2016-03-23 Core: 12 arctic exploration, 3rd cond.

Greg Malivuk
[email protected]
http://www.pastebin.com/u/gmalivuk - notes from all classes
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Homework: p. 172 practice 1
2 shouldn’t have told
3 could have gotten
4 should have come / could have come
5 should have asked (Do you think this was a good idea?)
6 couldn’t have taken (this is speculation about the real past)

He couldn’t have taken this photo because he wasn’t in the area.
= I think he didn’t take the photo because that’s impossible.

He couldn’t have taken this photo from anywhere else.
= If he had done something different, he couldn’t have taken the photo. In reality, he took it.
We couldn’t have avoided the insects.
= If we had done something different, we still couldn’t have avoided them.
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p. 144 - The man who ate his boots
Where is the arctic?
What kind of story do you think The Man Who Ate His Boots is?
part 1 - Discuss the questions with your partner.
part 2 - Read the first paragraph and answer the questions.
part 3 - Read the rest of the article and decide if the statements are true or false.
1 F - They didn’t learn how the Inuit lived, so they died.
2 F - Tents freeze and give little insulation.
3 T
4 T
5 F - They had fresh salad vegetables.
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Grammar: Third Conditional = Past Unreal Conditional
part 5
If they had learned to build igloos, the explorers would have been warm.
= They didn’t learn to build igloos, so they were not warm.

Parry’s men wouldn’t have been as healthy if they hadn’t eaten the salads.
= Parry’s men were healthy because they ate the salads.

(First Conditional = Present/Future Real Conditional: If I am rich, I will buy it.)

(Second Conditional = Present/Future Unreal Conditional: If I were rich, I would buy it.)
(if + [past without “was”], subj + would/could/might + base form)

If I had been rich, I would have bought it. (= I wasn’t rich, so I didn’t buy it.)
if + [past perfect], subj + would/could/might + have + past participle
or: subj + would/could/might + have + past participle + if + [past perfect]
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part 7 - Find two more examples of third conditional in the text. Why is “could” used in the first one?
Explorers could have avoided starvation, frostbite, and even death if they had copied the survival techniques of the local Inuit people.
If the explorers had worn sealskin and furs like the Inuit, they wouldn’t have suffered from the frostbite that was common among them.
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would vs. could vs. might

1st: If I win the lottery, I will buy a house.
2nd: If I won the lottery, I would buy a house.
3rd: If I had won the lottery, I would have bought a house.
(This is my 100% certain prediction about the situation.)

1st: If I win the lottery, I can buy a house. = If I win the lottery, I will be able to buy a house.
2nd: If I won the lottery, I could buy a house. = …, I would be able to buy a house.
3rd: If I had won the lottery, I could have bought a house. = …, I would have been able to buy a house.
(This is only about ability. In that situation, there’s enough money to buy a house, but I don’t say anything about my own decision.)

1st: If I win the lottery, I may/might buy a house. = …, maybe I will buy a house.
2nd: If I won the lottery, I might buy a house. = …, maybe I would buy a house.
3rd: If I had won the lottery, I might have bought a house. = …, maybe I would have bought a house.
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BREAK
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They were healthy because they ate salads.
They wouldn’t have been healthy if they hadn’t eaten salads.

They ate salads, so they were healthy.
If they hadn’t eaten salads, they wouldn’t have been healthy.

part 8 - Make third conditional sentences using these facts and the words in parentheses.
1 They got frostbite because they wore inadequate clothing. (furs)
  They wouldn’t have gotten frostbite if they had worn adequate clothing.
  -> They wouldn’t have gotten frostbite if they had worn furs.
  (= If they had worn furs, they wouldn’t have gotten frostbite.)
2 The men wouldn’t have been exhausted if dogs had pulled their sleds.
  If dogs had pulled their sleds, the men wouldn’t have been exhausted.
  (or: if they had used dogs to pull their sleds. or: if their sleds had been pulled by dogs.)
3 If the men had taken only essential items, the sleds wouldn’t have been heavy.
  The sleds wouldn’t have been heavy if the men had taken only essential items.
4 If they had eaten Inuit food, they wouldn’t have gotten scurvy.
  Some men wouldn’t have gotten scurvy if they had eaten Inuit food.
5 If they had known (that) their canned food was poisonous, they wouldn’t have become ill.
  They wouldn’t have become ill if they’d known that their canned food was poisonous.
6 If they had asked local people about the ice, the expedition wouldn’t have gotten stuck.
  If they had asked local people, they would have known that the ocean could freeze and they wouldn’t have gotten stuck.
  If they had asked local people, they wouldn’t have believed the Arctic Ocean couldn’t freeze.
  If they had believed/known the Arctic Ocean could freeze, they might not have gotten stuck.
7 If they had followed local customs, the expeditions would/could/might have been successful.
  The expeditions would/could/might have been successful if they’d followed local customs.
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parts 10-11 - In your group, describe decisions you have made about your life. Answer 1 and 2, and then everyone in the group offer ideas for 3 (What might have happened if you’d made a different decision?)
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Error correction:

*After 1 month I come back to Brazil.
-> After one month, I will go back to Brazil. (Brazil isn’t here, so you don’t come there.)

*I don’t be able to speak quickly.
-> I am not able to speak quickly. / I can’t speak quickly.

*I decided to came to here.
-> I decided to come here.
(“here”, “there”, and “where” include the prepositions to/in/at/on)

*She have 18.
-> She is 18 (years old). (or: She has 18 books.)
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Homework: read p. 147 and do p. 146 parts 1, 4, and 5