/wiki/DSM-5" title="DSM-5">DSM-5</a></li>
  134. <li><i>Factitious Disorder by Proxy (FDP, FDbP)</i> (proposed) (U.S., 2000) American Psychiatric Association, <a href="/wiki/DSM-IV-TR" class="mw-redirect" title="DSM-IV-TR">DSM-IV-TR</a><sup id="cite_ref-DSM-IV-TR_19-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-DSM-IV-TR-19">[19]</a></sup></li>
  135. <li><i>Fictitious Disorder by Proxy (FDP, FDbP)</i> (proposed) (U.S., 1994) American Psychiatric Association, DSM-IV</li>
  136. <li><i>Fabricated or Induced Illness by Carers (FII)</i> (U.K., 2002) The Royal College of Pediatrics and Child Health<sup id="cite_ref-FII-UK_20-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FII-UK-20">[20]</a></sup></li>
  137. <li><i>Factitious Illness by Proxy</i> (1996) World Health Organization<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21">[21]</a></sup></li>
  138. <li><i>Pediatric Condition Falsification (PCF)</i> (proposed) (U.S., 2002) American Professional Society on the Abuse of Children proposed this term to diagnose the victim (child); the perpetrator (mother) would be diagnosed "factitious disorder by proxy"; MSbP would be retained as the name applied to the 'disorder' that contains these two elements, a diagnosis in the child and a diagnosis in the caretaker.<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22">[22]</a></sup></li>
  139. <li><i>Induced Illness (Munchausen Syndrome by Proxy)</i> (Ireland, 1999–2002) Department of Health and Children<sup id="cite_ref-many-names_18-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-many-names-18">[18]</a></sup></li>
  140. <li><i>Meadow's Syndrome</i> (1984–1987) named after Roy Meadow.<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23">[23]</a></sup> This label, however, had already been in use since 1957 to describe a completely unrelated and rare form of <a href="/wiki/Postpartum_cardiomyopathy" class="mw-redirect" title="Postpartum cardiomyopathy">cardiomyopathy</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Lazoritz1987_24-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Lazoritz1987-24">[24]</a></sup></li>
  141. <li><i>Polle Syndrome</i> (1977–1984) Coined by Burman and Stevens, from the then-common belief that Baron Münchhausen's second wife gave birth to a daughter named Polle during their marriage.<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25">[25]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26">[26]</a></sup> The baron declared that the baby was not his, and the child died from "seizures" at the age of 10 months. The name fell out of favor after 1984, when it was discovered that Polle was not the baby's name, but rather was the name of her mother's hometown.<sup id="cite_ref-MBP-Polle_27-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-MBP-Polle-27">[27]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28">[28]</a></sup></li>
  142. </ul>
  143. <p>The definition of the disorder has also been subject to controversy and confusion. For example, while it initially included only the infliction of harmful medical care, the appellation has subsequently been extended to include cases in which the only harm arose from medical neglect, noncompliance, or even educational interference.<sup id="cite_ref-Stirling_3-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Stirling-3">[3]</a></sup></p>
  144. <h2><span class="mw-headline" id="Epidemiology">Epidemiology</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Factitious_disorder_imposed_on_another&amp;action=edit&amp;section=5" title="Edit section: Epidemiology">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h2>
  145. <p>MSbP is rare. A recent systematic study in Italy found that in a series of over 700 patients admitted to a pediatric ward, 4 cases met the diagnostic criteria for MSbP (0.53%). In this study, stringent diagnostic criteria were used, which required at least one test outcome or event that could not possibly have occurred without deliberate intervention by the MSbP person.<sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29">[29]</a></sup> One study showed that in 93 percent of MSbP cases, the abuser is the mother or another female guardian or caregiver.<sup id="cite_ref-Schreier-2004_11-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Schreier-2004-11">[11]</a></sup> This may be attributed to the prevalent socialization pattern that places females in the primary care-taking role.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (November 2014)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> Of course, it could also be a gender trait rooted in genetics, as it is easy to see how females who seek attention as victims could gain an evolutionary advantage, while men seeking the same would be unfavoured for physical protection and mating. A <a href="/wiki/Psychodynamic" class="mw-redirect" title="Psychodynamic">psychodynamic</a> model of this kind of maternal abuse exists.<sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30">[30]</a></sup></p>
  146. <p>MSbP may be more prevalent in the parents of those with a learning difficulty or mental incapacity, and as such the apparent patient could, in fact, be an adult.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (May 2016)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup></p>
  147. <p>Fathers and other male caregivers have been the perpetrators in only 7% of the cases studied.<sup id="cite_ref-Sheridan_9-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Sheridan-9">[9]</a></sup> When they are not actively involved in the abuse, the fathers or male guardians of MSbP victims are often described as being distant, emotionally disengaged, and powerless. These men play a passive role in MSbP by being frequently absent from the home and rarely visiting the hospitalized child. Usually, they vehemently deny the possibility of abuse, even in the face of overwhelming evidence or their child's pleas for help.<sup id="cite_ref-criddle_7-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-criddle-7">[7]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Schreier-2004_11-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Schreier-2004-11">[11]</a></sup></p>
  148. <p>Overall, male and female children are equally likely to be the victim of MSbP. In the few cases where the father is the perpetrator, however, the victim is three times more likely to be male.<sup id="cite_ref-Sheridan_9-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Sheridan-9">[9]</a></sup></p>
  149. <h2><span class="mw-headline" id="Society_and_culture">Society and culture</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Factitious_disorder_imposed_on_another&amp;action=edit&amp;section=6" title="Edit section: Society and culture">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h2>
  150. <h3><span class="mw-headline" id="Naming">Naming</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Factitious_disorder_imposed_on_another&amp;action=edit&amp;section=7" title="Edit section: Naming">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h3>
  151. <p>The name "Munchausen syndrome by proxy" (MSbP) is derived from <a href="/wiki/Munchausen_syndrome" class="mw-redirect" title="Munchausen syndrome">Munchausen syndrome</a>, a different though related condition. People with Munchausen syndrome have a profound need to assume the <a href="/wiki/Sick_role" title="Sick role">sick role</a>, and exaggerate complaints, falsify tests, or inflict illnesses on themselves directly.<sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31">[31]</a></sup> Munchausen syndrome by proxy perpetrators, by contrast, are willing to fulfill their need for positive attention by hurting their own child, thereby assuming the sick role onto their child, by proxy. These proxies then gain personal attention and support by taking on this fictitious "hero role" and receive positive attention from others, by appearing to care for and save their so-called sick child.<sup id="cite_ref-criddle_7-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-criddle-7">[7]</a></sup> Both are named after <a href="/wiki/Baron_Munchausen" title="Baron Munchausen">Baron Munchausen</a>, a literary character based on Hieronymus Karl Friedrich, Freiherr von Münchhausen (1720–1797), a German nobleman and well-known storyteller. In 1785, writer and con artist <a href="/wiki/Rudolf_Erich_Raspe" title="Rudolf Erich Raspe">Rudolf Erich Raspe</a> anonymously published a book in which a fictional version of "Baron Munchausen" tells fantastic and impossible stories about himself, establishing a popular literary archetype of a bombastic exaggerator.<sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32">[32]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33">[33]</a></sup></p>
  152. <h3><span class="mw-headline" id="Initial_description">Initial description</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Factitious_disorder_imposed_on_another&amp;action=edit&amp;section=8" title="Edit section: Initial description">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h3>
  153. <p>"Munchausen syndrome" was first described by R. Asher in 1951<sup id="cite_ref-Asher_34-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Asher-34">[34]</a></sup> as when someone invents or <a href="/wiki/Exaggerates" class="mw-redirect" title="Exaggerates">exaggerates</a> medical symptoms, sometimes engaging in <a href="/wiki/Self-harm" title="Self-harm">self-harm</a>, to <a href="/wiki/Attention_seeking" title="Attention seeking">gain attention</a> or <a href="/wiki/Sympathy" title="Sympathy">sympathy</a>.</p>
  154. <p>The term "Munchausen syndrome by proxy" was first coined by <a href="/wiki/John_Money" title="John Money">John Money</a> and June Faith Werlwas in a 1976 paper titled <i>Folie à deux in the parents of psychosocial dwarfs: Two cases</i><sup id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-35">[35]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Money01121986_36-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Money01121986-36">[36]</a></sup> to describe the abuse-induced and neglect-induced symptoms of the syndrome of <a href="/wiki/Psychosocial_short_stature" title="Psychosocial short stature">abuse dwarfism</a>. That same year, Sneed and Bell wrote an article titled <i>The Dauphin of Munchausen: factitious passage of renal stones in a child</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-sneed-bell_37-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-sneed-bell-37">[37]</a></sup></p>
  155. <p>According to other sources, the term was created by the British <a href="/wiki/Pediatric_medicine" class="mw-redirect" title="Pediatric medicine">pediatrician</a> <a href="/wiki/Roy_Meadow" title="Roy Meadow">Roy Meadow</a> in 1977.<sup id="cite_ref-MBP-Polle_27-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-MBP-Polle-27">[27]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-38" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-38">[38]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-bbc-meadow-profile_39-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-bbc-meadow-profile-39">[39]</a></sup> In 1977, Roy Meadow&#160;– then professor of <a href="/wiki/Pediatrics" title="Pediatrics">pediatrics</a> at the <a href="/wiki/University_of_Leeds" title="University of Leeds">University of Leeds</a>, England&#160;– described the extraordinary behavior of two mothers. According to Meadow, one had poisoned her toddler with excessive quantities of salt. The other had introduced her own blood into her baby's urine sample. This second case occurred during a series of Outpatient visits to the Paediatric Clinic of Dr. Bill Arrowsmith at Doncaster Royal Infirmary. He referred to this behavior as Munchausen syndrome by proxy (MSbP).<sup id="cite_ref-Meadow1977_40-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Meadow1977-40">[40]</a></sup></p>
  156. <p>The medical community was initially skeptical of MSbP's existence, but it gradually gained acceptance as a recognized condition. There are now more than 2,000 case reports of MSbP in the professional literature. Reports come from developing countries, as well as the U.S., with one case from 2012–2013, in <a href="/wiki/Orlando,_Florida" title="Orlando, Florida">Orlando, Florida</a>, and the most recent in <a href="/wiki/Westchester,_New_York" class="mw-redirect" title="Westchester, New York">Westchester, New York</a>, in early 2015.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Writing_better_articles#Stay_on_topic" title="Wikipedia:Writing better articles"><span title="The Why mention these among 2,000 cases? Why link the locations? near this tag may contain information that is not relevant to the article's main topic. (January 2018)">relevant?</span></a> <span class="metadata">– <a href="/wiki/Talk:Factitious_disorder_imposed_on_another" title="Talk:Factitious disorder imposed on another">discuss</a></span></i>]</sup> Other reports come from <a href="/wiki/Sri_Lanka" title="Sri Lanka">Sri Lanka</a>, <a href="/wiki/Nigeria" title="Nigeria">Nigeria</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Oman" title="Oman">Oman</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Adshead-Brooke_41-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Adshead-Brooke-41">[41]</a></sup></p>
  157. <h3><span class="mw-headline" id="Controversy">Controversy</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Factitious_disorder_imposed_on_another&amp;action=edit&amp;section=9" title="Edit section: Controversy">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h3>
  158. <div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/List_of_wrongful_convictions_in_the_United_States" title="List of wrongful convictions in the United States">List of wrongful convictions in the United States</a></div>
  159. <p>During the 1990s and early 2000s, Meadow was an expert witness in several murder cases involving MSbP/FII. Dr. Meadow was knighted for his work for child protection, though later, his reputation, and consequently the credibility of MSbP, became severely damaged when several convictions of child killing, in which he acted as an expert witness, were overturned. The mothers in those cases were wrongly convicted of murdering two or more of their children, and had already been imprisoned for up to six years.<sup id="cite_ref-bbc-mothers_6-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-bbc-mothers-6">[6]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-bbc-meadow-profile_39-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-bbc-meadow-profile-39">[39]</a></sup></p>
  160. <p>The pivotal case was that of <a href="/wiki/Sally_Clark" title="Sally Clark">Sally Clark</a>. Clark was a <a href="/wiki/Solicitor" title="Solicitor">lawyer</a> wrongly convicted in 1999 of the murder of her two baby sons, largely on the basis of Meadow's evidence. As an expert witness for the prosecution, Meadow asserted that the odds of there being two <a href="/wiki/Sudden_infant_death_syndrome" title="Sudden infant death syndrome">unexplained infant deaths</a> in one family were one in 73 million. That figure was crucial in sending Clark to jail but was hotly disputed by the <a href="/wiki/Royal_Statistical_Society" title="Royal Statistical Society">Royal Statistical Society</a>, who wrote to the Lord Chancellor to complain.<sup id="cite_ref-42" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-42">[42]</a></sup> It was subsequently shown that once other factors (e.g. genetic or environmental) were taken into consideration, the true odds were much greater, <i>i.e.</i>, there was a significantly higher likelihood of two deaths happening as a chance occurrence than Meadow had claimed during the trial. Those odds in fact range from a low of 1:8500 to as high as 1:200.<sup id="cite_ref-bbc-science-cot-deaths_43-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-bbc-science-cot-deaths-43">[43]</a></sup> It emerged later that there was clear evidence of a <i><a href="/wiki/Staphylococcus_aureus" title="Staphylococcus aureus">Staphylococcus aureus</a></i> infection that had spread as far as the child's cerebrospinal fluid.<sup id="cite_ref-ShaikhMarch17_44-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ShaikhMarch17-44">[44]</a></sup> Clark was released in January 2003 after three judges quashed her convictions in the Court of Appeal in London,<sup id="cite_ref-ShaikhMarch17_44-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ShaikhMarch17-44">[44]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-45" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-45">[45]</a></sup> but suffering from catastrophic trauma of the experience, she later died from alcohol poisoning. Meadow was involved as a prosecution witness in three other high-profile cases resulting in mothers being imprisoned and subsequently cleared of wrongdoing&#160;– those of <a href="/wiki/Trupti_Patel" title="Trupti Patel">Trupti Patel</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-Patel_46-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Patel-46">[46]</a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Angela_Cannings" title="Angela Cannings">Angela Cannings</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-47" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-47">[47]</a></sup> and <a href="/wiki/Donna_Anthony" title="Donna Anthony">Donna Anthony</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-48" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-48">[48]</a></sup></p>
  161. <p>In 2003, <a href="/wiki/Frederick_Curzon,_7th_Earl_Howe" title="Frederick Curzon, 7th Earl Howe">Lord Howe</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Official_Opposition_(United_Kingdom)" class="mw-redirect" title="Official Opposition (United Kingdom)">Opposition</a> spokesman on health, accused Meadow of inventing a "theory without science" and refusing to produce any real <a href="/wiki/Evidence" title="Evidence">evidence</a> to prove that Munchausen syndrome by proxy actually exists. It is important to distinguish between the act of harming a child, which can be easily verified, and motive, which is much harder to verify and which MSbP tries to explain. For example, a caregiver may wish to harm a child out of malice and then attempt to conceal it as illness to avoid detection of abuse, rather than to draw attention and sympathy.</p>
  162. <p>The distinction is often crucial in criminal proceedings, in which the prosecutor must prove both the act and the mental element constituting a crime to establish guilt. In most legal jurisdictions, a doctor can give expert witness testimony as to whether a child was being harmed but cannot speculate regarding the motive of the caregiver. FII merely refers to the fact that illness is induced or fabricated and does not specifically limit the motives of such acts to a caregiver's need for attention and/or sympathy.</p>
  163. <p>In all, around 250 cases resulting in conviction in which Meadow was an expert witness were reviewed, with few<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (April 2015)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> changes. Meadow was investigated by the British <a href="/wiki/General_Medical_Council" title="General Medical Council">General Medical Council</a> (GMC) over evidence he gave in the Sally Clark trial. In July 2005, the GMC declared Meadow guilty of "serious professional misconduct", and he was struck off the medical register for giving "erroneous" and "misleading" evidence.<sup id="cite_ref-bbc-struck-off_49-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-bbc-struck-off-49">[49]</a></sup> At appeal, High Court judge Mr. Justice Collins said that the severity of his punishment "approaches the irrational" and set it aside.<sup id="cite_ref-50" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-50">[50]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-bbc-doctor-wins_51-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-bbc-doctor-wins-51">[51]</a></sup></p>
  164. <p>Collins's judgment raises important points concerning the liability of expert witnesses&#160;– his view is that referral to the GMC by the losing side is an unacceptable threat and that only the Court should decide whether its witnesses are seriously deficient and refer them to their professional bodies.<sup id="cite_ref-52" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-52">[52]</a></sup></p>
  165. <p>In addition to the controversy surrounding expert witnesses, an article appeared in the forensic literature that detailed legal cases involving controversy surrounding the murder suspect.<sup id="cite_ref-53" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-53">[53]</a></sup> The article provides a brief review of the research and criminal cases involving Munchausen syndrome by proxy in which psychopathic mothers and caregivers were the murderers. It also briefly describes the importance of gathering behavioral data, including observations of the parents who commit the criminal acts. The article references the 1997 work of <a href="/wiki/David_Southall" title="David Southall">Southall</a>, Plunkett, Banks, Falkov, and Samuels, in which <a href="/wiki/Surveillance#Surveillance_cameras" title="Surveillance">covert video recorders</a> were used to monitor the hospital rooms of suspected MSbP victims. In 30 out of 39 cases, a parent was observed intentionally suffocating their child; in two they were seen attempting to poison a child; in another, the mother deliberately broke her 3-month-old daughter's arm. Upon further investigation, those 39 patients, ages 1 month to 3 years old, had 41 siblings; 12 of those had died suddenly and unexpectedly.<sup id="cite_ref-covert-video_54-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-covert-video-54">[54]</a></sup> The use of covert video, while apparently extremely effective, raises controversy in some <a href="/wiki/Jurisdiction" title="Jurisdiction">jurisdictions</a> over <a href="/wiki/Privacy" title="Privacy">privacy rights</a>.</p>
  166. <h3><span class="mw-headline" id="Legal_status">Legal status</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Factitious_disorder_imposed_on_another&amp;action=edit&amp;section=10" title="Edit section: Legal status">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h3>
  167. <p>In most legal jurisdictions, doctors are allowed to give evidence only in regard to whether the child is being harmed. They are not allowed to give evidence in regard to the motive. Australia and the UK have established the legal precedent that MSbP does not exist as a medico-legal entity.</p>
  168. <p>In a June 2004 <a href="/wiki/Appeal" title="Appeal">appeal</a> hearing, the <a href="/wiki/Supreme_Court_of_Queensland" title="Supreme Court of Queensland">Supreme Court of Queensland</a>, <a href="/wiki/Australia" title="Australia">Australia</a>, stated:</p>
  169. <blockquote class="templatequote">
  170. <p>As the term factitious disorder (Munchausen's Syndrome) by proxy is merely descriptive of a behavior, not a psychiatrically identifiable illness or condition, it does not relate to an organized or recognized reliable body of knowledge or experience. Dr. Reddan's evidence was inadmissible.<sup id="cite_ref-R_v_LM_55-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-R_v_LM-55">[55]</a></sup></p>
  171. </blockquote>
  172. <p>The Queensland Supreme Court further ruled that the determination of whether or not a defendant had caused intentional harm to a child was a matter for the jury to decide and not for the determination by expert witnesses:</p>
  173. <blockquote class="templatequote">
  174. <p>The diagnosis of Doctors Pincus, Withers, and O'Loughlin that the appellant intentionally caused her children to receive unnecessary treatment through her own acts and the false reporting of symptoms of the factitious disorder (Munchausen Syndrome) by proxy is not a diagnosis of a recognized medical condition, disorder, or syndrome. It is simply placing her within the medical term used in the category of people exhibiting such behavior. In that sense, their opinions were not expert evidence because they related to matters that could be decided on the evidence by ordinary jurors. The essential issue as to whether the appellant reported or fabricated false symptoms or did acts to intentionally cause unnecessary medical procedures to injure her children was a matter for the jury's determination. The evidence of Doctors Pincus, Withers, and O'Loughlin that the appellant was exhibiting the behavior of factitious disorder (Munchausen syndrome by proxy) should have been excluded.<sup id="cite_ref-56" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-56">[56]</a></sup></p>
  175. </blockquote>
  176. <p>Principles of law and implications for legal processes that may be deduced from these findings are that:</p>
  177. <ul>
  178. <li>Any matters brought before a Court of Law should be determined by the facts, not by suppositions attached to a label describing a behavior, i.e., MSBP/FII/FDBP;</li>
  179. <li>MSBP/FII/FDBP is not a mental disorder (i.e., not defined as such in DSM IV), and the evidence of a psychiatrist should not therefore be admissible;</li>
  180. <li>MSBP/FII/FDBP has been stated to be a behavior describing a form of <a href="/wiki/Child_abuse" title="Child abuse">child abuse</a> and not a medical diagnosis of either a parent or a child. A medical practitioner cannot therefore state that a person "suffers" from MSBP/FII/FDBP, and such evidence should also therefore be inadmissible. The evidence of a medical practitioner should be confined to what they observed and heard and what <a href="/wiki/Forensic" class="mw-redirect" title="Forensic">forensic</a> information was found by recognized medical investigative procedures;</li>
  181. <li>A label used to describe a behavior is not helpful in determining guilt and is prejudicial. By applying an ambiguous label of MSBP/FII to a woman is implying guilt without factual supportive and corroborative evidence;</li>
  182. <li>The assertion that other people may behave in this way, i.e., fabricate and/or induce illness in children to gain attention for themselves (FII/MSBP/FDBY), contained within the label is not factual evidence that this individual has behaved in this way. Again therefore, the application of the label is prejudicial to fairness and a finding based on fact.</li>
  183. </ul>
  184. <p>The Queensland Judgment was adopted into English law in the <a href="/wiki/High_Court_of_Justice" title="High Court of Justice">High Court of Justice</a> by Mr. Justice Ryder. In his final conclusions regarding Factitious Disorder, Ryder states that:</p>
  185. <blockquote class="templatequote">
  186. <p>I have considered and respectfully adopt the dicta of the Supreme Court of Queensland in R v. LM [2004] QCA 192 at paragraph 62 and 66. I take full account of the criminal law and foreign jurisdictional contexts of that decision but I am persuaded by the following argument upon its face that it is valid to the English law of evidence as applied to children proceedings.<br />
  187. <br />
  188. The terms "Munchausen syndrome by proxy" and "factitious (and induced) illness (by proxy)" are child protection labels that are merely descriptions of a range of behaviors, not a pediatric, psychiatric or psychological disease that is identifiable. The terms do not relate to an organized or universally recognized body of knowledge or experience that has identified a medical disease (i.e. an illness or condition) and there are no internationally accepted medical criteria for the use of either label.<br />
  189. <br />
  190. In reality, the use of the label is intended to connote that in the individual case there are materials susceptible of analysis by pediatricians and of findings of fact by a court concerning fabrication, exaggeration, minimization or omission in the reporting of symptoms and evidence of harm by act, omission or suggestion (induction). Where such facts exist the context and assessments can provide an insight into the degree of risk that a child may face and the court is likely to be assisted as to that aspect by psychiatric and/or psychological expert evidence.<br />
  191. <br />
  192. All of the above ought to be self evident and has in any event been the established teaching of leading pediatricians, psychiatrists and psychologists for some while. That is not to minimize the nature and extent of professional debate about this issue which remains significant, nor to minimize the extreme nature of the risk that is identified in a small number of cases.<br />
  193. <br />
  194. In these circumstances, evidence as to the existence of MSBP or FII in any individual case is as likely to be evidence of mere propensity which would be inadmissible at the fact finding stage (see Re CB and JB supra). For my part, I would consign the label MSBP to the history books and however useful FII may apparently be to the child protection practitioner I would caution against its use other than as a factual description of a series of incidents or behaviors that should then be accurately set out (and even then only in the hands of the pediatrician or psychiatrist/psychologist). I cannot emphasis too strongly that my conclusion cannot be used as a reason to re-open the many cases where facts have been found against a carer and the label MSBP or FII has been attached to that carer's behavior. What I seek to caution against is the use of the label as a substitute for factual analysis and risk assessment.<sup id="cite_ref-57" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-57">[57]</a></sup></p>
  195. </blockquote>
  196. <p>In his book <i>Playing Sick</i> (2004), Marc Feldman notes that such findings have been in the minority among U.S. and even Australian courts. Pediatricians and other physicians have banded together to oppose limitations on child-abuse professionals whose work includes FII detection.<sup id="cite_ref-58" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-58">[58]</a></sup> The April 2007 issue of the journal <i>Pediatrics</i> specifically mentions Meadow as an individual who has been inappropriately maligned.</p>
  197. <h3><span class="mw-headline" id="Notable_cases">Notable cases</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Factitious_disorder_imposed_on_another&amp;action=edit&amp;section=11" title="Edit section: Notable cases">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h3>
  198. <p><a href="/wiki/Wendi_Michelle_Scott" title="Wendi Michelle Scott">Wendi Michelle Scott</a>, a mother accused of harming her child.<sup id="cite_ref-Leckie20_59-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Leckie20-59">[59]</a></sup></p>
  199. <p>The book <i><a href="/wiki/Sickened" title="Sickened">Sickened</a></i>, by <a href="/wiki/Julie_Gregory" title="Julie Gregory">Julie Gregory</a>, details her life growing up with a mother suffering from Munchausen by proxy, who took her to various doctors, coached her to act sicker than she was and to exaggerate her symptoms, and who demanded increasingly invasive procedures to diagnose Gregory's enforced imaginary illnesses.<sup id="cite_ref-60" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-60">[60]</a></sup></p>
  200. <p>Lisa Hayden-Johnson of Devon was jailed for three years and three months after subjecting her son to a total of 325 medical actions – including being confined to a wheelchair and being fed through a tube in his stomach. She claimed her son suffered from a long list of illnesses including diabetes, food allergies, cerebral palsy, and cystic fibrosis, describing him as "the most ill child in Britain" and receiving numerous cash donations and charity gifts, including two cruises.<sup id="cite_ref-61" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-61">[61]</a></sup></p>
  201. <p>In the mid-1990s, Kathy Bush gained public sympathy for the plight of her daughter, Jennifer, who by the age of 8 had undergone 40 surgeries and spent over 640 days in hospitals<sup id="cite_ref-cnn.com_62-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-cnn.com-62">[62]</a></sup> for gastrointestinal disorders. The acclaim led to a visit with first lady <a href="/wiki/Hillary_Clinton" title="Hillary Clinton">Hillary Clinton</a>, who championed the Bushs' plight as evidence of need for medical reform. However, in 1996, Kathy Bush was arrested and charged with child abuse and <a href="/wiki/Medicaid" title="Medicaid">Medicaid</a> fraud, accused of sabotaging Jennifer's medical equipment and drugs to agitate and prolong her illness.<sup id="cite_ref-cnn.com_62-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-cnn.com-62">[62]</a></sup> Jennifer was moved to foster care where she quickly regained her health. The prosecutors claimed Kathy was driven by Munchausen Syndrome by Proxy, and she was convicted to a five-year sentence in 1999.<sup id="cite_ref-63" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-63">[63]</a></sup> Kathy was released after serving three years in 2005, always maintaining her innocence, and having got back in contact with Jennifer via correspondence.<sup id="cite_ref-64" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-64">[64]</a></sup></p>
  202. <p>In 2014, 26-year-old <a href="/wiki/Lacey_Spears" class="mw-redirect" title="Lacey Spears">Lacey Spears</a> was charged in <a href="/wiki/Westchester_County,_New_York" title="Westchester County, New York">Westchester County, New York</a>, with second-degree depraved murder and first-degree manslaughter. She allegedly fed her son dangerous amounts of salt after she conducted research on the Internet about its effects. Her actions were allegedly motivated by the social media attention she gained on Facebook, Twitter, and blogs. She was convicted of second-degree murder on March 2, 2015,<sup id="cite_ref-65" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-65">[65]</a></sup> and sentenced to 20 years to life in prison.<sup id="cite_ref-66" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-66">[66]</a></sup></p>
  203. <p><a href="/wiki/Murder_of_Dee_Dee_Blancharde" title="Murder of Dee Dee Blancharde">Dee Dee Blancharde</a> was a <a href="/wiki/Missouri" title="Missouri">Missouri</a> mother who was murdered by her daughter and a boyfriend after having claimed, for years, that her daughter, Gypsy Rose, was sick and disabled, to the point of shaving her head, making her use a wheelchair in public, and subjecting her to unnecessary medication and surgery. Feldman said it is the first case he is aware of in a quarter-century of research where the victim killed the abuser.<sup id="cite_ref-N-L_Marc_Feldman_story_67-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-N-L_Marc_Feldman_story-67">[67]</a></sup> Their story was shown on <a href="/wiki/Home_Box_Office" class="mw-redirect" title="Home Box Office">HBO</a>'s documentary film <i><a href="/wiki/Mommy_Dead_and_Dearest" title="Mommy Dead and Dearest">Mommy Dead and Dearest</a></i>.<sup id="cite_ref-68" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-68">[68]</a></sup></p>
  204. <h2><span class="mw-headline" id="Munchausen_directed_towards_animals">Munchausen directed towards animals</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Factitious_disorder_imposed_on_another&amp;action=edit&amp;section=12" title="Edit section: Munchausen directed towards animals">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h2>
  205. <p>Medical literature describes a subset of MSbP caregivers, where the proxy is a pet rather than another person. These cases are labeled Munchausen syndrome by proxy: pet (MSbP:P). In these cases, pet owners correspond to caregivers in traditional MSbP presentations involving human proxies.<sup id="cite_ref-69" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-69">[69]</a></sup> No extensive survey has yet been made of the extant literature, and there has been no speculation as to how closely MSbP:P tracks with human MSbP.</p>
  206. <h2><span class="mw-headline" id="See_also">See also</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Factitious_disorder_imposed_on_another&amp;action=edit&amp;section=13" title="Edit section: See also">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h2>
  207. <ul>
  208. <li><a href="/wiki/Munchausen_syndrome" class="mw-redirect" title="Munchausen syndrome">Munchausen syndrome</a></li>
  209. <li><a href="/wiki/Psychosomatic_illness" class="mw-redirect" title="Psychosomatic illness">Psychosomatic illness</a></li>
  210. <li><a href="/wiki/Munchausen_by_Internet" title="Munchausen by Internet">Munchausen by Internet</a></li>
  211. </ul>
  212. <h2><span class="mw-headline" id="References">References</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Factitious_disorder_imposed_on_another&amp;action=edit&amp;section=14" title="Edit section: References">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h2>
  213. <div class="reflist columns references-column-width" style="-moz-column-width: 30em; -webkit-column-width: 30em; column-width: 30em; list-style-type: decimal;">
  214. <ol class="references">
  215. <li id="cite_note-MBPBasics-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-MBPBasics_1-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-MBPBasics_1-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web">Lasher, Louisa (2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.mbpexpert.com/basics.htm">"MBP Definitions, Maltreatment Behaviors, and Comments"</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">30 January</span> 2012</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft.btitle=MBP+Definitions%2C+Maltreatment+Behaviors%2C+and+Comments&amp;rft.date=2011&amp;rft.aulast=Lasher&amp;rft.aufirst=Louisa&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.mbpexpert.com%2Fbasics.htm&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFactitious+disorder+imposed+on+another" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></span></li>
  216. <li id="cite_note-pmid15578197-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-pmid15578197_2-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation journal">Vennemann B, Bajanowski T, Karger B, Pfeiffer H, Köhler H, Brinkmann B (March 2005). "Suffocation and poisoning: The hard-hitting side of Munchausen syndrome by proxy". <i>Int. J. Legal Med</i>. <b>119</b> (2): 98–102. <a href="/wiki/Digital_object_identifier" title="Digital object identifier">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//doi.org/10.1007%2Fs00414-004-0496-6">10.1007/s00414-004-0496-6</a>. <a href="/wiki/PubMed_Identifier" class="mw-redirect" title="PubMed Identifier">PMID</a>&#160;<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15578197">15578197</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.jtitle=Int.+J.+Legal+Med.&amp;rft.atitle=Suffocation+and+poisoning%3A+The+hard-hitting+side+of+Munchausen+syndrome+by+proxy&amp;rft.volume=119&amp;rft.issue=2&amp;rft.pages=98-102&amp;rft.date=2005-03&amp;rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1007%2Fs00414-004-0496-6&amp;rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F15578197&amp;rft.aulast=Vennemann&amp;rft.aufirst=B&amp;rft.au=Bajanowski%2C+T&amp;rft.au=Karger%2C+B&amp;rft.au=Pfeiffer%2C+H&amp;rft.au=K%C3%B6hler%2C+H&amp;rft.au=Brinkmann%2C+B&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFactitious+disorder+imposed+on+another" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></span></li>
  217. <li id="cite_note-Stirling-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Stirling_3-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Stirling_3-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Stirling_3-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation journal">Stirling J; American Academy of Pediatrics Committee on Child Abuse Neglect (May 2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://pediatrics.aappublications.org/cgi/pmidlookup?view=long&amp;pmid=17473106">"Beyond Munchausen syndrome by proxy: identification and treatment of child abuse in a medical setting"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Pediatrics_(journal)" title="Pediatrics (journal)">Pediatrics</a></i>. <b>119</b> (5): 1026–30. <a href="/wiki/Digital_object_identifier" title="Digital object identifier">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//doi.org/10.1542%2Fpeds.2007-0563">10.1542/peds.2007-0563</a>. <a href="/wiki/PubMed_Identifier" class="mw-redirect" title="PubMed Identifier">PMID</a>&#160;<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17473106">17473106</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.jtitle=Pediatrics&amp;rft.atitle=Beyond+Munchausen+syndrome+by+proxy%3A+identification+and+treatment+of+child+abuse+in+a+medical+setting&amp;rft.volume=119&amp;rft.issue=5&amp;rft.pages=1026-30&amp;rft.date=2007-05&amp;rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1542%2Fpeds.2007-0563&amp;rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F17473106&amp;rft.au=Stirling+J&amp;rft.au=American+Academy+of+Pediatrics+Committee+on+Child+Abuse+Neglect&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fpediatrics.aappublications.org%2Fcgi%2Fpmidlookup%3Fview%3Dlong%26pmid%3D17473106&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFactitious+disorder+imposed+on+another" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></span></li>
  218. <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation book">Lilienfeld, Scott O; Lynn, Steven Jay; Lohr, Jeffrey M (2014). <i>Science and pseudoscience in clinical psychology</i>. [S.l.]: Guilford. <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a>&#160;<a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781462517510" title="Special:BookSources/9781462517510">9781462517510</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.btitle=Science+and+pseudoscience+in+clinical+psychology&amp;rft.place=%5BS.l.%5D&amp;rft.pub=Guilford&amp;rft.date=2014&amp;rft.isbn=9781462517510&amp;rft.aulast=Lilienfeld&amp;rft.aufirst=Scott+O&amp;rft.au=Lynn%2C+Steven+Jay&amp;rft.au=Lohr%2C+Jeffrey+M&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFactitious+disorder+imposed+on+another" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></span></li>
  219. <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation book">Mart, Eric G. (2002). <i>Munchausen's syndrome by proxy reconsidered</i> (1st ed.). Manchester: N.H. <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a>&#160;<a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0970960009" title="Special:BookSources/978-0970960009">978-0970960009</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.btitle=Munchausen%27s+syndrome+by+proxy+reconsidered&amp;rft.place=Manchester&amp;rft.edition=1st&amp;rft.pub=N.H.&amp;rft.date=2002&amp;rft.isbn=978-0970960009&amp;rft.aulast=Mart&amp;rft.aufirst=Eric+G.&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFactitious+disorder+imposed+on+another" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></span></li>
  220. <li id="cite_note-bbc-mothers-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-bbc-mothers_6-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-bbc-mothers_6-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation news"><a href="/wiki/BBC" title="BBC">BBC</a> (17 February 2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/health/4723778.stm">"Disappointed and disheartened"</a>. <i>BBC News</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2 February</span> 2012</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.jtitle=BBC+News&amp;rft.atitle=Disappointed+and+disheartened&amp;rft.date=2006-02-17&amp;rft.au=BBC&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fnews.bbc.co.uk%2F2%2Fhi%2Fhealth%2F4723778.stm&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFactitious+disorder+imposed+on+another" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></span></li>
  221. <li id="cite_note-criddle-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-criddle_7-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-criddle_7-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-criddle_7-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-criddle_7-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-criddle_7-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-criddle_7-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-criddle_7-6"><sup><i><b>g</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation journal">Criddle, L. (2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.aacn.org/WD/CETests/Media/C106.pdf">"Monsters in the Closet: Munchausen Syndrome by Proxy"</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(PDF)</span>. <i>CriticalCareNurse</i>. American Association of Critical-Care Nurses. <b>30</b> (6): 46–55. <a href="/wiki/Digital_object_identifier" title="Digital object identifier">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//doi.org/10.4037%2Fccn201073">10.4037/ccn201073</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2 February</span> 2012</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.jtitle=CriticalCareNurse&amp;rft.atitle=Monsters+in+the+Closet%3A+Munchausen+Syndrome+by+Proxy&amp;rft.volume=30&amp;rft.issue=6&amp;rft.pages=46-55&amp;rft.date=2010&amp;rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.4037%2Fccn201073&amp;rft.au=Criddle%2C+L.&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.aacn.org%2FWD%2FCETests%2FMedia%2FC106.pdf&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFactitious+disorder+imposed+on+another" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></span></li>
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  223. <li id="cite_note-Sheridan-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Sheridan_9-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Sheridan_9-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Sheridan_9-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Sheridan_9-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Sheridan_9-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation journal">Sheridan, Mary S. (April 2003). "The deceit continues: an updated literature review of Munchausen Syndrome by proxy". <i>Child Abuse Negl</i>. <b>27</b> (4): 431–451. <a href="/wiki/Digital_object_identifier" title="Digital object identifier">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//doi.org/10.1016%2FS0145-2134%2803%2900030-9">10.1016/S0145-2134(03)00030-9</a>. <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Serial_Number" title="International Standard Serial Number">ISSN</a>&#160;<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.worldcat.org/issn/0145-2134">0145-2134</a>. <a href="/wiki/PubMed_Identifier" class="mw-redirect" title="PubMed Identifier">PMID</a>&#160;<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12686328">12686328</a>. Unknown ID:668TR.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.jtitle=Child+Abuse+Negl&amp;rft.atitle=The+deceit+continues%3A+an+updated+literature+review+of+Munchausen+Syndrome+by+proxy&amp;rft.volume=27&amp;rft.issue=4&amp;rft.pages=431-451&amp;rft.date=2003-04&amp;rft.issn=0145-2134&amp;rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F12686328&amp;rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2FS0145-2134%2803%2900030-9&amp;rft.aulast=Sheridan&amp;rft.aufirst=Mary+S.&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFactitious+disorder+imposed+on+another" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></span></li>
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  227. <li id="cite_note-libow-adulthood-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-libow-adulthood_13-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation journal">Libow, JA. (1995). "Munchausen by proxy victims in adulthood: a first look". <i>Child Abuse Negl</i>. <b>19</b> (9): 1131–1142. <a href="/wiki/Digital_object_identifier" title="Digital object identifier">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//doi.org/10.1016%2F0145-2134%2895%2900073-H">10.1016/0145-2134(95)00073-H</a>. <a href="/wiki/PubMed_Identifier" class="mw-redirect" title="PubMed Identifier">PMID</a>&#160;<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/8528818">8528818</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.jtitle=Child+Abuse+Negl&amp;rft.atitle=Munchausen+by+proxy+victims+in+adulthood%3A+a+first+look&amp;rft.volume=19&amp;rft.issue=9&amp;rft.pages=1131-1142&amp;rft.date=1995&amp;rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2F0145-2134%2895%2900073-H&amp;rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F8528818&amp;rft.au=Libow%2C+JA.&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFactitious+disorder+imposed+on+another" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></span></li>
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  233. <li id="cite_note-DSM-IV-TR-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-DSM-IV-TR_19-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation book"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=3SQrtpnHb9MC"><i>Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders: DSM-IV-TR</i></a>. <a href="/wiki/American_Psychiatric_Association" title="American Psychiatric Association">American Psychiatric Association</a>, Task Force on DSM-IV. 2000. <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a>&#160;<a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-89042-025-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-89042-025-6">978-0-89042-025-6</a>. <a href="/wiki/Library_of_Congress_Control_Number" title="Library of Congress Control Number">LCCN</a>&#160;<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//lccn.loc.gov/00024852">00024852</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.btitle=Diagnostic+and+statistical+manual+of+mental+disorders%3A+DSM-IV-TR&amp;rft.pub=American+Psychiatric+Association%2C+Task+Force+on+DSM-IV&amp;rft.date=2000&amp;rft_id=info%3Alccn%2F00024852&amp;rft.isbn=978-0-89042-025-6&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D3SQrtpnHb9MC&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFactitious+disorder+imposed+on+another" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></span></li>
  234. <li id="cite_note-FII-UK-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FII-UK_20-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.patient.info/doctor/Munchausen-Syndrome-By-Proxy.htm">"Fabricated or Induced Illness by Carers (FII)"</a>. <i>Professional Reference</i>. patient.info<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2 February</span> 2012</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft.jtitle=Professional+Reference&amp;rft.atitle=Fabricated+or+Induced+Illness+by+Carers+%28FII%29&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.patient.info%2Fdoctor%2FMunchausen-Syndrome-By-Proxy.htm&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFactitious+disorder+imposed+on+another" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></span></li>
  235. <li id="cite_note-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-21">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web">de Silva, Prof. D.G. Harendra; Hobbs, Dr Christopher J. (2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.searo.who.int/linkfiles/publications_sea-injuries-6.pdf">"Managing Child Abuse: A Handbook for Medical Officers"</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(PDF)</span>. <a href="/wiki/World_Health_Organization" title="World Health Organization">World Health Organization</a>. pp.&#160;36–38<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">30 January</span> 2012</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft.btitle=Managing+Child+Abuse%3A+A+Handbook+for+Medical+Officers&amp;rft.pages=36-38&amp;rft.pub=World+Health+Organization&amp;rft.date=2004&amp;rft.au=de+Silva%2C+Prof.+D.G.+Harendra&amp;rft.au=Hobbs%2C+Dr+Christopher+J.&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.searo.who.int%2Flinkfiles%2Fpublications_sea-injuries-6.pdf&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFactitious+disorder+imposed+on+another" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></span></li>
  236. <li id="cite_note-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-22">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation journal">Schreier, H. (2002). "Munchausen by Proxy Defined". <i>Pediatrics</i>. <b>110</b> (5): 985–8. <a href="/wiki/Digital_object_identifier" title="Digital object identifier">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//doi.org/10.1542%2Fpeds.110.5.985">10.1542/peds.110.5.985</a>. <a href="/wiki/PubMed_Identifier" class="mw-redirect" title="PubMed Identifier">PMID</a>&#160;<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12415040">12415040</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.jtitle=Pediatrics&amp;rft.atitle=Munchausen+by+Proxy+Defined&amp;rft.volume=110&amp;rft.issue=5&amp;rft.pages=985-8&amp;rft.date=2002&amp;rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1542%2Fpeds.110.5.985&amp;rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F12415040&amp;rft.aulast=Schreier&amp;rft.aufirst=H.&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFactitious+disorder+imposed+on+another" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></span></li>
  237. <li id="cite_note-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-23">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation journal">"Meadow and Munchausen". <i>The Lancet</i>. <b>321</b> (8322): 456. 1983. <a href="/wiki/Digital_object_identifier" title="Digital object identifier">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//doi.org/10.1016%2FS0140-6736%2883%2991450-2">10.1016/S0140-6736(83)91450-2</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.jtitle=The+Lancet&amp;rft.atitle=Meadow+and+Munchausen&amp;rft.volume=321&amp;rft.issue=8322&amp;rft.pages=456&amp;rft.date=1983&amp;rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2FS0140-6736%2883%2991450-2&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFactitious+disorder+imposed+on+another" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></span></li>
  238. <li id="cite_note-Lazoritz1987-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Lazoritz1987_24-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation journal">Lazoritz, S. (September 1987). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.thelancet.com/journals/lancet/article/PIIS0140-6736(87)93025-X/fulltext">"Munchausen by proxy or Meadow's syndrome?"</a>. <i>The Lancet</i>. <b>330</b> (8559): 631. <a href="/wiki/Digital_object_identifier" title="Digital object identifier">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//doi.org/10.1016%2FS0140-6736%2887%2993025-X">10.1016/S0140-6736(87)93025-X</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.jtitle=The+Lancet&amp;rft.atitle=Munchausen+by+proxy+or+Meadow%27s+syndrome%3F&amp;rft.volume=330&amp;rft.issue=8559&amp;rft.pages=631&amp;rft.date=1987-09&amp;rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2FS0140-6736%2887%2993025-X&amp;rft.au=Lazoritz%2C+S.&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.thelancet.com%2Fjournals%2Flancet%2Farticle%2FPIIS0140-6736%2887%2993025-X%2Ffulltext&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFactitious+disorder+imposed+on+another" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></span></li>
  239. <li id="cite_note-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-25">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation journal">Burman D, Stevens D (27 August 1977). "Munchausen family". <i>The Lancet</i>. London. <b>310</b> (8035): 456. <a href="/wiki/Digital_object_identifier" title="Digital object identifier">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//doi.org/10.1016%2FS0140-6736%2877%2990639-0">10.1016/S0140-6736(77)90639-0</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.jtitle=The+Lancet&amp;rft.atitle=Munchausen+family&amp;rft.volume=310&amp;rft.issue=8035&amp;rft.pages=456&amp;rft.date=1977-08-27&amp;rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2FS0140-6736%2877%2990639-0&amp;rft.aulast=Burman&amp;rft.aufirst=D&amp;rft.au=Stevens%2C+D&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFactitious+disorder+imposed+on+another" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></span></li>
  240. <li id="cite_note-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-26">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation journal">Verity, CM; Winckworth, C; Burman, D; Stevens, D; White, RJ (18 August 1979). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1595620">"Polle syndrome: children of Munchausen"</a>. <i>British Medical Journal</i>. <b>2</b> (6187): 422–423. <a href="/wiki/Digital_object_identifier" title="Digital object identifier">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//doi.org/10.1136%2Fbmj.2.6187.422">10.1136/bmj.2.6187.422</a>. <a href="/wiki/PubMed_Central" title="PubMed Central">PMC</a>&#160;<span class="plainlinks"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1595620">1595620</a> <img alt="Freely accessible" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Lock-green.svg/9px-Lock-green.svg.png" title="Freely accessible" width="9" height="14" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Lock-green.svg/14px-Lock-green.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Lock-green.svg/18px-Lock-green.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="813" /></span>. <a href="/wiki/PubMed_Identifier" class="mw-redirect" title="PubMed Identifier">PMID</a>&#160;<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/486971">486971</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.jtitle=British+Medical+Journal&amp;rft.atitle=Polle+syndrome%3A+children+of+Munchausen&amp;rft.volume=2&amp;rft.issue=6187&amp;rft.pages=422-423&amp;rft.date=1979-08-18&amp;rft_id=%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC1595620&amp;rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F486971&amp;rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1136%2Fbmj.2.6187.422&amp;rft.aulast=Verity&amp;rft.aufirst=CM&amp;rft.au=Winckworth%2C+C&amp;rft.au=Burman%2C+D&amp;rft.au=Stevens%2C+D&amp;rft.au=White%2C+RJ&amp;rft_id=%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC1595620&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFactitious+disorder+imposed+on+another" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></span></li>
  241. <li id="cite_note-MBP-Polle-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-MBP-Polle_27-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-MBP-Polle_27-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation journal">Meadow R, Lennert T (October 1984). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://pediatrics.aappublications.org/cgi/content/abstract/74/4/554">"Munchausen syndrome by proxy or Polle syndrome: which term is correct?"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Pediatrics_(journal)" title="Pediatrics (journal)">Pediatrics</a></i>. <b>74</b> (4): 554–55. <a href="/wiki/PubMed_Identifier" class="mw-redirect" title="PubMed Identifier">PMID</a>&#160;<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/6384913">6384913</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.jtitle=Pediatrics&amp;rft.atitle=Munchausen+syndrome+by+proxy+or+Polle+syndrome%3A+which+term+is+correct%3F&amp;rft.volume=74&amp;rft.issue=4&amp;rft.pages=554-55&amp;rft.date=1984-10&amp;rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F6384913&amp;rft.aulast=Meadow&amp;rft.aufirst=R&amp;rft.au=Lennert%2C+T&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fpediatrics.aappublications.org%2Fcgi%2Fcontent%2Fabstract%2F74%2F4%2F554&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFactitious+disorder+imposed+on+another" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></span></li>
  242. <li id="cite_note-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-28">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation journal">Haddy, R. (1993). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://archfami.ama-assn.org/cgi/reprint/2/2/141">"The Münchhausen of Munchausen Syndrome: A Historical Perspective"</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(PDF)</span>. <i>Archives of Family Medicine</i>. <b>2</b> (2): 141–42. <a href="/wiki/Digital_object_identifier" title="Digital object identifier">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//doi.org/10.1001%2Farchfami.2.2.141">10.1001/archfami.2.2.141</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.jtitle=Archives+of+Family+Medicine&amp;rft.atitle=The+M%C3%BCnchhausen+of+Munchausen+Syndrome%3A+A+Historical+Perspective&amp;rft.volume=2&amp;rft.issue=2&amp;rft.pages=141-42&amp;rft.date=1993&amp;rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1001%2Farchfami.2.2.141&amp;rft.au=Haddy%2C+R.&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Farchfami.ama-assn.org%2Fcgi%2Freprint%2F2%2F2%2F141&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFactitious+disorder+imposed+on+another" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></span></li>
  243. <li id="cite_note-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-29">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation journal">Ferrara, P; Vitelli, O; Bottaro, G; Gatto, A; Liberatore, P; Binetti, P; Stabile, A (December 2013). "Factitious disorders and Munchausen syndrome: the tip of the iceberg". <i>Journal of child health care&#160;: for professionals working with children in the hospital and community</i>. <b>17</b> (4): 366–74. <a href="/wiki/PubMed_Identifier" class="mw-redirect" title="PubMed Identifier">PMID</a>&#160;<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23411659">23411659</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.jtitle=Journal+of+child+health+care+%3A+for+professionals+working+with+children+in+the+hospital+and+community&amp;rft.atitle=Factitious+disorders+and+Munchausen+syndrome%3A+the+tip+of+the+iceberg.&amp;rft.volume=17&amp;rft.issue=4&amp;rft.pages=366-74&amp;rft.date=2013-12&amp;rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F23411659&amp;rft.aulast=Ferrara&amp;rft.aufirst=P&amp;rft.au=Vitelli%2C+O&amp;rft.au=Bottaro%2C+G&amp;rft.au=Gatto%2C+A&amp;rft.au=Liberatore%2C+P&amp;rft.au=Binetti%2C+P&amp;rft.au=Stabile%2C+A&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFactitious+disorder+imposed+on+another" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></span></li>
  244. <li id="cite_note-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-30">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>See</i> <a href="/wiki/Anna_Motz" title="Anna Motz">Anna Motz</a>'s <i>The Psychology of Female Violence: Crimes Against the Body</i> (Routledge, 2001 <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a>&#160;<a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-415-12675-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-415-12675-5">978-0-415-12675-5</a>, 2nd ed. forthcoming 2008 <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a>&#160;<a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-415-40387-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-415-40387-0">978-0-415-40387-0</a>).</span></li>
  245. <li id="cite_note-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-31">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://emedicine.medscape.com/article/291304-overview">Factitious Disorder Imposed on Self</a></i> at <a href="/wiki/EMedicine" title="EMedicine">eMedicine</a></span></li>
  246. <li id="cite_note-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-32">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation book">McCoy, Monica L.; Keen, Stefanie M. (2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=ZCkVAgAAQBAJ&amp;pg=PA210&amp;dq=%22Munchausen+Syndrome%22+%22Baron+Munchausen%22&amp;hl=en&amp;sa=X&amp;ei=i7-fVdKsJIGyeqTlg-gJ&amp;ved=0CB0Q6AEwAA#v=onepage&amp;q=%22Munchausen%20Syndrome%22%20%22Baron%20Munchausen%22&amp;f=false"><i>Child Abuse and Neglect: Second Edition</i></a>. Psychology Press. p.&#160;210. <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a>&#160;<a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1136322876" title="Special:BookSources/1136322876">1136322876</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">July 10,</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.btitle=Child+Abuse+and+Neglect%3A+Second+Edition&amp;rft.pages=210&amp;rft.pub=Psychology+Press&amp;rft.date=2013&amp;rft.isbn=1136322876&amp;rft.aulast=McCoy&amp;rft.aufirst=Monica+L.&amp;rft.au=Keen%2C+Stefanie+M.&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DZCkVAgAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA210%26dq%3D%2522Munchausen%2BSyndrome%2522%2B%2522Baron%2BMunchausen%2522%26hl%3Den%26sa%3DX%26ei%3Di7-fVdKsJIGyeqTlg-gJ%26ved%3D0CB0Q6AEwAA%23v%3Donepage%26q%3D%2522Munchausen%2520Syndrome%2522%2520%2522Baron%2520Munchausen%2522%26f%3Dfalse&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFactitious+disorder+imposed+on+another" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></span></li>
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  262. <li id="cite_note-48"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-48">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation news"><a href="/wiki/BBC" title="BBC">BBC</a> (11 April 2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/uk_news/england/somerset/4431851.stm">"Anthony latest mother to be freed"</a>. <i>BBC News</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2 February</span> 2012</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.jtitle=BBC+News&amp;rft.atitle=Anthony+latest+mother+to+be+freed&amp;rft.date=2005-04-11&amp;rft.au=BBC&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fnews.bbc.co.uk%2F2%2Fhi%2Fuk_news%2Fengland%2Fsomerset%2F4431851.stm&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFactitious+disorder+imposed+on+another" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></span></li>
  263. <li id="cite_note-bbc-struck-off-49"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-bbc-struck-off_49-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation news"><a href="/wiki/BBC" title="BBC">BBC</a> (15 July 2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/health/4685511.stm">"Sir Roy Meadow struck off by GMC"</a>. <i>BBC News</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2 February</span> 2012</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.jtitle=BBC+News&amp;rft.atitle=Sir+Roy+Meadow+struck+off+by+GMC&amp;rft.date=2005-07-15&amp;rft.au=BBC&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fnews.bbc.co.uk%2F2%2Fhi%2Fhealth%2F4685511.stm&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFactitious+disorder+imposed+on+another" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></span></li>
  264. <li id="cite_note-50"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-50">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>Meadow v. General Medical Council</i> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.bailii.org/ew/cases/EWHC/Admin/2006/146.html#para57">[2006] EWHC 146 (Admin)</a> at para. 57 (17 February 2006)</span></li>
  265. <li id="cite_note-bbc-doctor-wins-51"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-bbc-doctor-wins_51-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation news"><a href="/wiki/BBC" title="BBC">BBC</a> (17 February 2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/health/4720334.stm">"Sally Clark doctor wins GMC case"</a>. <i>BBC News</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2 February</span> 2012</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.jtitle=BBC+News&amp;rft.atitle=Sally+Clark+doctor+wins+GMC+case&amp;rft.date=2006-02-17&amp;rft.au=BBC&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fnews.bbc.co.uk%2F2%2Fhi%2Fhealth%2F4720334.stm&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFactitious+disorder+imposed+on+another" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></span></li>
  266. <li id="cite_note-52"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-52">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>Meadow v. General Medical Council</i> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.bailii.org/ew/cases/EWHC/Admin/2006/146.html#para21–26">[2006] EWHC 146 (Admin)</a> at para. 21–26 (17 February 2006)</span></li>
  267. <li id="cite_note-53"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-53">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation journal">Perri, Frank; Lichtenwald, Terrance (2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.all-about-forensic-psychology.com/support-files/female-psychopathic-killers.pdf">"The Last Frontier: Myths &amp; The Female Psychopathic Killer"</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(PDF)</span>. <i>Forensic Examiner</i>. <b>19</b> (2): 50–67.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.jtitle=Forensic+Examiner&amp;rft.atitle=The+Last+Frontier%3A+Myths+%26+The+Female+Psychopathic+Killer&amp;rft.volume=19&amp;rft.issue=2&amp;rft.pages=50-67&amp;rft.date=2010&amp;rft.aulast=Perri&amp;rft.aufirst=Frank&amp;rft.au=Lichtenwald%2C+Terrance&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.all-about-forensic-psychology.com%2Fsupport-files%2Ffemale-psychopathic-killers.pdf&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFactitious+disorder+imposed+on+another" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></span></li>
  268. <li id="cite_note-covert-video-54"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-covert-video_54-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation journal"><a href="/wiki/David_Southall" title="David Southall">Southall, D.P.</a>, Plunkett, M.C., Blanks, M.W., Falkov, A.F. &amp; Samuels, M.P. (1997). "Covert video recordings of life-threatening child abuse; lessons for child protection". <i><a href="/wiki/Pediatrics_(journal)" title="Pediatrics (journal)">Pediatrics</a></i>. <b>100</b> (5): 735–760. <a href="/wiki/Digital_object_identifier" title="Digital object identifier">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//doi.org/10.1542%2Fpeds.100.5.735">10.1542/peds.100.5.735</a>. <a href="/wiki/PubMed_Identifier" class="mw-redirect" title="PubMed Identifier">PMID</a>&#160;<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/9346973">9346973</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.jtitle=Pediatrics&amp;rft.atitle=Covert+video+recordings+of+life-threatening+child+abuse%3B+lessons+for+child+protection&amp;rft.volume=100&amp;rft.issue=5&amp;rft.pages=735-760&amp;rft.date=1997&amp;rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1542%2Fpeds.100.5.735&amp;rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F9346973&amp;rft.au=Southall%2C+D.P.%2C+Plunkett%2C+M.C.%2C+Blanks%2C+M.W.%2C+Falkov%2C+A.F.+%26+Samuels%2C+M.P.&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFactitious+disorder+imposed+on+another" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span><span class="citation-comment" style="display:none; color:#33aa33; margin-left:0.3em">CS1 maint: Multiple names: authors list (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_Multiple_names:_authors_list" title="Category:CS1 maint: Multiple names: authors list">link</a>)</span></span></li>
  269. <li id="cite_note-R_v_LM-55"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-R_v_LM_55-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>R v LM</i> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.austlii.edu.au/au/cases/qld/QCA/2004/192.html">[2004] QCA 192</a> at para. 67 (4 June 2004)</span></li>
  270. <li id="cite_note-56"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-56">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>Ibid.</i>, at para. 71</span></li>
  271. <li id="cite_note-57"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-57">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>A County Council v A Mother and A Father and X, Y, Z children</i> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.bailii.org/ew/cases/EWHC/Fam/2005/31.html">[2005] EWHC 31 (Fam)</a> (18 January 2005)</span></li>
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  273. <li id="cite_note-Leckie20-59"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Leckie20_59-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation news">Leckie, Kate (2007-11-20). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.fredericknewspost.com/sections/news/display.htm?StoryID=67885">"Military wife faces assault charges for making daughter sick"</a>. Frederick News Post<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2007-11-24</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.atitle=Military+wife+faces+assault+charges+for+making+daughter+sick&amp;rft.date=2007-11-20&amp;rft.aulast=Leckie&amp;rft.aufirst=Kate&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.fredericknewspost.com%2Fsections%2Fnews%2Fdisplay.htm%3FStoryID%3D67885&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFactitious+disorder+imposed+on+another" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></span></li>
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  277. <li id="cite_note-63"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-63">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation news">Candiotti, Susan (October 7, 1999). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.cnn.com/US/9910/07/munchausen.verdict/">"Mother found guilty of child abuse, fraud for making daughter sick"</a>. CNN.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.atitle=Mother+found+guilty+of+child+abuse%2C+fraud+for+making+daughter+sick&amp;rft.date=1999-10-07&amp;rft.aulast=Candiotti&amp;rft.aufirst=Susan&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.cnn.com%2FUS%2F9910%2F07%2Fmunchausen.verdict%2F&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFactitious+disorder+imposed+on+another" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></span></li>
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  281. <li id="cite_note-N-L_Marc_Feldman_story-67"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-N-L_Marc_Feldman_story_67-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation news">Keegan, Harrison (July 6, 2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.news-leader.com/story/news/crime/2016/07/06/munchausen-expert-says-gypsy-blanchard-case-unprecedented/86763054/">"Munchausen expert says Gypsy Blanchard case is unprecedented"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Springfield_News-Leader" title="Springfield News-Leader">Springfield News-Leader</a></i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">June 2,</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.jtitle=Springfield+News-Leader&amp;rft.atitle=Munchausen+expert+says+Gypsy+Blanchard+case+is+unprecedented&amp;rft.date=2016-07-06&amp;rft.aulast=Keegan&amp;rft.aufirst=Harrison&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.news-leader.com%2Fstory%2Fnews%2Fcrime%2F2016%2F07%2F06%2Fmunchausen-expert-says-gypsy-blanchard-case-unprecedented%2F86763054%2F&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFactitious+disorder+imposed+on+another" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></span></li>
  282. <li id="cite_note-68"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-68">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="http://www.cosmopolitan.com/entertainment/tv/a9659096/mommy-dead-and-dearest-dee-dee-blanchard-documentary-recap/">http://www.cosmopolitan.com/entertainment/tv/a9659096/mommy-dead-and-dearest-dee-dee-blanchard-documentary-recap/</a></span></li>
  283. <li id="cite_note-69"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-69">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation journal">Tucker HS, Finlay F, Guiton S (2002). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1719226">"Munchausen syndrome involving pets by proxies"</a>. <i>Arch. Dis. Child</i>. <b>87</b> (3): 263. <a href="/wiki/Digital_object_identifier" title="Digital object identifier">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//doi.org/10.1136%2Fadc.87.3.263">10.1136/adc.87.3.263</a>. <a href="/wiki/PubMed_Central" title="PubMed Central">PMC</a>&#160;<span class="plainlinks"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1719226">1719226</a> <img alt="Freely accessible" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Lock-green.svg/9px-Lock-green.svg.png" title="Freely accessible" width="9" height="14" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Lock-green.svg/14px-Lock-green.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Lock-green.svg/18px-Lock-green.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="813" /></span>. <a href="/wiki/PubMed_Identifier" class="mw-redirect" title="PubMed Identifier">PMID</a>&#160;<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12193455">12193455</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.jtitle=Arch.+Dis.+Child.&amp;rft.atitle=Munchausen+syndrome+involving+pets+by+proxies&amp;rft.volume=87&amp;rft.issue=3&amp;rft.pages=263&amp;rft.date=2002&amp;rft_id=%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC1719226&amp;rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F12193455&amp;rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1136%2Fadc.87.3.263&amp;rft.aulast=Tucker&amp;rft.aufirst=HS&amp;rft.au=Finlay%2C+F&amp;rft.au=Guiton%2C+S&amp;rft_id=%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC1719226&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFactitious+disorder+imposed+on+another" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></span></li>
  284. </ol>
  285. </div>
  286. <h2><span class="mw-headline" id="Bibliography">Bibliography</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Factitious_disorder_imposed_on_another&amp;action=edit&amp;section=15" title="Edit section: Bibliography">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h2>
  287. <ul>
  288. <li><a href="/wiki/Leila_Schneps" title="Leila Schneps">Leila Schneps</a> and <a href="/wiki/Coralie_Colmez" title="Coralie Colmez">Coralie Colmez</a>, <i>Math on trial. How numbers get used and abused in the courtroom</i>, Basic Books, 2013. <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a>&#160;<a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-465-03292-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-465-03292-1">978-0-465-03292-1</a>. (First chapter: "Math error number 1: multiplying non-independent probabilities. The case of <a href="/wiki/Sally_Clark" title="Sally Clark">Sally Clark</a>: motherhood under attack").</li>
  289. </ul>
  290. <div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Abuse" style="padding:3px">
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  302. </th>
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  305. <th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Abuse#Types_and_contexts_of_abuse" title="Abuse">Types</a></th>
  306. <td class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px">
  307. <div style="padding:0em 0.25em">
  308. <ul>
  309. <li><a href="/wiki/Abuse_during_childbirth" title="Abuse during childbirth">Abuse during childbirth</a></li>
  310. <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-social_behaviour" title="Anti-social behaviour">Anti-social behaviour</a></li>
  311. <li><a href="/wiki/Bullying" title="Bullying">Bullying</a></li>
  312. <li><a href="/wiki/Child_abuse" title="Child abuse">Child abuse</a> (<a href="/wiki/Child_neglect" title="Child neglect">neglect</a>, <a href="/wiki/Child_sexual_abuse" title="Child sexual abuse">sexual</a>)</li>
  313. <li><a href="/wiki/Cruelty_to_animals" title="Cruelty to animals">Cruelty to animals</a></li>
  314. <li><a href="/wiki/Domestic_violence" title="Domestic violence">Domestic abuse</a></li>
  315. <li><a href="/wiki/Elder_abuse" title="Elder abuse">Elder abuse</a></li>
  316. <li><a href="/wiki/Gaslighting" title="Gaslighting">Gaslighting</a></li>
  317. <li><a href="/wiki/Harassment" title="Harassment">Harassment</a></li>
  318. <li><a href="/wiki/Humiliation" title="Humiliation">Humiliation</a></li>
  319. <li><a href="/wiki/Incivility" title="Incivility">Incivility</a></li>
  320. <li><a href="/wiki/Institutional_abuse" title="Institutional abuse">Institutional abuse</a></li>
  321. <li><a href="/wiki/Intimidation" title="Intimidation">Intimidation</a></li>
  322. <li><a href="/wiki/Neglect" title="Neglect">Neglect</a></li>
  323. <li><a href="/wiki/Persecution" title="Persecution">Persecution</a></li>
  324. <li><a href="/wiki/Professional_abuse" title="Professional abuse">Professional abuse</a></li>
  325. <li><a href="/wiki/Flying_monkeys_(psychology)" title="Flying monkeys (psychology)">Proxy abuse</a></li>
  326. <li><a href="/wiki/Psychological_abuse" title="Psychological abuse">Psychological abuse</a></li>
  327. <li><a href="/wiki/Physical_abuse" title="Physical abuse">Physical abuse</a></li>
  328. <li><a href="/wiki/Religious_abuse" title="Religious abuse">Religious abuse</a></li>
  329. <li><a href="/wiki/Sexual_abuse" title="Sexual abuse">Sexual abuse</a></li>
  330. <li><a href="/wiki/Stalking" title="Stalking">Stalking</a></li>
  331. <li><a href="/wiki/Structural_abuse" title="Structural abuse">Structural abuse</a></li>
  332. <li><a href="/wiki/Verbal_abuse" title="Verbal abuse">Verbal abuse</a></li>
  333. <li><i><a href="/wiki/Abuse#Types_and_contexts_of_abuse" title="Abuse">more...</a></i></li>
  334. </ul>
  335. </div>
  336. </td>
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  339. <th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related topics</th>
  340. <td class="navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px">
  341. <div style="padding:0em 0.25em">
  342. <ul>
  343. <li><a href="/wiki/Abusive_power_and_control" title="Abusive power and control">Abusive power and control</a></li>
  344. <li><a href="/wiki/Child_grooming" title="Child grooming">Child grooming</a></li>
  345. <li><a href="/wiki/Complex_post-traumatic_stress_disorder" title="Complex post-traumatic stress disorder">Complex post-traumatic stress disorder</a></li>
  346. <li><a href="/wiki/Dehumanization" title="Dehumanization">Dehumanization</a></li>
  347. <li><a href="/wiki/Denial" title="Denial">Denial</a></li>
  348. <li><a href="/wiki/Destabilisation" title="Destabilisation">Destabilisation</a></li>
  349. <li><a href="/wiki/Exaggeration" title="Exaggeration">Exaggeration</a></li>
  350. <li><a href="/wiki/Isolation_to_facilitate_abuse" title="Isolation to facilitate abuse">Isolation</a></li>
  351. <li><a href="/wiki/Just-world_hypothesis" title="Just-world hypothesis">Just-world hypothesis</a></li>
  352. <li><a href="/wiki/Lie" title="Lie">Lying</a></li>
  353. <li><a href="/wiki/Psychological_manipulation" title="Psychological manipulation">Manipulation</a></li>
  354. <li><a href="/wiki/Minimisation_(psychology)" title="Minimisation (psychology)">Minimisation</a></li>
  355. <li><a href="/wiki/Narcissism" title="Narcissism">Narcissism</a></li>
  356. <li><a href="/wiki/Psychological_projection" title="Psychological projection">Psychological projection</a></li>
  357. <li><a href="/wiki/Psychological_trauma" title="Psychological trauma">Psychological trauma</a></li>
  358. <li><a href="/wiki/Psychopathy" title="Psychopathy">Psychopathy</a></li>
  359. <li><a href="/wiki/Rationalization_(psychology)" title="Rationalization (psychology)">Rationalization</a></li>
  360. <li><a href="/wiki/Traumatic_bonding" title="Traumatic bonding">Traumatic bonding</a></li>
  361. <li><a href="/wiki/Victim_blaming" title="Victim blaming">Victim blaming</a></li>
  362. <li><a href="/wiki/Victim_playing" title="Victim playing">Victim playing</a></li>
  363. <li><a href="/wiki/Victimisation" title="Victimisation">Victimisation</a></li>
  364. </ul>
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  381. <div id="Baron_Munchausen" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Baron_Munchausen" title="Baron Munchausen">Baron Munchausen</a></div>
  382. </th>
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  385. <th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Authors</th>
  386. <td class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px">
  387. <div style="padding:0em 0.25em">
  388. <ul>
  389. <li><a href="/wiki/Rudolf_Erich_Raspe" title="Rudolf Erich Raspe">Rudolf Erich Raspe</a></li>
  390. <li><a href="/wiki/Gottfried_August_B%C3%BCrger" title="Gottfried August Bürger">Gottfried August Bürger</a></li>
  391. </ul>
  392. </div>
  393. </td>
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  395. <tr>
  396. <th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Films</th>
  397. <td class="navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px">
  398. <div style="padding:0em 0.25em">
  399. <ul>
  400. <li><i><a href="/wiki/Baron_Munchausen%27s_Dream" title="Baron Munchausen's Dream">Baron Munchausen's Dream</a></i> (1911)</li>
  401. <li><i><a href="/wiki/Meet_the_Baron" title="Meet the Baron">Meet the Baron</a></i> (1933)</li>
  402. <li><i><a href="/wiki/Baron_Pr%C3%A1%C5%A1il_(film)" title="Baron Prášil (film)">Baron Prášil</a></i> (1940)</li>
  403. <li><i><a href="/wiki/M%C3%BCnchhausen_(film)" title="Münchhausen (film)">Münchhausen</a></i> (1943)</li>
  404. <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Fabulous_Baron_Munchausen" title="The Fabulous Baron Munchausen">The Fabulous Baron Munchausen</a></i> (1961)</li>
  405. <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Very_Same_Munchhausen" title="The Very Same Munchhausen">The Very Same Munchhausen</a></i> (1979)</li>
  406. <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Secret_of_the_Selenites" title="The Secret of the Selenites">The Secret of the Selenites</a></i> (1984)</li>
  407. <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Adventures_of_Baron_Munchausen" title="The Adventures of Baron Munchausen">The Adventures of Baron Munchausen</a></i> (1988)</li>
  408. </ul>
  409. </div>
  410. </td>
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  413. <th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related</th>
  414. <td class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px">
  415. <div style="padding:0em 0.25em">
  416. <ul>
  417. <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Extraordinary_Adventures_of_Baron_Munchausen" title="The Extraordinary Adventures of Baron Munchausen">The Extraordinary Adventures of Baron Munchausen</a></i> (game)</li>
  418. <li><a href="/wiki/Munchausen_syndrome" class="mw-redirect" title="Munchausen syndrome">Munchausen syndrome</a></li>
  419. <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Munchausen syndrome by proxy</a></li>
  420. <li><a href="/wiki/Munchausen_by_Internet" title="Munchausen by Internet">Munchausen by Internet</a></li>
  421. <li><a href="/wiki/M%C3%BCnchhausen_trilemma" title="Münchhausen trilemma">Münchhausen trilemma</a></li>
  422. <li><a href="/wiki/Munchausen_number" class="mw-redirect" title="Munchausen number">Munchausen number</a></li>
  423. <li><a href="/wiki/14014_M%C3%BCnchhausen" class="mw-redirect" title="14014 Münchhausen">14014 Münchhausen</a></li>
  424. </ul>
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