2014-11-04 Structure: adverbs

Greg Malivuk
[email protected]
http://www.pastebin.com/u/gmalivuk
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p. 308-309 (Unit 18)

fuzzy - unclear, out of focus

willingly - voluntarily, I will choose to do it

draft dodger - someone who avoids required military service
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ADVERBS
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adverbs modify verbs, adjectives, adverbs, and sentences

verbs: I often go shopping on Saturday.
       My brother drives fast.

adjectives/adverbs: I'm too tired. He drives very fast.
	(intensifiers: really, very, quite, so, pretty)

sentences: Basically, I think service should be voluntary.

	Clearly, you need glasses.
	= You clearly need glasses.
	= You need glasses, clearly.
	(= It's clear that you need glasses.)
adverb of manner (modifies the verb):
	(You will see clearly with glasses.)
(clearly, sadly, hopefully: can be both types of adverb)

She can see you clearly. (manner: she doesn't need glasses)
She can see you, clearly. (sentence: of course she sees you)
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Focus Adverb: emphasizes one part of the sentence (the word after the adverb, or the stressed word if the adverb is before the verb)

Only I can tell you about this problem.
 = I can tell you. No one else can tell you.

I can only tell you about this problem.
 = I can tell you, but I can't do more. I can't make you understand it, I can't solve the problem. I can only tell.
(If I stress "you" or "this", it can have the same meaning as the next two sentences)

I can tell only you about this problem.
 = I cannot tell anyone else.

I can tell you only about this problem.
	( =    about only this problem.)
 = I can't tell you about other things or other problems.

only, just, simply, almost, even
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I don't just agree with him. ("only": I do more than agree.)

I just don't agree with him. ("simply": I can't explain it.)
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Most humans are born with two legs.
Almost all humans are born with two legs.

The robot is almost human.
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Some babies don't grow hair even when they are older.
 = It continues and includes this surprising situation (when they are older).

Even I can read this. = It's very easy, most people can read it, including me, and I'm not a very good reader.

I can read even this. = It's difficult, most people can't read it, but I can read many things, including this.
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Negative adverbs: modify verbs, but they change the order

I rarely watch TV.
Rarely do I watch TV.

I never watched TV.
Never did I watch TV. (sounds a bit strange and formal)

* They little know that I have all the answers.
Little do they know that I have all the answers.

(rarely, seldom, never, little, neither, not only, hardly, (in) no way)
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p. 314 exercise 1
1 just F: she does more than support
2 Basically S
3 obviously S
4 even F: I accept most things, but this is an extreme suggestion. Most people find it extreme, including me.
5 clearly S
6 Little N
7 just F: I simply don't agree (and can't explain it).
8 only F: only medical duties, nothing more
9 Not only...but also N
10 only F: just men, not anyone else

Only in Israel are women required to join the military.
Only after you finish your vegetables can you have cake.

Here he comes. There you go. Here I am.
Here comes John. There goes Mary. Here is Frances.
(when the subject is a noun (not a pronoun), "here" and "there" switch the order to verb+subject)
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p. 315 exercise 3
2 b
3 a
4 b
5 b
6 a
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Homework: exercise 2 (314-5) and exercise 4 (315-6)