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Matteo Ricci (Renaissance and Reformation)

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  1. Introduction
  2.  
  3. Matteo Ricci (b. 1553–d. 1610) was born in Macerata in the Papal States. In 1571 he joined the Society of Jesus in Rome and studied at the Collegium Romanum before volunteering for overseas missions. In 1578 Ricci arrived in Goa and served in Portuguese India for three years before traveling on to Macao. In 1583 Ricci accompanied Michele Ruggieri to Zhaoqing, establishing the first Jesuit residence in China. Learning the Chinese language and classics, Ricci also transmitted Western scientific, philosophical, and religious knowledge, rising in the society of Ming China, as he made his way from the South to the imperial capital in Beijing, where he died in 1610 and won posthumous fame as the most famous missionary to China.
  4.  
  5. General Overviews
  6.  
  7. To understand Ricci, one should start by knowing his world, which encompassed both Catholic Europe of the Counter-Reformation, Portuguese India, and China in the late Ming dynasty. The following titles represent selected works that illustrate that world and are divided into three subsections on the European World at the time of Ricci, Iberia in Asia and the Jesuit Missions, and Religion in Late Imperial China.
  8.  
  9. The European World
  10.  
  11. While Boxer 1978 gives a broad overview of the symbiosis between Iberian maritime expansion and Catholic overseas missions, the detailed research in Delumeau 1957–1959 gives a deep background to mid-16th-century Rome, a city that shaped the young Ricci. In Roscioni 2001, a study of petitions by Jesuits to go abroad, we gain an insight into the emotional world of would-be missionaries. Finally, in the authoritative Alden 1996, we can see Ricci in the larger context of the history of the Society of Jesus in Portugal and her dominions.
  12.  
  13. Alden, Dauril. The Making of an Enterprise: The Society of Jesus in Portugal, Its Empire, and Beyond, 1540–1750. Stanford, CA: Stanford University Press, 1996.
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  15. The most comprehensive study of the history of the Jesuits in Portugal and her dominions.
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  17. Boxer, Charles. The Church Militant and Iberian Expansion, 1440–1770. Johns Hopkins Symposia in Comparative History 10. Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press, 1978.
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  19. A succinct and general introduction to the relationship between Catholic missions and the Iberian maritime empires.
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  21. Delumeau, Jean. Vie économique et sociale de Rome dans la seconde moitié du XVIe siècle. 2 vols. Bibliothèque des Écoles Françaises d’Athènes et de Rome 184. Paris: de Boccard, 1957–1959.
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  23. Detailed study of the social and economic life of the Papal States and Rome in the second half of the 16th century.
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  25. Roscioni, Gian Carlo. Il desiderio delle Indie: Storie, sogni e fughe di giovani gesuiti italiani. Saggi 837. Turin, Italy: G. Einaudi, 2001.
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  27. A study of the letters sent by aspiring Jesuit missionaries from the Italian provinces in the 16th and 17th centuries.
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  29. Iberia in Asia and the Jesuit Missions
  30.  
  31. The classic Gernet 1985 focuses on the early Jesuit mission in China, an account updated in Brockey 2007. The two most important Iberian outposts in East Asia—Macao and Manila—are the subjects of two fine studies: Barreto 2006 and Ollé 2000.
  32.  
  33. Barreto, Luís Filipe. Macau: Poder e saber; Séculos XVI e XVII. Biblioteca do Século 17. Lisbon, Portugal: Editorial Presença, 2006.
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  35. Represents the current scholarship on the history of early Macao, on the basis of Portuguese sources.
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  37. Brockey, Liam Matthew. Journey to the East. The Jesuit Mission to China, 1579–1724. Cambridge, MA: Belknap, 2007.
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  39. A good general overview of the Jesuit Mission under Portuguese patronage; relies on the papers in the Ajuda Library in Lisbon.
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  41. Gernet, Jacques. China and the Christian Impact: A Conflict of Cultures. Translated by Janet Lloyd. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press, 1985.
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  43. A controversial book that argues for the fundamental incompatibility between Christian and Chinese cultures. Originally published in English in 1981.
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  45. Ollé, Manel. La invencíon de China: Percepciones y estrategias filipinas respecto a China durante el siglo XVI. South China and Maritime Asia 9. Wiesbaden, Germany: Harrassowitz, 2000.
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  47. This well-researched book on early Sino-Spanish relations has interesting information on Alonso Sánchez.
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  49. Religion in Late Imperial China
  50.  
  51. To understand the religious landscape in Ming China, Guo 1982 gives a brief overview of the major religions, whereas Brook 1993 and Yü 2001 focus on gentry patronage of Buddhism and the cult of the bodhisattva Guanyin, respectively. While Fan 1993 offers a detailed account of the political events of the reign of Wanli, including events and personalities that had an impact on the life of Ricci, Sun 1994 represents an analysis of the synthesis between Confucian thought and the Riccian method of conversion.
  52.  
  53. Brook, Timothy. Praying for Power: Buddhism and the Formation of Gentry Society in Late-Ming China. Harvard-Yenching Institute Monograph 38. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 1993.
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  55. Best analysis and overview of Buddhism in the late Ming.
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  57. Fan Shuzhi 樊树志. Wanli zhuan (万历传). Beijing: Renmin chubanshe, 1993.
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  59. A scholarly and lively study of the reign of the emperor Wanli, with detailed information on some of the mandarins whom Ricci encountered.
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  61. Guo Peng 郭朋. Ming Qing fojiao (明清佛教). Fuzhou, China: Fujian renmin chubanshe, 1982.
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  63. A good introduction to the history of Buddhism in Ming-Qing China.
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  65. Sun Shangyang 孙尚扬. Jidujiao yu Mingmo ruxue (基督教与明末儒学). Beijing: Dongfang chubanshe, 1994.
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  67. A pioneering historical-philosophical study of the early encounter between Confucianism and Christianity, set in the larger context of Sino-Western relations.
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  69. Yü, Chün-fang. Kuan-yin: The Chinese Transformation of Avalokiteśvara. IASWR Series. New York: Columbia University Press, 2001.
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  71. Definitive study of the cult of Guanyin, often confused with the Virgin Mary by early European visitors to China and by the earliest Chinese converts.
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  73. Primary Sources
  74.  
  75. This section lists the manuscript and published documents pertaining to the study of Ricci, including his writings in Western languages and in Chinese, as well as other documents related to the early Jesuit mission in China. These are divided into five subsections according to themes and genres.
  76.  
  77. Writings by Ricci and Earliest Biographies
  78.  
  79. This category includes the most-important sources for the study of Ricci and consists of the earliest Latin translation of Ricci’s memoirs by Trigault (Ricci 1615) and the first publication of it in the original Italian language (with letters) by Pietro Tacchi-Venturi (Tacchi-Venturi 1911–1913). The definitive critical edition of Ricci’s memoirs is that by Pasquale d’Elia (D’Elia 1942–1949), which, however, does not include the letters. For that, see the modern edition by Francesco d’Arelli (d’Arelli 2001). For an accessible and dependable edition of Ricci’s Chinese writings, Zhu (Ricci 2001) is the best collection. Also of great interest are the two earliest biographies of Ricci by his fellow Jesuit missionaries in China, de Ursis 1910 and Aleni 2002.
  80.  
  81. Aleni, Giulio. Da xi Xitaili xian sheng xiang ji (大西西泰利先生行蹟). Taibei: Taibei Lishi xueshe, 2002.
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  83. The earliest Chinese biography of Ricci, written by the Italian Jesuit Aleni, which incorporates oral traditions at the time of Ricci’s death.
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  85. d’Arelli, Francesco, ed. Matteo Ricci Lettere (1580–1609). Quaderni Quodlibet 11. Macerata, Italy: Quodlibet, 2001.
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  87. Critical edition of the letters of Ricci; Italian translations provided for the Portuguese originals.
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  89. d’Elia, Pasquale, ed. Matteo Ricci, Storia dell’introduzione del Cristianesimo in Cina. 3 vols. Fonti Ricciane 1–3. Rome: La Libreria dello Stato, 1942–1949.
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  91. The critical edition of Ricci’s memoirs, with an extensive critical apparatus that remains incomplete.
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  93. de Ursis, Sabatino. P. Matheus Ricci S.J.: Relação escripta pelo seu companheiro P. Sabatino de Ursis S.J.; Publição commemorativa do terceiro centenario da sua morte. Rome: Tipografia Enrico Voghera, 1910.
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  95. The first biography of Ricci written by his Jesuit companion in Beijing, present at the time of his death.
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  97. Ricci, Matteo. De Christiana Expeditione apud Sinas: Suscepta ab Societate Jesu ex P. Matthaei Riccii eiusdem societatis commentariis libri V; Ad S.D.N. Paulum V in quibus Sinensis Regni mores, leges, atque instituta, & novae illius Ecclesiae difficillima primordia accurate & summa fide describuntur. Translated by Nicolas Trigault. Augsburg, Germany: Augustae Vindelicorum, 1615.
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  99. The Latin translation of Ricci’s memoirs by the Belgian Jesuit Nicolas Trigault, which contains additions by the latter. This work established the importance of the Jesuit China mission and the reputation of Ricci.
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  101. Ricci, Matteo. Li Madou Zhong wen zhu yi ji (利玛窦中文著译集). Edited by Zhu Weizheng 朱维铮. Shanghai: Fudan daxue chubanshe, 2001.
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  103. This edition of Ricci’s Chinese works brings under one volume all his writings in that language.
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  105. Tacchi-Venturi, Pietro, ed. Opere Storiche del P. Matteo Ricci S.I. 2 vols. Macerata, Italy: F. Giorgetti, 1911–1913.
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  107. The first edition of the Western writings of Ricci (Dell’entrata and letters), which is superseded in d’Elia 1942–1949. Still useful to consult letters by other Jesuits included in this collection.
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  109. Writings and Sources on Other Jesuit Missionaries in China
  110.  
  111. To grasp the full extent of Ricci’s life, one must also examine the work of his fellow Jesuits in China, for which we have the manuscript of Ricci’s first companion, Michele Ruggieri (see Archivum Romanum Societatis Iesu), and an edition of his Chinese poems in Chan 1993, as well as a work by one of Ricci’s last companions (Pantoja 1606). The two editions of sources by Witek contain documents related to Jesuit missions in Macao/China prior to Ricci (Witek and Sebes 2002) and a Luso-Chinese dictionary used by Ruggieri and Ricci (Witek 2001).
  112.  
  113. Chan, Albert. “Michele Ruggieri, S.J. (1543–1607) and His Chinese Poems.” Monumenta Serica 41 (1993): 129–176.
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  115. Study and text of classical Chinese poems written by Ruggieri, discovered in the Archivum Romanum Societatis Iesu. Available online for purchase or by subscription.
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  117. Japonica-Sinica I 101. Archivum Romanum Societatis Iesu.
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  119. This manuscript, written in Michele Ruggieri’s hand, contains the memoirs of his years in China, a description of his voyage back to Europe, and other notes.
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  121. Pantoja, Diego de. Relacion de la Entrada de algunos Padres de la Compañia de Iesus en la China, y particulares sucessos que tuvieron, y de cosas muy notables que vieron en el mismo Reyno. Valencia, Spain: Juan Chrysostomo Garriz, 1606.
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  123. The memoirs by Ricci’s first Jesuit companion, who traveled with him from Nanjing to Beijing in 1600.
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  125. Witek, John W., ed. Dicionário Português-Chinês = Pu Han cidian = Portuguese-Chinese Dictionary. Instituto Português do Oriente, Documenta 3. San Francisco: Ricci Institute for Chinese-Western Cultural History, 2001.
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  127. This published edition of the Sino-Portuguese dictionary attributed to Ruggieri and Ricci (a claim disputed by Barreto) includes notes on the Chinese language, geography, and time system. However, the copy of the verdict concerning Ruggieri’s trial of adultery is unfortunately left out by the editor.
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  129. Witek, John W., and Joseph S. Sebes, eds. Monumenta Sinica. Vol. 1, 1546–1562. Monumenta Historica Societatis Jesu 153. Rome: IHIS, 2002.
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  131. Abstracts of the earliest Jesuit documents related to the Society’s China mission.
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  133. Sources in English Translation
  134.  
  135. An English translation of Ricci’s memoirs is based on Trigault’s 1615 Latin translation. It exists in two editions, Gallagher 1942 and Ricci and Trigault 1953, now outdated in scholarship. For Ricci’s writings, there are two good translations: Ricci 1985 is a bilingual edition of his most significant work, and Ricci 2009 offers a fine rendition of Ricci’s earliest publication. The translation in Pavur 2005 offers readers the Jesuit plan of education, while that in Boxer 1953 includes three early Iberian impressions of 16th-century China.
  136.  
  137. Boxer, C. R., ed. South China in the Sixteenth Century. Works Issued by the Hakluyt Society 2.106. London: Hakluyt Society, 1953.
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  139. Translation from the Spanish of the narratives of three visitors to China: the soldier Galeote Pereira and the Dominican Gaspar da Cruz, both Portuguese, and the Spanish Augustinian friar Martín de Rada.
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  141. Gallagher, Louis J. The China That Was: China as Discovered by the Jesuits at the Close of the Sixteenth Century. Milwaukee, WI: Bruce, 1942.
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  143. This English translation of the Latin translation by Trigault contains no critical apparatus and makes it impossible to identify Ricci’s Chinese interlocutors.
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  145. Pavur, Claude, ed. and trans. The Ratio Studiorum: The Official Plan for Jesuit Education. Jesuit Primary Sources in English Translations 22. St. Louis, MO: Institute of Jesuit Sources, 2005.
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  147. English translation of the Plan of Studies for Jesuit Colleges.
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  149. Ricci, Matteo. Tianzhu Shiyi: The True Meaning of the Lord of Heaven. Edited by Edward J. Malatesta and translated by Douglas Lancashire and Peter Hu Guozhen. Jesuit Primary Sources in English Translations 6. St. Louis, MO: Institute of Jesuit Sources, 1985.
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  151. Bilingual edition of Ricci’s best-known work.
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  153. Ricci, Matteo. On Friendship: One Hundred Maxims for a Chinese Prince. Translated by Timothy Billings. New York: Columbia University Press, 2009.
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  155. Translation of Ricci’s first successful Chinese work, published in 1595 in Nanchang and dedicated to a Ming prince.
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  157. Ricci, Matteo, and Nicolas Trigault. China in the Sixteenth Century: The Journals of Matthew Ricci, 1583–1610. Translated by Louis J. Gallagher. New York: Random House, 1953.
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  159. A reprint of Gallagher’s 1942 translation of Trigault.
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  161. Collections of Sources in Western Languages
  162.  
  163. Several large collections of sources document the history of Jesuit missions in India, Japan, and China (Wicki 1948–1988 and Garcia 1997) and of the Franciscan mission in China (Wyngaert 1933). A more recent account of the Jesuit College in Rome is offered in Martin 1969, while Colin 1900–1902 and Loureiro 1996 contain documents concerning Spanish Manila and Portuguese Macao in the 16th century.
  164.  
  165. Colin, Francisco. Labor evangelica ministerios apostolicos de los obreros de la Compañia de Iesus, fundacion, y progressos de su provincia en las Islas Filipinas. Edited by Pablo Pastells. 3 vols. Barcelona: Henrich, 1900–1902.
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  167. Collection of the earliest documents concerning Spanish rule in the Philippines, including writings by the Jesuit Alonso Sánchez, which are relevant to the Jesuit mission in China.
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  169. Garcia, José Manuel. Cartas que os padres e irmãos da Companhia de Iesus escreuerão dos Reynos de Iapão & China aos da mesma Companhia da India, & Europa, des do anno de 1549 atè o de 1580. Vol. II. Maia, Portugal: Castoliva, 1997.
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  171. Collection of early reports from the Portuguese Jesuit missions to India, Japan, and China. Facsimile of edition by Manoel de Lyra published in Évora, Portugal, in 1598.
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  173. Loureiro, Rui Manuel, ed. Em busca das origens de Macau: Antologia documental. Lisbon, Portugal: Grupo de Trabalho do Ministério da Educação, 1996.
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  175. Documents concerning the earliest history of Macao, including the role of the Jesuits.
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  177. Martin, Gregory. Roma sancta (1581). Edited by George Bruner Parks. Rome: Edizioni di Storia e Letteratura, 1969.
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  179. Observations of Roman life and ecclesiastical institutions, by a contemporary English priest.
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  181. Tordesillas, Agustín de. Relación de el viaje que hezimos en china nuestro hermano fray Pedro de Alpharo con otros tres frailes de la orden de Nuestro seraphico padre san Francisco de la prouincia de san Joseph, etc. Archivo de la Real Academia de la Historia, Velázquez, Spain, tomo LXXV, 1578.
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  183. This is the description of the Augustinians’ voyage from Manila to Guangdong, which includes their interview in Zhaoqing.
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  185. Wicki, Joseph, ed. Documenta Indica, 1540–1597. 18 vols. Monumenta Historica Societatis Iesu 70. Rome: MHSI, 1948–1988.
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  187. Collection of documents related to the Jesuit mission in India, including letters by missionaries describing their voyage from Lisbon.
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  189. Wyngaert, Anastasius van den, ed. Sinica franciscana. Vol. 2, Relationes et epistolas Fratrum minorum saeculi XVI et XVII. Florence: Collegium S. Bonaventurae, 1933.
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  191. Collection of letters and reports concerning the Franciscan mission to China.
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  193. Chinese-Language Sources
  194.  
  195. The story of Ricci and the Jesuit mission remains incomplete without Chinese perspectives. Gu 2005, Li 1998, Shen 2004, and Liu and Yu 1996 were written by contemporaries of Ricci who recorded their impressions of the Westerners and their books, clocks, paintings, and churches. The collection of Chinese Christian texts in Standaert and Dudink 2002 includes works by converts that document some of the reasons for the success of Christianity at the time of Ricci.
  196.  
  197. Gu Qiyuan 顾起元. Ke zuo zhui yu (客坐赘语). Nanjing, China: Fenghuang chubanshe, 2005.
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  199. These vignettes of life in Nanjing c. 1600 contain two entries concerning Ricci.
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  201. Li Yuqing 黎玉琴 and Liu Mingqiang 刘明强. “Li Madou Shihai Gouchen yize” (利玛窦史海钩沉一则). Zhaoqing xueyuan xuebao (肇庆学院学报) 32.4 (July 2011): 1–5.
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  203. This article publishes a rare source on the life of Ricci in Shaozhou during his early years in China. It is a biography by Liu Chengfan, who met Ricci while the Jesuit was still dressed as a Buddhist monk.
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  205. Li Zhi 李贽. Li Zhi wen ji: Fen shu, Xu fen shu (李贽文集：焚书，续焚书). Beijing: Yanshan chubanshe, 1998.
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  207. References to Ricci in this collection of writings by the leading nonconformist in late Ming China.
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  209. Liu Tong 劉侗 and Yu Yizheng 于奕正. Di jing jing wu lue (帝京景物略). Edited by Cui Qu 崔瞿. Shanghai: Shanghai yuandong chubanshe, 1996.
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  211. A guidebook to sights in the imperial capital that contains descriptions of the Catholic Church and residence (Nantang).
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  213. Shen Defu 沉德符. Wanli yehuo bian (万历野获编). Jinan, China: Shandon huabao chubanshe, 2004.
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  215. Vignettes and stories of the Wanli reign (1563–1620) contain a few entries concerning Ricci and the Jesuits.
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  217. Standaert, Nicolas, and Adrian Dudink, eds. Chinese Christian Texts from the Roman Archives of the Society of Jesus. 12 vols. Taipei: Ricci Institute, 2002.
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  219. Writings by Xu Guangqi and other Chinese converts of the first hour are included.
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  221. Modern Biographies of Ricci
  222.  
  223. Ricci has been studied from many different perspectives, be it from that of fellow Catholic missionaries (Bernard 1937, Criveller and Guillén-Nuñez 2010), an Italian diplomat (Fontana 2005), an eminent Sinologist (Spence 1984), Chinese scholars (Lin 1996, Song 2011), a Renaissance historian (Laven 2011), or an eminent biographer (Cronin 1999, first published in 1955), or from that of his hometown, Macerata (Mignini 2004).
  224.  
  225. Bernard, Henri. Le père Matthieu Ricci et la société chinoise de son temps (1552–1610). 2 vols. Tianjin, China: Hautes Études, 1937.
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  227. Written on the basis of Tacchi-Venturi’s edition of Ricci’s work (Tacchi-Venturi 1911–1913, cited under Writings by Ricci and Earliest Biographies), this study offers a biographical account of Ricci while introducing Ming China to readers in the West.
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  229. Criveller, Gianni, and César Guillén-Nuñez. Portrait of a Jesuit: Matteo Ricci. Macau, China: Macau Ricci Institute, 2010.
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  231. A short book that contains four essays by Gianni Criveller and César Guillén-Nuñez on Ricci’s life, his achievements, and the art and architecture associated with him.
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  233. Cronin, Vincent. The Wise Man from the West. Harvill Press Editions 7. London: Harvill, 1999.
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  235. A lively book that is essentially an amplification of Ricci’s Dell’entrata. First published in 1955 (London: Rupert Hart-Davis).
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  237. Fontana, Michela. Matteo Ricci: Un gesuita alla corte dei Ming. Scie. Milan: Mondadori, 2005.
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  239. A lively book that emphasizes Ricci’s cultural and scientific achievements.
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  241. Laven, Mary. Mission to China: Matteo Ricci and the Jesuit Encounter with the East. London: Faber & Faber, 2011.
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  243. Good on giving Ruggieri his place in history; relies otherwise on Ricci’s Western-language writings.
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  245. Lin Jinshui 林金水. Li Madou yu Zhongguo (利玛窦与中国). Beijing: Zhongguo shehui kexue chubanshe, 1996.
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  247. Pioneering study that uses literati writings to reconstruct the network of converts and admirers around Ricci.
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  249. Mignini, Filippo. Matteo Ricci: Il chiosco delle fenici. Caratteri. Ancona, Italy: Il Lavoro Editoriale, 2004.
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  251. Written by a scholar in Macerata, this biography is particularly strong in evoking the ambience of Ricci’s birthplace and his childhood.
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  253. Song Liming 宋黎明. Shen fu de xin zhuang: Li Madou zai Zhongguo, 1582–1610 (神父的新装: 利玛窦在中国, 1582–1610). Nanjing, China: Nanjing daxue chubanshe, 2011.
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  255. A solid biography that uses both Italian and Chinese sources, written by an exiled Chinese dissident.
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  257. Spence, Jonathan D. The Memory Palace of Matteo Ricci. New York: Viking Penguin, 1984.
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  259. A classic that tries to reconstruct the mental world of Ricci, by calling on the mnemonic techniques described in one of Ricci’s Chinese books.
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  261. Studies on the Jesuit China Mission
  262.  
  263. Ricci’s fellow Jesuits are the subject of the following works: Shih 1964 and Turner 1984 on Ruggieri, Lattis 1994 on his teacher Clavius, Zhang 1997 on Pantoja; Hsia 2008 on Valignano, Malatesta and Zhiyu 1995 on the Jesuit cemetery in Beijing, and Needham 1958 on Jesuit science.
  264.  
  265. Hsia, Ronnie Po-chia. “Valignano e Cina.” Paper presented at an international colloquium held at Chieti, Italy, on 27–28 October 2006. In Alessandro Valignano S.I.: Uomo del Rinascimento; Ponte tra Oriente e Occidente. Edited by Adolfo Tamburello, M. Antoni J. Üçerler, and Marisa Di Russo, 102–103. Bibliotheca Instituti Historici S. I. 65. Rome: Institutum Historicum Societatis Iesu, 2008.
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  267. A brief discussion of the importance of Valignano to the Jesuit China Mission and his relations with Ruggieri and Ricci.
  268. Find this resource:
  269. Lattis, James M. Between Copernicus and Galileo: Christopher Clavius and the Collapse of Ptolemaic Cosmology. Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1994.
  270. DOI: 10.7208/chicago/9780226469263.001.0001Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  271. Reliable scholarship on European astronomy at the time of Clavius, Ricci’s professor of mathematics in Rome.
  272. Find this resource:
  273. Malatesta, Edward, and Gao Zhiyu, eds. Departed, Yet Present: Zhalan, the Oldest Christian Cemetery in Beijing. San Francisco: Ricci Institute, 1995.
  274. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  275. Photos and inscriptions of the old Catholic cemetery in Beijing, where Ricci’s tombstone stands.
  276. Find this resource:
  277. Needham, Joseph. Chinese Astronomy and the Jesuit Mission: An Encounter of Cultures. China Society Occasional Papers 10. London: China Society, 1958.
  278. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  279. The leading expert on Chinese science objectively discusses the contributions of Jesuit science to Chinese astronomy.
  280. Find this resource:
  281. Shih, Joseph. Le père Ruggieri et le problème de l’évangélisation en Chine. Rome: Pontificiae Universitatis Gregorianae, 1964.
  282. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  283. This well-done book represents only a partial publication of the author’s dissertation. It is the only study of Ruggieri, a figure unjustly neglected in the history of Christianity in China.
  284. Find this resource:
  285. Turner, Rossella. “La figura e l’opera di Michele Ruggieri, S.J., missionario gesuita in Cina.” MA thesis, Istituto Universitario Orientale Napoli, 1984.
  286. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  287. An MA thesis at the University of Naples (typescript) in the library of the Archivum Romanum Societatis Iesu that also follows Ruggieri’s career after his return to Italy.
  288. Find this resource:
  289. Zhang Kai 张铠. Pangdiwo yu Zhongguo (庞迪我与中国). Beijing: Beijing tushuguan chubanshe, 1997.
  290. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  291. A solid piece of scholarship that reconstructs the life of Diego Pantoja and is based on Spanish and Chinese sources. There is also a Spanish translation of this book.
  292. Find this resource:
  293. Ricci’s Chinese Interlocutors
  294.  
  295. Xu Guangqi, Ricci’s most important collaborator, is the subject of international scholarship (Chen and Li 2006 and Jami, et al. 2001). While there are brief biographies of the earliest Chinese converts in Fang 1970, Hsia 2007 and Hsia 2012 offer in-depth studies of two key figures in Ricci’s career.
  296.  
  297. Chen Weiping 陈卫平 and Li Chunyong 李春勇. Xu Guangqi ping zhuan (徐光启评传). Nanjing, China: Nanjing daxue chubanshe, 2006.
  298. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  299. Presents the career of Xu Guangqi in all its facets, with emphasis on his official and scientific achievements.
  300. Find this resource:
  301. Fang Hao 方豪. Zhongguo tianzhujiao shi renwu zhuan (中國天主教史人物傳). 3 vols. Hong Kong: Zhonghua shuchu, 1970.
  302. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  303. The first volume of this work contains biographies of leading Western missionaries and Chinese converts at the time of Ricci.
  304. Find this resource:
  305. Hsia, Ronnie Po-chia. “Li Madou yu Zhang Huang” (利玛窦与章潢). In Wei le wenhua yu lishi: Yu Yingshi jiaoshou ba zhi shou qing lunwen ji (为了文化与历史: 余英时教授八秩寿庆论文集), 727–749. Taipei: Liangjing chubanshe, 2007.
  306. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  307. An analysis of the impact of Zhang Huang on Ricci’s synthesis of Confucianism and Christianity.
  308. Find this resource:
  309. Hsia, Ronnie Po-chia. “《利瑪竇中國札記》Scielou 人名考.” 中央研究院歷史語言研究所集刊 83.1 (2012): 97–120.
  310. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  311. Translates as “Who Was ‘Scielou’ in the Fonti Ricciane?” in the Bulletin of the Institute of History and Philology. Identifies a key figure in Ricci’s rise in the social ladder of success, by enabling him to leave Guangdong for the North. Available online for purchase or by subscription.
  312. Find this resource:
  313. Jami, Catherine, Peter Engelfriet, and Gregory Blue, eds. Statecraft and Intellectual Renewal in Late Ming China: The Cross-Cultural Synthesis of Xu Guangqi (1562–1633). Sinica Leidensia 50. Leiden, The Netherlands: Brill, 2001.
  314. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  315. These essays on Xu Guangqi focus on his mathematical and religious collaboration with Ricci.
  316. Find this resource:
  317. Ricci and His World Map
  318.  
  319. One of Ricci’s most successful “publications” was his adaptation of a world map published by the Antwerp printer Abraham Ortelius. With Chinese nomenclature and annotations added to the large-format map, the Mappamondo was a sensation in late Ming China and exerted a significant influence on the development of Chinese geographic knowledge. There is also an online version of the Mappamondo: Kun yu wan guo quan tu.
  320.  
  321. Chen Guansheng 陳觀勝. “Li Madou dui Zhongguo dilixue zhi gongxian ji qi yingxiang” (利瑪竇對中國地理學之貢獻及其影響). Yugong banyuekan禹貢半月刊 5.3–4 (1936): 51–72.
  322. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  323. A pioneering article that shows strong interest in Chinese scholarship on Ricci’s world map.
  324. Find this resource:
  325. d’Elia, Pasquale M., ed. Il mappamondo cinese del P. Matteo Ricci. Vatican City: Biblioteca Apostolica Vaticana, 1938.
  326. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  327. The editor of Ricci’s papers analyzes the copy of Ricci’s world map in the collection of the Vatican Library. See also by d’Elia: Recent Discoveries and New Studies, 1938–1960, on the World Map in Chinese of Father Matteo Ricci (Sankt Augustin, West Germany: Institut Monumenta Serica, 1961).
  328. Find this resource:
  329. Huang Shijian 黃時鑒. “Li Madou shijie ditu tanyuan linzhua” (利瑪竇世界地圖探源鱗爪). Jiuzhou xuelin 九州學林 3.1 (2005): 154–181.
  330. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  331. A study of the editions, reception, and significance of the best-known map printed in China.
  332. Find this resource:
  333. Huang Shijian 黃時鑒 and Gong Yingyan 龔纓晏著. Li Madou shijie ditu yanjiu (利瑪竇世界地圖研究). Shanghai: Shanghai guji chubanshe, 2004.
  334. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  335. A comprehensive study of the impact of Ricci’s map, with a detailed bibliography in the appendix.
  336. Find this resource:
  337. Hung, William (Hong Weilian 洪煨蓮). “Kao Li Madou de shijie ditu” (考利瑪竇的世界地圖). Yugong ban yuekan 禹貢半月刊 5.3–4 (1936): 1–50.
  338. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  339. An introduction to Ricci’s world map and its significance, by a leading Chinese geographer.
  340. Find this resource:
  341. Li Zhaoliang 李兆良. Kunyu wanguo quantu jiemi: Mingdai cehui shijie (坤輿萬國全圖解密: 明代測繪世界). Taibei: Lianjing chubanshe, 2012).
  342. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  343. An updated and good synthesis of research on Ricci’s world map, for a general readership.
  344. Find this resource:
  345. Ricci, Matteo. Kun yu wan guo quan tu. Library of Congress.
  346. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  347. Originally published in Beijing in 1602. An interactive map that allows for close-up examination and appreciation of the size and impact of Ricci’s world map.
  348. Find this resource:
  349. Yang Yulei 杨雨蕾. “Li Madou Shijie ditu chuanru hanguo ji qi yingxiang”(利玛窦世界地图传入韩国及其影响). Zhongguo lishi dili luncong 中國歷史地理論叢 20.1 (2005): 91–98.
  350. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  351. A study of the transmission and impact of Ricci’s map to Yi-dynasty Korea.
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