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- 1
- 00:00:19,602 --> 00:00:24,566
- [woman]
- Most harmful behavior is based in fear.
- 2
- 00:00:28,194 --> 00:00:32,157
- Protecting one’s perceived position
- in society…
- 3
- 00:00:35,660 --> 00:00:39,581
- protecting one’s territory,
- or one’s physical well-being.
- 4
- 00:00:43,042 --> 00:00:46,254
- But progress is inevitable.
- 5
- 00:00:52,177 --> 00:00:55,388
- [man on radio] This is Apollo Control.
- The situation is go for landing.
- 6
- 00:00:57,182 --> 00:00:59,517
- Repeat again, we are go for landing.
- 7
- 00:01:00,435 --> 00:01:03,146
- [woman #2] There was, at that time,
- a lot of prejudice.
- 8
- 00:01:04,189 --> 00:01:07,233
- Women astronauts. What a ridiculous idea.
- 9
- 00:01:07,817 --> 00:01:11,404
- [woman on radio] Roger.
- You’re five by, Jim. We’re sailing free.
- 10
- 00:01:12,864 --> 00:01:14,824
- Okay, Jim. How do you read? Over.
- 11
- 00:01:14,908 --> 00:01:17,077
- [Jim] I read you loud and clear.
- You sound beautiful.
- 12
- 00:01:17,660 --> 00:01:20,872
- [woman #3]
- I think we all know why it didn’t happen.
- 13
- 00:01:21,456 --> 00:01:23,291
- [woman on radio] Okay. 300 feet.
- 14
- 00:01:24,417 --> 00:01:25,710
- Fifteen down.
- 15
- 00:01:26,586 --> 00:01:27,754
- Take over, Sarah.
- 16
- 00:01:28,379 --> 00:01:30,215
- [woman #4] It was a good old boy network.
- 17
- 00:01:30,298 --> 00:01:33,176
- And there was no such thing
- as a “good old girl” network.
- 18
- 00:01:34,636 --> 00:01:37,055
- [woman on radio]
- Okay. Fuel is at ten percent.
- 19
- 00:01:37,806 --> 00:01:42,101
- [woman #5] I guess we did it so well,
- they didn’t like that. [chuckles] So…
- 20
- 00:01:42,560 --> 00:01:44,187
- [woman on radio] Here comes the shadow.
- 21
- 00:01:44,646 --> 00:01:48,149
- Perfect place over here. I see
- a couple of big boulders, not too bad.
- 22
- 00:01:49,025 --> 00:01:52,403
- [woman #6] I still didn’t tell people
- that I wanted to be an astronaut.
- 23
- 00:01:52,487 --> 00:01:54,072
- I was just gonna do it.
- 24
- 00:01:55,448 --> 00:01:57,528
- [woman on radio]
- You’re leveled off. Let her on down.
- 25
- 00:01:57,742 --> 00:02:01,371
- Okay. Seven, six percent. Pretty fast.
- 26
- 00:02:02,413 --> 00:02:03,790
- Contact. Stop!
- 27
- 00:02:03,873 --> 00:02:05,875
- [scattered applause]
- 28
- 00:02:06,084 --> 00:02:09,546
- [woman #7] Someone has to start the fight
- to change the opinion.
- 29
- 00:02:09,921 --> 00:02:12,340
- Someone has to lead the way.
- 30
- 00:02:12,799 --> 00:02:15,677
- [woman on radio]
- That’s one small leap for a woman…
- 31
- 00:02:18,096 --> 00:02:21,141
- another giant step for mankind.
- 32
- 00:02:51,462 --> 00:02:52,755
- Surprise!
- 33
- 00:02:52,839 --> 00:02:54,382
- [both laughing]
- 34
- 00:02:54,465 --> 00:02:56,175
- - How we doing?
- - Great.
- 35
- 00:02:56,259 --> 00:02:57,468
- Good to see you.
- 36
- 00:02:57,552 --> 00:02:59,345
- - Hi, honey. How are you?
- - Good.
- 37
- 00:02:59,429 --> 00:03:02,098
- - Good to see you, sweetheart.
- - Thank you. Nice to see you.
- 38
- 00:03:03,641 --> 00:03:07,353
- - What kind of airplane do you usually fly?
- - Usually a 172.
- 39
- 00:03:07,437 --> 00:03:10,648
- Although the last time,
- I was flying in a Cherokee.
- 40
- 00:03:10,732 --> 00:03:15,987
- So it doesn’t really matter. I’m used to a
- Piper from the days of my three Comanches.
- 41
- 00:03:16,070 --> 00:03:20,241
- - You’re the Comanche girl. I remember.
- - Yeah. Low-wing Comanches.
- 42
- 00:03:20,325 --> 00:03:23,703
- I’ve been very lucky, and I’ve been able
- to fly some Stearmans about once a month.
- 43
- 00:03:23,786 --> 00:03:24,996
- - Oh, good.
- - That’s great.
- 44
- 00:03:25,079 --> 00:03:28,875
- That’s the airplane that I owned
- when I was 20 years old out in California.
- 45
- 00:03:57,487 --> 00:04:00,323
- I was a very, very curious kid.
- 46
- 00:04:03,409 --> 00:04:06,746
- My first ride in an airplane
- was at nine years of age.
- 47
- 00:04:07,997 --> 00:04:12,085
- And it was wonderful.
- The freedom, the smell of the exhaust,
- 48
- 00:04:12,168 --> 00:04:14,462
- the air going over my hair.
- 49
- 00:04:17,882 --> 00:04:19,717
- It was me. It was part of me.
- 50
- 00:04:20,385 --> 00:04:22,220
- I had those wings on too.
- 51
- 00:04:32,647 --> 00:04:34,607
- [woman] I grew up in Minnesota.
- 52
- 00:04:36,526 --> 00:04:39,320
- Every day, I’d see this airplane
- flying overhead,
- 53
- 00:04:39,404 --> 00:04:41,656
- and I thought, “I could do that too.”
- 54
- 00:04:43,616 --> 00:04:46,244
- My parents didn’t like that idea.
- 55
- 00:04:48,496 --> 00:04:51,082
- People didn’t think
- it was for women at all, flying.
- 56
- 00:04:51,165 --> 00:04:55,378
- But I knew better,
- and I liked it and I did it.
- 57
- 00:05:04,387 --> 00:05:06,180
- [woman] I think your first solo is,
- 58
- 00:05:06,264 --> 00:05:11,269
- in all your flying experiences,
- you feel is your greatest accomplishment.
- 59
- 00:05:15,523 --> 00:05:19,277
- It was the thrill of going up
- and being free up there.
- 60
- 00:05:19,360 --> 00:05:22,155
- And you’d look down
- and you could get a proper perspective.
- 61
- 00:05:24,407 --> 00:05:25,908
- I always was very positive
- 62
- 00:05:25,992 --> 00:05:30,121
- about always willing to learn
- something new and have a new adventure.
- 63
- 00:05:39,547 --> 00:05:42,258
- [man]
- There was a barnstormer coming into Flint,
- 64
- 00:05:42,341 --> 00:05:44,510
- and they were advertising rides.
- 65
- 00:05:45,344 --> 00:05:50,016
- B said that, from the moment she got in
- that plane and took off and looked down,
- 66
- 00:05:50,099 --> 00:05:54,312
- she said, “This is it.
- This is what I’m meant for.”
- 67
- 00:06:03,321 --> 00:06:06,240
- [man]
- This is Janey’s official wedding picture.
- 68
- 00:06:07,450 --> 00:06:09,619
- My mother was a very well-off child
- 69
- 00:06:09,702 --> 00:06:15,041
- who took advantage of that
- to pursue the dreams that she always held.
- 70
- 00:06:18,086 --> 00:06:19,837
- Seventeen. You’re right.
- 71
- 00:06:20,963 --> 00:06:26,344
- My first experience of flight, um,
- was when I was very young.
- 72
- 00:06:28,513 --> 00:06:30,056
- Mother was the pilot.
- 73
- 00:06:33,226 --> 00:06:35,728
- And off we go, into the sky.
- 74
- 00:06:38,064 --> 00:06:41,442
- And Mother’s very delighted
- to just show her little girl
- 75
- 00:06:41,526 --> 00:06:43,402
- this is what you could do.
- 76
- 00:06:49,075 --> 00:06:51,536
- So we’re going higher
- and higher and higher
- 77
- 00:06:51,619 --> 00:06:53,955
- and closer and closer to the clouds.
- 78
- 00:06:55,206 --> 00:06:56,666
- I’m becoming a bit alarmed
- 79
- 00:06:56,749 --> 00:06:59,377
- because, in my mind,
- these clouds are solid
- 80
- 00:06:59,460 --> 00:07:02,797
- and we’re going to crash into them,
- and my mother is going to kill us.
- 81
- 00:07:05,007 --> 00:07:06,467
- As we get closer and closer, I said,
- 82
- 00:07:06,551 --> 00:07:09,470
- “Why are we going so close to the clouds?
- We’re gonna hit them.”
- 83
- 00:07:09,554 --> 00:07:13,224
- And she just... She truly laughed
- and said, you know, “Watch this.”
- 84
- 00:07:13,307 --> 00:07:16,602
- And away we went,
- through and over the clouds.
- 85
- 00:07:18,896 --> 00:07:20,314
- Quite wonderful.
- 86
- 00:07:32,827 --> 00:07:35,288
- [woman] I still, as I lift off,
- 87
- 00:07:35,705 --> 00:07:39,125
- very often think, “Why me, God?"
- 88
- 00:07:39,208 --> 00:07:40,918
- [radio chatter]
- 89
- 00:07:41,002 --> 00:07:43,004
- "Why did I get to do this?”
- 90
- 00:07:44,630 --> 00:07:46,632
- I don’t think I needed
- a lot of encouragement.
- 91
- 00:07:46,716 --> 00:07:50,094
- I was raring to go.
- I just, I really loved flying.
- 92
- 00:07:57,685 --> 00:08:00,021
- There was always
- a certain amount of prejudice
- 93
- 00:08:00,104 --> 00:08:02,648
- about women getting into the men’s fields.
- 94
- 00:08:06,319 --> 00:08:10,823
- But there were stories of women
- making breakthroughs in aviation.
- 95
- 00:08:12,033 --> 00:08:13,743
- So I knew it was possible.
- 96
- 00:08:15,661 --> 00:08:17,246
- [fanfare]
- 97
- 00:08:17,330 --> 00:08:21,167
- [woman] She’s out to break the women’s
- speed record: Jacqueline Cochran.
- 98
- 00:08:21,250 --> 00:08:25,505
- Takeoff at Detroit for the girl
- who now ranks as first lady of the sky.
- 99
- 00:08:25,588 --> 00:08:27,590
- Women are progressing rapidly.
- 100
- 00:08:31,177 --> 00:08:33,846
- The women’s record,
- made by a ladybird of France,
- 101
- 00:08:33,930 --> 00:08:36,599
- was 276 miles an hour.
- 102
- 00:08:36,682 --> 00:08:40,144
- Jacqueline flies
- 17 miles an hour faster than that.
- 103
- 00:08:44,398 --> 00:08:47,193
- She lands, and I wonder how she looks
- 104
- 00:08:47,276 --> 00:08:51,072
- after flying more than 293 miles an hour.
- 105
- 00:08:51,155 --> 00:08:53,866
- That’s fast enough
- to disarrange one’s hair.
- 106
- 00:08:53,950 --> 00:08:54,992
- Sure enough…
- 107
- 00:09:00,831 --> 00:09:05,044
- No, I never met Jackie Cochran.
- But I can tell you a Jackie Cochran story.
- 108
- 00:09:07,255 --> 00:09:09,423
- I was flying into Cincinnati,
- 109
- 00:09:10,091 --> 00:09:12,343
- and the tower gave me
- landing instructions.
- 110
- 00:09:12,426 --> 00:09:15,263
- And then I heard a woman’s voice.
- 111
- 00:09:15,346 --> 00:09:17,557
- She was flying a Lockheed Lodestar.
- 112
- 00:09:17,640 --> 00:09:23,104
- And I thought, “My word, what female pilot
- flies that big old Lockheed?”
- 113
- 00:09:24,772 --> 00:09:26,857
- The tower called her, and they said,
- 114
- 00:09:26,941 --> 00:09:29,569
- “Lockheed,
- you are lined up on the wrong runway.”
- 115
- 00:09:30,194 --> 00:09:31,362
- And she said,
- 116
- 00:09:31,988 --> 00:09:35,783
- “I’ll land
- on any goddamn runway I please.”
- 117
- 00:09:35,866 --> 00:09:37,410
- And of course I thought,
- 118
- 00:09:37,493 --> 00:09:40,204
- “Wow, I didn’t know
- you could say that on the radio.”
- 119
- 00:09:47,128 --> 00:09:50,965
- [man] We didn’t really need a reason to
- invite Jacqueline Cochran to the program.
- 120
- 00:09:51,382 --> 00:09:54,260
- Our guest is probably
- the most distinguished woman pilot
- 121
- 00:09:54,343 --> 00:09:55,845
- in the world today.
- 122
- 00:09:56,679 --> 00:10:01,058
- It seems that you soloed
- at Roosevelt Field back in 1932.
- 123
- 00:10:01,142 --> 00:10:04,353
- - [Cochran] That is correct. And...
- - [man] Came in for a dead-stick landing.
- 124
- 00:10:04,437 --> 00:10:08,232
- [Cochran] Right. And it was 48 hours after
- I’d seen my first airplane on the ground.
- 125
- 00:10:08,316 --> 00:10:10,544
- [man] How many hours of instruction
- had you had when you...
- 126
- 00:10:10,568 --> 00:10:12,528
- [Cochran] Five hours and five minutes.
- 127
- 00:10:13,029 --> 00:10:16,824
- [man] But you’ve also done very well
- in the cosmetics business.
- 128
- 00:10:16,907 --> 00:10:18,326
- [Cochran] I did very well.
- 129
- 00:10:18,409 --> 00:10:20,887
- [man] ’Course it helped to be married
- to a millionaire, you admit that?
- 130
- 00:10:20,911 --> 00:10:23,122
- [Cochran] I was doing pretty well
- before I got married.
- 131
- 00:10:25,041 --> 00:10:28,919
- Jacqueline Cochran was
- an extraordinary gal.
- 132
- 00:10:29,003 --> 00:10:32,923
- She, uh...
- She was raised in poverty in the South.
- 133
- 00:10:33,007 --> 00:10:35,593
- She had formed her own company.
- 134
- 00:10:35,676 --> 00:10:37,678
- She met Floyd Odlum, who was,
- 135
- 00:10:37,762 --> 00:10:42,475
- prior to the war, he was
- the highest-paid CEO in the United States.
- 136
- 00:10:43,601 --> 00:10:47,521
- [Ratley]
- Jackie was very much of an individualist.
- 137
- 00:10:47,605 --> 00:10:50,399
- First woman to do this,
- first woman to do that.
- 138
- 00:10:50,483 --> 00:10:53,569
- And Jackie wanted to be a trailblazer.
- 139
- 00:10:53,653 --> 00:10:56,030
- - [fanfare]
- - [man] Women with wings.
- 140
- 00:10:56,113 --> 00:10:58,324
- At Avenger Field in Sweetwater, Texas,
- 141
- 00:10:58,407 --> 00:11:01,577
- famous flyer Jacqueline Cochran
- gives her ferry pilot students
- 142
- 00:11:01,661 --> 00:11:03,371
- a last-minute inspection.
- 143
- 00:11:03,454 --> 00:11:06,707
- Then it’s off by plane
- for graduation ceremonies.
- 144
- 00:11:10,628 --> 00:11:13,214
- “Good-bye, Daughter.
- I’m working for the army now.”
- 145
- 00:11:14,215 --> 00:11:18,260
- [Jessen] Jackie Cochran headed up
- the WASP program during World War II,
- 146
- 00:11:19,136 --> 00:11:22,556
- the Women’s Airforce Service Pilots,
- who flew all the airplanes.
- 147
- 00:11:23,724 --> 00:11:25,935
- That was the first time that happened.
- 148
- 00:11:26,018 --> 00:11:28,687
- They flew all the military airplanes,
- but they didn’t go to war.
- 149
- 00:11:32,525 --> 00:11:36,612
- What they did is that
- they provided ferrying capability.
- 150
- 00:11:37,154 --> 00:11:39,865
- They would pick up the aircraft
- from the factories
- 151
- 00:11:39,949 --> 00:11:43,327
- and fly them to a point
- where they would be turned over.
- 152
- 00:11:46,372 --> 00:11:48,165
- And these women flew these planes
- 153
- 00:11:48,249 --> 00:11:51,544
- with the same training, or less,
- that the men had,
- 154
- 00:11:51,627 --> 00:11:53,879
- and they had the same safety record.
- 155
- 00:11:53,963 --> 00:11:56,048
- So they proved
- they could fly those aircraft.
- 156
- 00:11:56,924 --> 00:12:00,261
- [man] Nobody should ever tell a WASP
- that flying’s not a woman’s job.
- 157
- 00:12:00,344 --> 00:12:02,596
- They wouldn’t believe it
- any more than if it were said
- 158
- 00:12:02,680 --> 00:12:08,269
- a girl can’t be a good flyer and a woman,
- a woman at the same time.
- 159
- 00:12:12,148 --> 00:12:14,316
- After the war,
- they didn’t want to give that up.
- 160
- 00:12:14,400 --> 00:12:16,819
- They wouldn’t give up their independence.
- 161
- 00:12:17,778 --> 00:12:20,406
- A lot of ’em stayed in aviation.
- 162
- 00:12:20,489 --> 00:12:23,534
- And a lot of ’em didn’t want
- to go back to the kitchen.
- 163
- 00:12:23,617 --> 00:12:25,494
- They wanted their freedom again.
- 164
- 00:12:27,955 --> 00:12:29,957
- [no audible dialogue]
- 165
- 00:12:36,046 --> 00:12:39,592
- And these WASPs really were great mentors.
- 166
- 00:12:41,218 --> 00:12:45,014
- They organized these air races
- called the Powder Puff Derby.
- 167
- 00:12:49,226 --> 00:12:51,771
- The first one I flew in was ’52.
- 168
- 00:12:53,105 --> 00:12:55,441
- You know, when you’re 18,
- you don’t have fear,
- 169
- 00:12:55,524 --> 00:12:58,277
- and you don’t think of it as being brave.
- 170
- 00:12:58,360 --> 00:13:01,280
- You think of adventures and having fun.
- 171
- 00:13:01,363 --> 00:13:04,950
- Because 18-year-olds think
- nothing will ever happen to ’em.
- 172
- 00:13:18,047 --> 00:13:21,509
- You know, “Powder Puff Derby”
- has a great ring to it.
- 173
- 00:13:21,926 --> 00:13:24,762
- And it was always great to say,
- “Yeah, I flew the Powder Puff Derby.”
- 174
- 00:13:27,097 --> 00:13:30,351
- When you’re at the takeoff line
- and the flag drops,
- 175
- 00:13:30,434 --> 00:13:33,145
- you put the power to it, and you take off,
- 176
- 00:13:33,521 --> 00:13:36,982
- and I stayed very close to the runway
- to get my speed up.
- 177
- 00:13:41,237 --> 00:13:45,407
- [Jessen] The women that you meet who are
- flying in those air races are wonderful,
- 178
- 00:13:45,491 --> 00:13:47,326
- and they’re very inspiring.
- 179
- 00:13:47,409 --> 00:13:49,578
- And you make lifelong friends.
- 180
- 00:13:52,873 --> 00:13:57,545
- What a thrill it is to have won this 13th
- Annual All-Women International Air Race.
- 181
- 00:13:57,628 --> 00:13:59,505
- Mary and I feel very proud of this.
- 182
- 00:13:59,588 --> 00:14:02,800
- We’re real happy to be in Florida.
- What a wonderful state you have.
- 183
- 00:14:04,718 --> 00:14:06,846
- [Bob Steadman]
- The air racing was very important.
- 184
- 00:14:06,929 --> 00:14:10,474
- It proved the mettle. It proved that
- these gals knew what they were doing.
- 185
- 00:14:12,017 --> 00:14:16,647
- The racing fraternity was very strong.
- The bond was very strong.
- 186
- 00:14:28,951 --> 00:14:31,161
- [man] On October 4, 1957,
- 187
- 00:14:31,537 --> 00:14:34,081
- a world-stirring event took place.
- 188
- 00:14:46,260 --> 00:14:48,929
- Sputnik! My word.
- 189
- 00:14:49,889 --> 00:14:52,057
- To see this thing going around the world.
- 190
- 00:14:56,520 --> 00:15:01,525
- Space was very, very exciting then.
- Everybody was into this space business.
- 191
- 00:15:03,944 --> 00:15:07,364
- I do remember
- Mother’s extraordinary enthusiasm
- 192
- 00:15:07,448 --> 00:15:12,286
- when she knew that the Sputnik
- was gonna be traversing in the sky.
- 193
- 00:15:15,998 --> 00:15:20,169
- She got us all out of the house and
- looking up at the sky, and just, I mean,
- 194
- 00:15:20,252 --> 00:15:24,256
- she had grapefruit juice in her hand,
- and she poured it all over herself.
- 195
- 00:15:24,340 --> 00:15:25,925
- She was just so excited.
- 196
- 00:15:34,850 --> 00:15:38,687
- How quickly it went
- from just sending up Sputniks …
- 197
- 00:15:41,357 --> 00:15:42,691
- and then sending up animals.
- 198
- 00:15:47,196 --> 00:15:50,783
- I think everybody was astounded
- at those accomplishments.
- 199
- 00:15:58,207 --> 00:16:00,918
- [Bob Steadman]
- I remember the Russians had,
- 200
- 00:16:01,001 --> 00:16:04,630
- at that point in time,
- had succeeded in every single endeavor.
- 201
- 00:16:04,713 --> 00:16:06,215
- They were ahead of us.
- 202
- 00:16:08,342 --> 00:16:10,970
- The United States needed to catch up.
- 203
- 00:16:19,937 --> 00:16:24,066
- [man] One of these seven young men
- will be the first American into space.
- 204
- 00:16:25,025 --> 00:16:26,902
- These are the astronauts.
- 205
- 00:16:27,861 --> 00:16:30,114
- United States Project Mercury.
- 206
- 00:16:35,202 --> 00:16:39,540
- When this program started,
- a lot of the military guys wanted in it.
- 207
- 00:16:39,623 --> 00:16:45,421
- So they developed criteria
- for qualification to be an astronaut.
- 208
- 00:16:46,588 --> 00:16:47,965
- [man] Each must be:
- 209
- 00:16:48,799 --> 00:16:51,593
- the graduate of a navy or air force
- test pilot school,
- 210
- 00:16:52,511 --> 00:16:54,388
- 1,500 hours of flight time…
- 211
- 00:16:55,472 --> 00:16:57,433
- qualified in jet aircraft,
- 212
- 00:16:57,850 --> 00:16:59,351
- an engineering background,
- 213
- 00:17:00,310 --> 00:17:02,563
- and 5’11” or less.
- 214
- 00:17:04,398 --> 00:17:08,027
- Thirty-two candidates reported to the
- Lovelace Clinic in Albuquerque, New Mexico
- 215
- 00:17:08,110 --> 00:17:11,071
- for an exhaustive series
- of physical examinations.
- 216
- 00:17:12,364 --> 00:17:16,118
- These tests were divided between those
- given under normal clinical procedures
- 217
- 00:17:16,201 --> 00:17:19,371
- and a series used for the first time
- in Project Mercury.
- 218
- 00:17:20,831 --> 00:17:23,167
- [Bob Steadman]
- NASA had picked Dr. Lovelace
- 219
- 00:17:23,250 --> 00:17:27,421
- to set the standards for the astronauts
- in the program.
- 220
- 00:17:27,504 --> 00:17:31,258
- So he had developed the testing,
- and he had conducted the testing.
- 221
- 00:17:31,759 --> 00:17:36,180
- [man] The question is,
- is Dr. Lovelace’s work done?
- 222
- 00:17:36,764 --> 00:17:39,808
- We hope to continue to participate
- in the program.
- 223
- 00:17:39,892 --> 00:17:43,020
- I might say that all our doctors
- and technicians
- 224
- 00:17:43,103 --> 00:17:45,272
- are a little tired right at the moment.
- 225
- 00:17:46,482 --> 00:17:51,028
- My father was
- Dr. William Randolph Lovelace II.
- 226
- 00:17:53,197 --> 00:17:57,826
- He had a great smile,
- but he could also be very serious.
- 227
- 00:17:59,119 --> 00:18:01,705
- He was a surgeon first and foremost,
- 228
- 00:18:01,789 --> 00:18:07,795
- but was always involved with aviation,
- then aerospace medicine.
- 229
- 00:18:09,671 --> 00:18:14,802
- He was invited to be
- head of space medicine for NASA.
- 230
- 00:18:17,763 --> 00:18:18,931
- That was a fun time
- 231
- 00:18:19,014 --> 00:18:23,102
- because the seven astronauts came to
- our house for dinner almost every night.
- 232
- 00:18:23,811 --> 00:18:27,981
- And we were instructed
- to make conversation with everyone.
- 233
- 00:18:28,065 --> 00:18:30,275
- So we did, and ate with them,
- 234
- 00:18:30,359 --> 00:18:33,862
- voted on them each night
- in terms of who we liked the best,
- 235
- 00:18:33,946 --> 00:18:37,157
- and would tell our father
- in the morning at breakfast.
- 236
- 00:18:37,241 --> 00:18:39,451
- It was always Scott Carpenter.
- 237
- 00:18:41,620 --> 00:18:43,247
- It was just an amazing time.
- 238
- 00:18:43,330 --> 00:18:47,960
- They’d make fun of my father
- and the tests that he made them do, and…
- 239
- 00:18:49,211 --> 00:18:52,214
- But there was obviously respect there.
- 240
- 00:18:52,297 --> 00:18:58,762
- [John Glenn] I think the tests out of Dr.
- Lovelace’s place in Albuquerque out there,
- 241
- 00:18:58,846 --> 00:19:02,808
- uh, certainly some of the tests we had
- out there were the most trying.
- 242
- 00:19:02,891 --> 00:19:04,810
- And it’s rather difficult to pick one,
- 243
- 00:19:04,893 --> 00:19:08,480
- because if you figure how many openings
- there are on the human body
- 244
- 00:19:08,564 --> 00:19:10,732
- and how far you can go in any one of ’em…
- 245
- 00:19:10,816 --> 00:19:12,693
- [laughter]
- 246
- 00:19:14,319 --> 00:19:15,654
- You gave it away.
- 247
- 00:19:17,906 --> 00:19:22,703
- Now you answer which one would be
- the toughest for you, and that’s it.
- 248
- 00:19:22,786 --> 00:19:24,997
- [laughter continues]
- 249
- 00:19:25,080 --> 00:19:28,500
- [Ratley]
- The cookie cutters. Cookie-cutter males.
- 250
- 00:19:29,209 --> 00:19:33,881
- And cookie-cutter means
- there was no difference in their religion,
- 251
- 00:19:33,964 --> 00:19:37,467
- in their state of origin, or anything.
- 252
- 00:19:37,551 --> 00:19:40,095
- They were just all exactly the same.
- 253
- 00:19:47,227 --> 00:19:50,898
- [Johnson]
- My father felt very strongly about having
- 254
- 00:19:50,981 --> 00:19:53,901
- a group of women astronauts.
- 255
- 00:19:55,319 --> 00:20:00,199
- If you’re a pioneer, you just start
- with your instincts, I guess.
- 256
- 00:20:01,783 --> 00:20:04,953
- He felt that women had
- a definite role in space,
- 257
- 00:20:05,037 --> 00:20:10,918
- that there were... physically and
- emotionally, that they had some attributes
- 258
- 00:20:11,001 --> 00:20:14,254
- that were stronger
- than the male astronauts’.
- 259
- 00:20:15,714 --> 00:20:18,592
- [Johnson]
- And he wanted to test their capability
- 260
- 00:20:18,675 --> 00:20:24,514
- by comparing their test results to
- the test results of the male astronauts.
- 261
- 00:20:26,475 --> 00:20:28,018
- Clearly,
- 262
- 00:20:28,769 --> 00:20:34,316
- one of the women in his life
- that catapulted that into action
- 263
- 00:20:34,399 --> 00:20:36,526
- was his relationship with Jackie Cochran.
- 264
- 00:20:40,197 --> 00:20:44,159
- I’m Jacqueline Cochran, and I really would
- like to be the first woman in space.
- 265
- 00:20:44,826 --> 00:20:51,041
- Anyone who’s spent as much time in the air
- as I have in the last 34 years
- 266
- 00:20:51,124 --> 00:20:54,544
- is bound to yearn
- to go a little bit farther.
- 267
- 00:20:55,462 --> 00:20:58,090
- [Johnson] Jackie Cochran was my godmother.
- 268
- 00:20:58,674 --> 00:21:00,008
- And…
- 269
- 00:21:01,009 --> 00:21:03,929
- Floyd Odlum actually was
- on our board of directors.
- 270
- 00:21:04,012 --> 00:21:05,389
- I think he was the president.
- 271
- 00:21:05,472 --> 00:21:09,726
- He was the original chairman of our board
- for the Lovelace Clinic.
- 272
- 00:21:10,477 --> 00:21:13,480
- So he turned to Floyd Odlum and Jackie,
- 273
- 00:21:14,439 --> 00:21:18,068
- and they financed that study.
- 274
- 00:21:28,245 --> 00:21:29,871
- [Jessen] This was his program.
- 275
- 00:21:29,955 --> 00:21:34,584
- Dr. Lovelace did it on his own,
- outside of his contract with NASA…
- 276
- 00:21:35,627 --> 00:21:40,299
- and invited 25 women
- to come and take the physical exam,
- 277
- 00:21:40,382 --> 00:21:43,218
- very similar
- to what the astronauts were taking.
- 278
- 00:21:44,261 --> 00:21:49,850
- They had a list
- of the top pilots that they knew.
- 279
- 00:21:49,933 --> 00:21:54,396
- And one of the first that was called
- was Jerrie Cobb.
- 280
- 00:21:55,147 --> 00:21:56,898
- She was a great gal.
- 281
- 00:21:57,858 --> 00:22:01,111
- I was asked by Dr. Lovelace
- and General Flickinger
- 282
- 00:22:01,194 --> 00:22:04,740
- to be the first woman
- to go through these astronaut tests.
- 283
- 00:22:04,823 --> 00:22:06,241
- This was in 1959.
- 284
- 00:22:06,325 --> 00:22:10,996
- Both of them had just come back
- from a scientific meeting in Moscow.
- 285
- 00:22:11,079 --> 00:22:15,500
- At that time, they had heard the Russians
- were gonna train women cosmonauts.
- 286
- 00:22:15,584 --> 00:22:17,627
- And this was over three years ago.
- 287
- 00:22:17,711 --> 00:22:20,797
- So they thought we ought to get together
- and start doing something.
- 288
- 00:22:20,881 --> 00:22:24,134
- They asked me if I would be the first
- woman to undergo the astronaut test,
- 289
- 00:22:24,217 --> 00:22:27,471
- which I was, couldn’t say yes fast enough,
- and then...
- 290
- 00:22:27,554 --> 00:22:30,057
- [Funk] Now, I knew Jerrie
- because she flew the Aero Commander.
- 291
- 00:22:30,140 --> 00:22:32,392
- She had done a lot of flying.
- 292
- 00:22:32,476 --> 00:22:36,772
- She flew a lot into South America.
- And I knew her life.
- 293
- 00:22:36,855 --> 00:22:39,900
- I knew Jerrie Cobb, yeah.
- She was a good pilot.
- 294
- 00:22:39,983 --> 00:22:43,361
- But I think I could fly
- as well as she could. [chuckles]
- 295
- 00:22:43,445 --> 00:22:46,865
- She may not think so,
- but I think I could’ve.
- 296
- 00:22:46,948 --> 00:22:50,535
- Why, in the Western program,
- do you think there is a need,
- 297
- 00:22:50,619 --> 00:22:53,371
- if you feel there is a need,
- for women in space?
- 298
- 00:22:53,747 --> 00:22:57,542
- Well, it’s the same thing as,
- is there a need for men in space?
- 299
- 00:22:57,626 --> 00:23:00,003
- I mean, if we’re going to send
- a human being into space,
- 300
- 00:23:00,087 --> 00:23:02,130
- we should send the one most qualified.
- 301
- 00:23:02,214 --> 00:23:06,468
- And in certain areas women have a lot
- to offer, and other areas, men do.
- 302
- 00:23:06,551 --> 00:23:08,303
- I think that we ought to use both.
- 303
- 00:23:08,386 --> 00:23:11,223
- [Funk] Jerrie and I were from Oklahoma.
- I was at Fort Sill.
- 304
- 00:23:11,640 --> 00:23:14,851
- She called and said,
- “Do you want to be an astronaut?”
- 305
- 00:23:14,935 --> 00:23:16,394
- I said, “Absolutely.”
- 306
- 00:23:16,478 --> 00:23:17,729
- I knew Wally.
- 307
- 00:23:17,813 --> 00:23:22,943
- And Wally took me aside one time
- when we were having a competition,
- 308
- 00:23:23,026 --> 00:23:26,738
- and she said, “I’m in a secret program.
- 309
- 00:23:26,822 --> 00:23:30,075
- It’s an astronaut program,
- and it’s very secret.”
- 310
- 00:23:30,450 --> 00:23:34,162
- And I thought, “That sounds like fun.
- I think I want to get involved in that.”
- 311
- 00:23:34,246 --> 00:23:37,082
- So here’s my letter
- to Dr. Lovelace saying,
- 312
- 00:23:37,666 --> 00:23:40,544
- “I’m physically fit and I’m a pilot,
- 313
- 00:23:40,627 --> 00:23:42,629
- and I’d like to participate
- in your tests.”
- 314
- 00:23:42,712 --> 00:23:46,133
- And here’s his letter back.
- And he encloses a card
- 315
- 00:23:46,216 --> 00:23:50,387
- which outlines the qualifications
- of the women astronauts.
- 316
- 00:23:51,012 --> 00:23:54,766
- First thing they ask you is,
- “What are your total flying hours?”
- 317
- 00:23:54,850 --> 00:23:56,309
- I can tell ’em that.
- 318
- 00:23:56,726 --> 00:23:59,062
- Then they wanna know your total jet hours,
- 319
- 00:23:59,146 --> 00:24:02,399
- your aircraft flown hours in each:
- balloon flights, parachute jumps,
- 320
- 00:24:02,482 --> 00:24:04,651
- hours flown over 20,000 feet,
- 321
- 00:24:04,734 --> 00:24:08,238
- hours flown over 30,000 feet,
- hours flown over 40,000 feet,
- 322
- 00:24:08,321 --> 00:24:12,576
- low-pressure chamber indoctrination,
- explosive decompression experience,
- 323
- 00:24:12,659 --> 00:24:15,078
- partial pressure suit experience.
- 324
- 00:24:15,162 --> 00:24:17,998
- - I could answer number one.
- - [Ratley laughs]
- 325
- 00:24:18,081 --> 00:24:21,585
- Yeah. None of us had any qualification.
- She was an engineer.
- 326
- 00:24:21,668 --> 00:24:23,336
- We were subjects to be tested.
- 327
- 00:24:31,094 --> 00:24:32,846
- [Bob Steadman] B was on that list.
- 328
- 00:24:33,513 --> 00:24:37,851
- This was something
- that fit so much what she was.
- 329
- 00:24:37,934 --> 00:24:39,978
- I mean, she was…
- 330
- 00:24:41,188 --> 00:24:45,567
- one of the finest professional pilots
- in the country, bar none, men or women.
- 331
- 00:24:47,527 --> 00:24:49,738
- [Woltman] They contacted me. I...
- 332
- 00:24:49,821 --> 00:24:54,659
- And I guess they knew I was flying,
- and so they talked to me about it.
- 333
- 00:25:04,711 --> 00:25:08,882
- I was on a tour of Europe, and there were,
- kind of, rumors in the background
- 334
- 00:25:08,965 --> 00:25:12,219
- of what was going on
- and how names had been asked for.
- 335
- 00:25:12,719 --> 00:25:14,930
- And the next thing I knew,
- I got a phone call.
- 336
- 00:25:18,516 --> 00:25:21,436
- [Jessen] I went to my boss,
- and I said, “I’ve been invited
- 337
- 00:25:21,520 --> 00:25:24,397
- to go take an astronaut physical exam.”
- 338
- 00:25:24,940 --> 00:25:27,275
- My boss said, “We cannot spare you.”
- 339
- 00:25:27,359 --> 00:25:31,905
- So I quit my job
- to go take this... these tests.
- 340
- 00:25:34,324 --> 00:25:36,076
- [Funk] I was the youngest.
- 341
- 00:25:36,159 --> 00:25:38,453
- Second one to go through after Jerrie,
- 342
- 00:25:38,995 --> 00:25:42,165
- maybe the third, in February of ’61.
- 343
- 00:25:45,168 --> 00:25:48,213
- There were three phases
- of astronaut testing.
- 344
- 00:25:48,672 --> 00:25:51,549
- Phase one was at Lovelace Clinic
- in Albuquerque.
- 345
- 00:25:52,717 --> 00:25:55,637
- My parents drove me there
- and had to sign me in.
- 346
- 00:25:56,930 --> 00:25:59,349
- We went through either singly or in pairs.
- 347
- 00:25:59,432 --> 00:26:03,353
- And I went through with Janey Hart,
- who was a marvelous person.
- 348
- 00:26:05,105 --> 00:26:08,316
- [Ratley] Janey Hart, you know,
- you weren’t supposed to have children,
- 349
- 00:26:08,400 --> 00:26:09,985
- and Janey Hart had eight.
- 350
- 00:26:10,068 --> 00:26:12,529
- They were so curious about her
- that they invited her in.
- 351
- 00:26:12,612 --> 00:26:16,032
- So she and I went through it together.
- We were the last two to go together.
- 352
- 00:26:31,631 --> 00:26:33,508
- [Funk] It took five days.
- 353
- 00:26:34,092 --> 00:26:36,553
- And they were quite incredible,
- 354
- 00:26:36,636 --> 00:26:41,808
- because they didn’t really know
- what to think our bodies would do
- 355
- 00:26:41,891 --> 00:26:46,563
- in the outer atmospheres,
- or how we were going to react.
- 356
- 00:26:57,991 --> 00:27:02,829
- The testing was arduous.
- It was thorough and long hours.
- 357
- 00:27:04,080 --> 00:27:08,376
- It was a little bit more thorough
- than most physical examinations.
- 358
- 00:27:09,878 --> 00:27:12,047
- [Jessen]
- You’d run from one test to the next test.
- 359
- 00:27:12,547 --> 00:27:14,924
- [Funk] We had pulmonary function tests…
- 360
- 00:27:15,008 --> 00:27:18,803
- Some of ’em were not... not, uh,
- real friendly to the body.
- 361
- 00:27:18,887 --> 00:27:22,057
- …total body determination tests…
- 362
- 00:27:22,140 --> 00:27:25,935
- - Some of ’em were kind of exotic.
- - [Funk] Every tooth was taken, pictures.
- 363
- 00:27:26,019 --> 00:27:28,146
- [Jessen] Some of ’em were kind of strange.
- 364
- 00:27:28,229 --> 00:27:31,566
- Every bone in my body had an X-ray.
- 365
- 00:27:32,317 --> 00:27:35,362
- [Jessen]
- They x-rayed and x-rayed and x-rayed.
- 366
- 00:27:38,156 --> 00:27:42,535
- [Funk] They gave me two cups,
- and one said “Urine” and one said “Stool.”
- 367
- 00:27:42,619 --> 00:27:45,622
- I was having fun.
- I just kinda laughed at some of the stuff.
- 368
- 00:27:45,705 --> 00:27:48,041
- I said, “I don’t know what ‘stool’ is.
- A stool, to me,
- 369
- 00:27:48,124 --> 00:27:51,795
- is when I was sitting on a stool
- milking cows in Taos.
- 370
- 00:27:52,212 --> 00:27:53,463
- I don’t know what you mean.”
- 371
- 00:27:53,963 --> 00:27:56,966
- “Oh. A stool is
- when you go to the bathroom.”
- 372
- 00:27:57,050 --> 00:27:58,843
- I said, “You don’t want that, do you?”
- 373
- 00:27:58,927 --> 00:28:02,097
- I’ll tell you very confidentially,
- don’t tell anybody this,
- 374
- 00:28:02,514 --> 00:28:04,641
- we had an enema every morning.
- 375
- 00:28:04,974 --> 00:28:06,184
- I said, “Wow.”
- 376
- 00:28:06,267 --> 00:28:09,062
- There were some really oddball things
- like that.
- 377
- 00:28:09,145 --> 00:28:13,566
- They inject water,
- ten-degree water into my ears,
- 378
- 00:28:13,650 --> 00:28:17,946
- and that’s when your body
- just does not… function.
- 379
- 00:28:18,279 --> 00:28:20,407
- You have no control over your body.
- 380
- 00:28:20,490 --> 00:28:23,368
- Oh, yeah. I remember that. Yeah.
- 381
- 00:28:23,451 --> 00:28:25,620
- I didn’t like it, but I did it.
- 382
- 00:28:25,703 --> 00:28:27,831
- What they were doing to those gals
- was just ugly.
- 383
- 00:28:28,623 --> 00:28:31,084
- Really none of the tests
- stood out that much.
- 384
- 00:28:31,167 --> 00:28:33,169
- [machine whirring]
- 385
- 00:28:36,798 --> 00:28:41,678
- Shortly after I left, Jacqueline Cochran
- was coming in for an interview too.
- 386
- 00:28:42,762 --> 00:28:44,431
- And she had taken some tests,
- 387
- 00:28:44,514 --> 00:28:48,393
- and he was going to give her
- the results of the tests, he told me.
- 388
- 00:28:48,476 --> 00:28:51,813
- And I believe he told me,
- “She’s not gonna be happy with this.”
- 389
- 00:28:51,896 --> 00:28:55,942
- So she found that she wasn’t gonna be able
- to be a part of the program.
- 390
- 00:28:56,025 --> 00:28:57,861
- I think that was kind of a downer for her.
- 391
- 00:28:57,944 --> 00:29:00,864
- She was too old, I think, at that point,
- 392
- 00:29:00,947 --> 00:29:04,200
- to even be considered for spaceflight.
- 393
- 00:29:05,744 --> 00:29:07,370
- Those aren’t the issues to her.
- 394
- 00:29:08,663 --> 00:29:12,125
- [man] Would you like to be
- a Mercury astronaut, or “astronautte”?
- 395
- 00:29:12,208 --> 00:29:14,919
- [Cochran]
- I would like very, very much to be.
- 396
- 00:29:15,003 --> 00:29:18,298
- I don’t think age has a thing to do with
- it as long as you’re healthy and vigorous,
- 397
- 00:29:18,381 --> 00:29:21,551
- and I’m all of that. After I got through
- yesterday, you know what I did?
- 398
- 00:29:21,634 --> 00:29:23,874
- - [man] No, what?
- - Went out and played 18 holes of golf,
- 399
- 00:29:23,928 --> 00:29:25,180
- and then cooked dinner.
- 400
- 00:29:32,604 --> 00:29:35,064
- [Ratley] The very last day,
- they told me I had passed.
- 401
- 00:29:35,982 --> 00:29:38,109
- And that meant a great deal to me.
- 402
- 00:29:38,902 --> 00:29:41,070
- It was very nice
- when some of the doctors said
- 403
- 00:29:41,154 --> 00:29:44,532
- that I had done very well on these tests.
- 404
- 00:29:46,451 --> 00:29:49,662
- Remarkably, you know,
- after having nine full pregnancies,
- 405
- 00:29:50,622 --> 00:29:53,666
- she just had a body that wouldn’t quit.
- It was great.
- 406
- 00:29:54,667 --> 00:30:00,381
- And of the 23ish girls who were taken,
- only 13 passed.
- 407
- 00:30:01,925 --> 00:30:05,553
- [Bob Steadman] Later, when B sat down
- with Randy Lovelace,
- 408
- 00:30:06,179 --> 00:30:10,892
- he was absolutely thrilled
- at what the women so far had done.
- 409
- 00:30:28,743 --> 00:30:32,455
- I was following it. Of course I was
- following what the Russians were doing.
- 410
- 00:30:32,539 --> 00:30:34,332
- [speaking Russian]
- 411
- 00:30:56,354 --> 00:30:58,815
- [Jim Hart] When Yuri Gagarin went up,
- 412
- 00:30:58,898 --> 00:31:02,318
- you know,
- just a phenomenal thing to happen.
- 413
- 00:31:03,319 --> 00:31:06,239
- That was a huge event.
- All of us were conscious of it.
- 414
- 00:31:06,322 --> 00:31:09,993
- All of us were conscious
- of the competition with Russia,
- 415
- 00:31:10,076 --> 00:31:12,453
- the Soviet Union, at the same time.
- 416
- 00:31:12,537 --> 00:31:15,415
- So there was... there was the space race
- 417
- 00:31:15,498 --> 00:31:18,501
- as well as
- just the scientific adventure hook.
- 418
- 00:31:20,879 --> 00:31:23,923
- My memories are,
- “Why can’t the Americans do it?”
- 419
- 00:31:24,757 --> 00:31:27,093
- This was the feeling at the time.
- 420
- 00:31:27,844 --> 00:31:30,597
- [Bob Steadman]
- The Russians were basically crowing,
- 421
- 00:31:30,680 --> 00:31:34,809
- and they were clearly in advance
- of our space program.
- 422
- 00:31:37,896 --> 00:31:42,191
- Our Mercury men were being prepared,
- basically, to compete.
- 423
- 00:31:42,275 --> 00:31:45,862
- [man on radio] Three… two… one… zero.
- 424
- 00:31:49,115 --> 00:31:50,199
- Liftoff.
- 425
- 00:31:50,283 --> 00:31:53,286
- All right, now.
- Liftoff, and the clock has started.
- 426
- 00:31:55,288 --> 00:31:57,749
- Yes, sir. Reading you loud and clear.
- 427
- 00:31:59,208 --> 00:32:02,086
- This is Freedom 7 . The fuel is go.
- 428
- 00:32:06,424 --> 00:32:11,846
- They were strapped into a seat
- and sent up there and brought back down.
- 429
- 00:32:11,930 --> 00:32:15,016
- And, “Whoopee, here I am.
- I made it, but I didn’t fly it.”
- 430
- 00:32:26,611 --> 00:32:30,823
- Phase two was in Oklahoma City,
- and I stayed at Jerrie’s house.
- 431
- 00:32:30,907 --> 00:32:33,368
- And that was the psychological tests.
- 432
- 00:32:33,451 --> 00:32:37,914
- I heard about a test where
- you were submerged in a tank of water and,
- 433
- 00:32:37,997 --> 00:32:43,002
- for a long period of time,
- lost all the normal five senses.
- 434
- 00:32:43,086 --> 00:32:44,963
- That was a very interesting experiment
- 435
- 00:32:45,046 --> 00:32:48,049
- where they isolate you
- in a tank of warm water.
- 436
- 00:32:51,511 --> 00:32:53,846
- [Funk] The tank was in a great big room.
- 437
- 00:32:54,347 --> 00:32:56,808
- They had already
- put the earplugs in my ears.
- 438
- 00:32:56,891 --> 00:33:00,937
- And I had just enough foam rubber
- to go under the small of my back,
- 439
- 00:33:01,020 --> 00:33:04,816
- and I was to lay on the water
- as long as possible.
- 440
- 00:33:08,486 --> 00:33:12,615
- So I get in the water, and I get
- comfortable, and I spread-eagle out.
- 441
- 00:33:12,699 --> 00:33:15,326
- And I thought,
- “There’s something wrong here.”
- 442
- 00:33:16,619 --> 00:33:18,246
- I splashed the water,
- 443
- 00:33:19,080 --> 00:33:20,331
- couldn’t feel it.
- 444
- 00:33:21,833 --> 00:33:24,377
- Splashed my face, couldn’t feel any water.
- 445
- 00:33:25,253 --> 00:33:26,796
- Couldn’t feel anything.
- 446
- 00:33:29,215 --> 00:33:32,301
- [Ann Hart] She found it interesting
- that in that sensory deprivation chamber,
- 447
- 00:33:32,385 --> 00:33:37,557
- so-called, that the women
- were perfectly happy to be there forever,
- 448
- 00:33:37,640 --> 00:33:40,893
- and that the men just couldn’t take it.
- They started crawling out of their skin.
- 449
- 00:33:41,352 --> 00:33:43,438
- [laughing] You just sort of feel nothing.
- 450
- 00:33:43,521 --> 00:33:46,941
- It’s very relaxing, I found it,
- and very peaceful.
- 451
- 00:33:47,025 --> 00:33:49,861
- I’d been on quite a schedule
- before I went in there.
- 452
- 00:33:49,944 --> 00:33:52,030
- So I sort of welcomed the rest,
- 453
- 00:33:52,113 --> 00:33:55,283
- and set a record
- for staying in nine and a half hours.
- 454
- 00:33:55,700 --> 00:34:00,872
- But most of the people,
- the average, uh, mature person,
- 455
- 00:34:00,955 --> 00:34:04,208
- after about three hours of this,
- starts hallucinations.
- 456
- 00:34:13,384 --> 00:34:16,804
- [Funk] What’s gone on here is
- the temperature of the water,
- 457
- 00:34:16,888 --> 00:34:18,514
- the humidity of the room…
- 458
- 00:34:19,849 --> 00:34:23,144
- was my exact body temperature
- 459
- 00:34:23,227 --> 00:34:27,857
- to make me feel in a weightless situation,
- laying on the water.
- 460
- 00:34:37,533 --> 00:34:40,703
- This is what they thought
- space travel would be like.
- 461
- 00:34:42,872 --> 00:34:44,373
- So I lay there.
- 462
- 00:34:46,125 --> 00:34:48,002
- I think I fell asleep
- 463
- 00:34:48,920 --> 00:34:50,671
- maybe for a minute or so.
- 464
- 00:35:05,728 --> 00:35:08,731
- I was thinking
- about how wonderful it would be
- 465
- 00:35:09,398 --> 00:35:12,860
- to be up there and feel the lightness.
- 466
- 00:35:14,695 --> 00:35:16,197
- It was freedom.
- 467
- 00:35:17,949 --> 00:35:20,451
- You can look up, you can see the stars…
- 468
- 00:35:21,911 --> 00:35:23,329
- the moon, and the sun.
- 469
- 00:35:25,248 --> 00:35:27,291
- And you wonder, “How does it all work?”
- 470
- 00:35:31,671 --> 00:35:33,422
- I didn’t have the answers.
- 471
- 00:35:34,632 --> 00:35:36,759
- But I was thinking about all this.
- 472
- 00:35:39,720 --> 00:35:43,808
- Floating amongst the stars,
- that is my objective.
- 473
- 00:35:49,522 --> 00:35:53,734
- The third testing was to go
- to Pensacola, Florida with the navy.
- 474
- 00:35:53,818 --> 00:35:56,988
- We were all going to go down there
- at the same time, all 13 of us.
- 475
- 00:35:57,071 --> 00:35:59,111
- It would be the first time
- we would meet each other.
- 476
- 00:36:01,325 --> 00:36:04,203
- [Ratley]
- This is a letter from Jacqueline Cochran.
- 477
- 00:36:06,497 --> 00:36:10,960
- See, “Dr. Randolph Lovelace II
- of the Lovelace Foundation
- 478
- 00:36:11,043 --> 00:36:16,257
- has notified you of the invitation
- to go to Pensacola, Florida
- 479
- 00:36:16,340 --> 00:36:19,802
- for a... take a series of tests
- 480
- 00:36:19,886 --> 00:36:23,514
- to start on September 18, 1961.
- 481
- 00:36:24,473 --> 00:36:26,684
- I strongly urge you to go.”
- 482
- 00:36:32,190 --> 00:36:34,400
- [Jessen]
- We were gonna get jet orientation.
- 483
- 00:36:34,483 --> 00:36:36,194
- We were gonna get the centrifuge.
- 484
- 00:36:36,277 --> 00:36:39,113
- There were just gonna be lots
- of neat things that were gonna happen.
- 485
- 00:36:40,698 --> 00:36:43,492
- Flying jets,
- oh, she was looking forward to that.
- 486
- 00:36:53,669 --> 00:36:57,256
- They had been given their tickets,
- their time. Everything was set up.
- 487
- 00:37:00,301 --> 00:37:03,930
- [Ratley] We were supposed to report there
- on, I think it was on a Monday,
- 488
- 00:37:04,388 --> 00:37:08,142
- and I remember B Steadman telling me
- she had her golf clubs packed.
- 489
- 00:37:19,195 --> 00:37:21,155
- [Jessen] That’s when NASA got wind of it.
- 490
- 00:37:22,990 --> 00:37:26,035
- They didn’t know anything
- about Dr. Lovelace’s program.
- 491
- 00:37:30,122 --> 00:37:33,834
- “Regret to advise
- arrangements at Pensacola canceled.
- 492
- 00:37:34,543 --> 00:37:38,506
- Probably will not be possible
- to carry out this part of the program.
- 493
- 00:37:38,589 --> 00:37:42,843
- You may return expense advance allotment
- to Lovelace Foundation.”
- 494
- 00:37:45,012 --> 00:37:46,264
- Here’s another one.
- 495
- 00:37:47,223 --> 00:37:50,851
- “Miss Cobb has just informed us
- from Washington that she has been unable
- 496
- 00:37:50,935 --> 00:37:55,231
- to reverse the decision
- postponing the Florida testing.
- 497
- 00:37:56,065 --> 00:37:59,318
- I’m very sorry for such short notice,
- but it is unavoidable.”
- 498
- 00:38:04,615 --> 00:38:06,617
- [applause]
- 499
- 00:38:06,951 --> 00:38:10,538
- [Johnson] When he had the results,
- which he thought were superior to the men,
- 500
- 00:38:10,621 --> 00:38:14,292
- so he did tell us that
- and we all thought that was really cool,
- 501
- 00:38:14,750 --> 00:38:16,752
- he took the results to Washington.
- 502
- 00:38:16,836 --> 00:38:18,254
- [chuckling] They said,
- 503
- 00:38:18,337 --> 00:38:21,924
- “We have no need for women astronauts.
- Forget it.”
- 504
- 00:38:22,758 --> 00:38:26,470
- There was certainly no great desire
- on the part of NASA.
- 505
- 00:38:26,929 --> 00:38:32,601
- In fact, I’m confident that
- they were surprised, terribly surprised,
- 506
- 00:38:32,685 --> 00:38:36,105
- by the fact
- that the women succeeded as they did.
- 507
- 00:38:37,440 --> 00:38:41,360
- They did not want this program,
- pure and simple.
- 508
- 00:38:43,404 --> 00:38:46,949
- Said it had to be the biggest
- slap in the face he’d ever had.
- 509
- 00:38:48,659 --> 00:38:52,204
- I mean, it had to be… pretty devastating.
- 510
- 00:39:01,922 --> 00:39:03,924
- [Ratley] It was very heartbreaking for me…
- 511
- 00:39:05,634 --> 00:39:08,512
- because I wanted to go on and pursue this.
- 512
- 00:39:11,640 --> 00:39:15,227
- But we kept getting letters
- from Jerrie Cobb:
- 513
- 00:39:15,311 --> 00:39:18,230
- “Keep up your hopes.
- Keep up your aviation.
- 514
- 00:39:19,899 --> 00:39:24,111
- Maybe we can get the program reinstated
- and go on.”
- 515
- 00:39:30,951 --> 00:39:32,244
- Shortly after,
- 516
- 00:39:32,703 --> 00:39:36,499
- I was at an airport where there was
- a lot of helicopter training.
- 517
- 00:39:38,918 --> 00:39:42,505
- I just decided,
- “I think I’ll learn how to do that too.”
- 518
- 00:39:44,715 --> 00:39:48,177
- All the men were jealous of this woman
- flying a helicopter.
- 519
- 00:39:48,761 --> 00:39:51,263
- And they’d park it
- real close to the hangar.
- 520
- 00:39:51,347 --> 00:39:55,309
- And I was a little afraid
- to take it up and over into a hover.
- 521
- 00:39:56,977 --> 00:39:59,647
- But I kind of put it out of my mind.
- I didn’t care.
- 522
- 00:40:01,649 --> 00:40:03,818
- I was going to keep on fighting.
- 523
- 00:40:10,741 --> 00:40:12,785
- [Jessen] Well, I was disappointed.
- 524
- 00:40:13,369 --> 00:40:17,373
- But about that time I decided that I would
- like to move out of flight instructing
- 525
- 00:40:17,456 --> 00:40:19,834
- and go into a different kind of flying.
- 526
- 00:40:20,459 --> 00:40:24,380
- So off I went
- to work for Beech Aircraft Corporation.
- 527
- 00:40:25,214 --> 00:40:30,302
- And they were getting ready to introduce
- a new model airplane named the Musketeer.
- 528
- 00:40:37,351 --> 00:40:41,230
- There were only two women in the United
- States flying for aircraft manufacturers,
- 529
- 00:40:41,313 --> 00:40:44,775
- and one of ’em was Jerrie Cobb,
- who was flying for Aero Commander.
- 530
- 00:40:46,360 --> 00:40:49,905
- The other one was Joyce Case,
- who was flying for Beech Aircraft.
- 531
- 00:40:53,534 --> 00:40:56,579
- They were getting ready
- to introduce a Musketeer.
- 532
- 00:40:56,662 --> 00:41:00,791
- They were gonna fly three of ’em
- in all 48 contiguous states for 90 days,
- 533
- 00:41:01,375 --> 00:41:02,918
- uh, introducing the airplane.
- 534
- 00:41:04,295 --> 00:41:07,506
- And of course,
- if two of the three pilots are female,
- 535
- 00:41:07,590 --> 00:41:09,133
- we’ll get a lot of free publicity.
- 536
- 00:41:10,009 --> 00:41:13,929
- And I can tell you that we always flew
- in a dress and high heels.
- 537
- 00:41:26,484 --> 00:41:29,320
- We were workin’ hard.
- We were flyin’, flyin’, flyin’.
- 538
- 00:41:30,696 --> 00:41:32,281
- We got used to flying in formation.
- 539
- 00:41:32,364 --> 00:41:35,576
- We knew nothing about flying formation
- when we started out.
- 540
- 00:41:37,453 --> 00:41:40,289
- But after a few days of it,
- we got pretty good at it.
- 541
- 00:41:45,085 --> 00:41:48,589
- We made some 80 changes
- in that airplane the first year.
- 542
- 00:41:50,508 --> 00:41:53,260
- So we were test pilots.
- No question about that.
- 543
- 00:41:59,141 --> 00:42:01,268
- I was hired right after the tests
- 544
- 00:42:01,352 --> 00:42:05,773
- to go to California
- and be with Center Aviation.
- 545
- 00:42:06,941 --> 00:42:11,487
- I bought my Stearman,
- and I taught myself acrobatics.
- 546
- 00:42:22,414 --> 00:42:24,416
- I love it when I can go flying.
- 547
- 00:42:25,376 --> 00:42:27,545
- I love it when I can do acrobatics.
- 548
- 00:42:30,464 --> 00:42:33,717
- It is fabulous because you are free.
- 549
- 00:42:33,801 --> 00:42:37,054
- You’re not attached to the gravity
- of the Earth.
- 550
- 00:42:37,555 --> 00:42:40,349
- You can do what you want to do.
- 551
- 00:42:40,975 --> 00:42:44,728
- And that’s how I feel
- and that’s how I think.
- 552
- 00:42:44,812 --> 00:42:46,105
- Freedom.
- 553
- 00:43:20,139 --> 00:43:22,141
- I dream about space.
- 554
- 00:43:23,934 --> 00:43:25,519
- I wanna be up there.
- 555
- 00:43:26,895 --> 00:43:28,522
- That’s part of me.
- 556
- 00:43:37,114 --> 00:43:39,241
- How am I gonna get up there?
- 557
- 00:43:39,325 --> 00:43:40,951
- I have to imagine.
- 558
- 00:43:41,952 --> 00:43:44,955
- I’m not a jet. I am not a person.
- 559
- 00:43:46,206 --> 00:43:48,208
- I’m a spirit going up.
- 560
- 00:43:56,467 --> 00:43:57,593
- [man on radio] Roger.
- 561
- 00:43:58,093 --> 00:44:00,322
- - Fifteen seconds.
- - [man #2] Good Lord, ride all the way.
- 562
- 00:44:00,346 --> 00:44:02,348
- [man] In Godspeed, John Glenn.
- 563
- 00:44:19,573 --> 00:44:22,993
- [Bob Steadman] Glenn was
- the first to orbit. The first American.
- 564
- 00:44:23,077 --> 00:44:27,373
- Roger. Cape is go, and I am go.
- Our capsule is in good shape.
- 565
- 00:44:31,085 --> 00:44:35,714
- [Bob Steadman] And, let’s face it, you’re
- going up there in an untested system.
- 566
- 00:44:35,798 --> 00:44:39,301
- Nobody, nobody really knows
- what’s going to happen.
- 567
- 00:44:39,385 --> 00:44:43,722
- Roger. Zero G and I feel fine.
- Capsule is turning around.
- 568
- 00:44:44,682 --> 00:44:46,892
- Oh, that view is tremendous.
- 569
- 00:44:47,601 --> 00:44:50,771
- [Bob Steadman]
- So I give Glenn credit for courage.
- 570
- 00:44:51,605 --> 00:44:53,690
- I give them all credit for courage.
- 571
- 00:44:54,108 --> 00:44:56,694
- [man] Uh, Friendship 7, this is Cape.
- Do you read?
- 572
- 00:44:57,403 --> 00:45:00,280
- This is Friendship 7.
- A real fireball outside.
- 573
- 00:45:00,739 --> 00:45:04,952
- At the same time, I give the women
- the same credit for the same courage.
- 574
- 00:45:06,412 --> 00:45:08,956
- Their willingness
- to take part in the unknown
- 575
- 00:45:09,039 --> 00:45:12,751
- was equally strong
- and as courageous as that of the men.
- 576
- 00:45:19,758 --> 00:45:24,596
- About that time,
- Jerrie had contacted the women and said,
- 577
- 00:45:24,680 --> 00:45:29,601
- “Okay. Let’s... Let’s make noise
- because they’ve cheated us
- 578
- 00:45:29,685 --> 00:45:33,188
- by not letting us go to Pensacola
- and take more testing.
- 579
- 00:45:33,272 --> 00:45:35,107
- So the secret is out.”
- 580
- 00:45:45,451 --> 00:45:50,247
- Jerrie Cobb and Janey Hart figured they
- would go up before this Senate committee
- 581
- 00:45:50,330 --> 00:45:55,711
- and they would get the program reinstated,
- because Janey Hart had political clout.
- 582
- 00:45:58,630 --> 00:46:01,508
- My father was elected to the Senate
- 583
- 00:46:01,592 --> 00:46:04,720
- after having been
- the lieutenant governor of Michigan.
- 584
- 00:46:06,263 --> 00:46:11,852
- Janey and Jerrie Cobb felt
- that Congress ought to tell NASA,
- 585
- 00:46:11,935 --> 00:46:14,730
- “Now, let’s get with this. Let’s do this.”
- 586
- 00:46:26,408 --> 00:46:28,368
- [gavel raps]
- 587
- 00:46:33,332 --> 00:46:35,667
- [Ratley] “Both Miss Cobb and Mrs. Hart,
- 588
- 00:46:36,043 --> 00:46:38,629
- if everyone is agreeable,
- we will begin the questioning.”
- 589
- 00:46:40,172 --> 00:46:42,883
- [Ann Hart]
- Janey started with an opening statement.
- 590
- 00:46:45,385 --> 00:46:49,014
- “I strongly believe women should have
- a role in space research.
- 591
- 00:46:51,767 --> 00:46:53,977
- In fact, it’s inconceivable to me
- 592
- 00:46:54,061 --> 00:46:57,940
- that the world of outer space
- should be restricted to men only,
- 593
- 00:46:58,023 --> 00:47:00,192
- like some sort of stag club.
- 594
- 00:47:02,820 --> 00:47:05,614
- A hundred years ago,
- it was quite inconceivable
- 595
- 00:47:05,697 --> 00:47:09,159
- that women should serve
- as hospital attendants.
- 596
- 00:47:09,493 --> 00:47:12,120
- Their essentially frail
- and emotional structure
- 597
- 00:47:12,204 --> 00:47:16,458
- would never stand the horrors
- of a military dressing station.
- 598
- 00:47:18,126 --> 00:47:22,005
- Finally, it was agreed
- to allow some women to try it,
- 599
- 00:47:22,089 --> 00:47:25,801
- provided they were middle-aged and ugly,
- 600
- 00:47:26,385 --> 00:47:30,055
- ugly women presumably having
- more strength of character.
- 601
- 00:47:32,516 --> 00:47:33,850
- I submit, Mr. Chairman,
- 602
- 00:47:33,934 --> 00:47:37,563
- that a woman in space today
- is no more preposterous
- 603
- 00:47:37,646 --> 00:47:40,941
- than a woman in a field hospital
- a hundred years ago.”
- 604
- 00:47:41,525 --> 00:47:43,402
- Mrs. Hart,
- you’re the mother of eight children.
- 605
- 00:47:43,485 --> 00:47:48,615
- Do you think it’ll be difficult for
- a woman astronaut to also have a family?
- 606
- 00:47:50,158 --> 00:47:51,910
- In which order? Uh... [chuckles]
- 607
- 00:47:51,994 --> 00:47:53,954
- - Well, I’m asking you that. Which order?
- - Um...
- 608
- 00:47:54,037 --> 00:47:56,999
- Well, I’ve accomplished
- the production of eight children
- 609
- 00:47:57,082 --> 00:47:58,625
- and am in the process of raising them,
- 610
- 00:47:58,709 --> 00:48:03,255
- and I’ve still been able to acquire
- 2,000 hours of flying time
- 611
- 00:48:03,338 --> 00:48:05,173
- and considerable aeronautical experience,
- 612
- 00:48:05,257 --> 00:48:08,969
- and also to help my husband, uh,
- in his campaigns and so forth.
- 613
- 00:48:09,052 --> 00:48:12,389
- So this indicates that I’ve been able
- to make constructive use of my time
- 614
- 00:48:12,472 --> 00:48:15,475
- outside of... of, uh having the children.
- 615
- 00:48:15,559 --> 00:48:19,438
- And I don’t think that the family life
- has been sacrificed one bit.
- 616
- 00:48:19,521 --> 00:48:22,899
- You should probably ask the children this
- and see how they feel about it.
- 617
- 00:48:22,983 --> 00:48:26,987
- For her, if she can have eight kids
- in ten years and make it work,
- 618
- 00:48:27,070 --> 00:48:30,824
- the idea of going to space,
- I think, was not that great a challenge.
- 619
- 00:48:30,907 --> 00:48:34,953
- They once asked her, “Why would you wanna
- go to the moon?” This was in the paper.
- 620
- 00:48:35,037 --> 00:48:38,832
- And she said, “With eight kids,
- you’d want to go to the moon too.”
- 621
- 00:48:41,877 --> 00:48:45,922
- “All right, Miss Cobb. Do you have
- a prepared statement? Miss Cobb: Yes.”
- 622
- 00:48:51,720 --> 00:48:57,392
- [Funk] “We women pilots
- who want to be a part of space exploration
- 623
- 00:48:57,476 --> 00:49:00,979
- are not trying to join
- a battle of the sexes.
- 624
- 00:49:02,898 --> 00:49:08,070
- We seek only a place
- in our nation’s space future
- 625
- 00:49:08,153 --> 00:49:10,197
- without discrimination.
- 626
- 00:49:11,031 --> 00:49:13,867
- We ask as citizens of the nation
- 627
- 00:49:13,950 --> 00:49:19,831
- to be allowed to participate
- with seriousness and sincerity
- 628
- 00:49:19,915 --> 00:49:24,544
- in the making of history now,
- as women have done in the past.
- 629
- 00:49:27,214 --> 00:49:32,219
- No nation has yet sent a female
- into space.
- 630
- 00:49:32,803 --> 00:49:37,766
- We offer you 13 women pilot volunteers.”
- 631
- 00:49:40,018 --> 00:49:42,729
- Miss Cobb, do you think women
- are being discriminated against
- 632
- 00:49:42,813 --> 00:49:44,231
- in the space program?
- 633
- 00:49:44,690 --> 00:49:47,734
- I don’t think necessarily
- they’re being discriminated against.
- 634
- 00:49:47,818 --> 00:49:50,445
- I think that the rules
- have been established
- 635
- 00:49:50,529 --> 00:49:52,948
- to where it makes... it makes it impossible
- 636
- 00:49:53,031 --> 00:49:56,159
- for women to meet
- the qualifications of astronauts.
- 637
- 00:49:57,536 --> 00:50:01,373
- [Jim Hart] The most hyped-up
- qualifying catch-22, of course,
- 638
- 00:50:01,456 --> 00:50:06,211
- was that all of them were test pilots
- and jet-certified pilots
- 639
- 00:50:06,670 --> 00:50:09,423
- and fighter pilots, in most cases.
- 640
- 00:50:09,506 --> 00:50:13,051
- So they had that qualification
- that no women had.
- 641
- 00:50:13,135 --> 00:50:15,053
- But of course, they couldn’t,
- 642
- 00:50:15,137 --> 00:50:17,764
- because they weren’t allowed
- to become jet fighter pilots.
- 643
- 00:50:17,848 --> 00:50:19,599
- There was a law.
- 644
- 00:50:19,683 --> 00:50:23,937
- Eisenhower had put a law in
- that for women to fly military aircraft,
- 645
- 00:50:24,020 --> 00:50:25,355
- they had to be men.
- 646
- 00:50:26,064 --> 00:50:30,444
- I don’t think they should
- become astronauts because, uh, uh,
- 647
- 00:50:30,527 --> 00:50:33,864
- I don’t... men are more mature than women.
- [laughs]
- 648
- 00:50:33,947 --> 00:50:37,909
- I think they should. I think that women
- should have an equal right with men,
- 649
- 00:50:37,993 --> 00:50:42,247
- and if they would qualify and like to go,
- they should be trained and sent.
- 650
- 00:50:42,330 --> 00:50:46,960
- Yes, I do. Because they’re, well,
- they’re lighter, and small, and…
- 651
- 00:50:48,545 --> 00:50:49,755
- [both chuckle]
- 652
- 00:50:49,880 --> 00:50:51,757
- Well, I just think they ought to be.
- 653
- 00:50:51,840 --> 00:50:55,218
- - [man] And what about your opinion?
- - No, I disagree. I think that, uh...
- 654
- 00:50:55,302 --> 00:50:59,055
- I don’t think women are physically fit
- to be astronauts.
- 655
- 00:50:59,139 --> 00:51:01,808
- I certainly do think
- women should be astronauts.
- 656
- 00:51:01,892 --> 00:51:06,062
- If they’re physically fit, mentally alert,
- they’re not any different than men are.
- 657
- 00:51:06,146 --> 00:51:08,899
- In fact, there are less women
- going to psychiatrists than men,
- 658
- 00:51:08,982 --> 00:51:11,568
- so that gives you some idea
- as to their mental capabilities.
- 659
- 00:51:15,655 --> 00:51:17,824
- [low chatter, scattered applause]
- 660
- 00:51:24,247 --> 00:51:28,376
- [Jessen] The people who held the hearing,
- they were in such awe of the astronauts
- 661
- 00:51:28,460 --> 00:51:31,463
- who came and spoke and testified.
- 662
- 00:51:32,756 --> 00:51:36,968
- Scott Carpenter and John Glenn
- gave their point of view.
- 663
- 00:51:38,470 --> 00:51:41,890
- [Bob Steadman]
- John Glenn was the hero. He was God.
- 664
- 00:51:42,724 --> 00:51:44,184
- Space God.
- 665
- 00:51:45,560 --> 00:51:47,979
- Oh, John Glenn. Yes.
- 666
- 00:51:49,022 --> 00:51:52,067
- Not one of our family’s
- favorite characters,
- 667
- 00:51:52,150 --> 00:51:53,777
- certainly not Mother’s.
- 668
- 00:51:55,862 --> 00:51:57,823
- [Ratley] John Glenn made his statement.
- 669
- 00:51:59,115 --> 00:52:00,700
- “It’s just a fact.
- 670
- 00:52:00,784 --> 00:52:05,038
- The men go off and fight the wars
- and fly the airplanes
- 671
- 00:52:05,121 --> 00:52:09,125
- and come back
- and help design and build and test them.
- 672
- 00:52:09,209 --> 00:52:11,336
- The fact that the women
- are not in this field
- 673
- 00:52:11,419 --> 00:52:13,839
- is a fact of our social order.”
- 674
- 00:52:15,423 --> 00:52:18,677
- He said that, “If the women can prove
- they’re better than the men,
- 675
- 00:52:18,760 --> 00:52:23,682
- then we’ll welcome them with open arms
- to the cheers of the multitude.”
- 676
- 00:52:24,933 --> 00:52:26,351
- Yeah, right.
- 677
- 00:52:26,977 --> 00:52:30,063
- But if you could find women
- better qualified than yourself,
- 678
- 00:52:30,147 --> 00:52:31,857
- how would you welcome them in the program?
- 679
- 00:52:31,940 --> 00:52:33,567
- [laughs]
- 680
- 00:52:34,442 --> 00:52:36,236
- - They would be very welcome.
- - [laughter]
- 681
- 00:52:37,612 --> 00:52:42,701
- “Can you imagine a woman flying a jet
- or flying a dangerous aircraft?”
- 682
- 00:52:42,784 --> 00:52:45,579
- “Oh! Goodness gracious, no.”
- 683
- 00:52:49,332 --> 00:52:53,545
- But Jacqueline Cochran had flown the jets.
- 684
- 00:52:56,590 --> 00:52:59,301
- She’d shattered all kinds of records.
- 685
- 00:53:01,511 --> 00:53:05,015
- She had access to the jets
- because her husband, Floyd Odlum,
- 686
- 00:53:05,098 --> 00:53:08,393
- was building the jets now
- for the air force.
- 687
- 00:53:15,358 --> 00:53:18,403
- So she proved that the women
- could fly the jets.
- 688
- 00:53:20,447 --> 00:53:26,286
- When it finally came down to the hearing,
- the congressional hearing, she testified.
- 689
- 00:53:27,704 --> 00:53:30,165
- [Ratley]
- Of course, Floyd Odlum and Jackie Cochran
- 690
- 00:53:30,248 --> 00:53:33,752
- were large supporters
- of the Lovelace Foundation.
- 691
- 00:53:33,835 --> 00:53:35,503
- So I didn’t give up hope.
- 692
- 00:53:36,212 --> 00:53:38,340
- [laughing]
- 693
- 00:53:38,423 --> 00:53:39,925
- This is great.
- 694
- 00:53:43,428 --> 00:53:44,763
- Oh, boy.
- 695
- 00:53:45,805 --> 00:53:50,060
- All right. So I’m reading
- from the testimony of Jacqueline Cochran.
- 696
- 00:53:51,311 --> 00:53:54,272
- “The manned spaceflights
- are extremely expensive
- 697
- 00:53:54,731 --> 00:53:57,734
- and also urgent in the national interests,
- 698
- 00:53:57,817 --> 00:54:01,571
- and therefore, in selecting astronauts,
- it was natural and proper
- 699
- 00:54:01,655 --> 00:54:05,450
- to sift them from the group of male pilots
- who had already proven,
- 700
- 00:54:05,533 --> 00:54:09,579
- by aircraft testing
- and high-speed precision flying,
- 701
- 00:54:09,663 --> 00:54:13,041
- that they were experienced,
- competent, and qualified
- 702
- 00:54:13,124 --> 00:54:17,170
- to meet possible emergencies
- in a new environment.
- 703
- 00:54:18,296 --> 00:54:21,257
- From all I have been told
- by the newspapers,
- 704
- 00:54:21,341 --> 00:54:24,177
- that we do not want
- to slow down our program,
- 705
- 00:54:25,011 --> 00:54:27,639
- and you are going to have to,
- of necessity,
- 706
- 00:54:27,722 --> 00:54:32,227
- waste a great deal of money
- when you take a large group of women in,
- 707
- 00:54:32,310 --> 00:54:34,896
- because you lose them through marriage.”
- 708
- 00:54:38,483 --> 00:54:40,318
- I find this stunning.
- 709
- 00:54:47,575 --> 00:54:51,579
- [Bob Steadman]
- Why? Why had Jacqueline Cochran done this?
- 710
- 00:54:54,916 --> 00:54:58,962
- She had basically knocked down
- the women of the space program.
- 711
- 00:55:02,132 --> 00:55:04,718
- How she stomached it then, I don’t know.
- 712
- 00:55:08,138 --> 00:55:10,890
- [Ratley] The most shocking thing
- about the hearings was that
- 713
- 00:55:11,558 --> 00:55:14,060
- we felt like Jackie turned against us.
- 714
- 00:55:14,769 --> 00:55:20,108
- Janey and Jerrie counted on Jackie Cochran
- supporting them.
- 715
- 00:55:20,191 --> 00:55:23,403
- And Jackie Cochran did not do
- what they thought she was gonna do.
- 716
- 00:55:23,486 --> 00:55:26,156
- - That was a shock. Yeah.
- - Yeah, it was much of a shock.
- 717
- 00:55:26,239 --> 00:55:29,784
- Jacqueline Cochran sort of…
- 718
- 00:55:29,868 --> 00:55:33,163
- Now, she had always
- worked with the military.
- 719
- 00:55:35,457 --> 00:55:40,295
- And so Jackie was convinced by the brass,
- by these generals,
- 720
- 00:55:40,378 --> 00:55:42,297
- if she tried to push this now,
- 721
- 00:55:42,380 --> 00:55:46,176
- that it was going to have a bad effect
- on the program.
- 722
- 00:55:46,259 --> 00:55:49,387
- In fact, it might even stop the program.
- 723
- 00:55:50,305 --> 00:55:53,349
- Well, I think that’s ludicrous,
- but she bought in.
- 724
- 00:55:55,101 --> 00:55:57,062
- And they took my testimony.
- 725
- 00:55:57,145 --> 00:56:01,858
- I sent it around and got
- what I was going to say approved
- 726
- 00:56:01,941 --> 00:56:03,943
- by the chief of staff of the air force,
- 727
- 00:56:04,027 --> 00:56:07,781
- the chief of naval operations,
- and the army,
- 728
- 00:56:07,864 --> 00:56:10,325
- and with a little note that said,
- “This is what I’m gonna say.
- 729
- 00:56:10,408 --> 00:56:12,952
- But if you don’t agree with it,
- I’ll try to avoid testifying
- 730
- 00:56:13,036 --> 00:56:14,704
- and I won’t say anything.”
- 731
- 00:56:15,371 --> 00:56:18,208
- [Johnson]
- Jackie Cochran was not a feminist.
- 732
- 00:56:18,583 --> 00:56:21,920
- In my mind, the definition of a feminist
- 733
- 00:56:22,003 --> 00:56:26,591
- is someone who really champions
- and promotes women.
- 734
- 00:56:27,550 --> 00:56:31,012
- Jackie was a champion of Jackie.
- 735
- 00:56:31,096 --> 00:56:36,226
- I think if Jackie had been
- one of the 13 in that program,
- 736
- 00:56:36,309 --> 00:56:39,646
- her entire demeanor, her entire testimony,
- 737
- 00:56:39,729 --> 00:56:42,941
- and everything that she said in that
- hearing would have been very different.
- 738
- 00:56:48,321 --> 00:56:52,242
- After that, Vice President Johnson
- canceled the program.
- 739
- 00:56:53,034 --> 00:56:54,828
- The women were doing too well.
- 740
- 00:57:00,792 --> 00:57:04,337
- [Johnson] There is a classic letter
- signed by Lyndon Johnson.
- 741
- 00:57:05,213 --> 00:57:09,050
- And he is the one that said,
- “This program must stop now,”
- 742
- 00:57:09,634 --> 00:57:10,677
- and signed it.
- 743
- 00:57:15,807 --> 00:57:18,685
- His words were, “Stop this now.”
- 744
- 00:57:22,605 --> 00:57:26,943
- [Johnson] Lyndon Johnson supposedly,
- supposedly, said,
- 745
- 00:57:27,026 --> 00:57:29,654
- “Well, you know,
- women have their periods.”
- 746
- 00:57:30,405 --> 00:57:32,866
- I wish you could put that on a tampon box,
- 747
- 00:57:32,949 --> 00:57:36,035
- that you can fly,
- you can fly if you’re having your period.
- 748
- 00:57:37,954 --> 00:57:43,209
- It was so typical, in that day and age,
- of men and how they judged women.
- 749
- 00:57:44,878 --> 00:57:46,838
- There were any number of ways
- 750
- 00:57:46,921 --> 00:57:50,049
- to keep them from achieving
- what they wanted to achieve.
- 751
- 00:57:50,133 --> 00:57:52,844
- [cheering]
- 752
- 00:57:57,015 --> 00:58:00,268
- [Jim Hart] I think it had as much to do
- with the boys not wanting
- 753
- 00:58:00,351 --> 00:58:02,604
- to have the light taken away from them,
- 754
- 00:58:02,687 --> 00:58:06,941
- because they were the heroes of our time.
- 755
- 00:58:07,025 --> 00:58:12,322
- One beautiful woman as an astronaut
- 756
- 00:58:12,405 --> 00:58:15,575
- would have just dominated the news…
- 757
- 00:58:17,285 --> 00:58:20,455
- to the extent that
- the other seven would feel...
- 758
- 00:58:20,538 --> 00:58:24,042
- [gasps] “What has gone wrong,
- and where’s my money?”
- 759
- 00:58:27,921 --> 00:58:33,176
- If the gentlemen who denied the Mercury 13
- 760
- 00:58:33,760 --> 00:58:37,889
- were comfortable in their skin,
- they would have behaved differently.
- 761
- 00:58:37,972 --> 00:58:42,018
- But underneath it all,
- it’s just some little boy who’s afraid.
- 762
- 00:58:43,811 --> 00:58:46,397
- [Johnson]
- We all know why it didn’t happen.
- 763
- 00:58:46,481 --> 00:58:48,316
- And that goes back to this issue of…
- 764
- 00:58:50,777 --> 00:58:55,323
- uh, just prejudice,
- good old-fashioned prejudice.
- 765
- 00:58:55,406 --> 00:58:59,327
- - Of course they were prejudiced.
- - It was a good old boy network.
- 766
- 00:58:59,410 --> 00:59:02,163
- And there was no such thing
- as a “good old girl” network.
- 767
- 00:59:02,247 --> 00:59:06,251
- I was disappointed,
- ’cause I knew I did it well, and...
- 768
- 00:59:06,334 --> 00:59:10,421
- But they didn’t like that, or they didn’t
- like any of the people doing it.
- 769
- 00:59:10,505 --> 00:59:12,465
- So that was the end of that one.
- 770
- 00:59:17,762 --> 00:59:23,268
- Years, years later,
- Jackie admitted to me she was embarrassed,
- 771
- 00:59:23,351 --> 00:59:24,978
- she was regretful…
- 772
- 00:59:26,396 --> 00:59:30,316
- and somewhat ashamed, and told me so.
- 773
- 00:59:42,537 --> 00:59:46,165
- In order to beat the Russians to the moon,
- we first have to catch up with them.
- 774
- 00:59:46,249 --> 00:59:47,792
- When do you think this might happen,
- 775
- 00:59:47,875 --> 00:59:50,753
- and what do you expect
- their next space mission to be?
- 776
- 00:59:50,837 --> 00:59:53,256
- A little difficult to pinpoint
- where we stand in a race
- 777
- 00:59:53,339 --> 00:59:57,051
- when the opposition does everything
- under cloak-and-dagger type secrecy,
- 778
- 00:59:57,135 --> 01:00:00,805
- where we don’t know what they’re doing.
- You don’t know what you’re racing against.
- 779
- 01:00:00,888 --> 01:00:03,766
- You don’t have any idea, their mission?
- Supposed to be one quite soon.
- 780
- 01:00:03,850 --> 01:00:09,063
- None at all. I have no secret information
- other than what I read in the newspapers.
- 781
- 01:00:14,569 --> 01:00:16,487
- [crowd cheering, applause]
- 782
- 01:00:27,624 --> 01:00:28,791
- [Ratley] Valentina,
- 783
- 01:00:29,375 --> 01:00:33,796
- although she was Russian and we wished
- the first one would have been American,
- 784
- 01:00:34,464 --> 01:00:36,758
- she still helped the program.
- 785
- 01:00:42,764 --> 01:00:47,101
- [Jessen] It was a bold move
- to climb into one of those vehicles
- 786
- 01:00:47,185 --> 01:00:51,898
- and shoot up into space
- and then see what happens next.
- 787
- 01:01:11,709 --> 01:01:14,253
- Valentina was a sport parachutist.
- 788
- 01:01:16,005 --> 01:01:19,384
- We would rather have seen
- a pilot selected.
- 789
- 01:01:20,510 --> 01:01:23,930
- But the fact that they had a woman
- going into space,
- 790
- 01:01:24,389 --> 01:01:29,435
- that was a breakthrough,
- and, uh, we-we admired her very much.
- 791
- 01:01:37,610 --> 01:01:41,572
- [Bob Steadman] It was a huge
- propaganda victory for the Russians again.
- 792
- 01:01:42,073 --> 01:01:45,785
- B just sat there and thought
- how stupid these men were.
- 793
- 01:01:48,871 --> 01:01:52,667
- - [cheering]
- - [inaudible]
- 794
- 01:02:02,301 --> 01:02:05,179
- [man] The Russians have put up
- a woman cosmonaut.
- 795
- 01:02:05,596 --> 01:02:07,515
- Is there any room in our space programs
- 796
- 01:02:07,598 --> 01:02:10,309
- for a woman astronaut,
- in your opinion, sir?
- 797
- 01:02:10,810 --> 01:02:13,354
- Well, we could have used a woman on the...
- 798
- 01:02:14,105 --> 01:02:19,902
- on the second... actually, the second
- orbital Mercury-Atlas that we had.
- 799
- 01:02:19,986 --> 01:02:23,322
- We could have put a woman up,
- the same type of woman,
- 800
- 01:02:23,406 --> 01:02:26,367
- and flown her instead of the chimpanzee.
- 801
- 01:02:26,451 --> 01:02:28,661
- - Now...
- - [laughter]
- 802
- 01:02:32,206 --> 01:02:36,002
- [Ann Hart] Mother was really angry.
- Really angry. Yeah.
- 803
- 01:02:38,254 --> 01:02:41,674
- Yes, she was.
- And stayed that way, actually.
- 804
- 01:02:43,885 --> 01:02:45,970
- This termination of this program
- 805
- 01:02:46,053 --> 01:02:49,140
- began to move her in the direction
- of being radicalized.
- 806
- 01:02:51,267 --> 01:02:56,731
- Mother was one of the very first
- founding members of NOW,
- 807
- 01:02:56,814 --> 01:02:58,900
- the National Organization of Women.
- 808
- 01:03:00,026 --> 01:03:02,987
- She’d been invited
- as a result of the hearings.
- 809
- 01:03:05,072 --> 01:03:08,367
- She hammered on women’s rights
- day and night,
- 810
- 01:03:08,451 --> 01:03:10,077
- week after week, month after month,
- 811
- 01:03:10,161 --> 01:03:14,832
- almost, um, just to the point of,
- “Here she goes again.”
- 812
- 01:04:16,978 --> 01:04:19,981
- [woman on radio]
- That’s one small step for a woman…
- 813
- 01:04:22,066 --> 01:04:24,986
- one giant leap for womankind.
- 814
- 01:04:30,992 --> 01:04:35,079
- [man] You’ve only got 15 minutes before we
- want you driving back to the LEM, over.
- 815
- 01:04:36,038 --> 01:04:37,081
- [woman] Okay.
- 816
- 01:04:38,165 --> 01:04:41,586
- We’ll get to work.
- Sarah, we need to sample here.
- 817
- 01:04:41,669 --> 01:04:45,214
- [Jim Hart] Going to the moon
- was one of those points in the ’60s
- 818
- 01:04:45,298 --> 01:04:48,843
- where there was something
- we could all share with pride.
- 819
- 01:04:48,926 --> 01:04:52,722
- [woman] It’s a great ride.
- Steering’s a little tricky though.
- 820
- 01:04:52,805 --> 01:04:57,351
- But imagine how much more telling
- and significant it would have been
- 821
- 01:04:57,435 --> 01:04:59,979
- to have a woman step onto the moon.
- 822
- 01:05:00,688 --> 01:05:03,441
- - [crowd cheering]
- - [sirens wailing]
- 823
- 01:05:15,536 --> 01:05:18,789
- [Ann Hart] It was
- a very seriously missed opportunity.
- 824
- 01:05:19,415 --> 01:05:22,627
- This really could have
- changed lives hugely.
- 825
- 01:05:22,710 --> 01:05:26,339
- Not just in terms of, you know,
- little girls getting engineering degrees,
- 826
- 01:05:26,422 --> 01:05:29,508
- but moving into positions of real power…
- 827
- 01:05:30,927 --> 01:05:35,890
- implementing practices and policies
- that might have represented
- 828
- 01:05:35,973 --> 01:05:39,727
- that humanitarian component of woman,
- 829
- 01:05:39,810 --> 01:05:42,521
- you know,
- as opposed to the bellicose boys.
- 830
- 01:05:42,605 --> 01:05:44,523
- [band playing patriotic music]
- 831
- 01:05:51,572 --> 01:05:55,409
- [Johnson] It would have had an amazing,
- positive impact…
- 832
- 01:05:56,869 --> 01:05:59,080
- empowering women in general,
- 833
- 01:05:59,163 --> 01:06:01,832
- and overcoming this notion
- 834
- 01:06:01,916 --> 01:06:06,295
- that women cannot do
- what men do in this country.
- 835
- 01:06:15,805 --> 01:06:17,556
- [band music fades out]
- 836
- 01:06:18,766 --> 01:06:20,893
- [Funk] I would have liked
- to have walked on the moon.
- 837
- 01:06:24,230 --> 01:06:28,859
- I would have loved to have put the
- American flag into the crust of the moon…
- 838
- 01:06:32,196 --> 01:06:33,739
- and saluted it…
- 839
- 01:06:36,158 --> 01:06:40,246
- pick up a few rocks, and boy,
- those rocks are worth a lot today…
- 840
- 01:06:43,332 --> 01:06:46,711
- and do the assignments
- that had to be done.
- 841
- 01:06:46,794 --> 01:06:48,295
- I would’ve loved it.
- 842
- 01:06:50,589 --> 01:06:54,552
- I could’ve walked on it. I could’ve
- kicked it out. I could’ve made dust.
- 843
- 01:06:55,636 --> 01:06:57,596
- Because I know the guys did.
- 844
- 01:06:59,265 --> 01:07:01,350
- I could’ve done anything they did.
- 845
- 01:07:27,585 --> 01:07:32,673
- I grew up in Elmira, New York,
- and the interesting thing about Elmira is
- 846
- 01:07:32,757 --> 01:07:35,551
- it’s the location
- of the National Soaring Museum.
- 847
- 01:07:35,634 --> 01:07:38,345
- So when I was a child,
- I’d watch the gliders take off and land.
- 848
- 01:07:38,763 --> 01:07:41,807
- And I wondered,
- “What would it be like if I was up there?”
- 849
- 01:07:43,100 --> 01:07:46,270
- So I started thinking as a child
- that maybe I could fly someday.
- 850
- 01:07:50,024 --> 01:07:53,486
- As I got older,
- I decided I wanted to be an astronaut.
- 851
- 01:07:55,112 --> 01:07:59,116
- But I don’t remember thinking,
- “I can’t do this because I’m not a man.”
- 852
- 01:07:59,200 --> 01:08:02,411
- It was more like,
- “Well, I’m going to be an astronaut,
- 853
- 01:08:02,495 --> 01:08:03,996
- and I’ll just be a woman astronaut.”
- 854
- 01:08:19,136 --> 01:08:23,766
- The air force opened flight training
- to women in 1976.
- 855
- 01:08:25,184 --> 01:08:28,562
- I was in the first class of women pilots
- in the air force
- 856
- 01:08:28,646 --> 01:08:30,314
- that went right out of college.
- 857
- 01:08:30,773 --> 01:08:32,149
- And we were in a test program.
- 858
- 01:08:33,901 --> 01:08:38,155
- So we just knew if we had failed,
- 859
- 01:08:38,239 --> 01:08:40,116
- that then women wouldn’t continue to fly.
- 860
- 01:08:45,329 --> 01:08:47,123
- So I tried very, very hard.
- 861
- 01:08:47,206 --> 01:08:52,253
- I wasn’t gonna date anybody.
- I wasn’t gonna have a crazy social life.
- 862
- 01:08:52,878 --> 01:08:56,257
- Because it was so important to me
- to be the best pilot I could be.
- 863
- 01:09:06,100 --> 01:09:09,520
- I loved the air force.
- Absolutely loved it.
- 864
- 01:09:13,149 --> 01:09:16,193
- But I never told anyone
- I wanted to be an astronaut…
- 865
- 01:09:18,320 --> 01:09:20,614
- because I knew they were gonna tell me
- I couldn’t do it.
- 866
- 01:09:28,330 --> 01:09:29,415
- I was out flying.
- 867
- 01:09:31,000 --> 01:09:32,835
- I came back to the squadron…
- 868
- 01:09:34,378 --> 01:09:36,714
- and there was a yellow note
- hanging on the bulletin board.
- 869
- 01:09:36,797 --> 01:09:38,716
- And it said, “Call NASA.”
- 870
- 01:09:40,176 --> 01:09:43,345
- [sighs] I go, “This is it.
- They’re gonna tell me if I’m in or out.”
- 871
- 01:09:44,597 --> 01:09:46,515
- John Young answered the phone.
- 872
- 01:09:46,974 --> 01:09:51,228
- He was an astronaut who walked
- on the moon during the Apollo program.
- 873
- 01:09:52,188 --> 01:09:55,900
- The first thing he said to me was,
- “Do you still want to be an astronaut?”
- 874
- 01:09:55,983 --> 01:09:57,359
- I said, “Uh…
- 875
- 01:09:59,653 --> 01:10:00,571
- yes.”
- 876
- 01:10:00,654 --> 01:10:04,408
- So he went through this whole long
- narrative about what I was gonna do
- 877
- 01:10:04,491 --> 01:10:06,931
- at Johnson Space Center.
- He said, “Do you have any questions?”
- 878
- 01:10:06,994 --> 01:10:10,080
- I said, “Yes. Am I gonna be a pilot
- or a mission specialist?”
- 879
- 01:10:10,164 --> 01:10:11,999
- And he said, “You’re gonna be a pilot.
- 880
- 01:10:12,082 --> 01:10:15,294
- You’re gonna be the first woman
- to pilot the space shuttle.”
- 881
- 01:10:21,175 --> 01:10:22,384
- Thanks.
- 882
- 01:10:23,844 --> 01:10:26,931
- Mr. President, Mrs. Clinton,
- 883
- 01:10:27,014 --> 01:10:28,974
- and Administrator Goldin,
- 884
- 01:10:29,058 --> 01:10:33,062
- I just can’t tell you how much of an honor
- it is for me to be here today.
- 885
- 01:10:33,145 --> 01:10:37,483
- I also think it’s important that
- I point out that I didn’t get here alone.
- 886
- 01:10:39,235 --> 01:10:42,571
- There’s so many women
- throughout this century
- 887
- 01:10:42,655 --> 01:10:45,991
- that have gone before me
- and have taken to the skies.
- 888
- 01:10:46,492 --> 01:10:49,119
- Um, from the first barnstormers,
- 889
- 01:10:49,203 --> 01:10:51,830
- through the women air force...
- 890
- 01:10:51,914 --> 01:10:55,626
- The women military air force
- service pilots from World War II,
- 891
- 01:10:55,709 --> 01:10:58,671
- the Mercury women
- from back in the early 1960s
- 892
- 01:10:58,754 --> 01:11:01,966
- that went through the...
- All the tough medical testing.
- 893
- 01:11:02,049 --> 01:11:05,135
- All these women have been
- my role models and my inspiration,
- 894
- 01:11:05,219 --> 01:11:07,012
- and I couldn’t be here today without them,
- 895
- 01:11:07,096 --> 01:11:09,682
- and I’d like to say a special thank-you
- to them.
- 896
- 01:11:09,765 --> 01:11:11,225
- [applause]
- 897
- 01:11:11,308 --> 01:11:14,520
- [Collins]
- The Mercury 13 women are heroes of mine.
- 898
- 01:11:14,603 --> 01:11:17,022
- We all had this bond
- because we were all pilots.
- 899
- 01:11:18,357 --> 01:11:20,859
- So I invited all of them to my launch.
- 900
- 01:11:20,943 --> 01:11:23,946
- Well, when NASA found out
- what was going on, who these women were,
- 901
- 01:11:24,029 --> 01:11:27,992
- NASA took them off of my list
- and put them on the VIP list.
- 902
- 01:11:43,841 --> 01:11:47,845
- When Eileen Collins went up,
- uh, I got a call,
- 903
- 01:11:47,928 --> 01:11:50,347
- and she invited me to come to the launch.
- 904
- 01:11:56,520 --> 01:11:59,106
- [Bob Steadman]
- They had a press conference or whatever,
- 905
- 01:11:59,189 --> 01:12:04,695
- where they have the astronauts
- up on a stage in this large hall.
- 906
- 01:12:04,778 --> 01:12:05,946
- [crowd cheering]
- 907
- 01:12:06,030 --> 01:12:09,867
- They had Eileen take the microphone.
- 908
- 01:12:10,868 --> 01:12:12,911
- Before she did anything else, she said,
- 909
- 01:12:12,995 --> 01:12:16,290
- “I would like to recognize
- the Mercury 13.”
- 910
- 01:12:18,834 --> 01:12:22,129
- And she pointed to them.
- She said, “Would you please stand up?”
- 911
- 01:12:22,212 --> 01:12:24,256
- And then she read the names.
- 912
- 01:12:26,050 --> 01:12:27,676
- And then she said,
- 913
- 01:12:27,760 --> 01:12:31,847
- “If it were not for the Mercury 13,
- I would not be here today.”
- 914
- 01:12:38,479 --> 01:12:43,400
- They were very gracious and outgoing
- to us, and could not have been nicer.
- 915
- 01:12:43,484 --> 01:12:46,362
- But I will never forget that,
- when all those astronauts
- 916
- 01:12:46,445 --> 01:12:48,364
- stood up and clapped for us.
- 917
- 01:12:48,906 --> 01:12:51,784
- [cheering, applause]
- 918
- 01:12:54,244 --> 01:12:57,623
- [woman] We have booster ignition
- and liftoff of Columbia,
- 919
- 01:12:57,706 --> 01:13:00,918
- reaching new heights for women
- and X-ray astronomy.
- 920
- 01:13:01,418 --> 01:13:03,504
- [man, indistinct]
- 921
- 01:13:03,587 --> 01:13:07,257
- [Collins] This is Columbia. In the roll,
- we’ve got a fuel cell… number one.
- 922
- 01:13:07,758 --> 01:13:10,010
- [man] Roger roll, Columbia.
- We’re looking at it.
- 923
- 01:13:11,470 --> 01:13:15,265
- And so that had a lot of meaning for us,
- to get to know Eileen,
- 924
- 01:13:15,349 --> 01:13:18,394
- and especially to go watch her
- head out into the sky.
- 925
- 01:13:21,105 --> 01:13:23,899
- Just love it, thinking,
- “She’s in the driver’s seat.
- 926
- 01:13:25,025 --> 01:13:27,861
- That woman is in the driver’s seat.”
- 927
- 01:13:32,950 --> 01:13:37,538
- [Ratley] We felt redeemed,
- like our mission had not been in vain.
- 928
- 01:13:38,539 --> 01:13:42,459
- We started people thinking that,
- “Yes, women can do this.”
- 929
- 01:13:42,543 --> 01:13:46,213
- [Collins] And, Houston, what you’re seeing
- is the actual moment of deploy there,
- 930
- 01:13:46,296 --> 01:13:50,300
- when we take the switch to deploy,
- and it’s so quiet...
- 931
- 01:13:50,384 --> 01:13:53,470
- [Collins] When I talk about the future
- of space exploration,
- 932
- 01:13:53,554 --> 01:13:56,515
- one of the things
- I tell young people nowadays is,
- 933
- 01:13:57,015 --> 01:13:59,852
- “Of the 12 people that walked on the moon,
- they were all men.
- 934
- 01:13:59,935 --> 01:14:03,188
- But that was a function of the culture
- that we had in the world
- 935
- 01:14:03,272 --> 01:14:04,940
- back in the 1960s.
- 936
- 01:14:05,315 --> 01:14:08,235
- You can be the first woman
- to walk on the moon
- 937
- 01:14:08,318 --> 01:14:12,030
- if you wanna be an astronaut.”
- That’s the message I tell young people.
- 938
- 01:14:12,114 --> 01:14:15,117
- Maybe the first person to walk on Mars
- will be a woman.
- 939
- 01:14:19,663 --> 01:14:22,458
- [Funk]
- We got Eileen. We got all the girls.
- 940
- 01:14:22,541 --> 01:14:25,752
- A lot of ’em are engineers.
- Some are pilots.
- 941
- 01:14:28,505 --> 01:14:31,592
- This is what I speak
- to the youngsters today:
- 942
- 01:14:32,593 --> 01:14:36,054
- Get into the STEM program.
- Get your engineering degree.
- 943
- 01:14:36,555 --> 01:14:37,764
- Go with NASA.
- 944
- 01:14:38,932 --> 01:14:42,436
- And get yourself into space.
- Get yourself into flying.
- 945
- 01:14:42,519 --> 01:14:45,439
- Be an airline pilot.
- Be a flight instructor.
- 946
- 01:14:46,106 --> 01:14:49,568
- If that’s what you wanna be, do it.
- ’Cause that’s what I love.
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