API tools faq
paste
Advertisement
jonstond2

Pilgrimage and Religious Travel (Islamic Studies)

jonstond2
Jan 11th, 2017
156
0
Never
Add comment
Not a member of Pastebin yet? Sign Up, it unlocks many cool features!
text 79.26 KB | None | 0 0
raw download clone embed print report
  1. Introduction
  2.  
  3. Pilgrimage and travel in Islam are distinct yet interrelated phenomena, which anthropologists and scholars of religion often classify as “religious travel.” (For the purposes of this overview, at least, this latter term does not include what has come to be known as “religious tourism.”) For the premodern context, travel accounts (Arab. rihla; Pers. Safarnama) routinely include the hajj, ʿumrah, and ziyara (the visitation of holy places) as part of the itinerary. Travel or journeying in the pursuit of knowledge (rihla fi talab al-ʿilm) is a central commandment in Islam, as in the hadith attributed to the Prophet Muhammad: “Seek knowledge even in China.” Travel took on different forms, from travel in the pursuit of knowledge to performing the pilgrimage to Mecca and visiting holy sites. The hajj, or pilgrimage to Mecca, is the fifth pillar of Islam and occurs annually from the 8th to the 12th of the twelfth Islamic month of Dhuʾl-Hijja. It is incumbent upon all able-bodied Muslims possessing the financial means to undertake the hajj once in their lifetimes. This pilgrimage has been well-documented in Islamic and Western sources from the time of the Muhammad in the 7th century. In both premodern and modern times, students have often remained in Mecca after the hajj in order to obtain knowledge from the leading religious scholars of the time. The hajj rituals include entering into a state of ritual consecration (ihram), staying (wuquf; literally “standing”) at ʿArafa, making seven circuits around the Kaʿba (tawaf), running seven times (saʿy) between al-Safa and al-Marwa, and shaving of the head or cutting locks of hair. The ʿumrah, or “lesser pilgrimage,” which is commendable though not obligatory, may be performed at any time throughout the year with the exception of the 8th–10th of Dhuʾl-Hijja, as well as in conjunction with the hajj. The ʿumrah consists of entering into a state of ritual consecration (ihram), making seven circuits around the Kaʿba, and shaving the head or cutting locks of hair.
  4.  
  5. General Overviews
  6.  
  7. Sources listed here include general overviews of the hajj and ʿumrah for nonspecialists (Bianchi 2009, Yusuf 2009) and from a religious studies perspective (Martin 1987). Hawting 2004 provides a more detailed historical treatment of the hajj. Online sources for the hajj, while useful in providing general information, are highly variable in quality. Thus, few Internet sites have been listed here.
  8.  
  9. Bianchi, Robert R. “Hajj.” In The Oxford Encyclopedia of the Islamic World. Edited by John L. Esposito. New York: Oxford University Press, 2009.
  10. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  11. Comprehensive overview of the hajj, with explanations of rituals, symbolism, and political history. Available online.
  12. Bianchi, Robert R. “Hajj.” In The Oxford Encyclopedia of the Islamic World. Edited by John L. Esposito. New York: Oxford University Press, 2009.
  13. Find this resource:
  14. Hawting, Gerald. “Pilgrimage.” In Encyclopaedia of the Qurʾān, Vol. 4. Edited by Jane Dammen McAuliffe, 91–100. Leiden, the Netherlands: Brill, 2004.
  15. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  16. Detailed historical overview of the hajj and its rituals.
  17. Hawting, Gerald. “Pilgrimage.” In Encyclopaedia of the Qurʾān, Vol. 4. Edited by Jane Dammen McAuliffe, 91–100. Leiden, the Netherlands: Brill, 2004.
  18. Find this resource:
  19. Martin, Richard E. “Pilgrimage: Muslim Pilgrimage.” In Encyclopedia of Religion. Edited by M. Eliade, 7154–7161. New York: Macmillan, 1987.
  20. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  21. Excellent overview of the hajj and ʿumrah accessible to undergraduates.
  22. Martin, Richard E. “Pilgrimage: Muslim Pilgrimage.” In Encyclopedia of Religion. Edited by M. Eliade, 7154–7161. New York: Macmillan, 1987.
  23. Find this resource:
  24. Paret, R. and E. Chaumont. “ʿUmra.” In Encyclopaedia of Islam, Vol. 10. 2d ed. Edited by P. J. Bearman, et al., 864–866. Leiden, the Netherlands: Brill, 2000.
  25. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  26. Brief overview of the ʿumrah in classical Islamic sources.
  27. Paret, R. and E. Chaumont. “ʿUmra.” In Encyclopaedia of Islam, Vol. 10. 2d ed. Edited by P. J. Bearman, et al., 864–866. Leiden, the Netherlands: Brill, 2000.
  28. Find this resource:
  29. Esposito, John L.“Pilgrimage.” In The Islamic World: Past and Present. Edited by John L. Esposito. New York, Oxford University Press, 2004.
  30. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  31. Authoritative article on the hajj providing a brief yet useful overview of the hajj rituals.
  32. Esposito, John L.“Pilgrimage.” In The Islamic World: Past and Present. Edited by John L. Esposito. New York, Oxford University Press, 2004.
  33. Find this resource:
  34. Pickens, Claude L. “The Mecca Pilgrimage.” The Muslim World 24, no. 3 (1934): 229–235.
  35. DOI: 10.1111/j.1478-1913.1934.tb00300.xSave Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  36. American Protestant missionary provides a brief overview of hajj statistics and useful comparisons for the years 1928 and 1933 followed by observations of the hajj traditions of Chinese Muslims.
  37. Pickens, Claude L. “The Mecca Pilgrimage.” The Muslim World 24, no. 3 (1934): 229–235.
  38. Find this resource:
  39. Princeton University Humanities Computing Research Support. Stages of the Hajj.
  40. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  41. Useful diagram of the stages of the hajj.
  42. Princeton University Humanities Computing Research Support. Stages of the Hajj.
  43. Find this resource:
  44. Wensinck, Arent Jan, et al. “Ḥadjdj.” In Encyclopaedia of Islam, Vol. 3. 2d ed. Edited by B. Lewis, et al., 735–736. Leiden, the Netherlands: Brill, 1986.
  45. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  46. Brief overview of the hajj.
  47. Wensinck, Arent Jan, et al. “Ḥadjdj.” In Encyclopaedia of Islam, Vol. 3. 2d ed. Edited by B. Lewis, et al., 735–736. Leiden, the Netherlands: Brill, 1986.
  48. Find this resource:
  49. Yusuf, Imtiyaz. “ʿUmrah.” In The Oxford Encyclopedia of the Islamic World. Edited by John L. Esposito. New York: Oxford University Press, 2009.
  50. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  51. Brief entry on the ʿUmra. Available online.
  52. Yusuf, Imtiyaz. “ʿUmrah.” In The Oxford Encyclopedia of the Islamic World. Edited by John L. Esposito. New York: Oxford University Press, 2009.
  53. Find this resource:
  54. Introductory Works
  55.  
  56. Sources listed here include anthologies (Wolfe 1997), archival sources (Rush 1993), hajj guides (al-ʿUthaymin n.d., Kamal 1961, Saudi Arabia 2005), and surveys (von Grunebaum 1951, Long 1979).
  57.  
  58. Kamal, Ahmad. The Sacred Journey. New York: Van Reeves, 1961.
  59. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  60. A guide to performance of Hajj rituals utilized by Sunnis and Shiʿis. Soon after its publication, this guide gained wide acceptance throughout the Arab world among adherents of the four schools of Islamic jurisprudence. Kamal, a member of the Jamaʿat-i Islami, offers a critical assessment of nation-states.
  61. Kamal, Ahmad. The Sacred Journey. New York: Van Reeves, 1961.
  62. Find this resource:
  63. Long, David Edwin. The Hajj Today: A Survey of the Contemporary Makkah Pilgrimage. Albany: State University of New York Press, 1979.
  64. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  65. An accessible study of the hajj and its rituals in the 20th century, by a Muslim-American professor and civil servant. Includes a description of the ritual, local management of the pilgrimage, and a discussion of the impact of public health policy from the 19th century on the annual rite.
  66. Long, David Edwin. The Hajj Today: A Survey of the Contemporary Makkah Pilgrimage. Albany: State University of New York Press, 1979.
  67. Find this resource:
  68. Rush, Alan de Lacy, ed. Records of the Hajj: A Documentary History of the Pilgrimage to Mecca. 10 vols. Neuchâtel, Switzerland: Archive Editions, 1993.
  69. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  70. Comprehensive multivolume collection of primary sources in translation by period, useful for reference and teaching. Contains British Foreign Office records of the hajj.
  71. Rush, Alan de Lacy, ed. Records of the Hajj: A Documentary History of the Pilgrimage to Mecca. 10 vols. Neuchâtel, Switzerland: Archive Editions, 1993.
  72. Find this resource:
  73. Saudi Arabia, Government of. Journey of a Lifetime. Riyadh, Saudi Arabia: Ministry of Islamic Affairs, Endowments, Daʿwah and Guidance, 2005.
  74. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  75. Official Saudi guidebook for the hajj. Available online.
  76. Saudi Arabia, Government of. Journey of a Lifetime. Riyadh, Saudi Arabia: Ministry of Islamic Affairs, Endowments, Daʿwah and Guidance, 2005.
  77. Find this resource:
  78. al-ʿUthaymin, Muhammad As-Salih. How to Perform the Rituals of Hajj and Umrah.
  79. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  80. An excellent guide to the performance of hajj and ʿumrah rituals by one of the most influential Saudi Salafi scholars and theologians of the second half of the 20th century. Translated from his al-Manhaj li-Murīd al-ʿUmra wal-Ḥajj. Includes a section on visiting the Prophet’s mosque in Medina. Also available in downloadable PDF version.
  81. al-ʿUthaymin, Muhammad As-Salih. How to Perform the Rituals of Hajj and Umrah.
  82. Find this resource:
  83. von Grunebaum, Gustave E. Muhammadan Festivals. New York: Henry Schuman, 1951.
  84. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  85. General overview of the hajj in the context of Islamic and pre-Islamic rituals.
  86. von Grunebaum, Gustave E. Muhammadan Festivals. New York: Henry Schuman, 1951.
  87. Find this resource:
  88. Wolfe, Michael, ed. One Thousand Roads to Mecca: Ten Centuries of Travelers Writing about the Muslim Pilgrimage. New York: Grove, 1997.
  89. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  90. A useful anthology of premodern and modern Islamic and Western writers, useful for undergraduate courses. Edited by a renowned American-Muslim author, poet, and producer.
  91. Wolfe, Michael, ed. One Thousand Roads to Mecca: Ten Centuries of Travelers Writing about the Muslim Pilgrimage. New York: Grove, 1997.
  92. Find this resource:
  93. Visual Resources
  94.  
  95. There are a wealth of visual resources available on Islamic pilgrimage. For photographic collections and essays, consult Allan and Branfoot 2006, Amin 1997, and Nomachi and Nasr 1997. Films include Ferroukhi 2004 and Thompson 1991, while Mehdi 2003 and Wolfe and Koppel 1997 are documentaries.
  96.  
  97. Allan, James W., and Crispin Branfoot. “Travellers of Faith: Pilgrim Tales.” In Pilgrimage: the Sacred Journey. Edited by Ruth Barnes and Crispin Branfoot, 96–115. Oxford: Ashmolean Museum, 2006.
  98. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  99. Photographic collection of pilgrimages in world religions, with a brief overview of the hajj.
  100. Allan, James W., and Crispin Branfoot. “Travellers of Faith: Pilgrim Tales.” In Pilgrimage: the Sacred Journey. Edited by Ruth Barnes and Crispin Branfoot, 96–115. Oxford: Ashmolean Museum, 2006.
  101. Find this resource:
  102. Amin, Mohamed. Journey of a Lifetime: Pilgrimage to Makkah. London: Stacey International, 1997.
  103. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  104. Excellent illustrated guide to the hajj by the late photographer Mohamed Amin, who documented the hajj over a period of two years.
  105. Amin, Mohamed. Journey of a Lifetime: Pilgrimage to Makkah. London: Stacey International, 1997.
  106. Find this resource:
  107. Ferroukhi, Ismaël, dir. Le Grand Voyage. DVD. Paris: Ognon Pictures, 2004.
  108. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  109. Award-winning film of discovery about an estranged pious Moroccan father and his worldly son bonding during their overland journey from France to Mecca.
  110. Ferroukhi, Ismaël, dir. Le Grand Voyage. DVD. Paris: Ognon Pictures, 2004.
  111. Find this resource:
  112. Mehdi, Anisa, dir. Inside Mecca. DVD. Washington, DC: National Geographic Video, 2003.
  113. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  114. This documentary is an excellent introduction to the hajj for undergraduates and nonspecialists. Explores the hajj experiences of three Muslim pilgrims from the United States, South Africa, and Indonesia.
  115. Mehdi, Anisa, dir. Inside Mecca. DVD. Washington, DC: National Geographic Video, 2003.
  116. Find this resource:
  117. Nomachi, Ali Kazuyoshi, and Seyyed Hossein Nasr. Mecca the Blessed, Medina the Radiant: The Holiest Cities of Islam. 2d ed. New York: Aperture, 1997.
  118. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  119. Unique photographs of Mecca by the Japanese Muslim photographer Ali Nomachi, accompanied by S. H. Nasr’s essay on the hajj.
  120. Nomachi, Ali Kazuyoshi, and Seyyed Hossein Nasr. Mecca the Blessed, Medina the Radiant: The Holiest Cities of Islam. 2d ed. New York: Aperture, 1997.
  121. Find this resource:
  122. Thompson, Maurice, prod. The Guests of God: A European Muslim Convert Family’s Journey to Hajj. DVD. London: BBC, 1991.
  123. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  124. This BBC documentary follows the pilgrimage experience of a Muslim convert family from Germany. Highly recommended for undergraduate teaching.
  125. Thompson, Maurice, prod. The Guests of God: A European Muslim Convert Family’s Journey to Hajj. DVD. London: BBC, 1991.
  126. Find this resource:
  127. Wolfe Michael, and Ted Koppel, prod. The Hajj: One American’s Pilgrimage to Mecca.DVD. ABC News Nightline, 1997.
  128. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  129. Highly acclaimed documentary and discussion of American Muslim author, poet, and producer Michael Wolfe’s pilgrimage to Mecca. Excellent teaching resource.
  130. Wolfe Michael, and Ted Koppel, prod. The Hajj: One American’s Pilgrimage to Mecca.DVD. ABC News Nightline, 1997.
  131. Find this resource:
  132. Comparative Studies
  133.  
  134. Comparative studies of pilgrimage essentially focus on the Islamic and Christian experiences of pilgrimage to Jerusalem and Mecca, and on the historical development of rituals in both faiths. Alan and Branfoot 2006 explores pilgrimage from an art history perspective, while Roff 1985 adopts an anthropological and phenomenological approach.
  135.  
  136. Allan, James W. and Crispin Branfoot. “Travellers of Faith: Pilgrim Tales.” In Pilgrimage: the Sacred Journey. Edited by Ruth Barnes and Crispin Branfoot, 96–115. Oxford, Ashmolean Museum, 2006.
  137. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  138. An art-historical survey of pilgrimage in world religions, designed for a general audience and produced by the Ashmolean Museum’s Interfaith Exhibition Service. Includes extracts from premodern pilgrimage accounts.
  139. Allan, James W. and Crispin Branfoot. “Travellers of Faith: Pilgrim Tales.” In Pilgrimage: the Sacred Journey. Edited by Ruth Barnes and Crispin Branfoot, 96–115. Oxford, Ashmolean Museum, 2006.
  140. Find this resource:
  141. Chélini, Jean, and Henry Branthomme, eds. Histoire des pèlerinages non-chrétiens: Entre magique et sacré, le chemin des dieux. Paris: Hachette, 1987.
  142. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  143. Useful collection of essays concerning pilgrimage in non-Christian religions.
  144. Chélini, Jean, and Henry Branthomme, eds. Histoire des pèlerinages non-chrétiens: Entre magique et sacré, le chemin des dieux. Paris: Hachette, 1987.
  145. Find this resource:
  146. Lazarus-Yafeh, Hava. “The Religious Dialectics of the Ḥadjdj.” In The Development of Islamic Ritual. Edited by Gerald Hawting, 263–292. Aldershot, UK: Ashgate, 2006.
  147. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  148. An article originally published in 1976 in Hebrew, and in 1981 in English by E.J. Brill. The Israeli scholar Lazarus-Yafeh’s analysis reflects a period of renewed effort among some Western scholars to explore the pre-Islamic origins of Islamic rituals. Lazarus-Yafeh argues for an “islamization mechanism” for the hajj, as reflected in hadith, legal texts and other sources, concluding that a dialectical process between monotheistic and pre-Islamic elements gradually emerged, which nonetheless reflects the pure monotheism of Islam.
  149. Lazarus-Yafeh, Hava. “The Religious Dialectics of the Ḥadjdj.” In The Development of Islamic Ritual. Edited by Gerald Hawting, 263–292. Aldershot, UK: Ashgate, 2006.
  150. Find this resource:
  151. Roff, William R. “Pilgrimage and the History of Religions: Theoretical Approaches to the Hajj.” In Approaches to Islam in Religious Studies. Edited by Richard C. Martin, 78–86. Tucson: University of Arizona Press, 1985.
  152. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  153. Discusses the transformative effects of the hajj on the pilgrim, in light of various methodologies in the study of anthropology and the phenomenology and history of religions.
  154. Roff, William R. “Pilgrimage and the History of Religions: Theoretical Approaches to the Hajj.” In Approaches to Islam in Religious Studies. Edited by Richard C. Martin, 78–86. Tucson: University of Arizona Press, 1985.
  155. Find this resource:
  156. Legal Studies
  157.  
  158. Legal studies of the hajj focus on the proper ritual performance of the hajj rites based on the hadith traditions of the Prophet Muhammad and the traditions of the Shiʿi imams. Al-Albani n.d. presents a Sunni legal perspective, while Mughniya 1986 looks at Sunni and Shiʿi sources of jurisprudence.
  159.  
  160. al-Albani, Muhammad Nasr al-Din. The Fiqh of Hajj.
  161. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  162. Discussion of the legal dimensions of the hajj. Selections from al-Albani’s Silsilat al-Aḥādīth alṢaḥīḥa(Beirut: al-Maktab al-Islami, 1979) and Silsilat al-Aḥādīth al-Ḍaʿīfa(Beirut: al-Maktab al-Islami, 1985), translated by ʿAbbas Abu Yahya.
  163. al-Albani, Muhammad Nasr al-Din. The Fiqh of Hajj.
  164. Find this resource:
  165. Mughniya, Muhammad Jawad. 1986. “The Hajj According to Five Schools of Islamic Fiqh, Part 4.” Translated by ʿAli Quli Qaraʾi. Al-Tawhid 3, no. 3 (1986): 63–94.
  166. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  167. Includes Sunni and Shiʿi sources of jurisprudence concerning the hajj.
  168. Mughniya, Muhammad Jawad. 1986. “The Hajj According to Five Schools of Islamic Fiqh, Part 4.” Translated by ʿAli Quli Qaraʾi. Al-Tawhid 3, no. 3 (1986): 63–94.
  169. Find this resource:
  170. Management of Hajj and Public Health
  171.  
  172. Studies in this area deal with various aspects of managing the hajj (Sardar and Badawi 1978), including disease control policy and the policies of the European colonial powers (Low 2008).
  173.  
  174. Low, Michael Christopher. “Empire and the Hajj: Pilgrims, Plagues, and Pan-Islam under British Surveillance 1865–1908.” International Journal of Middle East Studies, 40 (2008): 269–290.
  175. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  176. Insightful analysis of how the Dutch and British employed administrative means to control various aspects of the hajj and hajj institutions, thus preventing anticolonial activities.
  177. Low, Michael Christopher. “Empire and the Hajj: Pilgrims, Plagues, and Pan-Islam under British Surveillance 1865–1908.” International Journal of Middle East Studies, 40 (2008): 269–290.
  178. Find this resource:
  179. Sardar, Ziauddin, and M. A. Z. Badawi, eds. Hajj Studies. Vol. 1. London: Croom Helm, for the Hajj Research Centre, 1978.
  180. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  181. Includes essays dealing with various aspects of hajj planning and management.
  182. Sardar, Ziauddin, and M. A. Z. Badawi, eds. Hajj Studies. Vol. 1. London: Croom Helm, for the Hajj Research Centre, 1978.
  183. Find this resource:
  184. Narrative Accounts
  185.  
  186. There are various narrative accounts of modern pilgrims to Mecca, including accounts of European and American converts to Islam and anthropological studies (Hammoudi 2006). While Bianchi 2004 reflects on the spiritual and political dimensions of hajj, Wolfe 1993 focuses on his personal experience. Lings 2004 emphasizes the monotheistic elements of the hajj, in contrast to Philby 1943 and Rutter 1930, which are first-hand accounts of the political events that transformed Arabia.
  187.  
  188. Bianchi, Robert R. Guests of God: Pilgrimage and Politics in the Islamic World. New York: Oxford University Press, 2004.
  189. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  190. Reflection on the author’s personal experience undertaking the hajj, written by an American convert to Islam. Bianchi explores the hajj as a spiritual event and looks at the dangers the pilgrim faces.
  191. Bianchi, Robert R. Guests of God: Pilgrimage and Politics in the Islamic World. New York: Oxford University Press, 2004.
  192. Find this resource:
  193. Dinet, Etienne, and Slima ben Ibrahim Baâmer. Le pèlerinage à la maison sacrée d’Allah. Paris: Hatchette, 1930.
  194. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  195. Account of a French painter and convert to Islam and an Algerian Amazighi Muslim.
  196. Dinet, Etienne, and Slima ben Ibrahim Baâmer. Le pèlerinage à la maison sacrée d’Allah. Paris: Hatchette, 1930.
  197. Find this resource:
  198. Farahani, Muhammad Husayni. A Shiʿite Pilgrimage to Mecca, 1885–1886: The Safarnâmeh of Mirzâ Mohammad Hosayn Farâhâni. Edited and translated by Hafez Farmayan and Elton L. Daniel. Austin: University of Texas Press, 1990.
  199. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  200. Excellent and highly readable account of a Shiʿite pilgrim to Mecca in the late 19th century. Farahani was a keen observer, particularly of holy places and the local customs of places he visited. Recommended for teaching advanced undergraduates and graduate students.
  201. Farahani, Muhammad Husayni. A Shiʿite Pilgrimage to Mecca, 1885–1886: The Safarnâmeh of Mirzâ Mohammad Hosayn Farâhâni. Edited and translated by Hafez Farmayan and Elton L. Daniel. Austin: University of Texas Press, 1990.
  202. Find this resource:
  203. Hammoudi, Abdellah. A Season in Mecca: Narrative of a Pilgrimage. Translated by Pascale Ghazaleh. New York: Hill and Wang, 2006.
  204. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  205. Originally published in 2005 as Une saison à La Mecque: Récit de pèlerinage. A Moroccan-born Princeton University anthropologist describes his quest to rediscover his faith through the hajj.
  206. Hammoudi, Abdellah. A Season in Mecca: Narrative of a Pilgrimage. Translated by Pascale Ghazaleh. New York: Hill and Wang, 2006.
  207. Find this resource:
  208. Lings, Martin. Mecca: From before Genesis until Now. London: Archetype, 2004.
  209. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  210. Brief personal reflections of the late English sheikh Dr. Martin Lings upon the holy city of Mecca, drawing upon his hajj experiences in 1946 and 1978.
  211. Lings, Martin. Mecca: From before Genesis until Now. London: Archetype, 2004.
  212. Find this resource:
  213. Philby, Harry St. John Bridger. A Pilgrim in Arabia. London: Golden Cockerel, 1943.
  214. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  215. Guidebook-like account of a famous British Muslim, Arabist, writer, spy, explorer, and counselor to King ʿAbd al-ʿAziz ibn Saʿud. Philby undertook the hajj in 1931.
  216. Philby, Harry St. John Bridger. A Pilgrim in Arabia. London: Golden Cockerel, 1943.
  217. Find this resource:
  218. Rutter, Eldon. The Holy Cities of Arabia. London and New York: Putnam, 1930.
  219. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  220. Account of an English convert to Islam. While performing the hajj in 1925, Rutter witnessed the Wahhabi takeover of the city. Originally published in 1928.
  221. Rutter, Eldon. The Holy Cities of Arabia. London and New York: Putnam, 1930.
  222. Find this resource:
  223. Wolfe, Michael. The Hadj: An American’s Pilgrimage to Mecca. New York: Atlantic Monthly, 1993.
  224. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  225. Classic first-hand account of American-Muslim author, poet, and producer. Useful for teaching about Western Muslim experiences.
  226. Wolfe, Michael. The Hadj: An American’s Pilgrimage to Mecca. New York: Atlantic Monthly, 1993.
  227. Find this resource:
  228. X, Malcolm. “Malcolm X’s (al-Hajj, Malik al-Shabazz) Letter from Makkah”.
  229. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  230. Letter written by the African-American convert to Islam during his pilgrimage to Mecca in 1964. Online version taken from The Autobiography of Malcolm X, coauthored with Alex Haley (New York: Grove, 1965).
  231. X, Malcolm. “Malcolm X’s (al-Hajj, Malik al-Shabazz) Letter from Makkah”.
  232. Find this resource:
  233. Non-Muslims and the Hajj
  234.  
  235. Listed here are 19th-century accounts written by European Christian travelers who visited Mecca in disguise. Burckhardt 1829 and Burton 1893 offer the most insightful personal accounts of the hajj by European explorers and adventurers, while Lunde 1974 is an excellent general overview of such accounts.
  236.  
  237. Burckhardt, John Lewis. Travels in Arabia. 2 vols. London: H. Colburn, 1829.
  238. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  239. Burckhardt, a Christian Swiss explorer, visited Mecca in disguise during the hajj season. His work is a classic in the field of Arabian Studies. Available online.
  240. Burckhardt, John Lewis. Travels in Arabia. 2 vols. London: H. Colburn, 1829.
  241. Find this resource:
  242. Burton, Richard F. Personal Narrative of a Pilgrimage to Al-Madinah and Meccah. 2 vols. Edited by I. Burton. London: Longman, Brown, Green, Longmans, and Roberts, 1893.
  243. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  244. Personal account of an English Christian explorer who visited Mecca in disguise. Available online.
  245. Burton, Richard F. Personal Narrative of a Pilgrimage to Al-Madinah and Meccah. 2 vols. Edited by I. Burton. London: Longman, Brown, Green, Longmans, and Roberts, 1893.
  246. Find this resource:
  247. Levi Della Vida, Giorgio. “A Portuguese Pilgrim at Mecca in the Sixteenth Century.” The Muslim World 32, no. 4 (1942): 283–297.
  248. DOI: 10.1111/j.1478-1913.1942.tb02011.xSave Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  249. Fascinating study of a brief anonymous pilgrimage itinerary to Mecca, written in code, possibly by a Christian Portuguese slave.
  250. Levi Della Vida, Giorgio. “A Portuguese Pilgrim at Mecca in the Sixteenth Century.” The Muslim World 32, no. 4 (1942): 283–297.
  251. Find this resource:
  252. Lunde, Paul. “The Lure of Mecca.” Saudi Aramco World 25, no 6 (1974): 14–21.
  253. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  254. Discusses the experiences of Christians undertaking the hajj in disguise, as well as those of Western converts to Islam. Available online.
  255. Lunde, Paul. “The Lure of Mecca.” Saudi Aramco World 25, no 6 (1974): 14–21.
  256. Find this resource:
  257. Women Pilgrims and Pilgrimage
  258.  
  259. These works explore the experience of women and the hajj at various historical moments. Cobbold 2007 and Stegar 1969 are the earliest known pilgrimage accounts by European Muslim women, while Lambert-Hurley 2008 provides the first known account by a Muslim woman ruler. Tolmacheva 1998, meanwhile, looks at the role and experience of medieval Muslim women as patrons.
  260.  
  261. Cobbold, Evelyn. Pilgrimage to Mecca. London: Arabian, 2007.
  262. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  263. This account, originally published in London in 1934, is by the first known British-born woman convert to Islam to undertake the hajj, which she did in 1933 while enjoying the favor of the Saudi royal family. Lady Evelyn was in Mecca at the time the Americans and British were negotiating oil concessions with the Saudis.
  264. Cobbold, Evelyn. Pilgrimage to Mecca. London: Arabian, 2007.
  265. Find this resource:
  266. Lambert-Hurley, Siobhan, ed. A Princess’s Pilgrimage: Nawab Sikandar Begum’s “A Pilgrimage to Mecca. ” Bloomington: Indiana University Press, 2008.
  267. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  268. The fascinating account of the Muslim ruler of Bhopal’s hajj in 1863, in which she primarily reflects on corruption and decadence among Arab rulers and the lack of sanitation in Arabia, rather than on the hajj itself.
  269. Lambert-Hurley, Siobhan, ed. A Princess’s Pilgrimage: Nawab Sikandar Begum’s “A Pilgrimage to Mecca. ” Bloomington: Indiana University Press, 2008.
  270. Find this resource:
  271. Stegar, Winifred. Always Bells. Sydney: Angus and Robertson, 1969.
  272. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  273. Fascinating autobiographical account of the first-known Australian woman convert to perform the hajj, which she did in 1927.
  274. Stegar, Winifred. Always Bells. Sydney: Angus and Robertson, 1969.
  275. Find this resource:
  276. Tolmacheva, Marina. “Female Piety and Patronage in the Medieval Hajj.” In Women in the Medieval Islamic World: Power, Patronage, and Piety. Edited by Gavin R.G. Hambly, 161–178. New York: St. Martin’s, 1998.
  277. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  278. Excellent study of notable women who were inspired to serve as patrons of the hajj caravans and endow and construct public facilities for pilgrims, as well as mosques and shrines, during the Middle Ages. Examples include the mothers, wives, and slaves of Abbasid and Mamluk rulers.
  279. Tolmacheva, Marina. “Female Piety and Patronage in the Medieval Hajj.” In Women in the Medieval Islamic World: Power, Patronage, and Piety. Edited by Gavin R.G. Hambly, 161–178. New York: St. Martin’s, 1998.
  280. Find this resource:
  281. Politics
  282.  
  283. Diverse themes are covered here, such as Ottoman control over the hajj (Faroqhi 1994), European colonial policy (Hurgronje 1957, Mann and Lecocq 2007), political change (Benson 1991), Egyptian government control of the hajj (Campo 1991), and the Meccan riots of 1987 (Kramer 1990, Kramer 1996). Bianchi 2004 addresses the failed hajj policies of Islamic countries.
  284.  
  285. Benson, Steven R. “Islam and Social Change in the Writings of ʿAli Sharīʿatī: His Hajj as a Mystical Handbook for Revolutionaries.” The Muslim World 81, no. 1 (1991): 9–26.
  286. DOI: 10.1111/j.1478-1913.1991.tb03509.xSave Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  287. A critical study of the Iranian sociologist and historian ʿAli Shariʿati’s revolutionary thought and social agenda as expressed in his hajj manual.
  288. Benson, Steven R. “Islam and Social Change in the Writings of ʿAli Sharīʿatī: His Hajj as a Mystical Handbook for Revolutionaries.” The Muslim World 81, no. 1 (1991): 9–26.
  289. Find this resource:
  290. Bianchi, Robert R. Guests of God: Pilgrimage and Politics in the Islamic World. New York: Oxford University Press, 2004.
  291. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  292. Bianchi focuses on the politicization of the hajj and discusses the ways in which governments manipulate it for political and economic objectives. Drawing upon a series of interviews with the hajj directors of five Islamic countries, he argues that the hajj cannot be controlled despite the imposition of failed management policies.
  293. Bianchi, Robert R. Guests of God: Pilgrimage and Politics in the Islamic World. New York: Oxford University Press, 2004.
  294. Find this resource:
  295. Campo, Juan Eduardo. “The Mecca Pilgrimage in the Formation of Islam in Modern Egypt.” In Sacred Places and Profane Space: Essays in the Geographics of Judaism, Christianity, and Islam. Edited by Jamie Scott and Paul Simpson-Housley, 145–161. Westport, CT: Greenwood, 1991.
  296. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  297. Looks at the ways in which the Egyptian government exercises control over the hajj through the state media and the encouragement of popular forms of Islam against opposition groups and their political agenda.
  298. Campo, Juan Eduardo. “The Mecca Pilgrimage in the Formation of Islam in Modern Egypt.” In Sacred Places and Profane Space: Essays in the Geographics of Judaism, Christianity, and Islam. Edited by Jamie Scott and Paul Simpson-Housley, 145–161. Westport, CT: Greenwood, 1991.
  299. Find this resource:
  300. Faroqhi, Suraiya. Pilgrims and Sultans: the Hajj under the Ottomans 1517–1683. London: I. B. Tauris, 1994.
  301. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  302. Discusses hajj rites, caravan routes used by pilgrims in pre-Ottoman times, and Ottoman attempts to impose control over the hajj.
  303. Faroqhi, Suraiya. Pilgrims and Sultans: the Hajj under the Ottomans 1517–1683. London: I. B. Tauris, 1994.
  304. Find this resource:
  305. Hurgronje, Christiaan Snouck. “La pèlerinage à la Mekke.” in Selected Works of C. Snouck Hurgronje. Edited by G.-H. Bousquet and Joseph Schacht. Leiden, the Netherlands: E.J. Brill, 1957.
  306. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  307. Written by a Dutch Orientalist and convert to Islam. Emphasizes the political context in which the hajj developed.
  308. Hurgronje, Christiaan Snouck. “La pèlerinage à la Mekke.” in Selected Works of C. Snouck Hurgronje. Edited by G.-H. Bousquet and Joseph Schacht. Leiden, the Netherlands: E.J. Brill, 1957.
  309. Find this resource:
  310. Kramer, Martin. “Khomeini’s Messengers: The Disputed Pilgrimage of Islam.” In Religious Radicalism and Politics in the Middle East. Edited by Emmanuel Sivan and Menachem Friedman, 177–227. Albany: NY, State University of New York Press, 1990.
  311. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  312. Political analysis of the 1987 Meccan riots and Iranian-Saudi relations.
  313. Kramer, Martin. “Khomeini’s Messengers: The Disputed Pilgrimage of Islam.” In Religious Radicalism and Politics in the Middle East. Edited by Emmanuel Sivan and Menachem Friedman, 177–227. Albany: NY, State University of New York Press, 1990.
  314. Find this resource:
  315. Kramer, Martin. “Khomeini’s Messengers in Mecca.” In Arab Awakening and Islamic Revival. By Martin Kramer, 161–187. New Brunswick, NJ: Transaction, 1996.
  316. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  317. Most recent version of Kramer’s political analysis of the 1987 Meccan riots and Iranian-Saudi relations. Available online.
  318. Kramer, Martin. “Khomeini’s Messengers in Mecca.” In Arab Awakening and Islamic Revival. By Martin Kramer, 161–187. New Brunswick, NJ: Transaction, 1996.
  319. Find this resource:
  320. Mann, Gregory and Baz Lecocq. “Between Empire, Umma, and the Muslim Third World: The French Union and African Pilgrims to Mecca, 1946–1958.” Comparative Studies of South Asia, Africa, and the Middle East 27, no. 2 (2007): 367–383.
  321. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  322. Study of how French colonial policy in West Africa during the Fourth Republic (1946–1958) aimed at winning the hearts and minds of Africans through sponsorship of the hajj and creating a French Union in Africa, which would, at least in theory, supplant any Islamic or secular affiliations. Available online.
  323. Mann, Gregory and Baz Lecocq. “Between Empire, Umma, and the Muslim Third World: The French Union and African Pilgrims to Mecca, 1946–1958.” Comparative Studies of South Asia, Africa, and the Middle East 27, no. 2 (2007): 367–383.
  324. Find this resource:
  325. Pearson, Michael N. Pilgrimage to Mecca: The Indian Experience, 1500–1800. Princeton, NJ: Markus Wiener, 1996.
  326. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  327. Originally published in Delhi in 1994 under the title Pious Passengers: the Hajj in Earlier Times. Explores the political and economic dimensions of the pilgrimage from the Indian subcontinent, and how the Mughal rulers and the Ottomans appropriated the symbols of the hajj for religious and political objectives.
  328. Pearson, Michael N. Pilgrimage to Mecca: The Indian Experience, 1500–1800. Princeton, NJ: Markus Wiener, 1996.
  329. Find this resource:
  330. Shiʿi Pilgrims and Pilgrimage
  331.  
  332. Included here are observations and interpretations of the meanings of the hajj by Shiʿi pilgrims (Farahani 1990, Shariʿati 1977, Mazaheri 2002) and studies of the Shiʿi hajj experience (Benson 1991).
  333.  
  334. Benson, Steven R. “Islam and Social Change in the Writings of ʿAli Sharīʿatī: His Hajj as a Mystical Handbook for Revolutionaries.” The Muslim World 81 no 1, (1991): 9–26.
  335. DOI: 10.1111/j.1478-1913.1991.tb03509.xSave Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  336. Important study of Iranian sociologist, historian and revolutionary Shariʿati’s thought as reflected in his hajj handbook.
  337. Benson, Steven R. “Islam and Social Change in the Writings of ʿAli Sharīʿatī: His Hajj as a Mystical Handbook for Revolutionaries.” The Muslim World 81 no 1, (1991): 9–26.
  338. Find this resource:
  339. Farahani, Muhammad Husayni. A Shiʿite Pilgrimage to Mecca 1885–1886: The Safarnâmeh of Mirzâ Mohammad Hosayn Farâhâni. Edited and translated by Hafez Farmayan and Elton L. Daniel. Austin: University of Texas Press, 1990.
  340. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  341. Excellent highly readable account of a Shiʿite pilgrim to Mecca in the late 19th century. A keen observer, particularly of holy places and the local customs of places he visited. Recommended for teaching advanced undergraduates and graduate students.
  342. Farahani, Muhammad Husayni. A Shiʿite Pilgrimage to Mecca 1885–1886: The Safarnâmeh of Mirzâ Mohammad Hosayn Farâhâni. Edited and translated by Hafez Farmayan and Elton L. Daniel. Austin: University of Texas Press, 1990.
  343. Find this resource:
  344. Mazaheri, Husain. Secrets of the Hajj. Translated by Saleem Bhimji. Kitchener, ON: Islamic Humanitarian Service, 2002.
  345. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  346. A brief contemporary Shiʿi grand ayatollah’s mystical account of his Pilgrimage. Maps. Available online.
  347. Mazaheri, Husain. Secrets of the Hajj. Translated by Saleem Bhimji. Kitchener, ON: Islamic Humanitarian Service, 2002.
  348. Find this resource:
  349. Shariʿati, ʿAli. Hajj. Translated by Ali Behzadnia and Najla Denny. Costa Mesa, CA: Jubilee, 1977.
  350. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  351. The renowned Iranian sociologist, historian and revolutionary Shariʿati’s symbolic interpretation of the hajj in which the hajj represents revolutionary experience, the destruction of the ego and “rebirth” of the author against the backdrop of the pervasive secularism and Westernization of Islamic societies. Available online.
  352. Shariʿati, ʿAli. Hajj. Translated by Ali Behzadnia and Najla Denny. Costa Mesa, CA: Jubilee, 1977.
  353. Find this resource:
  354. Sufi Pilgrims and Pilgrimage
  355.  
  356. Ernst 1998 examines the inner meanings of the hajj in the Sufi context.
  357.  
  358. Ernst, Carl W. “Vertical Pilgrimage and Interior Landscape in the Visionary Diary of Ruzbihan Baqli (d. 1209),” The Muslim World 88, (1998): 129–140.
  359. DOI: 10.1111/j.1478-1913.1998.tb03651.xSave Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  360. Explores the distinction between the physical pilgrimage to Mecca and external forms and the mystical experience of interior pilgrimage in various forms, including beholding the Divine. Available online.
  361. Ernst, Carl W. “Vertical Pilgrimage and Interior Landscape in the Visionary Diary of Ruzbihan Baqli (d. 1209),” The Muslim World 88, (1998): 129–140.
  362. Find this resource:
  363. Geographical and Regional Studies
  364.  
  365. General works in this area include geographical studies of the hajj, map resources (Timbuktu: A Center for Trade), and studies and accounts of the experiences of pilgrims in different geographical contexts (Eickelman and Piscatori 1990), including Africa, South Asia and Southeast Asia, and Spain. Also included here are studies in human geography (Gwyn 1989, Gwyn 1997).
  366.  
  367. Eickelman, Dale F., and James Piscatori, eds. Muslim Travellers: Pilgrimage, Migration, and the Religious Imagination. Berkeley: University of California Press, 1990.
  368. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  369. The standard collection of essays exploring the hajj, its doctrines, and its relationship to rihla(travel, journeying) in diverse geographical contexts, including the Ivory Coast, Malaysia, and India. A map of the Malian king Mansa Musa’s (r. 1312–1337) pilgrimage route.
  370. Eickelman, Dale F., and James Piscatori, eds. Muslim Travellers: Pilgrimage, Migration, and the Religious Imagination. Berkeley: University of California Press, 1990.
  371. Find this resource:
  372. Rowley, Gwyn. “The Centrality of Islam: Space, Form, and Process.” GeoJournal 18, no. 4 (1989): 351–359.
  373. DOI: 10.1007/BF00772689Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  374. A study in human geography, examining the utilization of space in the hajj. The author argues for the need to study the utilization of space in conjunction with the performance of ritual.
  375. Rowley, Gwyn. “The Centrality of Islam: Space, Form, and Process.” GeoJournal 18, no. 4 (1989): 351–359.
  376. Find this resource:
  377. Rowley, Gwyn. “The Pilgrimage to Mecca and the Centrality of Islam.” In Sacred Places, Sacred Spaces: The Geography of Pilgrimages. Edited by Robert H. Stoddard and Alan Morinis, 141–159. Baton Rouge: Louisiana State University, 1997.
  378. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  379. This study focuses on the theme of commonality in the hajj against the backdrop of the study of various theories concerning the unity of religion. Rowley explores the convergence of individuals and the dissemination of knowledge.
  380. Rowley, Gwyn. “The Pilgrimage to Mecca and the Centrality of Islam.” In Sacred Places, Sacred Spaces: The Geography of Pilgrimages. Edited by Robert H. Stoddard and Alan Morinis, 141–159. Baton Rouge: Louisiana State University, 1997.
  381. Find this resource:
  382. “Timbuktu: A Center for Trade”. Florida State University.
  383. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  384. A map resource.
  385. “Timbuktu: A Center for Trade”. Florida State University.
  386. Find this resource:
  387. African Pilgrims and Pilgrimage
  388.  
  389. The African experience of Meccan pilgrimage is reflected mainly in modern-day studies, such as those exploring the West African experience (Birks 1978, Naqar 1972). Themes such as overland pilgrimage routes and the pilgrimage of notable Africans (al-Jannah 1977) are addressed.
  390.  
  391. Birks, J. S. Across the Savannas to Mecca: The Overland Pilgrimage Route from West Africa. London: C. Hurst, 1978.
  392. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  393. A study of the West African pilgrimage experience.
  394. Birks, J. S. Across the Savannas to Mecca: The Overland Pilgrimage Route from West Africa. London: C. Hurst, 1978.
  395. Find this resource:
  396. al-Jannah, Ahmad ibn Tuwayr. The Pilgrimage of Ahmad, Son of the Little Bird of Paradise: An Account of a 19th Century Pilgrimage from Mauritania to Mecca. Edited and translated by Harry T. Norris. Warminster, UK: Aris and Phillips, 1977.
  397. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  398. The 19th-century hajj account of a Mauritanian seeker of knowledge and pilgrim to Mecca who was a witness to the political instability of his time in Algeria. His hajj account contains poems and anecdotes and was highly regarded in the Western Sahara.
  399. al-Jannah, Ahmad ibn Tuwayr. The Pilgrimage of Ahmad, Son of the Little Bird of Paradise: An Account of a 19th Century Pilgrimage from Mauritania to Mecca. Edited and translated by Harry T. Norris. Warminster, UK: Aris and Phillips, 1977.
  400. Find this resource:
  401. Naqar, ʿUmar ʿAbd al-Razzaq. The Pilgrimage Tradition in West Africa: An Historical Study with Special Reference to the Nineteenth Century. Khartoum, Sudan:Khartoum University Press, 1972.
  402. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  403. Includes a discussion of the 14th-century Malian king Mansa Musa’s hajj to Mecca in 1324.
  404. Naqar, ʿUmar ʿAbd al-Razzaq. The Pilgrimage Tradition in West Africa: An Historical Study with Special Reference to the Nineteenth Century. Khartoum, Sudan:Khartoum University Press, 1972.
  405. Find this resource:
  406. African-American Pilgrims and Pilgrimage
  407.  
  408. Malcolm X (Al-Hajj Malik al-Shabazz), perhaps the most notable African-American to make the hajj, reflects on his pilgrimage, the unity of peoples and races in Islam, and the effort to promote social change in a segregated America in his 1965 autobiography.
  409.  
  410. X, Malcolm. “Malcolm X’s (al-Hajj, Malik al-Shabazz) Letter from Makkah”.
  411. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  412. Letter written by the African-American convert to Islam during his pilgrimage to Mecca in 1964. Online version taken from The Autobiography of Malcolm X, coauthored with Alex Haley (New York: Grove, 1965).
  413. X, Malcolm. “Malcolm X’s (al-Hajj, Malik al-Shabazz) Letter from Makkah”.
  414. Find this resource:
  415. American Pilgrims and Pilgrimage
  416.  
  417. These hajj accounts reflect the diversity of experience of American Muslims. Bianchi 2004 reflects on the hajj and its political dimensions, while Hammoudi 2006 describes the experience of a Moroccan-American anthropologist seeking to rediscover his faith. Hermansen 1999 provides an excellent discussion of various accounts of Europeans and European Americans, and Wolfe 1993 details the author’s experience of the hajj.
  418.  
  419. Bianchi, Robert R. 2004. Guests of God: Pilgrimage and Politics in the Islamic World. New York: Oxford University Press.
  420. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  421. An American convert’s reflection on his personal experience undertaking the hajj. Bianchi explores the hajj as a spiritual event and the dangers the pilgrim faces. He focuses on the politicization of the hajj and discusses the ways in which governments manipulate it for political and economic objectives. He argues that the hajj cannot be controlled despite the imposition of failed management policies in various countries.
  422. Bianchi, Robert R. 2004. Guests of God: Pilgrimage and Politics in the Islamic World. New York: Oxford University Press.
  423. Find this resource:
  424. Hammoudi, Abdellah. A Season in Mecca: Narrative of a Pilgrimage. Translated by Pascale Ghazaleh. New York: Hill and Wang, 2006.
  425. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  426. Originally published in 2005 as Une saison à La Mecque: Récit de pèlerinage. A Moroccan-born Princeton University anthropologist describes his quest to rediscover his faith the hajj.
  427. Hammoudi, Abdellah. A Season in Mecca: Narrative of a Pilgrimage. Translated by Pascale Ghazaleh. New York: Hill and Wang, 2006.
  428. Find this resource:
  429. Hermansen, Marcia. “Roads to Mecca: Conversion Narratives of European and Euro-American Muslims.” The Muslim World 89, no. 1 (1999): 56–89.
  430. DOI: 10.1111/j.1478-1913.1999.tb03669.xSave Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  431. Examines conversion narratives of prominent Europeans and European-Americans against the backdrop of the hajj, revealing that such narratives are often embedded in hajj accounts of European Muslims.
  432. Hermansen, Marcia. “Roads to Mecca: Conversion Narratives of European and Euro-American Muslims.” The Muslim World 89, no. 1 (1999): 56–89.
  433. Find this resource:
  434. Wolfe, Michael. The Hadj: An American’s Pilgrimage to Mecca. New York: Atlantic Monthly, 1993.
  435. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  436. First-hand account of an American journalist and Muslim convert. Useful for teaching about Western Muslim experiences.
  437. Wolfe, Michael. The Hadj: An American’s Pilgrimage to Mecca. New York: Atlantic Monthly, 1993.
  438. Find this resource:
  439. European Pilgrims and Pilgrimage
  440.  
  441. Examples of classical European pilgrimage accounts were produced during the 20th century, including studies and narrative accounts of Europeans and European-Americans undertaking the hajj. Included here are studies that reflect the diversity of early-modern and modern hajj experiences. See Hermansen 1999 for an overview. Cobbold 2007, Dinet and Baamer 1930, Hurgronje 1931, Lings 2004, and Rutter 1930 are personal accounts.
  442.  
  443. Cobbold, Evelyn. Pilgrimage to Mecca. London: Arabian, 2007.
  444. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  445. Originally published by J. Murray in London in 1934. Cobbold was the first British-born woman convert to Islam to undertake the hajj, which she did in 1933 while enjoying the favor of the Saudi royal family. Lady Evelyn was in Mecca at the time the Americans and British were negotiating oil concessions with the Saudis.
  446. Cobbold, Evelyn. Pilgrimage to Mecca. London: Arabian, 2007.
  447. Find this resource:
  448. Dinet, Etienne, and Sliman ben Ibrahim Baamer. 1930. Le pèlerinage à la maison sacrée d’Allah. Paris: Hatchette.
  449. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  450. The hajj account of Etienne Dinet (known as Hadj Nasr Ed Dine Dini; d. 1929), a French painter, Orientalist, and convert to Islam, and his friend and Arabic teacher, the Algerian Muslim Sliman ben Ibrahim Baamer, who (along with Sliman’s wife), undertook the pilgrimage in 1929.
  451. Dinet, Etienne, and Sliman ben Ibrahim Baamer. 1930. Le pèlerinage à la maison sacrée d’Allah. Paris: Hatchette.
  452. Find this resource:
  453. Hermansen, Marcia. “Roads to Mecca: Conversion Narratives of European and Euro-American Muslims.” The Muslim World 89, no. 1 (1999): 56–89.
  454. DOI: 10.1111/j.1478-1913.1999.tb03669.xSave Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  455. Examines conversion narratives of prominent Europeans and European-Americans against the backdrop of the hajj, revealing that such narratives are often embedded in hajj accounts of European Muslims.
  456. Hermansen, Marcia. “Roads to Mecca: Conversion Narratives of European and Euro-American Muslims.” The Muslim World 89, no. 1 (1999): 56–89.
  457. Find this resource:
  458. Hurgronje, Christiaan Snouck. Mekka in the latter part of the 19th century. Leiden, the Netherlands: E. J. Brill, 1931.
  459. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  460. Account of Meccan life and the hajj written by the Dutch Orientalist and convert to Islam.
  461. Hurgronje, Christiaan Snouck. Mekka in the latter part of the 19th century. Leiden, the Netherlands: E. J. Brill, 1931.
  462. Find this resource:
  463. Lings, Martin. Mecca: From before Genesis until Now.London: Archetype, 2004.
  464. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  465. Brief personal reflections of the late English sheikh Dr. Martin Lings of the holy city of Mecca, drawing upon his hajj experiences in 1946 and 1978.
  466. Lings, Martin. Mecca: From before Genesis until Now.London: Archetype, 2004.
  467. Find this resource:
  468. Rutter, Eldon. The Holy Cities of Arabia. London: Putnam, 1930.
  469. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  470. Account of an English convert to Islam. While performing the hajj in 1925, Rutter witnessed the Wahhabi takeover of the city. Originally published in 1928.
  471. Rutter, Eldon. The Holy Cities of Arabia. London: Putnam, 1930.
  472. Find this resource:
  473. French Mandate
  474.  
  475. Chiffoleau 2005 is a meticulous and insightful study of the French Mandate, which attempted to control the hajj.
  476.  
  477. Chiffoleau, Sylvia. “Le pèlerinage à La Mecque à l’époque coloniale: matrice d’une opinion publique musulmane?” In Les pèlerinages au Maghreb et au Moyen-Orient: Espaces publics, espaces du public. Edited by Sylvia Chiffoleau and Anna Madoeuf, 131–163. Beirut: Institut français du Proche-Orient, 2005.
  478. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  479. Discusses how the European colonial powers attempted to control the hajj through the imposition of travel restrictions and the imposition of sanitation control measures. Available online.
  480. Chiffoleau, Sylvia. “Le pèlerinage à La Mecque à l’époque coloniale: matrice d’une opinion publique musulmane?” In Les pèlerinages au Maghreb et au Moyen-Orient: Espaces publics, espaces du public. Edited by Sylvia Chiffoleau and Anna Madoeuf, 131–163. Beirut: Institut français du Proche-Orient, 2005.
  481. Find this resource:
  482. Turkish Emigration
  483.  
  484. Delaney 1990 takes an anthropological approach to Turkish emigration and the Hajj.
  485.  
  486. Delaney, Carol. “The ‘Hajj’: Sacred and Secular.” American Ethnologist 17, no. 3 (1990): 513–530.
  487. DOI: 10.1525/ae.1990.17.3.02a00060Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  488. This anthropological study examines the relationship of the emigration of European Turks to Turkey and the hajj.
  489. Delaney, Carol. “The ‘Hajj’: Sacred and Secular.” American Ethnologist 17, no. 3 (1990): 513–530.
  490. Find this resource:
  491. Russian Pilgrims and Pilgrimage
  492.  
  493. A discussion of Russia and its policy toward Russian Muslims performing the hajj is found in Browe 1996.
  494.  
  495. Browe, Daniel. “Russian Roads to Mecca: Religious Tolerance and Muslim Pilgrimage in the Russian Empire.” Slavic Review, vol. 55, no. 3 (1996): 567–584.
  496. DOI: 10.2307/2502001Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  497. Explores how the ideal of religious tolerance of Muslims in Russia leads to isolation and political mistrust.
  498. Browe, Daniel. “Russian Roads to Mecca: Religious Tolerance and Muslim Pilgrimage in the Russian Empire.” Slavic Review, vol. 55, no. 3 (1996): 567–584.
  499. Find this resource:
  500. South Asian Pilgrims and Pilgrimage
  501.  
  502. Among the South Asian studies and narrative accounts of the hajj, Metcalf 1990 explores the earliest known accounts, while Pearson 1996 focuses on the economic dimensions of the hajj. Lambert-Hurley 2008, meanwhile, is the only known account of a woman ruler.
  503.  
  504. Lambert-Hurley, Siobhan. A Princess’s Pilgrimage: Nawab Sikandar Begum’s “A Pilgrimage to Mecca.” Bloomington: Indiana University Press, 2008.
  505. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  506. The fascinating account of the Muslim ruler of Bhopal’s hajj in 1863, in which she primarily reflects on corruption and decadence among Arab rulers and the lack of sanitation in Arabia, rather than on the hajj itself.
  507. Lambert-Hurley, Siobhan. A Princess’s Pilgrimage: Nawab Sikandar Begum’s “A Pilgrimage to Mecca.” Bloomington: Indiana University Press, 2008.
  508. Find this resource:
  509. Metcalf, Barbara D. “The Pilgrimage Remembered: South Asian Accounts of the Hajj.” In Muslim Travellers: Pilgrimage, Migration, and the Religious Imagination. Edited by Dale F. Eickelman and James Piscatori, 85–107. Berkeley: University of California Press, 1990.
  510. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  511. The first Indian account of the hajj dates to 1786. Prior to this date only pious visions are recorded. Includes discussion of a woman pilgrim’s hajj.
  512. Metcalf, Barbara D. “The Pilgrimage Remembered: South Asian Accounts of the Hajj.” In Muslim Travellers: Pilgrimage, Migration, and the Religious Imagination. Edited by Dale F. Eickelman and James Piscatori, 85–107. Berkeley: University of California Press, 1990.
  513. Find this resource:
  514. Pearson, M. N. Pilgrimage to Mecca: The Indian Experience, 1500–1800. Princeton, NJ: Markus Wiener, 1996.
  515. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  516. Insightful study of the political and economic aspects of Indian pilgrimage.
  517. Pearson, M. N. Pilgrimage to Mecca: The Indian Experience, 1500–1800. Princeton, NJ: Markus Wiener, 1996.
  518. Find this resource:
  519. Southeast Asian Pilgrims and Pilgrimage
  520.  
  521. These studies focus on Malaysian pilgrimage and the accounts of Malay pilgrims. Din and Hadi 1997 and McDonnell 1990 examine the reasons for increased numbers of Malay pilgrims; Roff 1984 focuses on the transformative effects of hajj on the lives of Malay pilgrims; and Scupin 1982 focuses on Thai pilgrimage.
  522.  
  523. Din, Abdul Kadir, and Abdul Samad Hadi. “Muslim Pilgrimage from Malaysia.” In Sacred Places, Sacred Spaces: The Geography of Pilgrimages. Edited by R. H. Stoddard and A. Morinis, 161–182. Baton Rouge: Louisiana State University, 1997.
  524. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  525. Explores the reasons behind the sustained increase in numbers of Malaysian pilgrims and the central role of the Malayan Pilgrims Corporation (LUTH).
  526. Din, Abdul Kadir, and Abdul Samad Hadi. “Muslim Pilgrimage from Malaysia.” In Sacred Places, Sacred Spaces: The Geography of Pilgrimages. Edited by R. H. Stoddard and A. Morinis, 161–182. Baton Rouge: Louisiana State University, 1997.
  527. Find this resource:
  528. Matheson, Virginia, and A. C. Milner. Perceptions of the Haj: Five Malay Texts. Singapore: Institute of Southeast Asian Studies, 1984.
  529. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  530. Various written accounts of Malay pilgrims from different historical eras.
  531. Matheson, Virginia, and A. C. Milner. Perceptions of the Haj: Five Malay Texts. Singapore: Institute of Southeast Asian Studies, 1984.
  532. Find this resource:
  533. McDonnell, Mary Byrne. “Patterns of Muslim Pilgrimage from Malaysia, 1885–1985.” In Muslim Travellers: Pilgrimage, Migration, and the Religious Imagination. Edited by Dale F. Eickelman and James Piscatori, 111–130. Berkeley: University of California Press, 1990.
  534. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  535. Based on the author’s Columbia University doctoral thesis, this article explores the reasons for the increase in Malay pilgrims, taking into consideration such factors as political events, transportation, learning, wealth, class, and gender.
  536. McDonnell, Mary Byrne. “Patterns of Muslim Pilgrimage from Malaysia, 1885–1985.” In Muslim Travellers: Pilgrimage, Migration, and the Religious Imagination. Edited by Dale F. Eickelman and James Piscatori, 111–130. Berkeley: University of California Press, 1990.
  537. Find this resource:
  538. Roff, William R. “The Meccan Pilgrimage: Its Meaning for Southeast Asian Islam.” In Islam in Asia, Vol II, Southeast and East Asia. Edited by R. Israeli and A.H. Johns, 238–245.Boulder, CO: Westview, 1984.
  539. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  540. Roff analyzes the transformative effects of the hajj on the lives of Southeast Asian pilgrims, as well as their reasons for undertaking it.
  541. Roff, William R. “The Meccan Pilgrimage: Its Meaning for Southeast Asian Islam.” In Islam in Asia, Vol II, Southeast and East Asia. Edited by R. Israeli and A.H. Johns, 238–245.Boulder, CO: Westview, 1984.
  542. Find this resource:
  543. Scupin, Raymond. “The Social Significance of the Hajj for Thai Muslims.” The Muslim World 72, no. 1 (1982): 25–33.
  544. DOI: 10.1111/j.1478-1913.1982.tb03230.xSave Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  545. Discusses the impact that such factors as migration, colonialism, hajj, and the economy had on the ideological and religious education and the customs and traditions of Thai Muslims from the 1920s through 1981.
  546. Scupin, Raymond. “The Social Significance of the Hajj for Thai Muslims.” The Muslim World 72, no. 1 (1982): 25–33.
  547. Find this resource:
  548. Spanish Pilgrims and Pilgrimage
  549.  
  550. Harvey 1988 is a study of the Muslims of early-modern Spain and their undertaking the hajj under adverse conditions and the threat of persecution.
  551.  
  552. Harvey, Leonard Patrick. “The Moriscos and the Hajj.” Bulletin of the British Society for Middle Eastern Studies14, no. 1 (1988): 11–24.
  553. DOI: 10.1080/13530198808705449Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  554. Examines the religious practices of Spanish “crypto-Muslims” in the period from 1492 to 1611, with particular emphasis on the hajj. Provides details of an elderly midwife’s hajj.
  555. Harvey, Leonard Patrick. “The Moriscos and the Hajj.” Bulletin of the British Society for Middle Eastern Studies14, no. 1 (1988): 11–24.
  556. Find this resource:
  557. Historical Studies
  558.  
  559. While Hurgronje 1957 focuses on the political context of the hajj, Peters 1994 provides an excellent overview and texts in translation for a nonspecialist audience. al-Quʿayti 2007 is a comprehensive treatment of the hajj until 1925, based on archival sources and historical texts.
  560.  
  561. Hurgronje, Christiaan Snouck. “La pèlerinage à la Mekke.” In Selected Works of C. Snouck Hurgronje. Edited by G.-H. Bousquet and Joseph Schacht. Leiden, the Netherlands: E.J. Brill, 1957.
  562. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  563. Emphasizes the political context in which the hajj developed.
  564. Hurgronje, Christiaan Snouck. “La pèlerinage à la Mekke.” In Selected Works of C. Snouck Hurgronje. Edited by G.-H. Bousquet and Joseph Schacht. Leiden, the Netherlands: E.J. Brill, 1957.
  565. Find this resource:
  566. Peters, Francis E. The Hajj: the Muslim Pilgrimage to Mecca and the Holy Places.Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 1994.
  567. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  568. The standard classic Western study for teaching about the hajj.
  569. Peters, Francis E. The Hajj: the Muslim Pilgrimage to Mecca and the Holy Places.Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 1994.
  570. Find this resource:
  571. al-Quʿayti, Ghalib ibn ʿAwad. The Holy Cities, the Pilgrimage and the World of Islam: A History from the Earliest Traditions until 1925 (1344H). Louisville, KY: Fons Vitae, 2007.
  572. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  573. Comprehensive historical narrative and overview of the hajj until 1925, written by the last Sultan of Aden. Particularly useful for its reliance on unique historical and archival sources and accompanied by an illuminating black-and-white photographic essay by HRH Princess Reem al-Faisal, as well as historical illustrations and maps.
  574. al-Quʿayti, Ghalib ibn ʿAwad. The Holy Cities, the Pilgrimage and the World of Islam: A History from the Earliest Traditions until 1925 (1344H). Louisville, KY: Fons Vitae, 2007.
  575. Find this resource:
  576. Archaeology
  577.  
  578. Petersen 1994 and Petersen 1996 explore the archaeology of the hajj routes from the Middle Ages to Ottoman times.
  579.  
  580. Petersen, Andrew. “The Archaeology of the Syrian and Iraqi Hajj Routes.” World Archaeology 26, no. 1 (1994): 47–56.
  581. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  582. A brief archaeological overview of the hajj routes by a British archaeologist.
  583. Petersen, Andrew. “The Archaeology of the Syrian and Iraqi Hajj Routes.” World Archaeology 26, no. 1 (1994): 47–56.
  584. Find this resource:
  585. Petersen, Andrew. “Hajj Routes.” In Dictionary of Islamic Architecure. By Andrew Petersen, 105–107. London: Routledge, 1996.
  586. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  587. An excellent overview of the establishment and growth of hajj routes in the medieval Islamic world. Available online.
  588. Petersen, Andrew. “Hajj Routes.” In Dictionary of Islamic Architecure. By Andrew Petersen, 105–107. London: Routledge, 1996.
  589. Find this resource:
  590. Medieval Pilgrims and Pilgrimage
  591.  
  592. Studies of medieval pilgrims and pilgrimage include ʿAnqawi 1974, which focuses on the Mamluk era, and Netton 1986, an excellent adaptation of Braudel’s analytical framework. Umar 1975 is an account of the hajj in translation.
  593.  
  594. Allan, James W. and Crispin Branfoot. “Travellers of Faith: Pilgrim Tales.” In Pilgrimage: the Sacred Journey. Edited by Ruth Barnes and Crispin Branfoot, 97–115. Oxford: Ashmolean Museum, 2006.
  595. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  596. General art and historical exhibition guide to pilgrimage in world religions. Includes selections of hajj accounts.
  597. Allan, James W. and Crispin Branfoot. “Travellers of Faith: Pilgrim Tales.” In Pilgrimage: the Sacred Journey. Edited by Ruth Barnes and Crispin Branfoot, 97–115. Oxford: Ashmolean Museum, 2006.
  598. Find this resource:
  599. ʿAnqawi, ʿAbd Allah ʿAqil. “The Pilgrimage to Mecca in Mamluk Times.” Arabian Studies 1 (1974): 146–170.
  600. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  601. Study of Mamluk patronage of the hajj; discusses the role and function of the office of the Amir al-hajj, or leader of the hajj caravan. Reprinted in Rush 1993 (see Introductory Works).
  602. ʿAnqawi, ʿAbd Allah ʿAqil. “The Pilgrimage to Mecca in Mamluk Times.” Arabian Studies 1 (1974): 146–170.
  603. Find this resource:
  604. Netton, Ian R. “Arabia and the Pilgrim Paradigm of Ibn Baṭṭūṭa: A Braudelian Approach.” In Arabia and the Gulf: From Traditional Society to Modern States. Edited by Ian Netton, 29–42. London: Croom Helm, 1986.
  605. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  606. Employing the French historian Braudel’s analytical framework of early-modern Mediterranean history, Netton demonstrates that Ibn Battuta’s account is a reflection of the author’s times.
  607. Netton, Ian R. “Arabia and the Pilgrim Paradigm of Ibn Baṭṭūṭa: A Braudelian Approach.” In Arabia and the Gulf: From Traditional Society to Modern States. Edited by Ian Netton, 29–42. London: Croom Helm, 1986.
  608. Find this resource:
  609. Umar, Ibrahim. The Book of the Secrets of Pilgrimage (Kitāb ʿAsrār al-Ḥajj), by ʿAbū Muḥammad Ghazālī. M.A. thesis, American University of Cairo. 1975.
  610. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  611. A translation of Ghazali’s detailed exposition of the merits of the hajj, the conditions and criteria for undertaking it, and its rites. Available online.
  612. Umar, Ibrahim. The Book of the Secrets of Pilgrimage (Kitāb ʿAsrār al-Ḥajj), by ʿAbū Muḥammad Ghazālī. M.A. thesis, American University of Cairo. 1975.
  613. Find this resource:
  614. Mughal Dynasty
  615.  
  616. Listed here are studies of the Mughal dynasty in South Asia (1526–1858 CE) and hajj patronage. Pearson 1986–1987 explores how the Mughals used their patronage of the hajj to exile opponents, while Pearson 1996 looks at the economic and political dimensions of the hajj.
  617.  
  618. Alam, Muzaffar, and Sanjay Subrahmanyam. Indo-Persian Travels in the Age of Discoveries 1400–1800. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press. 2007.
  619. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  620. Chapter 6 includes a valuable discussion of a unique 18th-century Persian travel account of the Indian historian and courtier Khwaja Abdul Karim, who made the pilgrimage to Mecca and visited holy places in Greater Syria and Iraq.
  621. Alam, Muzaffar, and Sanjay Subrahmanyam. Indo-Persian Travels in the Age of Discoveries 1400–1800. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press. 2007.
  622. Find this resource:
  623. Pearson, Michael N. “The Mughals and the Hajj.” Journal of the Oriental Society of Australia 18–19, no. 1 (1986–1987): 164–179.
  624. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  625. Exploration of hajj patronage under the Mughals, which was used as a pretext to exiling opponents.
  626. Pearson, Michael N. “The Mughals and the Hajj.” Journal of the Oriental Society of Australia 18–19, no. 1 (1986–1987): 164–179.
  627. Find this resource:
  628. Pearson, Michael N. Pilgrimage to Mecca: The Indian Experience, 1500–1800. Princeton, NJ: Markus Wiener, 1996.
  629. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  630. Originally published in 1994 under the title Pious Passengers: the Hajj in Earlier Time(Delhi: Sterling). Explores the political and economic dimensions of pilgrimage from the Indian subcontinent, and how the Mughal rulers and the Ottomans appropriated the symbols of the hajj for religious and political objectives.
  631. Pearson, Michael N. Pilgrimage to Mecca: The Indian Experience, 1500–1800. Princeton, NJ: Markus Wiener, 1996.
  632. Find this resource:
  633. Ottoman Empire
  634.  
  635. Among the studies of the hajj in Ottoman times, Faroqhi 1994 examines Ottoman patronage of the hajj.
  636.  
  637. Faroqhi, Suraiya. Pilgrims and Sultans: The Hajj under the Ottomans, 1517–1683. London: I. B. Tauris, 1994.
  638. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  639. Discusses the hajj rites, caravan routes used by pilgrims in pre-Ottoman times, and Ottoman attempts to impose control over the hajj.
  640. Faroqhi, Suraiya. Pilgrims and Sultans: The Hajj under the Ottomans, 1517–1683. London: I. B. Tauris, 1994.
  641. Find this resource:
  642. Pilgrimage to Holy Places (Other than Mecca)
  643.  
  644. The ziyara (visit) is a pious visitation or pilgrimage made to holy places, tombs, and shrines, as well as to living personages renowned for their learning and piety. While ubiquitous throughout the Islamic world—from Morocco to South Asia and Southeast Asia, and to sub-Saharan Africa and South Africa—it never assumed the canonical status that the hajj and ʿumrah did, though the meritorious qualities and the benefits of performing ziyara(notwithstanding objections by religious scholars) have been widely expounded by Sunni and Shiʿi Muslims in legal writings and legal opinions (fatwas). While works that deal with the veneration of particular holy places and shrines have proliferated since the 1990s, the primary sources pertaining to the ziyara remain largely untranslated. Meri, et al. 2002 offers the most detailed treatment of the ziyara in different geographical contexts and time periods, while Algar and Matsunaga 2009 focus on the major Shiʿi sites and their role in learning and politics.
  645.  
  646. Algar, Hamid and Yasuyuki Matsunaga, “ʿAtabāt.” In The Oxford Encyclopedia of the Islamic World. Edited by John L. Esposito. New York: Oxford University Press, 2009.
  647. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  648. Overview of the shrines of the Shiʿi imams (ʿatabat) at Najaf, Karbala, Kazimayn, and Samarra, and their role in learning and politics. Available from Oxford Islamic Studies Online.
  649. Algar, Hamid and Yasuyuki Matsunaga, “ʿAtabāt.” In The Oxford Encyclopedia of the Islamic World. Edited by John L. Esposito. New York: Oxford University Press, 2009.
  650. Find this resource:
  651. Meri, Josef W., et al. “Ziyāra.” In Encyclopaedia of Islam, Vol. 11, 2d ed. Edited by by P. J. Bearman, et al. Leiden, Brill, 2002.
  652. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  653. Comprehensive treatment of the ziyara in premodern and modern contexts. Part 1 deals with pilgrimage to holy places (ziyara) prior to the 18th century. Part 2 explores pilgrimage in the modern context. Also includes subentries for the Turkish lands and Central Asia, India, Africa and South Asia, particularly for the modern era.
  654. Meri, Josef W., et al. “Ziyāra.” In Encyclopaedia of Islam, Vol. 11, 2d ed. Edited by by P. J. Bearman, et al. Leiden, Brill, 2002.
  655. Find this resource:
  656. Netton, Ian R., ed. Islamic and Middle Eastern Geographers and Travellers. 4 vols. London: Routledge, 2007.
  657. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  658. Essential reference collection of 66 previously published essays by various authors on different aspects of travel and geography.
  659. Netton, Ian R., ed. Islamic and Middle Eastern Geographers and Travellers. 4 vols. London: Routledge, 2007.
  660. Find this resource:
  661. Sachedina, Abdulaziz. “Ziyārah.” In The Oxford Encyclopedia of the Islamic World. Edited by John L. Esposito. New York: Oxford University Press, 2009.
  662. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  663. Brief overview of ziyara, with an emphasis on the Shiʿi context. Available online from Oxford Islamic Studies Online.
  664. Sachedina, Abdulaziz. “Ziyārah.” In The Oxford Encyclopedia of the Islamic World. Edited by John L. Esposito. New York: Oxford University Press, 2009.
  665. Find this resource:
  666. African Pilgrims and Pilgrimage
  667.  
  668. Coulon 1999 focuses on local saint visitation customs associated with Sufism in Senegal.
  669.  
  670. Coulon, Christian. “The Grand Magal in Touba: a Religious Festival of the Mouride Brotherhood of Senegal.” African Affairs 98 (1999): 195–210.
  671. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  672. Examines ziyara customs and practices associated with the Mouride Brotherhood of Senegal.
  673. Coulon, Christian. “The Grand Magal in Touba: a Religious Festival of the Mouride Brotherhood of Senegal.” African Affairs 98 (1999): 195–210.
  674. Find this resource:
  675. Anthropological and Ethnographic Accounts and Studies
  676.  
  677. Anthropological and ethnographic studies of the hajj reflect the diversity of experience across the Islamic world, from Morocco (Eickelman 1976) and Egypt (Abu-Zahra 1997) to Indonesia (Muhaimin 2006).
  678.  
  679. Abu-Zahra, Nadia. The Pure and Powerful: Studies in Contemporary Muslim Society. London: Ithaca, 1997.
  680. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  681. Parts 1 and 2 of this highly insightful anthropological study are based upon the author’s interviews of women informants at the shrine of Sayyida Zaynab, the Prophet Muhammad’s granddaughter, in Cairo.
  682. Abu-Zahra, Nadia. The Pure and Powerful: Studies in Contemporary Muslim Society. London: Ithaca, 1997.
  683. Find this resource:
  684. Eickelman, Dale F. Moroccan Islam: Tradition and Society in a Pilgrimage Center. Austin, University of Texas Press, 1976.
  685. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  686. Explores the Marabout Sufi traditions of shrine visitation (ziyara) in modern Morocco.
  687. Eickelman, Dale F. Moroccan Islam: Tradition and Society in a Pilgrimage Center. Austin, University of Texas Press, 1976.
  688. Find this resource:
  689. Muhaimin, Abdul Ghoffur. The Islamic Traditions of Cirebon: Ibadat and Adat among Javanese Muslims.Canberra: Australian National University E Press, 2006.
  690. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  691. Chapter 6 contains an ethnographic study of the local traditions of ziyara. Originally published in Jakarta in 2004. Available online.
  692. Muhaimin, Abdul Ghoffur. The Islamic Traditions of Cirebon: Ibadat and Adat among Javanese Muslims.Canberra: Australian National University E Press, 2006.
  693. Find this resource:
  694. Egyptian Pilgrims and Pilgrimage
  695.  
  696. Listed here are medieval (Taylor 1998) and modern (Abu-Zahra 1997) studies of Egyptian pilgrimage to holy places.
  697.  
  698. Abu-Zahra, Nadia. The Pure and Powerful: Studies in Contemporary Muslim Society. London: Ithaca, 1997.
  699. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  700. Parts 1 and 2 of this highly insightful anthropological study are based upon the author’s interviews of women informants at the shrine of Sayyida Zaynab, the Prophet Muhammad’s granddaughter, in Cairo.
  701. Abu-Zahra, Nadia. The Pure and Powerful: Studies in Contemporary Muslim Society. London: Ithaca, 1997.
  702. Find this resource:
  703. Taylor, Christopher S. In the Vicinity of the Righteous: Ziyāra and the Veneration of Muslim Saints in Late Medieval Egypt. Leiden, the Netherlands: Brill, 1998.
  704. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  705. Excellent study of ziyara and the veneration of saints in medieval Egypt, with an insightful discussion of the legality of the ziyara in Egypt and its broader Islamic context.
  706. Taylor, Christopher S. In the Vicinity of the Righteous: Ziyāra and the Veneration of Muslim Saints in Late Medieval Egypt. Leiden, the Netherlands: Brill, 1998.
  707. Find this resource:
  708. Medieval Pilgrims and Pilgrimage
  709.  
  710. Studies of medieval Egyptian (Taylor 1998) and Syrian (Meri 2002) pilgrimage to holy places are included in this section.
  711.  
  712. Meri, Josef W. Cult of Saints among Muslims and Jews in Medieval Syria. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2002.
  713. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  714. Chapter 3 focuses on ziyara to Muslim pilgrimage places among Sunnis and Shiʿi’s. Includes translations of substantive passages from pilgrimage guides and other sources, reflecting the complexity and diversity of the ziyara, including personal accounts of devotees. Contains a comprehensive bibliography of primary and secondary sources.
  715. Meri, Josef W. Cult of Saints among Muslims and Jews in Medieval Syria. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2002.
  716. Find this resource:
  717. Taylor, Christopher S. In the Vicinity of the Righteous: Ziyāra and the Veneration of Muslim Saints in Late Medieval Egypt. Leiden, the Netherlands: Brill, 1998.
  718. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  719. Excellent study of ziyara and the veneration of saints in medieval Egypt, with an insightful discussion of the legality of the ziyara in Egypt and its broader Islamic context.
  720. Taylor, Christopher S. In the Vicinity of the Righteous: Ziyāra and the Veneration of Muslim Saints in Late Medieval Egypt. Leiden, the Netherlands: Brill, 1998.
  721. Find this resource:
  722. Pilgrimage Guides
  723.  
  724. Pilgrimage guides first emerged in the 10th and 11th centuries among the Shiʿis. They were compiled from traditions attributed to the fifth and sixth Shiʿi imams, Muhammad al-Baqir and Jaʿfar al-Sadiq, respectively. Sunni guides were a later development, originating in part in the Merits (fadaʿil) literature pertaining to the sanctity of cities and places. While literature in translation concerning pilgrimage to holy places remains largely unpublished, two medieval and early-modern sources have been published, Harawi 2004 and Meri 2001.
  725.  
  726. Harawi, ʿAli b. Abi Bakr. Lonely Wayfarer’s Guide to Pilgrimage: ʿAlī b. Abī Bakr al-Harawī’s Kitāb al-Ishārāt ilā Maʿrifat al-Ziyārāt. Translated by Josef W. Meri. Princeton, NJ: Darwin, 2004.
  727. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  728. The only known pilgrimage guide for the entire Islamic world, including Mecca, Medina, Jerusalem, Greater Syria, Iraq, and the islands of the Mediterranean. Written in the late 12th century during the rule of Saladin and the Abbasid caliph al-Nasir li-Din Allah, al-Harawi’s Guide is testament to the diversity of Muslim and, to a lesser extent, Christian and Jewish holy places and the antiquities of ancient civilizations.
  729. Harawi, ʿAli b. Abi Bakr. Lonely Wayfarer’s Guide to Pilgrimage: ʿAlī b. Abī Bakr al-Harawī’s Kitāb al-Ishārāt ilā Maʿrifat al-Ziyārāt. Translated by Josef W. Meri. Princeton, NJ: Darwin, 2004.
  730. Find this resource:
  731. Meri, Josef W. 2001. “A Late Medieval Syrian Pilgrimage Guide: Ibn al-Ḥawrānī’s Al-Ishārāt ilā Amākin al-Ziyārāt (Guide to Pilgrimage Places).” Medieval Encounters: Jewish, Christian and Muslim Culture in Confluence and Dialogue 7, no. 1 (2001): 3–78.
  732. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  733. A 16th-century Syrian pilgrimage guide (translated by Meri) containing detailed descriptions of pilgrimage sites, primarily in and around Damascus, dating to earlier periods. Also contains legends and descriptions of popular beliefs and practices.
  734. Meri, Josef W. 2001. “A Late Medieval Syrian Pilgrimage Guide: Ibn al-Ḥawrānī’s Al-Ishārāt ilā Amākin al-Ziyārāt (Guide to Pilgrimage Places).” Medieval Encounters: Jewish, Christian and Muslim Culture in Confluence and Dialogue 7, no. 1 (2001): 3–78.
  735. Find this resource:
  736. South Asian Pilgrims and Pilgrimage
  737.  
  738. While studies of particular shrine centers have increased, those that discuss the broader context of pilgrimage and travel are few in number. A notable exception is Ernst 1993.
  739.  
  740. Ernst, Carl W. “An Indo-Persian Guide to Sufi Shrine Pilgrimage.” In Manifestations of Sainthood in Islam. Edited by Grace Martin Smith and Carl W. Ernst, 43–67. Istanbul, Turkey: Isis, 1993.
  741. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  742. Study and translation of an 18th-century treatise concerning the festivals surrounding the veneration of a Chisti Sufi saint in India. Slightly updated PDF version available online.
  743. Ernst, Carl W. “An Indo-Persian Guide to Sufi Shrine Pilgrimage.” In Manifestations of Sainthood in Islam. Edited by Grace Martin Smith and Carl W. Ernst, 43–67. Istanbul, Turkey: Isis, 1993.
  744. Find this resource:
  745. Southeast Asian Pilgrims and Pilgrimage
  746.  
  747. Anthropological (Fox 1991) and ethnographic (Muhaimin 2006) studies of ziyara in Southeast Asia generally focus on local ziyara traditions and practices at major shrine centers.
  748.  
  749. Fox, James J. “Ziarah Visits to the Tombs of the Wali, the Founders of Islam on Java.” In Islam in the Indonesian Social Context. Edited by Merle Calvin Ricklefs, 19–38. Clayton, Victoria, Australia: Centre of Southeast Asian Studies, Monash University, 1991.
  750. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  751. Anthropological study of the ziyara to the shrines of the founders of Islam on Java.
  752. Fox, James J. “Ziarah Visits to the Tombs of the Wali, the Founders of Islam on Java.” In Islam in the Indonesian Social Context. Edited by Merle Calvin Ricklefs, 19–38. Clayton, Victoria, Australia: Centre of Southeast Asian Studies, Monash University, 1991.
  753. Find this resource:
  754. Muhaimin, Abdul Ghoffur. The Islamic Traditions of Cirebon: Ibadat and Adat among Javanese Muslims.Canberra: Australian National University E Press, 2006.
  755. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  756. Chapter 6 contains an ethnographic study of the local traditions of ziyara. Originally published in Jakarta in 2004. Available online.
  757. Muhaimin, Abdul Ghoffur. The Islamic Traditions of Cirebon: Ibadat and Adat among Javanese Muslims.Canberra: Australian National University E Press, 2006.
  758. Find this resource:
  759. van Doorn-Harder, Nelly, and Kees de Jong. “The Pilgrimage to Tembayat: Tradition and Revival in Indonesian Islam.” The Muslim World 91, nos. 3–4 (2001): 325–353.
  760. DOI: 10.1111/j.1478-1913.2001.tb03720.xSave Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  761. Looks at the sacred landscape and the ziyara practices of Indonesians with an emphasis on the shrines of the founders of Islam in Indonesia. Downloadable PDF version available from the Macdonald Center for the Study of Islam and Christian-Muslim Relations.
  762. van Doorn-Harder, Nelly, and Kees de Jong. “The Pilgrimage to Tembayat: Tradition and Revival in Indonesian Islam.” The Muslim World 91, nos. 3–4 (2001): 325–353.
  763. Find this resource:
  764. Women Pilgrims and Pilgrimage
  765.  
  766. See Abu-Zahra 1997 for an anthropological study of ziyara among women in the present day.
  767.  
  768. Abu-Zahra, Nadia. The Pure and Powerful: Studies in Contemporary Muslim Society. London: Ithaca, 1997.
  769. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  770. Parts 1 and 2 of this highly insightful anthropological study are based upon the author’s interviews of women informants at the shrine of Sayyida Zaynab, the Prophet Muhammad’s granddaughter, in Cairo.
  771. Abu-Zahra, Nadia. The Pure and Powerful: Studies in Contemporary Muslim Society. London: Ithaca, 1997.
  772. Find this resource:
Advertisement
Add Comment
Please, Sign In to add comment
Advertisement
Public Pastes
Advertisement
We use cookies for various purposes including analytics. By continuing to use Pastebin, you agree to our use of cookies as described in the Cookies Policy.  OK, I Understand
Not a member of Pastebin yet?
Sign Up, it unlocks many cool features!