$ gs -dPDFA -dBATCH -dNOPAUSE -dNOOUTERSAVE -dUseCIEColor -sDEVICE=pdfwrite -sOutputFile=article-a.pdf PDFA_def.ps article.pdf
GPL Ghostscript 9.50 (2019-10-15)
Copyright (C) 2019 Artifex Software, Inc.  All rights reserved.
This software is supplied under the GNU AGPLv3 and comes with NO WARRANTY:
see the file COPYING for details.
GPL Ghostscript 9.50:

Use of -dUseCIEColor detected!
Since the release of version 9.11 of Ghostscript we recommend you do not set
-dUseCIEColor with the pdfwrite/ps2write device family.

ColorConversionStrategy not set, falling back to ProcessColorModel, output may not be valid PDF/A.
Error: /invalidfileaccess in --file--
Operand stack:
   --nostringval--   --nostringval--   (srgb.icc)   (r)
Execution stack:
   %interp_exit   .runexec2   --nostringval--   --nostringval--   --nostringval--   2   %stopped_push   --nostringval--   --nostringval--   --nostringval--   false   1   %stopped_push   1990   1   3   %oparray_pop   1989   1   3   %oparray_pop   1977   1   3   %oparray_pop   1833   1   3   %oparray_pop   --nostringval--   %errorexec_pop   .runexec2   --nostringval--   --nostringval--   --nostringval--   2   %stopped_push   --nostringval--
Dictionary stack:
   --dict:731/1123(ro)(G)--   --dict:0/20(G)--   --dict:76/200(L)--
Current allocation mode is local
Last OS error: Permission denied
Current file position is 2107
GPL Ghostscript 9.50: Unrecoverable error, exit code 1