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Indictor, Daniel
2017-03-27

**Preface** - I have absolutely no idea how to do this.

# Review Sheet Questions

1. What were the main advantages and assets shared with East and South Africa as a result of the Bantu migrations?
2. What was the significance of Timbuktu to West Africa?
3. Explain the impacts of trade and conversion on West Africa.
4. As trade expanded in western Africa, how did the political framework of the region change?
5. How were the Berbers involved in the Trans-Saharan trade?
6. How did the spread of Islam to sub-Saharan Africa parallel the spread of Buddhism?
7. Who was Ibn Battuta? How did his travel literature contribute to our understanding of the Dar al Islam?
8. How did Mansa Musa make a great impact on the Empire of Mali?
9. How did the Swahili city-states come about? How was Swahili a syncretic culture?
10. Consider the impact of trade routes on the societies we studied in this chapter. How did the Trans-Saharan and Indian Ocean trade routes impact West and East Africa respectively? How do we know there was a great amount of cultural diffusion? Explain the long-term effects that expansion of these trade routes had on the societies they affected. (**you need to know both impacts well for the test in general, but you may only be asked to delineate one**)

# Topics to Know

## Bantu Migrations
- _Bantu_ - Name for the languages of the Niger-Congo language family and the speakers of those languages.
Bantu migrations brought agriculture (new methods of farming), metallurgy (, and Bantu languages further south.

## Timbuktu's significance to Western Africa
- Timbuktu was the capital of Mali.

## Mansa Musa
- Super wealthy African king. He ruled Mali. He even

## Berbers and Trans-Saharan Trade
- Berbers were early Islam converts, and Islam spread along trade-routes between North and West Africa. They traded salt for gold, which was important as salt was a preservative.

## Ibn Battuta
- Islamic scholar and explorer. He went from Mali to Indonesia to Constantinople to India to Russia. He was a very well-traveled person.

## Swahili city-states
Swahili was on the East Coast of Africa, so it saw a lot of trade and influence from India and the Arabian Peninsula, hence its "syncretic" culture.
- Swahili is a Bantu language, but it has many Arabic traits.
- Swahili city-states adopted Islam to enhance religious connections to Indian Trade Network trading partners.

# Redoing Notes

## 11-1, Reconstructing the History of Sub-Saharan Africa Before 1000
- Islamic forces took North Africa.
- Few Islamic explorers went to Africa, so there's not a lot we know about them.

### 11-1a, The Geography and Languages of Sub-Saharan Africa
- Africa is huge.
- The Nile River Valley was the site of of Africa's earliest complex societies in Egypt.
- Islam replaced Christianity in ~650.
- Only North and East Africa had close contacts with the outside world. South Africa was mostly isolated.
- Trans-Saharan trade was prominent.
- South of the Sahara was a semi-desert called the Sahel. South of the Sahel was a dry savanna.
- Bantu languages are extremely diverse and number in the thousands. They are so diverse because of a lack of political structure unifying peoples together. Entire villages could share one language, but no one else would. Most of them didn't even have written forms.

### 11-1b, The Spread of Bantu Languages
- The Bantu languages maintain uniformity. People can study the Bantu languages and their differences to identify changes in the people who spoke them over time. This is called _glottochronology_.
- The crops that people cultivated varied based on conditions. Slash-and-burn agriculture was common, though it destroyed the land quickly.
- The spread of Bantu peoples south brought _agriculture_, _metallurgy_, and the _Bantu language group_.
- Iron tools were more effective than wood tools. Ironworking has been dated back to 600 BCE. They also developed special technology for smelting iron, which spread to South Africa by 300 CE.
- None of the languages had written forms or had been written down until 1800.

### 11-1c, Society and Family Life
- We rely on oral histories and written works by Arabic explorers because indigneous Africans didn't write anything down in the eigth century or earlier.
- _griot_ - Royal storytellers who told stories to monarchs they visited.
- It is a good sign when oral histories align with Arab accounts.
- Sub-Saharan African peoples lived in villages of between several hundred to several thousand residents,
- Gender roles were prominent. Men would take on heavier tasks like hunting and metallurgy and would head villages. Success was measured based on family status. Young men formed strong bonds with each other.
- Sometimes tribes coalesced into chieftancies and kingdoms.

### 11-2, The Kingdom of Mali and Its Precursors in Sub-Saharan Africa
- Ghana was the first West African empire.
- Mali replaced Ghana.
- Mali was much more Islamic than before.
- Ibn Battuta visited Mali. He commented on the gender roles in Mali, because the women there were not as oppressed as he would have liked.