<?php/** * This stores the base class for all database tables. * * @package Kingga\Data\Database */namespace Kingga\Data\Database;// Include the configuration file.$conf_file = dirname(dirname(dirname(__FILE__))) . '/conf.php';if (file_exists($conf_file)) require_once($conf_file);else throw new \Exception("Cannot find the configuration file.", 1);/** @var array MySQL data type equivalents to PHP */const DATA_TYPES = array(    'char' => 'string', 'varchar' => 'string', 'tinytext' => 'string',    'text' => 'string', 'mediumtext' => 'string', 'longtext' => 'string',    'binary' => 'string', 'varbinary' => 'string', 'bit' => 'int',    'tinyint' => 'int', 'smallint' => 'int', 'mediumint' => 'int',    'int' => 'int', 'integer' => 'int', 'bigint' => 'int',    'decimal' => 'float', 'dec' => 'float', 'numeric' => 'float',    'fixed' => 'float', 'float' => 'float', 'double' => 'float',    'real' => 'float', 'bool' => 'bool', 'boolean' => 'bool',    'date' => 'string', 'datetime' => 'string', 'timestamp' => 'string',    'time' => 'string', 'year' => 'string', 'tinyblob' => 'string',    'blob' => 'string', 'mediumblob' => 'string', 'longtex' => 'string');const DATA_TYPE_EXTRAS = array(    'unsigned', 'zerofill', 'character set ?', 'collate ?');// NOTE Because I cannot bind comparison operators I have created a whilelist// array which can be used as comparison operators./** @var array A whitelist array of allowed conditional operators. This is only for prepared statements. */const CONDITIONAL_OPERATOR_WHITELIST = array(    '=', '<=>', '>', '>=', 'IS', 'IS NOT', 'IS NOT NULL', 'IS NULL',    '<', '<=', 'LIKE', '!=', '<>', 'NOT LIKE');class Column {    /** @var string The name of the column. */    private $name;    /** @var string The type of the column using MySQL data types. */    private $mysql_type;    /** @var string The type of the column using PHP data types. */    private $php_type;    /** @var int The size of the data. */    private $size;    /** @var int Extra info on the data type. E.g. unsigned. */    private $type_extra;    /** @var bool Can the value be NULL? */    private $null;    /** @var string What is the key for the column. Currently not set up to support foreign key references. */    private $key;    /** @var mixed The default value of the column. */    private $default;    /** @var string Any extra data. */    private $extra;    /**     * The constructor for a tables column structure.     * @param string  $name        The name of the column.     * @param string  $type        The type of column. E.g. varchar, int, etc.     * @param int     $size        (optional) The size of the column.     * @param string  $type_extra  (optional) Extra data which goes with the type. E.g. unsigned.     * @param boolean $allow_nulls (optional) Can the data for this column be NULL?     * @param string  $key         (optional) Does the column have a key? This is currently just a placeholder for the future.     * @param mixed   $default     (optional) The default value of the column.     * @param string  $extra       (optional) Any extra information on the column.     */    public function __construct(        string $name, string $type, int $size = null, string $type_extra = null,        bool $allow_nulls = true, string $key = null, $default = null, string $extra = null    ) {        // Validate parameters.        if (strlen($name) > 64) throw new \Exception("The name of the column cannot be longer than 64 characters.", 1);        if (!isset(DATA_TYPES[$type])) throw new \Exception("The data type doesn't exist.", 1);        // Set properties.        $this->name = $name;        $this->mysql_type = $type;        try {            $this->php_type = DATA_TYPES[$type];        } catch (Exception $e) {            throw new \Exception('The data type is invalid.', 1);        }        $this->size = $size;        $this->type_extra = $type_extra;        $this->null = $allow_nulls;        $this->key = $key;        $this->default = $default;        $this->extra = $extra;    }    /**     * The getter/setter for $this->name.     * @param  string $name The new value for $this->name.     * @return string       The current value of $this->name.     */    public function Name(string $name = null): string {        if ($name !== null) $this->name = $name;        return $this->name;    }    /**     * The getter/setter for $this->mysql_type.     * @param  string $type The new value for $this->mysql_type.     * @return string       The current value of $this->mysql_type.     */    public function MySQLType(string $type = null): string {        if ($type !== null) $this->mysql_type = $type;        return $this->mysql_type;    }    /**     * The getter/setter for $this->php_type.     * @param  string $type The new value for $this->php_type.     * @return string       The current value of $this->php_type.     */    public function PHPType(string $type = null): string {        if ($type !== null) $this->php_type = $type;        return $this->php_type;    }    /**     * The getter/setter for $this->size.     * @param  int $size The new value for $this->size.     * @return int       The current value of $this->size.     */    public function Size(int $size = null): int {        if ($size !== null) $this->size = $size;        return $this->size;    }    /**     * The getter/setter for $this->type_extra.     * @param  string $ext  The new value for $this->type_extra.     * @return string       The current value of $this->type_extra.     */    public function TypeExtra(string $ext = null): string {        if ($ext !== null) $this->type_extra = $ext;        return $this->type_extra;    }    /**     * The getter/setter for $this->null.     * @param  bool $null The new value for $this->null.     * @return bool       The current value of $this->null.     */    public function Null(bool $null = null): bool {        if ($null !== null) $this->null = $null;        return $this->null;    }    /**     * The getter/setter for $this->key.     * @param  string $null The new value for $this->key.     * @return string       The current value of $this->key.     */    public function Key(string $key = null): string {        if ($key !== null) $this->key = $key;        return $this->key;    }    /**     * The getter/setter for $this->default.     * @param  string $default  The new value for $this->default.     * @return string           The current value of $this->default.     */    public function Default(string $default = null): string {        if ($default !== null) $this->default = $default;        return $this->default;    }    /**     * The getter/setter for $this->extra.     * @param  string $extra    The new value for $this->extra.     * @return string           The current value of $this->extra.     */    public function Extra(string $extra = null): string {        if ($extra !== null) $this->extra = $extra;        return $this->extra;    }    /**     * Check if a value is the same type as the column.     * @param  string $php_type The type to check against.     * @param  string $val      The value to check.     * @return bool             Is it the same type?     */    protected function validate_value(string $php_type, string $val): bool {        if (gettype($php_type) === gettype($val)) return true;        else return false;    }}class Table {    /** @var \PDO This is the handle to the database connection. */    private $conn;    /** @var string The name of the table. */    private $name;    /** @var array The columns of the table. */    private $columns;    /**     * The cached set of rows in the table. The data inside of this variable will     * look like this:     * <pre><code>array(     *      // Columns horozontal, rows vertical.     *      array(1, 'John', 'Doe', 21, 'M'), // First row.     *      array(2, 'Jane', 'Doe', 22, 'F'), // Second row.     * )     * </code></pre>     * @var array     */    private $rows;    // Table information below.    /** @var string The engine that the table is running on. */    private $engine;    /** @var string The tables collation. */    private $collation;    /** @var string The date and time the table was created. */    private $created;    /** @var string Any comments added to the table. */    private $comment;    /**     * This is the constructor for the Table. Inside of this function, the PDO     * object is initialized and the variable types are set.     * The following constants must be set before initiailzing this class.     * <ul>     *      <li>DB_HOST = localhost/127.0.0.1/etc. This can also include the port (append :port_number to the end)</li>     *      <li>DB_NAME = The name of the database</li>     *      <li>DB_USER = The username to connect to the database with</li>     *      <li>DB_PASSWORD = The password for the user</li>     * </ul>     * @param string $name The name of the table.     * @throws Exception If the table doesn't exist.     */    public function __construct(string $name) {        // Create the DSN.        $host_port = explode(':', DB_HOST);        $port_str = (isset($host_port[1])) ? 'port='.$host_port[1] : '';        $dsn = 'mysql:host='.$host_port[0].';dbname='.DB_NAME.';'.$port_str;        // Create the PDO options.        $opt = [            \PDO::ATTR_ERRMODE              => \PDO::ERRMODE_EXCEPTION,            \PDO::ATTR_EMULATE_PREPARES     => false,            \PDO::ATTR_DEFAULT_FETCH_MODE   => \PDO::FETCH_OBJ        ];        // Initialize PDO.        $this->conn = new \PDO($dsn, DB_USER, DB_PASS, $opt);        // Set up default values.        $this->columns = array();        $this->rows = array();        // Check if table with $name exists and if it does add it, otherwise        // throw an exception.        $this->name = $name;        try {            $this->table_info();        } catch (Exception $e) {            $this->name = null;            throw new \Exception('The table doesn\'t exist.', 1);        }        try {            $this->describe_table();        } catch (Exception $e) {            $this->name = null;            throw new \Exception('The table doesn\'t exist.', 1);        }    }    /**     * This function gets data from a table and returns the data.     *     * This function gets data from this table and returns it. You can use     * options to refine your query and return a smaller result set. Some     * options that can be set include:     * <ul>     *      <li>(array) columns - must be from $this->columns.</li>     *      <li>(array) where - must be in the following format.</li>     *      <uL>     *          <li><code>array('LeftValue', 'ComparisonOperator', 'RightValue')</code></li>     *      </ul>     *      <li>(array) group - must be in the following format.</li>     *      <ul>     *          <li><code>array('ColumnName', 'ASC|DESC')</code></li>     *      </ul>     *      <li>(array) order - must be in the following format.</li>     *      <ul>     *          <li><code>array('ColumnName', 'ASC|DESC')</code></li>     *      </ul>     *      <li>(array) limit - an array with 1 or 2 values (just like the MySQL docs).</li>     * </ul>     * Code example below:     * <pre><code>$results = $table->Get(     *      array(     *          'columns' => array('col1', 'col2'),     *          'where' => array(     *              array('col3', '=', 'col4'),     *              array('col4', 'LIKE', 'King%')     *           ),     *          'group' => array(     *              array('col4', 'ASC')     *          ),     *          'order' => array(     *              array('col3', 'DESC')     *          ),     *          'limit' => array(5)     *      )     * );     * </code></pre>     * @param  array   $opt     The options for the query. NULL if you want to return everything.     * @param  boolean $refresh If the current $rows property isn't NULL do you want to refresh the current cached data.     * @return array            The result set from the database.     * @throws \PDOException    If there was a failure with the database.     */    public function Get(array $opt = null, bool $refresh = true): array {        $info = $this->build_select_query($opt);        // Run the statement (Don't catch the PDOException, let the user do it).        $stmt = $this->conn->prepare($info['Query']);        // Loop through the binds and add them.        foreach ($info['Binds'] as $p => $v) {            $this->bindParam($stmt, ":$p", $v);        }        $stmt->execute();        // Get the results.        $results = $stmt->fetchAll();        $stmt->closeCursor();        return $results;    }    /**     * Check if a table exists in the database.     * @return bool Was the table found?     */    protected function table_exists(): bool {        try {            // Try to get the table.            $q = "            SELECT COUNT(*) AS 'count' FROM information_schema.tables            WHERE table_schema = :dbname            AND table_name = :table            LIMIT 1;            ";            $stmt = $this->conn->prepare($q);            $dbname = DB_NAME;            $stmt->bindParam(':dbname', $dbname, \PDO::PARAM_STR, 64);            $stmt->bindParam(':table', $this->name, \PDO::PARAM_STR, 64);            $result = $stmt->execute();        } catch (\PDOException $e) {            // The table was not found.            return false;        }        // Fetch results.        $result = $stmt->fetchAll();        $stmt->closeCursor();        if ($result[0]->count) {            // Table exists.            return true;        } else {            // No table.            return false;        }    }    protected function table_info() {        try {            // Try to fetch the tables inforamtion.            $q = "            SELECT * FROM information_schema.tables            WHERE table_schema = :dbname            AND table_name = :table            LIMIT 1;            ";            $stmt = $this->conn->prepare($q);            $dbname = DB_NAME;            $stmt->bindParam(':dbname', $dbname, \PDO::PARAM_STR, 64);            $stmt->bindParam(':table', $this->name, \PDO::PARAM_STR, 64);            $stmt->execute();        } catch (\PDOException $e) {            throw new \Exception("The database failed to get the tables information.", 1);        }        // Get the tables information.        $table_info = $stmt->fetchAll();        $stmt->closeCursor();        // If the result set is empty throw error.        if (empty($table_info))            throw new \Exception("The database failed to get the tables information.", 1);        $ti = $table_info[0];        // Set the table information.        $this->engine = $ti->ENGINE;        $this->created = $ti->CREATE_TIME;        $this->collation = $ti->TABLE_COLLATION;        $this->comment = $ti->TABLE_COMMENT;    }    /**     * Descibes this current table and stores the structure in the classes     * properties.     * @throws Exception When the database failed to get the tables structure.     */    protected function describe_table() {        try {            // Try to describe the table, otherwise throw an error.            $q = "            SELECT * FROM information_schema.columns            WHERE table_schema = :dbname            AND table_name = :table            ORDER BY ordinal_position            ";            $stmt = $this->conn->prepare($q);            $dbname = DB_NAME; // So I can pass the value by reference.            $stmt->bindParam(':dbname', $dbname, \PDO::PARAM_STR, 64);            $stmt->bindParam(':table', $this->name, \PDO::PARAM_STR, 64); // Maximum table length is 64 chars.            $stmt->execute();        } catch (\PDOException $e) {            throw new \Exception("The database failed to get the tables structure.", 1);        }        // Get the results.        $table_struct = $stmt->fetchAll();
$stmt->closeCursor();        // Process the data and add the column.        foreach ($table_struct as $c) {            $name = $c->COLUMN_NAME;            $default = $c->COLUMN_DEFAULT;            $null = (strtolower($c->IS_NULLABLE) === 'yes') ? true : false;            $dt = $c->DATA_TYPE;            $size = $c->CHARACTER_MAXIMUM_LENGTH;            $charset = $c->CHARACTER_SET_NAME; // NOTE Currently not used.            $dt_ext = null;            foreach (DATA_TYPE_EXTRAS as $ext) {                // Loop through each extra data type and add them with a space.                // If $ext contains a question mark, use it as a wildcard.                if (strpos($ext, '?')) {                    // Deal with the wildcard.                    // As far as I know this wont happen but I'll leave it here                    // just in case it does.                    $tmp_ext = str_replace('?', '', $ext);                    preg_match("/$tmp_ext \b(\S.*?)\b/i", $c->COLUMN_TYPE, $m);                } else {                    // No wildcard to worry about.                    $dt_ext .= (strpos($c->COLUMN_TYPE, $ext)) ? $ext . ' ' : '';                }            }            $key = $c->COLUMN_KEY;            $ext = $c->EXTRA;            $comment = $c->COLUMN_COMMENT; // NOTE Currently not used.            // Push the new column onto the array.            array_push($this->columns, new Column(                $name, $dt, $size, trim($dt_ext), $null, $key, $default, $ext            ));        }    }    /**     * Convert the MySQL data type into a PHP datatype.     * @param  string $t The type to convert.     * @return string    The converted type.     * @throws Exception When the data type cannot be found.     */    protected function mysql_type_to_php_type(string $t): string {        if (isset(DATA_TYPES[$t])) return DATA_TYPES[$t];        throw new \Exception("The MySQL data type '$t' could not be found.", 1);    }    /**     * This function builds a select query and runs it given a set of options.     * These options include:     * * <ul>     *      <li>(array) columns - must be from $this->columns.</li>     *      <li>(array) where - must be in the following format.</li>     *      <uL>     *          <li><code>array('LeftValue', 'ComparisonOperator', 'RightValue')</code></li>     *      </ul>     *      <li>(array) group - must be in the following format.</li>     *      <ul>     *          <li><code>array('ColumnName', 'ASC|DESC')</code></li>     *      </ul>     *      <li>(array) order - must be in the following format.</li>     *      <ul>     *          <li><code>array('ColumnName', 'ASC|DESC')</code></li>     *      </ul>     *      <li>(array) limit - an array with 1 or 2 values (just like the MySQL docs).</li>     * </ul>     * Code example below:     * <pre><code>$results = $this->build_select_query(     *      array(     *          'columns' => array('col1', 'col2'),     *          'where' => array(     *              array('col3', '=', 'col4'),     *              array('col4', 'LIKE', 'King%')     *           ),     *          'group' => array(     *              array('col4', 'ASC')     *          ),     *          'order' => array(     *              array('col3', 'DESC')     *          ),     *          'limit' => array(5)     *      )     * );     * </code></pre>     * @param  array  $opt  The options used to build the query.     * @param  array  $info This parameter is a referenced array which gives back the prepare statement and the prepared statement.     * @return array        The result set from the query.     * @throws Exception    When some required information is missing.     * @throws PDOException If there was an error with the database.     */    protected function build_select_query(array $opt, array &$info = null): array {        // TODO TestCase Columns array is not set. Result should be "SELECT * FROM :table "        // TODO TestCase Columns array is set to array(). Result should be "SELECT * FROM :table "        // TODO TestCase Three valid columns should be added. Result should be "SELECT col1, col2, col3 FROM :table "        // TODO TestCase One valid column should be added. Result should be "SELECT col1 FROM :table "        // TODO TestCase One invalid column should be added. Result should be "SELECT * FROM :table "        // TODO TestCase One invalid and two valid column should be added. Result should be "SELECT col2, col3 FROM :table "        // TODO TestCase Add an empty where array. Result should be "SELECT * FROM :table ";        // TODO TestCase Add a simple where array but miss one of the three values. It should throw an Exception.        // TODO TestCase Add a simple where array with an invalid comparison operator. It should throw an Exception.        // TODO TestCase Add a single valid where array. Result should be "SELECT * FROM :table WHERE :col1 = 'Test' "        // TODO TestCase Add two valid where arrays. Result should be "SELECT * FROM :table WHERE :col1 = 'Test' AND :col2 = 'Case' "        // TODO TestCase Add three valid where arrays. Result should be "SELECT * FROM :table WHERE :col1 = 'Test' AND :col2 = 'Case' AND :col3 = 'Successful' "        // TODO TestCase Add an invalid group by 2nd parameter (e.g. array('col1', 'invalid')). Expect Exception        // TODO TestCase Add an invalid group by column name. Expect missing group by clause - "SELECT * FROM :table "        // TODO TestCase Add a single group by without a second parameter. Result should be "SELECT * FROM :table GROUP BY :col1 ASC "        // TODO TestCase Add a single group by with a second parameter. Result should be "SELECT * FROM :table GROUP BY :col1 DESC "        // TODO TestCase Add an invalid order by 2nd parameter (e.g. array('col1', 'invalid')). Expect Exception        // TODO TestCase Add an invalid order by column name. Expect missing order by clause - "SELECT * FROM :table "        // TODO TestCase Add a single order by without a second parameter. Result should be "SELECT * FROM :table ORDER BY :col1 ASC "        // TODO TestCase Add a single order by with a second parameter. Result should be "SELECT * FROM :table ORDER BY :col1 DESC "        // TODO TestCase Test limit with nothing set. Should throw Exception.        // TODO TestCase Test limit with only index 0 set. Result should be "SELECT * FROM :table LIMIT :limit1"        // TODO TestCase Test limit with index 0 and 1 set. Result should be "SELECT * FROM :table LIMIT :limit1, :limit2"        $q = "SELECT "; // Start of the select statement.        $pBinds = array(); // An array of binds. E.g. :bind, :other_bind, etc.        // Add some columns. If none are set use '*' (select all).        if (isset($opt['columns']) && !empty($opt['columns'])) {            $col_count = count($opt['columns']);            $i = 0;            foreach ($opt['columns'] as $col) {                // Check if the column exists.                foreach ($this->columns as $k => $c) {                    if ($c->Name() === $col) {                        // Add it to the query.                        // If it's not the last column add a ',', otherwise don't.                        // I can add them directly to the string as I know that the column exists.                        if ($i < $col_count - 1) $q .= "`$col`, ";                        else $q .= "`$col` FROM `" . $this->name . "` ";                        break;                    }                }                $i++;            }        } else $q .= "* FROM `" . $this->name . "` "; // I know the table exists as well since I check in the constructor.        // Add the where clause.        if (isset($opt['where']) && !empty($opt['where'])) {            $where_count = count($opt['where']);            $i = 0;            foreach ($opt['where'] as $k => $w) {                // 0 = Left, 1 = Op, 2 = Right ($w[0], $w[1], $w[2])                // Make sure everything is set.                if (isset($w[0]) && isset($w[1]) && isset($w[2])) {                    // Make sure that the operator is valid. Otherwise throw an exception.                    $op = trim(strtoupper($w[1]));                    if (!in_array($op, CONDITIONAL_OPERATOR_WHITELIST))                        throw new \Exception("The comparison operator is not allowed.", 1);                    // Check if the column exists.                    foreach ($this->columns as $k => $c) {                        if ($c->Name() === $col) {                            // If it is the first one, use WHERE.                            if ($i === 0) $q .= "WHERE `" . $w[0] . "` " . $op . " :" . $w[0] . " ";                            else $q .= "AND `" . $w[0] . "` " . $op . " :" . $w[0] . " ";                            break;                        }                    }                    // Add the where clause to the binds array.                    $pBinds[$w[0]] = $w[2];                } else {                    throw new \Exception('Some of the required information has not been set in the where clause.', 1);                }                $i++;            }        }        // Add the group clause.        if (isset($opt['group']) && !empty($opt['group'])) {            $group_count = count($opt['group']);            $i = 0;            $q .= "GROUP BY ";            foreach ($opt['group'] as $k => $g) {                // Make sure the requried information isset.                // $g[1] = ASC|DESC is not required. ASC by default.                if (isset($g[0])) {                    // Check if the column exists.                    foreach ($this->columns as $c) {                        if ($c->Name() === $g[0]) {                            // Add it to the query.                            if (isset($g[1])) {                                $g1upper = strtoupper($g[1]);                                if ($g1upper !== 'ASC' && $g1upper !== 'DESC')                                    throw new \Exception("The group by 2nd parameter is invalid.", 1);                                if ($i < $group_count - 1) $q .= "`" . $g[0] . "` $g1upper, ";                                else $q .= "`" . $g[0] . "` $g1upper ";                            } else {                                if ($i < $group_count - 1) $q .= "`" . $g[0] . "` ASC, ";                                else $q .= "`" . $g[0] . "` ASC ";                            }                            break;                        }                    }                }                $i++;            }        }        // Add the order by clause.        if (isset($opt['order']) && !empty($opt['order'])) {            $order_count = count($opt['order']);            $i = 0;            $q .= "ORDER BY ";            foreach ($opt['order'] as $k => $o) {                // Make sure the required information isset.                // $o[1] = ASC|DESC is not required. ASC by default.                if (isset($o[0])) {                    // Check if the column exists.                    foreach ($this->columns as $c) {                        if ($c->Name() === $o[0]) {                            // Add it to the query.                            if (isset($o[1])) {                                $o1upper = strtoupper($o[1]);                                if ($o1upper !== 'ASC' && $o1upper !== 'DESC')                                    throw new \Exception("The order by 2nd parameter is invalid.", 1);                                if ($i < $order_count - 1) $q .= ":" . $o[0] . " $o1upper, ";                                else $q .= "`" . $o[0] . "` $o1upper ";                            } else {                                if ($i < $order_count - 1) $q .= ":" . $o[0] . " ASC, ";                                else $q .= "`" . $o[0] . "` ASC ";                            }                            break;                        }                    }                }                $i++;            }        }        // Add the limit.        if (isset($opt['limit']) && !empty($opt['limit'])) {            $q .= "LIMIT ";            if (isset($opt['limit'][0])) {                $q .= ":limit1";                $pBinds['limit1'] = $opt['limit'][0];            }            else throw new \Exception('The limit hasn\'t been specified.', 1);            if (isset($opt['limit'][1])) {                $q .= ", :limit2";                $pBinds['limit2'] = $opt['limit'][1];            }        }        // Remove duplicate parameters and replace them with unique ones.        $q_original = $q;        $this->prepareMultiBind($q, $pBinds);        // Set $info to display the two queries and the new binds.        $info = array(            'Prev' => $q_original,            'Query' => $q,            'Binds' => $pBinds        );        return $info;    }    /**     * Change multiple of the same binds to unique names. For example, :col, :col     * become :col_1, :col_2 and the array will look like this,     * <pre><code>array(     *      'col_1' => 'Column One Value',     *      'col_2' => 'Column One Value'     * );     * </code></pre>     * @param  string $sql   The SQL to convert.     * @param  array  $binds The parameters to convert.     */    protected function prepareMultiBind(string &$sql, array &$binds = array()) {        foreach ($binds as $bindID => $bindV) {            // Match all parameters which are in the SQL statement.            preg_match_all("/:$bindID\b/", $sql, $pm);            // Count how many matches there are, if any.            $pCount = (isset($pm[0])) ? count($pm[0]) : 0;            if ($pCount > 1) {                // If there are some matches loop through them and change their                // names to $previous_$index.                for ($i = 1; $i <= $pCount; $i++)                    $binds[$bindID.'_'.$i] = $bindV;                // Unset the old value.                unset($binds[$bindID]);                // Look for the binds in the SQL and change it to the new value.                $i = 0;                $sql = preg_replace_callback("(:$bindID\b)", function ($m) use (&$i) {                    $i++;                    return sprintf("%s_%d", $m[0], $i);                }, $sql, $limit = -1, $i);            }        }    }    protected function bindParam(\PDOStatement &$stmt, string $id, string $value, int $length = null) {        $type = null;        if (is_numeric($value) && !is_string($value)) $type = \PDO::PARAM_INT;        else if (is_bool($value)) $type = \PDO::PARAM_BOOL;        else if (is_string($value)) $type = \PDO::PARAM_STR;        else if (is_null($value)) $type = \PDO::PARAM_NULL;        else throw new \Exception('Unknown data type ' . gettype($value) . '!', 1);        $stmt->bindParam($id, $value, $type, $length);    }}?>