API tools faq
paste
Advertisement
Sad_Truth

Turkish/Ottoman Genocides, Crimes & Violations

Sad_Truth
Aug 26th, 2020 (edited)
2,971
0
Never
Add comment
Not a member of Pastebin yet? Sign Up, it unlocks many cool features!
text 79.10 KB | None | 0 0
raw download clone embed print report
  1. Ottoman/Turkish Genocides Crimes & Violations
  2. -------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
  3.  
  4.  
  5. Index
  6. ---------------
  7. #0 Documentary about the Greek Pontic Genocide (released 2020)
  8.  
  9. #1 Turkish violations of the treaty of Lausanne from 1923 to 1989*
  10.  
  11. #2 Invasion of Cyprus - war crimes, Violations of Human rights and others
  12.  
  13. #3 Greek Hunts
  14.  
  15. #4 Ali Pasha of Ioannina
  16.  
  17. #5 Massacres during the Greek War of Independence (1821-1829)
  18.  
  19. #6 Constantinople Massacre of 1821
  20.  
  21. #7 Chios Massacre
  22.  
  23. #8 Destruction of Psara
  24.  
  25. #9 Kasos Massacre
  26.  
  27. #10 Central Greece Massacres
  28.  
  29. #11 Crete Massacre
  30.  
  31. #12 Cyprus Massacre
  32.  
  33. #13 Peloponnese Massacres
  34.  
  35. #14 Macedonia Massacres
  36.  
  37. #15 Topal Osman
  38.  
  39. #16 Nureddin Pasha
  40.  
  41. #17 The great fire of Smyrna
  42.  
  43.  
  44. ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
  45. ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
  46.  
  47. Some sources are hosted as files at the mediafire folder bellow
  48. http://www.mediafire.com/folder/r9pjxeyvldkkx
  49.  
  50. ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
  51. ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
  52. #0
  53. -Documentary about the Greek Pontic Genocide (released 2020)
  54. An 8 year project to document and show the world the horrors of the Pontic Genocide in detail, its goal is to give voice to those who have died and bring to light the horrors that the Ottomans and the Turkish state have tried to hide for over a century.
  55.  
  56. During World War 1, the Genocide of the Greeks was carried out at the hands of the Ottoman and Nationalist Turks, 3,000 years of history, destroyed and almost erased in only 10 years, 1913-1923
  57.  
  58. “Lethal Nationalism” explores this dark chapter of history with, survivor interviews, historic film footage, informative graphics and illustrations along with contextual analysis from leading academics
  59.  
  60. Nearly a million Greeks were killed, while millions more were uprooted from their ancestral homelands in Asia Minor, Pontus, and Eastern Thrace as part of the Ottoman and Nationalist Turks’ campaign of ethnic cleansing of its indigenous non-Turkish populations.
  61.  
  62. The Genocide annihilated the Greek, Armenian and Assyrian Christian populations
  63.  
  64. It was the first Genocide of the 20th century. This Genocide became the model for all Genocides to follow, and it directly inspired Hitler who considered himself the second student of Attaturk and who allegedly would have said "Who, after all, speaks today of the annihilation of the Armenians?" during one of his speeches.
  65.  
  66. Lethal Nationalism exposes the events of the past with current efforts by the government of Turkey to deny its nation’s complicity in this genocide and to suppress those of its citizens who have the courage to testify to the contrary.
  67.  
  68. Bill Kurtis, legendary Documentarian and television news anchorman, narrates this powerful documentary. “This production is one of the most important projects that I’ve ever been associated with and it provides a sobering lesson as to why we should never forget the suffering that is caused by genocide.” - Bill Kurtis
  69.  
  70.  
  71.  
  72. ▼▼▼▼▼▼▼▼▼▼▼▼▼▼▼▼▼▼▼▼▼▼▼▼▼▼▼▼▼▼▼▼▼▼▼▼ HERE ▼▼▼▼▼▼▼▼▼▼▼▼▼▼▼▼▼▼▼▼▼▼▼▼▼▼▼▼▼▼▼▼▼▼▼▼
  73. https://vimeo.com/ondemand/lethalnationalism/
  74.  
  75. by
  76. https://hellenicresearchcenter.org/
  77.  
  78.  
  79.  
  80. ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
  81. ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
  82. #1
  83. Turkish violations of the treaty of Lausanne from 1923 to 1979*
  84.  
  85. from 1923-1929
  86. 1 - Violation of Article 39
  87.  
  88. 10/1923 Turkey restricted the civil and political rights of Greeks living there. Banks, civil services of all kinds and categories as well as big multinational companies and enterprises were forced to dismiss all Greeks from their employ
  89.  
  90.  
  91. 2 - Violation of Articles 40, 41 and 44)
  92.  
  93. In the same period, the political affiliations of the Greek teachers in Constantinople became the object of the investigation conducted by Salih Zeki, General Director of the Turkish Ministry of Education. On this occasion of 104 teachers of Greek descent and Greek teachers were dismissed, characterized as 'unfit' to teach in minority schools.
  94.  
  95. 3 - Violation of Article 2 of the Treaty on the exchange of populations
  96.  
  97. In 1923 Turkey aiming to restrict the Greek presence in Constantinople, arbitrarily characterized 40,000 Greeks, as Personae Non Gratae who had found temporary refuge for reasons of safety outside Turkey, prior to the signing of the Treaty of Lausanne, removed their Turkish citizenship and proceeded to the mass confiscation of their properties. The occasion, as declared by Ankara, was that these people, have left the country with travel documents that were not accepted by the authorities of the Turkish Republic (i.e. have used passport issued by the Ottoman authorities and not by the Turkish Republic). In reality, when these people left in September and October 1922, the only authority in Constantinople issuing passport was the Ottoman one.
  98.  
  99.  
  100. 4 - Violation of Article 2
  101.  
  102. Between 1923 and 1929 Turkey aiming to restrict the Greek presence in Constantinople, required that all Greeks settled in Turkey before 1918, and thus not exchangeable under the terms of the Treaty on the exchange of populations. The Greek view was justified, on 21/Feb./1925, by the International Court Of Justice. Nevertheless, Turkey continued their policy
  103.  
  104.  
  105. 5 - Violation of articles 38, 40 , 42 and 44
  106.  
  107. Turkey, in the framework of its strategic undermining and degradation of the Ecumenical seat of the Orthodox faith, gave its full support in 9/1923 to the establishment of the so-called 'Turkish Orthodox Church', which was founded by father Efthym Karahisarides Erenerol, a priest from Keskin, Anatolia, who was the blind instrument of Mustafa Kemal Ataturk. In October 1923, father Efthym, by now renamed himself Pope Efthym, attempted to occupy the Patriarchal Compound, causing grave incidents, while the Turkish authorities did not lift an eyelid.
  108.  
  109.  
  110. 6 - Violation of articles 40 , 42 and 43
  111.  
  112. By virtue of Decree No 1092/06.12.1923, Turkey downgraded the Ecumenical Patriarchate of Constantinople to a local NGO with no legal personality and determined that the Patriarch would be elected by clergymen who were Turkish nationals and were already serving in Turkey. The fact that Turkey was unable to unilaterally evict the Ecumenical Patriarchate from Constantinople, which is what it would have done for any institution governed by the domestic Turkish law, and was forced by the parties signing the Treaty of Lausanne to accept that the Ecumenical Patriarchate would remain in Constantinople, indicates the extent arbitrariness of the Turkish Republic.
  113.  
  114.  
  115. 7 - Violation of Articles 14,38,39 and 44
  116.  
  117. Immediately after the installation of the Turkish authorities in Imvros and Tenedos, on 4/Oct./1923, where more than 90% of population was Greek, the Republic of Turkey completely ignored the special local administration and the "autonomy" which the two islands, which were offered to Turkey as a gift with the initiative of Great Britain in the framework of the Treaty of Lausanne, should have enjoyed. The Government of Ankara appointed right away a Turkish commander and Turkish officers to the courts, customs houses, police and port authorities, dismissing all the elected local officials. They cut off the Christian leadership characterizing as personae non gratae 1,500 people from Imvros and 64 from Tenedos, who had found temporary refuge in safer places. Their real property was seized.
  118.  
  119.  
  120. 8 - Violation of Articles 37, 39, 40, 41,42 and 44
  121.  
  122. On 12/Feb./1924 father Efthym burst into the historic church of Panaghia Kafatiani in Galatas (Karaköy) and the church of Sotiras Christos and took possession of them, with the undisguised support of the Turkish authorities. On 19/2/1924 the Patriarchal Holy Synod stripped father Efthym of his clerical attire, while he had already been excommunicated as an apostate and shameless traitor of the orthodox faith. The Turkish courts rushed with unprecedented eagerness to fine the Ecumenical Patriarch in 4/1924 for the mental anguish suffered by father Efthym as a result of his excommunication, while the Turkish State officially conceded to him the churches he had occupied with the violent 'backing' of the Turkish mob!
  123.  
  124.  
  125. 9 - Violation of Articles 37, 38, 40,42 and 44
  126.  
  127. On 30/01/1925, upon the conclusion of the mass for the celebration of the holiday of the three Hierarchs, the Turkish police invaded the premises of the Patriarchate, arrested Ecumenical Patriarch Constantinos VI and after giving him an exchange passport led him to the railway station of Sirkeci and deported him from Turkey.
  128.  
  129.  
  130. 10 - Violation of Articles 37, 38,39,40,41, 42 and 44
  131.  
  132. In the same year, the Turkish Government decided to shut down the historic Greek Literary Club and the contents of its invaluable library were scattered among the state libraries in Ankara and Suleymaniye and the various Turkish language and Turkish history societies. The books are still there.
  133.  
  134.  
  135. 11 - Violation of Articles 37, 38,39,40,41, 42 and 44
  136.  
  137. The Turkish Government, in order to prevent Greek teachers from teaching in Turkey , required them to pass examinations in the Turkish language for the approval of a new teaching license. Most courses in the Greek schools had to be taught in the Turkish language. Ethnic Greeks in Constantinople were forced to bear the burden of the double salaries paid to the Turkish teachers teaching in Greek schools, while at the same time they were asked to pay a special education tax, invented for the purpose of draining them. The Zappeion School for Girls had to shut down because there were statues inspired from the Greek mythology in its premises. The Patriarchal Commercial School, the Greek Commercial School in Halki and the Apostolides private school for languages had to shut down and their property has been confiscated by the State.
  138.  
  139.  
  140. 12 - Violation of Articles 38 and 40
  141.  
  142. On 14/6/1926 the Turkish Government, in the framework of its strategy of undermining and lowering the status of the Ecumenical Patriatchate, initiated criminal proceedings against the Ecumenical Patriarch and all the Holy Synod, on the grounds that they had convened a meeting at the Halki Seminary and not in Phanare (Fener), the administrative seat of the Ecumenical Patriarchate. In the same period, the Turkish Government did not allow the organization of a Panorthodox Convention by the Ecumenical Patriarchate
  143.  
  144.  
  145. 13 - Violation of Articles 37, 38,39, 40 and 44
  146.  
  147. The introduction of the Civil Code in Turkey , in Oct. 1926, established for minority institutions an inability to acquire new real estate, either by property transaction or by donation or inheritance, while the Patriarchate's capacity as a legal entity was not officially recognized, thus causing huge impediments to the management and representation of the huge Patriarchal estate.
  148.  
  149.  
  150. 14 - Violation of Articles 14,27,38 𝒂𝒏𝒅 40
  151.  
  152. Law 1151, passed by the Turkish National Assembly on 25/Jun./1927, substantially and officially abolished the self administration status of the islands Imvros and Tenedos, shut down on various pretexts the Greek School, prohibited the instruction of the Greek language and placed Christians under persecution, to their final extinction.
  153.  
  154. Turkey started the violations of Lausanne Treaty only 3 months after the ratification. Committed 14 violations in the period 1923-1929 and violated 12 articles -> 2, 5, 14, 27, 37, 38, 39, 40, 41, 42, 43, 44
  155.  
  156. -Source*
  157. https://archive.is/W28ly
  158. https://archive.is/BmFL3
  159.  
  160. * - some sources to what has been said are PDF files and are hosted at the mediafire folder along with other resources
  161.  
  162. -----------------------------------------------------------------------------
  163. from 1930 to 1939
  164. 1 - Violation of Article 40
  165.  
  166. During the year 1930 Turkish authorities openly intervened in the elections of the administration boards of the minority hospital in Valoukli and the community of Pera, aiming at the big properties of the minority members.
  167.  
  168.  
  169. 2 - Violations of articles 2, 37,40
  170.  
  171. Law 2007, passed by the Turkish National Assembly on 11/Jun./1932, banned Greek nationals exempted from the exchange of populations and legally residing in Constantinople from the exercise of thirty professions. These professions covered a wide spectrum, indicative of the intentions to indirectly force Greeks to emigrate voluntarily: The professions of itinerant salesman, barber, musician, photographer, carpenter, tailor and waiter were among the first to be prohibited for Greeks by the 🇹🇷 authorities. The banning of other professions as well followed later, compelling Greeks to make a painful choice: either remain unemployed, work illegally or emigrate from their land
  172.  
  173.  
  174. 3 - Violations of articles 37, 38, 40, 43, 44
  175.  
  176. Law 2596, passed by the Turkish National Assembly on 3/12/1934, prohibited all Christian clergymen to do cassocks outside the church.
  177. The only exception allowed by the Law manifests the Turkish intention to bring the Ecumenical Patriarch down to the level of the "puppet-priest" (father) Efthym Karahisarides Erenerol, since it set forth that only the Patriarch and father Efthym, under his capacity as self-declared head and leader of the Turkish Orthodox Church, were allowed to wear cassocks outside the church
  178.  
  179.  
  180. 4 - Violations of articles 37, 38, 39, 44
  181.  
  182. In the same year, Law 2525, under which all Turkish nationals were obligated take on a surname, forced Greeks to Turkify their last names, because those last names with Greek roots were not accepted by the Turkish authorities. At the same time, a racist campaign was launched under the slogan 'Citizens speak Turkish', with the result that anyone daring to speak his mother tongue in the streets was abused and fined.
  183.  
  184.  
  185. 5 - Violations of articles 40,42,44
  186.  
  187. Law 2762 on Vakuf, (property dedicated to charitable institutions), passed by the 🇹🇷 National Assembly on 5/6/1935, placed minority communities under the control and supervision of the General Directorate of Charitable Foundations (Vakıflar Genel Müdürlüğü) and required them to submit statements as to their income and their properties. The management of minority institutions and schools was assigned to a commissioner, appointed by the Turkish authorities
  188.  
  189.  
  190. 6 - Violations of article 2, 37, 40
  191.  
  192. On 26/6/1934, a new decree in implem of the Law 2007, banned the Christian pop.who held the Greek nationality from the exercise of more professions, which resulted to the mass exodus of no less than 10,000 Christians with Greek nationality from Turkey.
  193.  
  194.  
  195. 7 - Violations of articles 39, 40, 41, 44
  196.  
  197. In the two years 1936-1937, Greek minority schools became the Turkish Government's target. All the courses had to be taught in Turkish, with the exception of the course of Modern Greek Language. The military education course was added, taught by an officer of the Turkish army. A Turkish deputy- principal was appointed to each minority school, answerable to the Turkish Ministry of Education, who gradually became the sole and dominant power in minority schools.
  198.  
  199.  
  200. 8 - Violations of articles 40, 44
  201.  
  202. Pursuant to Law 2762/1925, the Turkish authorities appointed the infamous lawyer Istamat Zihni Özdamar, who was father Efthym's right arm, as commissioner to the Valoukli Charitable Foundation, causing an uproar in the Greek minority
  203.  
  204.  
  205. 9 - Violations of articles 40,42,44
  206.  
  207. In 1939 all minority sports clubs were required to merge with Turkish sports clubs, so that they progressively shrank and lost their Greek identity
  208.  
  209. -Source*
  210. https://archive.is/zu7XA
  211.  
  212. * - some sources to what has been said are PDF files and are hosted at the mediafire folder along with other resources
  213.  
  214. ----------------------------------------------------------------------------
  215. from 1940 to 1949
  216. 1 - Violations of article 37,38,39,44
  217.  
  218. During WWII Turkey , found an opportunity, due to its neutrality, to strike heavy blows on the ethnic Greeks of Turkey , taking advantage of the weakness of Greece, which was struggling for the ideals of freedom and justice, at the side of the Allied forces. Thus in May 1941 Turkey mobilized the prefectures in Eastern Thrace, starting from the prefecture of Constantinople. The enlistment offices were ordered, by way of a ciphered footnote under the mobilization decision, to summon selectively the reservists from the Greek, Armenian and Jewish minorities. This way, all Christians aged 20 to 45 were dragged to the army and were scattered in the depths of Asia Minor to construct roads and military buildings under the most adverse circumstances
  219.  
  220.  
  221. 2- Violations of articles 38,42,44
  222.  
  223. On 21/9/1941 'unknown' arsonists put on fire the Patriarchal Building burnt to ashes, taking with it records, paintings of Patriarchs and valuable relics of the Greek population
  224.  
  225.  
  226. 3 - Violations of articles 37,38, 39, 44
  227.  
  228. On 11/1/1942, Turkey with its Law 4305, using religion and ethnicity as criteria imposed an enormous emergency property tax (Varlik Vergisi), which aimed at the financial extinction of Christians in Turkey. The Law required the payment within 15 days of an arbitrarily imposed taxed by the tax inspector. Four weeks after the imposition of the tax, failure to pay resulted to the confiscation of the taxpayer's property, his arrest and displacement to forced labor-camps in Aşkale at extremely bad weather conditions. In total, 1,869 illustrious members of the minority population saw their properties suddenly confiscated and themselves exiled to the Aşkale, where they built roads in order to settle their debt to Turkey. Their daily wages were 2 TLY, out of which one was for the rudimentary meals they were given and the other one with regard to their debt to Turkey . Most of them, in order to settle the debt arbitrarily imposed on them, would have to work from 200 to 300 years. At the end of 1943 (When WWII considered) the victims were emancipated, but 21 Greeks died out in Aşkale.
  229.  
  230.  
  231. 4 - Violations of articles 14,37,38,39,44
  232.  
  233. In January 1943 the Turks confiscated the properties of the Holy Orthodox Monasteries of Mount Athos Megisti Lavra and Koutloumousi on the island Imvros and started to relocate settlers from Asia Minor to the island. The Mayor and 3 Community chairpersons that dared to protest were banished in Asia Minor. The same destiny awaited 2 of the most important members of the Holy Synod:Metropolite Maximos of Chalcedon,who later became Ecumenical Patriarch, and Metropolite Dorotheos of Prussa.
  234.  
  235. -Source*
  236. >https://archive.is/2omqc
  237.  
  238. * - some sources to what has been said are PDF files and are hosted at the mediafire folder along with other resources
  239.  
  240. -----------------------------------------------------------------------------
  241. from 1950 to 1959
  242. 1 - Violations of articles 38, 39, 40, 43,44
  243.  
  244. On 6/9/1955 the Turkey launched organized riots against Christians in Constantinople. Within the space of six hours:
  245.  
  246. * 72 holy places from 95,
  247. * 36 Greek schools from 48,
  248. * 3 Greek newspapers form 3,
  249. * 4228 shops, companies, factories belonging to Greeks,
  250. * 2640 houses belonging to Christians were destroyed, looted or set on fire.
  251.  
  252. The tombs of the Patriarchs were destroyed and the Greek cemetery in Şişli was the target of an attack by the organized mob. The criminals ruined tombs, opened the more recent ones, and unburied corpses, which they knifed and tore to pieces. During this night the Greeks of Constantinople, 37 deaths, 30 of injuries and 300 rapes took place, while icons and religious paintings of historic and archaeological value were destroyed or stolen. The damages caused by this unheard of "riots" against the 150,000 Greeks of Constantinople was estimated by Turkey itself to be at 1 billion U.S. dollars (1950's valuation).
  253. None of criminals were arrested. The denial of the state involvement in the event took a place until 2005.
  254.  
  255.  
  256. 2 - Violations of articles 37, 39, 44
  257.  
  258. On 16/09/1955 the Turkish authorities interdicted the publication of the minority newspaper 'Eleftheri Phoni' and arrested its publisher Andreas Lambikis, whom they imprisoned without a warrant or official charges for a period of 3 months.
  259.  
  260.  
  261. 3 - Violations of articles 38, 39, 40, 42, 44
  262.  
  263. In Nov./1956, Turkey arrested 12 members of the Greek Association of Constantinople, which they dissolved by court decision in April 1958, allegedly for espionage for Greece and for financing the struggle of the organization EOKA in Cyprus
  264.  
  265.  
  266. 4 - Violations of articles 37, 38, 39, 44
  267.  
  268. From early 1957 to 1959 Turkey deported 57 personalities of the Greek Orthodox minority in Constantinople, including reporter Dimitrios Kaloumenos, who had captured with his camera the vandalism's of 6 September 1955
  269.  
  270.  
  271. 5 - Violations is articles 38, 39, 44
  272.  
  273. During the same period, Turkey with a campaign levered mainly by students- members of Anti-Greek organizations and societies used psychological pressure on consumers, forcing them not to buy products from shops owned by Greeks. To that end, they distributed propagandist leaflets in front of the Christian shops, with the slogan 'Bu dükkan gavurların malıdır. Yanındakine girin, çünkü Türkün'dür (This shop belongs to an infidel. Prefer the shop next door, it belongs to a Turk). This campaign, combined with the other one asking people to speak only Turkish - the relevant slogan 'Vatandaş Türkçe konuş' was everywhere - maintained the unbearable feeling of terror, which surrounded the Christians of Constantinople.
  274.  
  275. -Source*
  276. >https://archive.is/1Mipf
  277.  
  278. * - some sources to what has been said are PDF files and are hosted at the mediafire folder along with other resources
  279.  
  280. -----------------------------------------------------------------------------
  281. from 1960 to 1969
  282. 1 - Violations of Articles 2,37,40
  283.  
  284. The Turkish authorities announced new restriction measures about the exercise of various professions by Greeks in Constantinople in 1960, in implementation of Law 2007/1932.
  285.  
  286.  
  287. 2 - Violations of Article 40
  288.  
  289. That same year, the Turkish authorities abolished the 3 central Greek Orthodox boards of Stavrodromion (Pera, Beyoğlu), Halkidona (Kadıköy) and Galatas (Karaköy), which coordinated the ethnic Greek institutions. That way, the real estate belonging to the institutions was led. However, thought to terrorized the Greek Orthodox, at the Turkish State.
  290.  
  291.  
  292. 3 - Violations of Articles 37,39,40,41
  293.  
  294. Law 222 of 1961 arbitrarily brought minority schools under the jurisdiction of the Turkish Ministry of Education, for the purpose of circumventing the obligations undertaken by Turkey under the Treaty of Lausanne.
  295.  
  296.  
  297. 4 - Violations of Articles 38, 39, 40, 42
  298.  
  299. In 1963 the church of Sotiras Christos, which in 1924 had been forcefully occupied by father Efthym, was torn down by the Turkish authorities. This church, 12 years after it had been occupied by coup by the father Efthym had been returned to the Christians after a long struggle in the courts. In 1955 it had been completely destroyed by the organized criminals- unlike the church of Panagia Kafatiani, which had remained under the control of the father Efthym and which was left untouched during the night of the events. After it was torn down, the Turkish authorities awarded damages to father Efthym!
  300.  
  301.  
  302. 5 - Violations of the articles 37,38,39,40,41,42,44
  303.  
  304. In 1964 Turkey implemented a coordinated persecutions, aiming at the extinction of the Christian minority of Constantinople:
  305. The year began with the authorities setting the proper climate, with the stoning of the Patriarchate. This was followed, on 10/01/1964, by the stoning of the Sinaitic Monastery of Agios Ioannis in Phanare (Fener). Then the persecutions assumed torrential dimensions. Three principals of Greek High Schools and eleven Greek teachers dismissed. Orthodox clergymen were forbidden entry in Greek schools by virtue of Circular No 410/16/26.03.1964. On 1/Apr./1964 Emilianos, Metropolite of Seleukia and Iakovos, Metropolite of Philadelphia, were deported from Turkey and were deprived of the Turkish nationality. Nine days later, on 10/04/1964, the Patriarchal printing office, which had been in operation since 1927, was shut down and the publication of the ecclesiastical publications 'Apostolos Andreas' and 'Orthodoxy' was forbidden. The handling of Greek books, whatever their form, in minority schools, the teaching of the religious education course and the celebration of the religious holidays of Easter, Christmas and New Year's Day were forbidden by virtue of Circular No 3385, issued on 15/09/1964. On 20/09/1964, the community cemetery of Kouskoutzouki (Kuzguncuk) was desecrated and on the following day, on 21/09/1964, the church of Panaghia in Exi Marmara was stoned. Between October 4 and 9 the Patriarchate was blockaded by a mass of organized 'demonstrators'. Morning prayers were forbidden for Greek students in minority schools by virtue of Circular No 8459, issued on December 18, 1964. Students were also forbidden to use the Greek language. At the same time, the historic Greek Orphanage in Pringipos (Büyük Ada) was shut down at one night, when the building was forcefully occupied by the Turkish authorities.
  306.  
  307.  
  308. 6 - Violation of Articles 37, 38, 39 and 44 of the Treaty of Lausanne). / Violations of articles 2-16 of European Convention of Human Rights /2c of Convention of prevention and punishment of the Crime of Genocide
  309.  
  310. On 16/03/1964 İnönü transgress the Treaty of 1930 (signed between Greece - Turkey) and from March 1964 Turkey began the mass expulsion of Greeks from Constantinople in the most provocative and blatant violation of the Treaty of Lausanne, given that there was absolutely no question that Greek nationals settled in Constantinople prior to 1918 were not exchangeable. The summary mass persecution of the Greeks was the last blow to the Hellenism of Constantinople. The expulsion was suddenly announced in the press, accompanied by the simultaneous seizure of the moveable property and confiscation of the real property of the deportees, forcing them to leave the country with only what they could fit inside the suitcase they carried and no more 200 Turkish Liras per person (about 40$). The Turkish authorities were so eager to uproot the ethnic Greeks of Constantinople, that in the lists they published with the names of the Greeks to be deported, allegedly on the grounds of being dangerous to the safety of Turkey, they included the names of people with mental or physical disabilities, hundreds of elderly persons who could only move around with difficulty as well as at least six dead people.
  311.  
  312.  
  313. 7 - Violations of the articles 37,38,39,42
  314.  
  315. On 2/11/1964, Turkey by virtue of its secret decree which acquired the reference num. 6/3801, proceeded to the methodical looting of the huge Christian properties, make illegal the transfer of property titles to persons of Greek nationality and blocking the collection of all amounts due,all proceeds,incomes and bank accounts.This unprecedented plundering was kept secret and implemented faithfully for decades. By the same law on article 5 the local state agents has the right to expropriate any assets without to pay. Using these rights in the island Imvros, 98% of arable land was expropriate (in 1960 25.000.000 m2 expropriate lands belongs to Greeks. In 1990 it decreased to 600 m2 ). Fishing, which was an important means of livelihood for the residents, was prohibited. By the same secret legislative (6/3801 depend on law 1062 par.1) forebade Greek citizens to purchase any assets in Turkey.There was same kind of articles at new secret legislative on 1995 (B.03.0.UIG.0.00.00.7-1995- YUNANİSTAN).
  316.  
  317.  
  318. 8 - Violations of articles 14,38,39,40,41,44
  319.  
  320. In 1964 the Metropolitan and elders of Imvros were exiled to Asia Minor. Gendarmerie camps were established and settlers were transferred from Pontus and Bulgaria. The area was declared 'supervised zone' and all Greek and foreign visitors had to secure a special permit from the Dardanelles'(Çanakkale) Prefect. Some time later, open prisons for long-term convicts were relocated to the island, in order to terrify the residents, whose only way out was that, which Turkey systematically implemented: to leave their ancestral hearths.
  321. In same year all school buildings and assets on Imvros Island were confiscated. All teachers dismissed by the state and forbidden them to teach in any other Greek School at Turkey .
  322.  
  323.  
  324. 9 - Violations of articles 38,40,42,43
  325.  
  326. In 09/1965, father Efthym occupied by force, with the undisguised support of Turkey the holy churches of Agios Ioannis in Hion and Agios Nikolaos in Galata. Turkey rushed to offer him the Greek institutions in the area, including 2 schools and 52 properties. Since then, all the legal efforts for the return of the churches and institutions have been met with legalistic problems, which have resulted to the continuous adjournment of the relevant proceedings.
  327.  
  328.  
  329. 10 - Violations of articles 38,39,40,44
  330.  
  331. In 1965 Andreas Lambikis, publisher of 'Eleftheri Phoni', the minority newspaper, arrested and imprisoned.The newspaper, printing presses owned by him were seized,and the publisher was ousted from Flag of Turkey with the charge of 'insulting Turkism'
  332.  
  333.  
  334. 11 - Violations of articles 38,39,40,41,44
  335.  
  336. The persecutions in minority schools continued, despite the rapid decline in the number of students. In 1967 another 39 teachers were dismissed and 6 Greek elementary schools were shut down. Children whose identity bore the indication 'Christian' instead of 'Rum' were not allowed entry in minority schools, and were forced to attend Turkish elementary schools.
  337.  
  338.  
  339. 12 - Violations of articles 37,30,42,44
  340.  
  341. Law 903/1967 imposed a 5% tax on the annual gross Vakıf income. The acquisition of any real property in excess of that stated in 1936 was prohibited. The establishment of new minority institutions was prohibited.
  342.  
  343.  
  344. 13 - Violations of articles 38,40,42
  345.  
  346. In this period on Imvros Island 262 holy places was desecrate and 248 of them was sacked. The sixteenth century historical church from town of Kastro was set on fire.
  347.  
  348. -Source*
  349. >https://archive.is/ueSMk
  350. >https://archive.is/K4d9h
  351.  
  352. * - some sources to what has been said are PDF files and are hosted at the mediafire folder along with other resources
  353.  
  354. -----------------------------------------------------------------------------
  355. from 1970 to 1979*
  356. 1 - Violations of articles 40, 42, 44
  357.  
  358. On 9/July/1971 Turkey in an effort to strangle the nursery of Orthodox clergymen, discontinued the operation of the Seminary of Halki. In the 127 years from its foundation, 930 clergymen had graduated from the Seminary, including 12 Ecumenical Patriarchs, 2 Patriarchs of Antiochy,4 Archbishops of Athens & 1 Archbishop of Tirana.
  359. At the same time, the Greek minority schools were required to open courses with the Turkey oath ending with the phrase 'Ne mutlu Türküm diyene', which means 'How happy I am a Turk!"
  360.  
  361.  
  362. 2 - Violations of articles 40, 42,44
  363.  
  364. In September 1974 Flag of Turkey turned to mosques the Byzantine monastery of Akatalyptos Maria Diakonissa, which was built in 582, the monastery of Myreleo and the church of Agia Theodore
  365.  
  366.  
  367. 3 - Violations of articles 14,37,38,39,40,42,44
  368.  
  369. In the islands of Imvros and Tenedos, Christian residents who had lived through persecutions and terrorism, now had to suffer more tribulations. The year after Stelios Kavalieros was murdered by 'unknown' parties in Panaghia, Imvros in 1973, the Mayor of Imvros, together with 20 eminent islanders, were put in prison in the Dardanelles (Çanakkale). On the night of the Turkish invasion in Cyprus, in July 1974, the old Metropolitan Church of Imvros was looted and the cemetery of the village Castro on the island was desecrated. In the following summer Styliani Zouni, mother of two, was raped and murdered by a Turkish soldier in the village of Agii Theodori, Imvros. Finally, in the two-year period 1975-1976 more lands, from what little had remained in the hands of the Christian residents, were expropriated for next to nothing, as usual.
  370.  
  371.  
  372. 4 - Violations of article 40
  373.  
  374. Flag of Turkey with Law 502/1978 managed to shrink the community property of the Valoukli Hospital to what it was in 1936, annulling all transfers of moveable and real properties which had taken place by virtue of donations, bequests etc.
  375.  
  376. -Source*
  377. https://archive.is/dy4Up
  378. * violations of 1974 during the invasion of Cyprus (1974) down bellow
  379.  
  380. -----------------------------------------------------------------------------
  381. from 1980 to 1989
  382. 1 - Violations of articles 14,37,38,39,44
  383.  
  384. The 1980s were the coup de grace for the Christians of Imvros and Tenedos, in the form of new 'unsolved' murders.
  385.  
  386. -In July 1980 George Viglis was massacred in Schinoudi, supposedly by 'unknown' parties.
  387.  
  388. -In 1984 Efstratios Stylianidis was murdered in Schinoudi and Nikos Ladas in PanHaghia.
  389.  
  390. -A few years later Zaphiris Deliconstantis was murdered in the village of Glyky.
  391.  
  392. In 1984 the Turkish Government, bringing to a conclusion the infamous 'eritme program?' (melting program),meaning the plan for the complete Turkification of the Greek islands Imvros and Tenedos, proceeded to seize the last remaining 956 thousand square meters, prohibiting cattle breeding and characterizing all remaining pastures as forestland or lands to be reforested and national parks
  393.  
  394.  
  395. 2 - Violations of articles 38,40,42
  396.  
  397. On February, 1984 the Greek cemetery in Therapia (Tarabya) was the target of a frenzied attack by the organized mob. Same cemetery has second attack on 19/May/1986.
  398.  
  399.  
  400. 3 - Violations of articles 40,42,44
  401.  
  402. On 29/05/1985, on a symbolic date, the Turkish authorities proceeded to an also symbolic act: They tore down the whole front of the holy church of Agios Georgios in Makrochori (Bakırköy).
  403.  
  404. -Source*
  405. https://archive.is/Ze8hF
  406.  
  407.  
  408. ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
  409. ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
  410. #2
  411. Invasion of Cyprus - war crimes, Violations of Human rights and others
  412. 1 - Violations of articles 20,21
  413.  
  414. with articles 20 and 21 of the Treaty of Lausanne, Turkey has solemnly renounced all its rights to Cyprus.
  415. 51 years later, on July 21, 1974, he invaded the island creating unsurpassed records of barbarism: 5,000 dead, 1,639 missing and 200,000 Cypriot refugees in their own homeland
  416. **In the photo a small sample of the propaganda material used by Turkey during its invasion of Cyprus - revealing of its expansionist intentions and in contrast to the official position of Ankara towards the disunity which still maintains today that “the Turkish invasion of Cyprus brought peace to the island!”.
  417.  
  418. -Source*
  419. >https://archive.is/avTmF
  420.  
  421. * - some sources to what has been said are PDF files and are hosted at the mediafire folder along with other resources
  422. --------------------------------------
  423. -Killings
  424. Witness Mrs K said that on July 21, 1974, the second day of the Turkish invasion, she and a group of villagers from Elia were captured when, fleeing from bombardment, they tried to reach a range of mountains. All 12 men arrested were civilians. They were separated from the women and shot in front of the women, under the orders of a Turkish officer. Some of the men were holding children, three of whom were wounded.
  425.  
  426. Witness S gave evidence of two other mass killings at Palekythron. In each case, between 30 and 40 soldiers who had surrendered to the advancing Turks were shot. In the second case, the witness said, “the soldiers were transferred to the kilns of the village where they were shot dead and burnt in order not to leave details of what had happened.”
  427.  
  428. Seventeen members of two neighbouring families, including 10 women and five children aged between two and nine were murdered in cold blood at Palekythron, reported witness H, a doctor. Further killing described in the doctor’s notes, recording evidence related to him by patients (either eye-witnesses or victims) included:
  429.  
  430. -Execution of eight civilians taken prisoner by Turkish soldiers in the area of Prastio, one day after the ceasefire on August 16, 1974.
  431.  
  432. -Killing by Turkish soldiers of five unarmed Greek Cypriot soldiers who had sought refuge in a house at Voni.
  433.  
  434. -Shooting of four women, one of whom survived by pretending she was dead.
  435.  
  436.  
  437. --------------------------------------
  438. -Rape
  439. Turkish troops were responsible for wholesale and repeated rapes of women of all ages from 12 to 71, sometimes to such an extent that the victims suffered haemorrhages or became mental wrecks. In some areas, enforced prostitution was practised, all women and girls of a village being collected and put into separate rooms in empty houses where they were raped repeatedly.
  440.  
  441. In certain cases members of the same family were repeatedly raped, some of them in front of their own children. In other cases women were brutally raped in public.
  442.  
  443. Rapes were on many occassions accompanied by brutalities such as violent biting of the victims causing severe wounding, banging their heads on the floor and wringing their throats almost to the point of suffocation. In some cases attempts to rape were followed by the stabbing or killing of the victims, victims included pregnant and mentally-retarded women.
  444.  
  445. Testimony of doctors C and H, who examined the victims. Eyewitnesses and hearsay witnesses also gave evidence, and the commission had before it written statements from 41 alleged victims.
  446.  
  447. Dr H said he had confirmed rape in 70 cases, including:
  448.  
  449. -A mentally-retarded girl of 24 was raped in her house by 20 soldiers. When she started screaming they threw her from the second-floor window. She fractured her spine and was paralysed;
  450.  
  451. -One day after their arrival at Voni, Turks took girls to a nearby house and raped them;
  452.  
  453. -One woman from Voni was raped on three occassions by four persons each time. She became pregnant;
  454.  
  455. -One girl, from Palekyhthrou, who was held with others in a house, was taken out at gunpoint and raped;
  456.  
  457. -At Tanvu, Turkish soldiers tried to rape a 17-year-old schoolgirl. She resisted and was shot dead;
  458.  
  459. -A woman from Gypsou told Dr H that 25 girls were kept by Turks at Marathouvouno as prostitutes.
  460.  
  461. Another witness said that his wife was raped in front of their children. Witness S told of 25 girls who complained to Turkish officers about being raped and were raped again by the officers. A man (name withheld) reported that his wife was stabbed in the neck while resisting rape. His grand-daughter, aged six, had been stabbed and killed by Turkish soldiers attempting to rape her.
  462.  
  463. A Red Cross witness said that in August 1974, while the island’s telephones were still working, the Red Cross Society recieved calls from Palekyhthrou and Kaponti reporting rapes. The Red Cross also took care of 38 women released from Voni and Gypsou detention camps: all had been raped, some in front of their husbands and children. Others had been raped repeatedly, or put in houses frequented by Turkish soldiers.
  464.  
  465. These women were taken to Akrotiri hospital, in the British Sovereign Base Area, where they were treated. Three were found to be pregnant. Reference was also made to several abortions performed at the base.
  466.  
  467.  
  468. --------------------------------------
  469. -Torture
  470. Hundreds of people, including children, women and pensioners, were victims of systematic torture and savage and humiliating treatment during their detention by the Turkish army. They were beaten, according to the allegations, sometimes to the extent of being incapacitated. Many were subjected to whipping, breaking of their teeth, knocking their heads against walls, beating with electrified clubs, stubbing of cigarettes on their skin, jumping and stepping on their chests an hands, pouring dirty liquids on them, piercing with bayonets, etc.
  471.  
  472. Many, it was said, were ill-treated to such an extent that they became mental and physical wrecks. The brutalities complained of reached their climax after the ceasefire agreements; in fact, most of the acts described were committed at a time when Turkish armed forces were not engaged in any war activities.
  473.  
  474. Main witness was schoolteacher, one of 2,000 Greek Cypriot men deported to Turkey. He stated that he and his fellow detainees were repeatedly beaten after their arrest, on their way to Adana (in Turkey), in jail in Adana and in prison camp at Amasya.
  475.  
  476. On ship to Turkey – “That was another moment of terrible beating again. We were tied all the time. I lost sense of touch. I could not feel anything for about two or three months. Every time we asked for water or spoke we were being beaten.”
  477.  
  478. Arriving at Adana – “…then, one by one, they led us to prisons, through a long corridor … Going through that corridor was another terrible experience. There were about 100 soldiers from both sides with sticks, clubs and with their fists beating every one of us while going to the other end of the corridor .I was beaten at least 50 times until I reached the other end.
  479.  
  480. In Adana anyone who said he wanted to see a doctor was beaten. “Beating was on the agenda every day. There were one or two very good, very nice people, but they were afraid to show their kindness,as they told us.”
  481.  
  482. Witness P spoke of:
  483.  
  484. -A fellow prisoner who was kicked in the mouth. He lost several teeth “and his lower jaw came off in pieces.”
  485.  
  486. -A Turkish officer, a karate student, who exercised every day by hitting prisoners.
  487.  
  488. -Fellow prisoners who were hung by the feet over the hole of a lavatory for hours.
  489.  
  490. -A Turkish second lieutenant who used to prick all prisoners with a pin when they were taken into a yard.
  491.  
  492. Evidence from Dr H said that prisoners were in an emaciated condition on their return to Cyprus. On nine occasions he had found signs of wounds.
  493.  
  494. The doctor gave a general description of conditions in Adana and in detention camps in Cyprus (at Pavlides Garage and the Saray Prison in the Turkish quarter of Nicosia) as reported to him by former detainees. Food, he said, consisted of one-eighth of a loaf of bread a day, with occasional olives; there were two buckets of water and two mugs which were never cleaned, from which about 1,000 people had to drink; toilets were filthy, with faeces rising over the basins; floors ere covered faeces and urine; in jail in Adana prisoners were kept 76 to a cell with three towels between them and one block of soap per eight persons per month to wash themselves and their clothes.
  495.  
  496. One man, it was alleged, had to amputate his own toes with a razor blade as a consequence of ill-treatment. Caught in Achna with another man, they had been beaten up with hard objects. When he had asked for a glass of water he was given a glass full of urine. His toes were then stepped on until they became blue, swollen and eventually gangrenous. (The other man was said to have been taken to hospital in Nicosia, where he agreed to have his legs amputated. He did not survive the operation.)
  497.  
  498. According to witness S, “hundred of Greek Cypriots were beaten and dozens were executed. They have cut off their ears in some cases, like the case of Palekythro and Trahoni…” (verbatim record)
  499.  
  500.  
  501. --------------------------------------
  502. -Looting
  503. In all Turkish-occupied areas, the Turkish army systematically looted houses and business premises of Greek Cypriots
  504.  
  505. Looting in Kyrenia was described by witness C: “…The first days of looting of the shops was done by the army, of heavy things like refrigerators, laundry machines, television sets” (verbatim record).
  506.  
  507. For the weeks after the invasion, he said, he had watched Turkish naval ships taking on board the looted goods.
  508.  
  509. Witness K, a barrister, described the pillage of Famagusta: “At two o’clock on organised, systematic, terrifying, shocking, unbelievable looting started… We heard the breaking of doors, some of them iron doors, smashing of glass, and we were waiting for them any minute to enter the house. This lasted for about four hours.”
  510.  
  511. Written statements by eyewitnesses of looting were corroborated by several reports by the secretary-general of the United Nations.
  512.  
  513.  
  514. --------------------------------------
  515. -Other charges
  516. On four counts, the commission concluded that Turkey had also violated an Article of the Convention asserting the right to respect for private and family life, home and correspondence. The commission also decided that Turkey was continuing to violate the Article by refusing to allow the return of more than 170,000 Greek Cypriot refugees to their homes in the north.
  517.  
  518. On three counts, the commission said Turkey had breached an Article laying down the right to liberty and security of person by confining more than 1,000 Greek Cypriots in schools and churches.
  519.  
  520. Finally, the commission said Turkey had violated two more articles that specify that the rights and freedoms in the Convention shall be secured without discrimination on any ground, and that anyone whose rights are violated “shall have an effective remedy before a national authority.”
  521.  
  522. -Source*
  523. >https://archive.is/maNyA
  524.  
  525. * - some sources to what has been said are PDF files and are hosted at the mediafire folder along with other resources
  526. ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
  527. ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
  528. #3
  529. Greek Hunts
  530.  
  531. The first regions to revolt in Central Greece were Phocis (24 March) and Salona (27 March). In Boeotia, Livadeia was captured by Athanasios Diakos on 31 March, followed by Thebes two days later. When the revolution began, most of the Christian population of Athens fled to Salamis. In 1821, Athens had about 10,000 people, half of whom were Christian Greeks and the other half were Muslims, being either Turks, Albanians or Greek Muslims. In mid-April revolutionary forces entered Athens and forced the Turkish garrison into the Acropolis, which they laid siege to. Missolonghi revolted on 25 May, and the revolution soon spread to other cities of western Central Greece.
  532.  
  533. The Ottoman commander in the Roumeli was the Albanian general Omer Vrioni who become infamous for his "Greek hunts" in Attica, which was described thus: "One of his favourite amusements was a 'Greek hunt" as the Turks called it.
  534.  
  535. They would go out in parties of fifty to a hundred, mounted on fleet horses, and scour the open country in search of Greek peasantry, who might from necessity or hardihood have ventured down upon the plains. After capturing some, they would give the poor creatures a certain distance to start ahead, hoping to escape, and then try the speed of their horses in overtaking them, the accuracy of their pistols in firing at them as they ran, or the keenness of their sabres' edge in cutting off their heads". Those not cut down or shot down during the "Greek hunts" were impaled afterwards when captured.
  536.  
  537. -Source
  538. https://archive.is/csD4I
  539. https://archive.is/lkI70
  540.  
  541. ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
  542. ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
  543. Chios Massacre
  544.  
  545. The Chios Massacre was the killing of tens of thousands of Greeks on the island of Chios by Ottoman troops during the Greek War of Independence in 1822. Greeks from neighbouring islands had arrived on Chios and encouraged the Chians to join their revolt. In response, Ottoman troops landed on the island and killed thousands.
  546.  
  547. In March 1822, as the Greek revolt gathered strength on the mainland, several hundred armed Greeks from the neighbouring island of Samos landed in Chios. They attacked the Turks, who retreated to the citadel. Many islanders also decided to join the revolution. However, the vast majority of the population had by all accounts done nothing to provoke the reprisals, and had not joined other Greeks in their revolt against the Ottoman Empire.
  548.  
  549. Reinforcements in the form of a Turkish fleet under the Kapudan Pasha Nasuhzade Ali Pasha arrived on the island on 22 March. They quickly pillaged and looted the town. On 12 April, orders were given to burn down the town, and over the next four months, an estimated 40,000 Turkish troops arrived. In addition to setting fires, the troops were ordered to kill all infants under three years old, all males 12 years and older, and all females 40 and older, except those willing to convert to Islam
  550.  
  551. Approximately three-quarters of the population of 120,000 were killed, enslaved or died of disease. It is estimated that 2,000 people remained on the island after 21,000 managed to flee, 52,000 were enslaved and 52,000 massacred. Tens of thousands of survivors dispersed throughout Europe and became part of the Chian Diaspora. Another source says that approximately 20,000 Chians were killed or starved to death. Some young Greeks enslaved during the massacre were adopted by wealthy Ottomans and converted to Islam. Some rose to levels of prominence in the Ottoman Empire, such as Georgios Stravelakis (later renamed Mustapha Khaznadar) and Ibrahim Edhem Pasha
  552.  
  553. -Source
  554. https://archive.is/a5oVm
  555.  
  556. ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
  557. ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
  558. #4
  559. Ali Pasha of Ioannina
  560.  
  561. In 1808, Mühürdar, a commanding Janissary of Ali Pasha, captured one of his most renowned opponents, the Greek klepht Katsantonis, who was executed in public by having his bones broken with a sledgehammer.
  562.  
  563. One of Ali's notorious crimes was the mass murder of arbitrarily chosen young Greek girls of Ioannina. They were unfoundedly sentenced as adulteresses, tied up in sacks and drowned in Lake Pamvotis. Oral Aromanian tradition (songs) tells about the cruelty of Ali Pasha's troops.
  564.  
  565. In October 1798 Ali's troops attacked the coastal town of Preveza, which was defended by a small garrison of 280 French grenadiers and local Greeks. When the town was finally conquered, a major slaughter occurred against the local people as retaliation for their resistance. He also tortured the French and Greek prisoners of war before their execution. A French officer described the atrocities ordered by Ali Pasha and his cruel character:
  566.  
  567. "The chamber where Mr. Tissot had been locked was facing to the place with the bloody remainders of the French and Greeks killed in Preveza."
  568.  
  569. The officer witnessed the cruel death of several Prevezans whom Ali sacrificed to his rage, and the behavior of the Pasha during executions:
  570.  
  571. "one hundred times more cruel than Nero, Ali was viewing with sarcasm the torments of his victims. His bloody soul enjoyed with execrable pleasure his indescribable vengeance, and meditated still more atrocities."
  572.  
  573. Every French captive was given a razor with which he was forced to skin the severed heads of his compatriots. Those who refused were beaten on the head with clubs. After the heads were skinned, the masks were salted and put in cloth bags. When the operation was finished, the French were driven back into the hangar, and they were warned to prepare for death.
  574.  
  575. Soon after they brought the unfortunate Prevezans, whose hands had been tied behind their back by the Albanians. They piled them in large boats and drove to Salagora (a small island in the Gulf of Arta), where a legion of executioners was waiting. Ali made a hecatomb of these four hundred unfortunates. Their heads were carried in triumph and then offered in Ioannina, a spectacle worthy of his ferocity.
  576.  
  577. In the early nineteenth century his troops completed the destruction of the once prosperous cultural center of Moscopole, in modern southeastern Albania, and forced its Aromanian population to flee from the region.
  578.  
  579. On the night of 11 January 1800, 17 women, including Kyra Frosini, were executed by drowning in Lake Pamvotida by the order of Ali Pasha. The women were reportedly sewn in sacks and pushed in the lake from a boat in the night, which was at the time a form of execution for women in Islamic law practiced in Ottoman Empire.
  580.  
  581. -Source
  582. https://archive.is/Vk723
  583. https://archive.is/SjR0y
  584.  
  585. ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
  586. ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
  587. #5
  588. Massacres during the Greek War of Independence (1821-1829)
  589.  
  590. Almost as soon as the revolution began, there were large scale massacres of civilians by both Greek revolutionaries and Ottoman authorities. Greek revolutionaries massacred Jews, Muslims, and Christians suspected of Ottoman sympathies alike, mainly in the Peloponnese and Attica where Greek forces were dominant. The Turks massacred Greeks identified with the revolution, especially in Anatolia, Crete, Constantinople, Cyprus, Macedonia and the Aegean islands. They also massacred unarmed Greeks in places which did not revolt, as in Smyrna and Constantinople.
  591.  
  592. Some of the more infamous atrocities include the Chios Massacre, the Constantinople Massacre, the Destruction of Psara, the massacres following the Tripolitsa Massacre, and the Navarino Massacre. There is debate among scholars over whether the massacres committed by the Greeks should be regarded as a response to prior events (such as the massacre of the Greeks of Tripoli, after the failed Orlov Revolt of 1770 and the destruction of the Sacred Band) or as separate atrocities, which started simultaneously with the outbreak of the revolt
  593.  
  594. During the war, tens of thousands of Greek civilians were killed, left to die or taken into slavery. Most of the Greeks in the Greek quarter of Constantinople were massacred. A large number of Christian clergymen were also killed, including the Ecumenical Patriarch Gregory V.
  595.  
  596. -Source
  597. https://archive.is/cCPt3
  598.  
  599. --------------------------------------
  600. #6
  601. Constantinople Massacre of 1821
  602.  
  603. Most of the Greeks in the Greek quarter of Constantinople were massacred. On Easter Sunday, 9 April 1821, Gregory V was hanged in the central outside portal of the Ecumenical Patriarchate by the Ottomans.His body was mutilated and thrown into the sea, where it was rescued by Greek sailors. One week later, the former Ecumenical Patriarch Cyril VI was hanged in the gate of the Adrianople's cathedral. This was followed by the execution of two Metropolitans and twelve Bishops by the Turkish authorities.
  604.  
  605. By the end of April, a number of prominent Greeks had been decapitated by Turkish forces in Constantinople, including Constantine Mourousis, Levidis Tsalikis, Dimitrios Paparigopoulos, Antonios Tsouras, and the Phanariotes Petros Tsigris, Dimitrios Skanavis and Manuel Hotzeris, while Georgios Mavrocordatos was hanged.
  606.  
  607. In May, the Metropolitans Gregorios of Derkon, Dorotheos of Adrianople, Ioannikios of Tyrnavos, Joseph of Thessaloniki, and the Phanariote Georgios Callimachi and Nikolaos Mourousis were decapitated on the Sultan's orders in Constantinople
  608.  
  609. Around 14 Christian churches suffered heavy damage, while some of them were completely destroyed
  610.  
  611. The same state of affairs also spread to other major cities of the Ottoman Empire with significant Greek populations. In Adrianople, on May 3, the former Patriarch, Cyril VI, nine priests and twenty merchants were hanged in front of the local Cathedral. Other Greeks of lower social status were executed, sent to exile or imprisoned.
  612.  
  613. In Smyrna, numerous Ottoman troops were staged, waiting orders to march against the rebels in Greece. They entered the city and together with local Turks embarked on a general massacre against the Christian population of the city which amounted to hundreds of deaths. During another massacre in the predominantly Greek town of Ayvalik, the town was burned to the ground, for fear that the inhabitants might rebel and join the revolution in Greece. As a result of the Ayvalik massacres, hundreds of Greeks were killed and many of the survivors were sold as slaves.
  614.  
  615. Similar massacres against the Greek population during these months occurred also in the Aegean islands of Kos and Rhodes. Part of the Greek population in Cyprus was also massacred. Among the victims was the archbishop Kyprianos, as well as five other local bishops.
  616.  
  617. -Source
  618. https://archive.is/eiH6y
  619.  
  620. --------------------------------------
  621. --------------------------------------
  622. -Aegean Islands
  623.  
  624. The Turks and Egyptians ravaged several Greek islands during the Greek Revolution, including those of Samothrace (1821), Chios (1822), Kos, Rhodes, Kasos and Psara (1824). The massacre of Samothrace occurred on September 1, 1821, where a Turkish fleet under the Kapudan Pasha Nasuhzade Ali Pasha killed most of the male population, took the women and children to slavery and burned down their homes. The Chios Massacre of 1822 became one of the most notorious occurrences of the war. Mehmet Ali, the Pasha of Egypt, dispatched his fleet to Kasos and on May 27, 1824 killed the population. A few weeks later, the fleet under Husrev Pasha destroyed the population of Psara
  625.  
  626. --------------------------------------
  627. --------------------------------------
  628. #7
  629. Chios Massacre
  630.  
  631. The Chios Massacre was the killing of tens of thousands of Greeks on the island of Chios by Ottoman troops during the Greek War of Independence in 1822. Greeks from neighbouring islands had arrived on Chios and encouraged the Chians to join their revolt. In response, Ottoman troops landed on the island and killed thousands.
  632.  
  633. In March 1822, as the Greek revolt gathered strength on the mainland, several hundred armed Greeks from the neighbouring island of Samos landed in Chios. They attacked the Turks, who retreated to the citadel. Many islanders also decided to join the revolution. However, the vast majority of the population had by all accounts done nothing to provoke the reprisals, and had not joined other Greeks in their revolt against the Ottoman Empire.
  634.  
  635. Reinforcements in the form of a Turkish fleet under the Kapudan Pasha Nasuhzade Ali Pasha arrived on the island on 22 March. They quickly pillaged and looted the town. On 12 April, orders were given to burn down the town, and over the next four months, an estimated 40,000 Turkish troops arrived. In addition to setting fires, the troops were ordered to kill all infants under three years old, all males 12 years and older, and all females 40 and older, except those willing to convert to Islam
  636.  
  637. Approximately three-quarters of the population of 120,000 were killed, enslaved or died of disease. It is estimated that 2,000 people remained on the island after 21,000 managed to flee, 52,000 were enslaved and 52,000 massacred. Tens of thousands of survivors dispersed throughout Europe and became part of the Chian Diaspora. Another source says that approximately 20,000 Chians were killed or starved to death. Some young Greeks enslaved during the massacre were adopted by wealthy Ottomans and converted to Islam. Some rose to levels of prominence in the Ottoman Empire, such as Georgios Stravelakis (later renamed Mustapha Khaznadar) and Ibrahim Edhem Pasha
  638.  
  639. There was outrage when the events were reported in Europe and French painter Eugène Delacroix created a painting depicting the events that occurred; his painting was named Scenes from the Massacres of Chios.
  640.  
  641. A draft of this painting, created under the supervision of Delacroix in his lab by one of his students, is in display in the Athens War Museum. In 2009, a copy of the painting was displayed in the local Byzantine museum on Chios. It was withdrawn from the museum on November 2009 in a "good faith initiative" for the improvement of Greek-Turkish relations. However, the Greek press protested its removal. The copy is now back on display in the museum.
  642.  
  643. -Source
  644. https://archive.is/a5oVm
  645. https://archive.is/NnjiH
  646.  
  647. --------------------------------------
  648. #8
  649. Destruction of Psara
  650.  
  651. The Destruction of Psara was an event in which the Ottomans destroyed the civilian population of the Greek island of Psara on July 5, 1824. According to George Finlay, the entire population of the island Psara before the massacre was about 7,000. Since the massacre, the population of the island never rose over 1000.
  652.  
  653. -Source
  654. https://archive.is/M9Klq
  655.  
  656. --------------------------------------
  657. #9
  658. Kasos Massacre
  659.  
  660. The island was not well fortified, apart from a few guns placed at the coast to cover the likely landing place. The Egyptian commanders furthermore contrived to deceive the islanders: after sailing past the island exchanging heavy artillery fire for two days with the defenders—on the 19th alone the Egyptians fired over 4,000 shots—the fleet moved towards the northern tip of the island.
  661.  
  662. There it launched 18 great boats, pretending that it would make landing there, covered by much musket fire; while 24 boats with 1,500 Albanians landed behind the village of Agia Marina under cover of night on 19 June.
  663.  
  664. The bulk of the population lived in the four mountainous villages around the main town, which were now between two hostile forces. Hüseyn Bey issued a call for surrender, rejecting requests for time to consider the proposal. Finally, the village elders chose to submit; this did not prevent Hüseyn Bey from executing many of them later.
  665.  
  666. The men who were posted on the shore batteries on the western side, under a certain Captain Markos, put up firmer resistance, but they too were overcome, as the Albanians, veterans of mountain warfare, used the cover provided by the higher ground to approach and defeat them, suffering only 30 killed and wounded in the process. Markos himself was captured and brought bound before Hüseyn Bey, where suddenly he managed to break his bonds, grab a knife from one of his guards, and kill three of them before he too as killed.
  667.  
  668. The Albanians were given 24 hours to plunder at will; the Egyptian troops seized much plunder, as well as 15 larger and forty smaller vessels, while three newly built ones were burned. After that, however, Ismael Gibraltar and Hüseyn Bey firmly restored order on the island, executing three Arabs who disobeyed orders to that effect.
  669.  
  670. 500 Kasiot men were slain, but a general massacre was averted allegedly because the first Albanians to come ashore were Christians, who interceded with their Muslim fellows to spare most of the male population. However, over 2,000 women and children were sent to the slave markets of Egypt and Crete. The Egyptian admiral managed to recruit a considerable number of survivors—as well as from the neighbouring islands of Karpathos and Symi—as sailors into his own fleet, offering a salary of 50 kuruş a month, before returning in triumph to Alexandria with his captured vessels, as well as fifteen elders and the families of the principal Kasiots as hostages.
  671.  
  672. -Source
  673. https://archive.is/InD9W
  674.  
  675.  
  676. --------------------------------------
  677. #10
  678. Central Greece
  679.  
  680. Shortly after Lord Byron's death in 1824, the Turks arrived to besiege the Greeks once more at Missolonghi. Turkish commander Reşid Mehmed Pasha was joined by Ibrahim Pasha, who crossed the Gulf of Corinth, and during the early part of 1826, Ibrahim had more artillery and supply brought in. However, his men were unable to storm the walls, and in 1826, following a one-year siege, Turkish-Egyptian forces conquered the city on Palm Sunday, and exterminated almost its entire population. The attack increased support for the Greek cause in western Europe, with Eugène Delacroix depicting the massacre in his painting Greece Expiring on the Ruins of Missolonghi.
  681.  
  682. -Source
  683. https://archive.is/cCPt3
  684. https://archive.is/FE6wK
  685.  
  686. --------------------------------------
  687. #11
  688. Crete
  689.  
  690. During the great massacre of Heraklion on 24 June 1821, remembered in the area as "the great ravage" ("ο μεγάλος αρπεντές", "o megalos arpentes"), the Turks also killed the metropolite of Crete, Gerasimos Pardalis, and five more bishops: Neofitos of Knossos, Joachim of Herronissos, Ierotheos of Lambis, Zacharias of Sitia and Kallinikos, the titular bishop of Diopolis.[15]
  691.  
  692. After the Sultan's vassal in Egypt was sent to intervene with the Egyptian fleet on 1825, Muhammad Ali's son, Ibrahim, landed in Crete and began to massacre the majority Greek community.
  693.  
  694. -Source
  695. https://archive.is/cCPt3
  696.  
  697. --------------------------------------
  698. #12
  699. Cyprus
  700.  
  701. In July 1821, the head of the Cypriot Orthodox Church Archbishop Kyprianos, along with 486 prominent Greek Cypriots, amongst them the Metropolitans Chrysanthethos of Paphos, Meletios of Kition and Lavrentios of Kyrenia, were executed by hanging or beheading by the Ottomans in Nicosia.
  702.  
  703. The French consul M. Méchain reported on 15 September 1821 that the local pasha, Küçük Mehmet, carried out several days of massacres in Cyprus since July 9 and continued on for forty days, despite the Vizier's command to end the plundering since 20 July 1821.
  704.  
  705. On October 15, a massive Turkish Cypriot mob seized and hanged an Archbishop, five Bishops, thirty six ecclesiastics, and hanged most of the Greek Cypriots in Larnaca and the other towns.
  706.  
  707. By September and October 1822, sixty two Greek Cypriot villages and hamlets had entirely disappeared and many people, including clerics, were massacred.
  708.  
  709. -Source
  710. https://archive.is/cCPt3
  711.  
  712. --------------------------------------
  713. #13
  714. Peloponnese Massacres
  715.  
  716. Historian David Brewer writes that in the first year of the revolution, a Turkish army descended on the city of Patras and slaughtered all of the civilians of the settlement, razing the city.[20] The forces of Ibrahim Pasha were extremely brutal in the Peloponnese, burning the major port of Kalamata to the ground and slaughtering the city's inhabitants.
  717.  
  718. They also ravaged the countryside and were heavily involved in the slave trade.
  719.  
  720. -Source
  721. https://archive.is/cCPt3
  722.  
  723. --------------------------------------
  724. #14
  725. Macedonia Massacres
  726.  
  727. Greek villages in Macedonia were destroyed, and many of the inhabitants were put to death. Thomas Gordon reports executions of Greek civilians in Serres and Thessaloniki, beheadings of merchants and clergy, and seventy burnt villages.
  728.  
  729. In May 1821, the governor Yusuf Bey ordered his men to kill any Greeks in Thessaloniki they found in the streets. Haïroullah Effendi reported that then and "for days and nights the air was filled with shouts, wails, screams." The Metropolitan bishop was brought in chains, together with other leading notables, and they were tortured and executed in the square of the flour market. Some were hanged from the plane trees around the Rotonda. Others were killed in the cathedral where they had fled for refuge, and their heads were gathered together as a present for Yusuf Bey.
  730.  
  731. In 1822, Abdul Abud, the Pasha of Thessaloniki, arrived on 14 March at the head of a 16,000 strong force and 12 cannons against Naousa. The Greeks defended Naousa with a force of 4,000 under the overall command of Zafeirakis Theodosiou and Anastasios Karatasos.
  732.  
  733. The Turks attempted to take the town on 16 March 1822, and on 18 and 19 March, without success. On 24 March the Turks began a bombardment of the city walls that lasted for days. After requests for the town's surrender were dismissed by the Greeks, the Turks charged the gate of St George on 31 March.
  734.  
  735. The Turkish attack failed but on 6 April, after receiving fresh reinforcements of some 3,000 men, the Turkish army finally overcame the Greek resistance and entered the city. In an infamous incident, many of the women committed suicide by falling down a cliff over the small river Arapitsa.
  736.  
  737. Abdul Abud laid the town and surrounding area to waste. The Greek population was massacred. The destruction of Naousa marked the end of the Greek revolution in Macedonia in 1822.
  738.  
  739. -Source
  740. https://archive.is/cCPt3
  741.  
  742. ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
  743. ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
  744. #15
  745. Topal Osman
  746.  
  747. -Armenian Genocide
  748.  
  749. Topal Osman was known to have been responsible for massacres against Armenians and Greeks during the Ottoman civil war in the Pontus region where he was stationed during World War I.
  750.  
  751. While in Trabzon, Osman made a name for himself in the spring of 1915 as commander of a squadron of gangs. Osman, along with Ishak Çavuş and Bayıroğlu Hüseyin were known to have partaken in the drowning and massacres of the local Armenian population. During this time, Osman had also profiteered from the confiscation of assets and property belonging to the Armenians
  752.  
  753.  
  754. -Greek Genocide
  755.  
  756. After the first world war Topal Osman Pasha continued his operations in the Black Sea region, this time targeting rebellious Christian Pontic Greeks during the Turkish war of independence. He is seen as one of the key perpetrators of the Greek Genocide, particularly in the northern region of Turkey historically known as Pontus.
  757.  
  758. According to Mustafa Kemal's recent biographer Robert Shenk of the US Naval Institute, Topal Osman was a "sadistic ethnic cleanser of Armenians and Greeks".
  759.  
  760. Osman along with his gang of cut throats, were responsible for massacres, deportations, destruction and confiscation of property, extortion, rapes and other atrocities throughout this region including the cities, towns and villages of Samsun, Marsovan, Giresun, Tirebolu, Unye, Havza and Bulancak.
  761.  
  762. He was however refused arms and cooperation by the government and inhabitants of Trabzon, where multicultural pro-Ottoman ideals were stronger due to inter-ethnic and religious family ties. Out of anger for this refusal, Topal Osman sacked some houses in a Christian neighborhood before being forced out of the city by armed Turkish port workers and officials.
  763.  
  764. Together with his subsequent murder of Trabzon deputy Ali Şükrü Bey (leader of the first Turkish opposition party) this led to long standing animosity between the nationalist government of Mustafa Kemal and the population of Trabzon.
  765.  
  766. Curiosity
  767. Toktamış Ateş of Istanbul University claims that former Prime Minister Tansu Çiller had once promised to open a university in Topal's name.
  768.  
  769. A statue of him was erected in his home town of Giresun in 2007. The erection of the statue has been linked to retired General Veli Küçük, currently under arrest for serving as a member of Ergenekon. Küçük's first attempt to erect the statue was in 1981, but it was blocked by the Turkish Historical Society.
  770.  
  771. Küçük tried again in 2001 but failed in his attempt after strong opposition from Mayor Mehmet Işık. It was finally erected in 2007 with the assistance of Ali Kara, chairman of the local small businessmen group of Giresun. Kara was one of the figures whose deposition was taken during the Ergenekon investigation.
  772.  
  773. -Source
  774. >https://archive.is/YiP3E
  775.  
  776. ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
  777. ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
  778. #16
  779. Nureddin Pasha
  780.  
  781. - War of Independence
  782.  
  783. In June 1920, Nureddin Pasha passed to Anatolia to participate in national movement and he was appointed to the commander of the Central Army (Merkez Ordusu) based in Amasya of some 10,000 men on 9 December 1920. The position of the Pontic Greeks took a turn for the worse.[18] He expelled American missionaries and put some local Christians on trial for treason.
  784.  
  785.  
  786. - Koçgiri Rebellion
  787.  
  788. Nureddin Pasha led against Koçgiri rebels a force of some 3,000 cavalrymen and irregulars including Topal Osman's Laz cut-throats. The rebels were crushed by 17 June 1921.
  789.  
  790. According to some sources, Nurettin Pasha said: (as to some sources, this words belong to Topal Osman):
  791.  
  792. In Turkey, we annihilated people who speak "zo" (Armenians), I'm going to clean up people who speak "lo" (Kurdish) by their roots.
  793.  
  794. The severity of the repression led to angry debates in the Grand National Assembly. The assembly decided to send Nureddin Pasha to a commission of enquiry and to put him on trial. Nureddin Pasha was relieved on 3 November 1921 and recalled to Ankara. But Mustafa Kemal prevented a trial
  795.  
  796.  
  797. - Greek Genocide
  798.  
  799. On 9 June 1921, Greek destroyer Panthir and battleship Kilkis bombed İnebolu. Nureddin Pasha advised the general staff of the Ankara government that in view of the danger of a Greek landing in Samsun, all male Greeks aged between 16 and 50 years should be deported to Amasya, Tokat and Karahisar-ı Şarkî (present day: Şebinkarahisar) by the order numbered 2082 and dated 12 January 1921. The Ankara government accepted it on 16 June. And the Central Army deported nearly 21,000 persons and the Samsun Independent Tribunal passed 485 death sentences.
  800.  
  801. The massacres committed from the Central Army were so brutal, than even MP's of the GNAT demanded Nureddin's execution. Eventually, the National Assembly relieved him of command and prosecuted him, but Mustafa Kemal revoked the procedure. After the Greek armored cruiser Georgios Averof bombed Samsun on 7 June 1922, Greeks in the areas of western and southern Anatolia under Turkish nationalist control were deported by order of the Ankara government
  802.  
  803.  
  804. - Great Fire of Smyrna
  805.  
  806. Nureddin Pasha summoned the Greek archbishop Chrysostomos of Smyrna and accused him of treason. Nureddin Pasha pushed him out of the residence and invited a mob of Muslims to deal with him. He was lynched to death
  807.  
  808. - "The mob took possession of Metropolitan Chrysostom and carried him away... a little further on, in front of an Italian hairdresser named Ismail ... they stopped and the Metropolitan was slipped into a white hairdresser's overall. They began to beat him with their fists and sticks and to spit on his face. They riddled him with stabs. They tore his beard off, they gouged his eyes out, they cut off his nose and ears."
  809.  
  810. Bishop Chrysostomos was then dragged (according to some sources, he was dragged around the city by a car or truck) into a backstreet of the Iki Cheshmeli district where he died soon after
  811.  
  812. Falih Rıfkı (Atay), the Turkish nationalist journalist who had come from Constantinople to Smyrna to interview Mustafa Kemal, noted in his diary about the Great Fire of Smyrna that began on 13 September 1922 as follows:
  813.  
  814. - "Why were we burning down İzmir? Were we afraid that if waterfront konaks, hotels and taverns stayed in place, we would never be able to get rid of the minorities? When the Armenians were being deported in the First World War, we had burned down all the habitable districts and neighbourhoods in Anatolian towns and cities with this very same fear. This does not solely derive from an urge for destruction. There is also some feeling of inferiority in it. It was as if anywhere that resembled Europe was destined to remain Christian and foreign and to be denied to us. If there were another war and we were defeated, would it be sufficient guarantee of preserving the Turkishness of the city if we had left Izmir as a devastated expanse of vacant lots? Were it not for Nureddin Pasha, whom I know to be a dyed-in-the-wool fanatic and a rabble-rouser, I do not think this tragedy would have gone to the bitter end. He has doubtless been gaining added strength from the unforgiving vengeful feelings of the soldiers and officers who have seen the debris and the weeping and agonized population of the Turkish towns which the Greeks have burned to ashes all the way from Afyon"
  815.  
  816. -Source
  817. https://archive.is/vAH0y
  818. https://archive.is/qnoW5
  819.  
  820. ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
  821. ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
  822. #17
  823. The great fire of Smyrna
  824.  
  825. The great fire of Smyrna or the catastrophe of Smyrna destroyed much of the port city of Smyrna (modern İzmir, Turkey) in September 1922. Eyewitness reports state that the fire began on 13 September 1922 and lasted until it was largely extinguished on 22 September. It began four days after the Turkish military captured the city on 9 September, effectively ending the Greco-Turkish War, more than three years after the Greek army had landed troops at Smyrna on 15 May 1919. Estimated Greek and Armenian deaths resulting from the fire range from 10,000 to 100,000.
  826.  
  827. Approximately 50,000 to 400,000 Greek and Armenian refugees crammed the waterfront to escape from the fire. They were forced to remain there under harsh conditions for nearly two weeks. Turkish troops and irregulars had started committing massacres and atrocities against the Greek and Armenian population in the city before the outbreak of the fire. Many women were raped. Tens of thousands of Greek and Armenian men (estimates vary between 25,000 and at least 100,000) were subsequently deported into the interior of Anatolia, where many of them died in harsh conditions
  828.  
  829. The number of casualties from the fire is not precisely known, with estimates of up to 100,000 Greeks and Armenians killed. American historian Norman Naimark gives a figure of 10,000–15,000 dead, while historian Richard Clogg gives a figure of 30,000. Larger estimates include that of John Freely at 50,000 and Rudolf Rummel at 100,000
  830.  
  831. Although there were numerous ships from various Allied powers in the harbor of Smyrna, the vast majority of them cited "neutrality" and did not pick up Greeks and Armenians who were forced to flee from the fire and the Turkish troops retaking the city after the Greek Army defeat. Military bands played loud music to drown out the screams of those who were drowning in the harbor and who were forcefully prevented from boarding Allied ships. A Japanese freighter dumped all of its cargo and took on as many refugees as possible, taking them to the Greek port of Piraeus
  832.  
  833. Many refugees were rescued via an impromptu relief flotilla organized by American missionary Asa Jennings. Other scholars give a different account of the events; they argue that the Turks first forbade foreign ships in the harbor to pick up the survivors, but, under pressure especially from Britain, France, and the United States, they allowed the rescue of all the Christians except males 17 to 45 years old. They intended to deport the latter into the interior, which "was regarded as a short life sentence to slavery under brutal masters, ended by mysterious death"
  834.  
  835. The number of refugees changes according to the source. Some contemporary newspapers claim that there were 400,000 Greek and Armenian refugees from Smyrna and the surrounding area who received Red Cross aid immediately after the destruction of the city. Stewart Matthew states that there were 250,000 refugees who were all non-Turks. Naimark gives a figure of 150,000–200,000 Greek refugees evacuated
  836.  
  837. -Source*
  838. https://archive.is/qnoW5
  839.  
  840. ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
  841. ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Advertisement
Add Comment
Please, Sign In to add comment
Advertisement
Public Pastes
Advertisement
We use cookies for various purposes including analytics. By continuing to use Pastebin, you agree to our use of cookies as described in the Cookies Policy.  OK, I Understand
Not a member of Pastebin yet?
Sign Up, it unlocks many cool features!