0:00:01.290,0:00:08.770
in 2020 we've access to more knowledge

0:00:05.620,0:00:12.880
and technology than Einstein Newton and

0:00:08.770,0:00:14.950
Darwin did combined Moore's law of

0:00:12.880,0:00:18.130
exponential growth does not only apply

0:00:14.950,0:00:21.070
to computer processing speed it also

0:00:18.130,0:00:23.050
applies to cumulative knowledge the

0:00:21.070,0:00:25.270
Internet age has unlocked an

0:00:23.050,0:00:27.910
extraordinary potential inside of us a

0:00:25.270,0:00:29.620
kid in his parents garage Kick-started the

0:00:27.910,0:00:31.690
virtual reality revolution we have

0:00:29.620,0:00:33.940
witnessed money redefined by

0:00:31.690,0:00:37.630
cryptocurrency people are building

0:00:33.940,0:00:40.510
computers inside of computers for fun on

0:00:37.630,0:00:42.160
a daily basis we are reminded of how

0:00:40.510,0:00:44.380
much brilliance is in the world

0:00:42.160,0:00:46.820
brilliance not given to us by an

0:00:44.380,0:00:49.490
institution or a committee no

0:00:46.820,0:00:51.920
brilliance that is innate that comes

0:00:49.490,0:00:54.650
from within so it should not be a

0:00:51.920,0:00:56.870
surprise that our generation would

0:00:54.650,0:01:01.960
produce the equation for the unified

0:00:56.870,0:01:04.489
theory of everything and we did a single

0:01:01.960,0:01:06.470
computational equation that generates

0:01:04.489,0:01:09.830
gravity the nuclear forces and

0:01:06.470,0:01:11.330
electromagnetism we call it optimum

0:01:09.830,0:01:13.280
theory

0:01:11.330,0:01:15.740
once we understood the first principles

0:01:13.280,0:01:17.720
the other solutions followed and we're

0:01:15.740,0:01:19.670
gonna walk through all of them the

0:01:17.720,0:01:21.800
solutions to unified physics and the

0:01:19.670,0:01:23.180
origin and fate of the universe how

0:01:21.800,0:01:26.000
matter became life

0:01:23.180,0:01:28.180
aka abiogenesis the algorithms behind

0:01:26.000,0:01:30.710
the sensations of human consciousness

0:01:28.180,0:01:33.530
freewill and general artificial

0:01:30.710,0:01:36.100
intelligence the technology required for

0:01:33.530,0:01:39.530
universal basic income mind uploading

0:01:36.100,0:01:42.080
and eternal life now you might think

0:01:39.530,0:01:44.800
this all sounds impossible but our

0:01:42.080,0:01:47.660
parents generation landed on the moon

0:01:44.800,0:01:50.030
innovation is in our blood and in the

0:01:47.660,0:01:52.310
years ahead we are going to do things

0:01:50.030,0:01:53.510
that would be indistinguishable from

0:01:52.310,0:01:55.550
magic

0:01:53.510,0:01:57.950
optimum theory stands on the shoulders

0:01:55.550,0:02:00.470
of giants it built off the visionary

0:01:57.950,0:02:03.770
work of Stephen Wolfram Albert Einstein

0:02:00.470,0:02:06.590
rake Hertz while Steven Pinker Sabine

0:02:03.770,0:02:09.110
HossenFelder Elon Musk Richard Fineman

0:02:06.590,0:02:11.540
and others could optimum theory be Wrong

0:02:09.110,0:02:15.000
sure

0:02:11.540,0:02:17.640
but it has been tested and revised for

0:02:15.000,0:02:22.550
20 years and our simulations speak for

0:02:17.640,0:02:29.390
themselves so are you ready to know

0:02:22.550,0:02:29.390
everything if so let's dive in

0:02:31.300,0:02:36.970
it's fitting that I explain optimum

0:02:34.240,0:02:38.980
theory through the spoken word later I

0:02:36.970,0:02:41.710
will explain the actual equation that

0:02:38.980,0:02:44.920
underlines all reality but for now I

0:02:41.710,0:02:47.980
will be using words words are not the

0:02:44.920,0:02:51.400
most exact tools so try and think deeper

0:02:47.980,0:02:53.380
than semantics now I say words are

0:02:51.400,0:02:57.310
fitting because in the beginning of our

0:02:53.380,0:03:01.510
species words were all we had in the

0:02:57.310,0:03:04.000
beginning was the word you might recall

0:03:01.510,0:03:05.770
that line from Genesis and no optimum

0:03:04.000,0:03:08.620
Theory isn't a religious thing but as a

0:03:05.770,0:03:11.020
metaphor that line is accurate in

0:03:08.620,0:03:13.180
prehistoric times knowledge was passed

0:03:11.020,0:03:15.970
from generation generation and oral

0:03:13.180,0:03:18.310
tradition and then in writing their time

0:03:15.970,0:03:20.530
woods were marvel of innovation the word

0:03:18.310,0:03:22.510
is what elevated us above our subtle

0:03:20.530,0:03:24.640
organisms it allowed for a kind of

0:03:22.510,0:03:27.670
organization and cooperation that was

0:03:24.640,0:03:29.500
unseen in our primate ancestors words

0:03:27.670,0:03:32.530
allowed us to build the pyramids and

0:03:29.500,0:03:34.570
came the Nile early theories of reality

0:03:32.530,0:03:37.750
were plentiful among our ancestors and

0:03:34.570,0:03:39.880
they were all conveyed with the world in

0:03:37.750,0:03:42.160
one story the universe was created by a

0:03:39.880,0:03:44.770
wise Raven another the earth was a flat

0:03:42.160,0:03:46.720
disc on the back of a giant turtle and

0:03:44.770,0:03:49.030
according to my own beloved ancestors

0:03:46.720,0:03:53.410
the universe was spoken into existence

0:03:49.030,0:03:55.120
over six days with the word but as time

0:03:53.410,0:03:57.790
progressed words were not enough for our

0:03:55.120,0:04:00.489
species we needed a new language to keep

0:03:57.790,0:04:02.230
track of grain and debts owed distances

0:04:00.489,0:04:04.810
and measurements and so a new language

0:04:02.230,0:04:06.520
was developed mathematics a brilliant

0:04:04.810,0:04:09.670
sequential language of quantities and

0:04:06.520,0:04:12.280
symbols as our languages of words and

0:04:09.670,0:04:14.920
numbers became more precise so too did

0:04:12.280,0:04:17.350
our understanding of reality 30 human

0:04:14.920,0:04:19.690
lifetimes ago they leaves argue for a

0:04:17.350,0:04:20.470
non supernatural explanation for natural

0:04:19.690,0:04:23.080
phenomena

0:04:20.470,0:04:24.880
natural processes he argued were not

0:04:23.080,0:04:27.850
acts of the gods there were acts of

0:04:24.880,0:04:29.540
nature daily student Pythagoras found

0:04:27.850,0:04:31.490
the Pythagorean school which

0:04:29.540,0:04:33.830
investigated mathematics for it's own sake

0:04:31.490,0:04:36.920
it was the first to postulate that the

0:04:33.830,0:04:39.650
earth is spherical in shape 29

0:04:36.920,0:04:42.620
lifetimes ago the indian astronomer ligado

0:04:39.650,0:04:47.150
used math to track the motion of stars

0:04:42.620,0:04:50.000
and planets 25 human lifetimes ago the

0:04:47.150,0:04:51.380
cipa s-- introduced atom isn't the

0:04:50.000,0:04:55.340
theory that all matter is made of

0:04:51.380,0:04:57.980
indivisible imperishable units 23 human

0:04:55.340,0:05:00.890
lifetimes ago Plato from the Platonic

0:04:57.980,0:05:03.530
Academy whose motto was let non Unversed

0:05:00.890,0:05:06.140
in geometry enter here Plato's student

0:05:03.530,0:05:08.330
Aristotle introduced empiricism and the

0:05:06.140,0:05:10.490
notion that universal truths can be

0:05:08.330,0:05:12.860
arrived at via observation and induction

0:05:10.490,0:05:16.900
thereby laying the foundations of the

0:05:12.860,0:05:19.520
scientific method 18 lifetimes ago

0:05:16.900,0:05:21.290
Aristarchus used mathematical models to

0:05:19.520,0:05:24.980
theorize that the Earth revolves around

0:05:21.290,0:05:26.930
the Sun 16 lifetimes ago Jaina

0:05:24.980,0:05:29.720
mathematicians developed a mathematical

0:05:26.930,0:05:32.450
theory of infinity eight lifetimes ago

0:05:29.720,0:05:33.980
Habad Allah discovered the mathematical

0:05:32.450,0:05:37.310
relationship between force and

0:05:33.980,0:05:39.410
acceleration five lifetimes ago Galileo

0:05:37.310,0:05:41.800
theorized that all of reality is

0:05:39.410,0:05:44.420
mathematical and quantifiable

0:05:41.800,0:05:46.910
mathematics Galileo argued was the

0:05:44.420,0:05:48.620
source of all truth for this he was

0:05:46.910,0:05:50.960
declared a heretic and sentenced to

0:05:48.620,0:05:52.700
house arrest until his death but the

0:05:50.960,0:05:55.700
progress of mathematics marched on

0:05:52.700,0:05:57.560
anyway three lifetimes ago Sir Isaac

0:05:55.700,0:05:59.090
Newton use classical mathematics to

0:05:57.560,0:06:01.040
describe the fundamental forces of

0:05:59.090,0:06:04.400
gravity in the laws of motion

0:06:01.040,0:06:05.930
two lifetimes ago Hans Christian who

0:06:04.400,0:06:07.910
stood proved that electricity and

0:06:05.930,0:06:10.730
magnetism are aspects of the same force

0:06:07.910,0:06:12.470
called electromagnetism through these

0:06:10.730,0:06:14.570
brilliant minds and so many more

0:06:12.470,0:06:17.330
knowledge was expanding exponentially

0:06:14.570,0:06:19.940
but at the same time it was condensing

0:06:17.330,0:06:22.550
more of reality was being explained by

0:06:19.940,0:06:24.170
less all matter and its interactions

0:06:22.550,0:06:26.240
were explained by particle physics

0:06:24.170,0:06:28.790
electricity magnetism and light were

0:06:26.240,0:06:30.680
explained by electromagnetism in gravity

0:06:28.790,0:06:33.290
was explained by general relativity in

0:06:30.680,0:06:35.390
those forces along with evolution theory

0:06:33.290,0:06:37.040
explained it just about everything that

0:06:35.390,0:06:39.740
existed in our reality with few

0:06:37.040,0:06:41.509
exceptions as Stephen Hawking put it

0:06:39.740,0:06:42.979
in the history of science we've

0:06:41.509,0:06:45.590
discovered a sequence of better and

0:06:42.979,0:06:47.630
better theories or models from Plato or

0:06:45.590,0:06:49.729
the classical theory of Newton to modern

0:06:47.630,0:06:52.069
quantum theories it is natural to ask

0:06:49.729,0:06:53.840
will this sequence eventually reach an

0:06:52.069,0:06:55.789
endpoint an ultimate theory of the

0:06:53.840,0:06:58.250
universe that will include all forces

0:06:55.789,0:07:00.530
and predict every observation we can

0:06:58.250,0:07:02.509
make or will we continue forever finding

0:07:00.530,0:07:04.970
better theories but never one that

0:07:02.509,0:07:07.460
cannot be improved upon could all

0:07:04.970,0:07:10.880
reality be explained by a single theory

0:07:07.460,0:07:14.659
a single equation a unified theory of

0:07:10.880,0:07:16.430
everything one human lifetime ago to

0:07:14.659,0:07:18.319
theoretical frameworks were developed

0:07:16.430,0:07:20.530
that most closely resembled a unified

0:07:18.319,0:07:23.120
theory of everything but not quite

0:07:20.530,0:07:24.880
general relativity in quantum field

0:07:23.120,0:07:26.870
theory through years of research

0:07:24.880,0:07:29.930
physicists have experimentally confirmed

0:07:26.870,0:07:31.759
with tremendous accuracy virtually every

0:07:29.930,0:07:33.430
prediction made by these two theories

0:07:31.759,0:07:36.050
when in their appropriate domains

0:07:33.430,0:07:37.909
gravity for general relativity in the

0:07:36.050,0:07:40.340
nuclear electromagnetic forces for

0:07:37.909,0:07:42.440
quantum field theory however the two

0:07:40.340,0:07:44.009
theories are incompatible they cannot

0:07:42.440,0:07:46.990
both be right

0:07:44.009,0:07:49.419
that was almost an entire lifetime ago

0:07:46.990,0:07:52.090
an advancement on the unified theory of

0:07:49.419,0:07:54.009
everything had stagnated it was almost

0:07:52.090,0:07:56.320
as if there was a barrier or holding

0:07:54.009,0:07:59.229
back our advancement of knowledge in

0:07:56.320,0:08:00.940
early 2019 respected physicists at the

0:07:59.229,0:08:03.520
Frankfurt Institute for Advanced Studies

0:08:00.940,0:08:06.009
Sabine hosing Felder declared that you

0:08:03.520,0:08:08.110
see the issue they have isn't that I say

0:08:06.009,0:08:10.479
particle physics has a problem because

0:08:08.110,0:08:13.090
that's obvious to everyone who's ever

0:08:10.479,0:08:14.770
had anything to do with the field why do

0:08:13.090,0:08:17.050
I say it because it's true and because

0:08:14.770,0:08:18.970
the public needs to know the evidence

0:08:17.050,0:08:20.949
says particle physicists method for

0:08:18.970,0:08:25.389
theory development have not worked for

0:08:20.949,0:08:27.070
for decades it's bad science in part and

0:08:25.389,0:08:28.630
it was not just the unified theory of

0:08:27.070,0:08:31.150
everything that seemed to have hit a

0:08:28.630,0:08:33.339
barrier for some reason classical

0:08:31.150,0:08:36.250
mathematics could not solve how fluids

0:08:33.339,0:08:37.930
work in fact fluid motion had been so

0:08:36.250,0:08:40.599
confounding to classical mathematics

0:08:37.930,0:08:43.089
that as of 2019 the clay mathematics

0:08:40.599,0:08:45.310
Institute is offering a 1 million dollar

0:08:43.089,0:08:47.740
prize to anyone who can find the

0:08:45.310,0:08:51.190
classical mathematic equation to

0:08:47.740,0:08:53.080
accurately describe fluid it was as if

0:08:51.190,0:08:54.760
our brilliant sequential language of

0:08:53.080,0:08:56.500
quantities and symbols that we call

0:08:54.760,0:08:58.870
mathematics which had been so useful

0:08:56.500,0:09:01.860
been able to explain so much for

0:08:58.870,0:09:03.100
thousands of years at lost its voice

0:09:01.860,0:09:05.380
heresy

0:09:03.100,0:09:06.279
you might be thinking anyway I've heard

0:09:05.380,0:09:08.650
it for myself

0:09:06.279,0:09:12.220
they say mathematics can solve anything

0:09:08.650,0:09:14.080
the universe is math they say but there

0:09:12.220,0:09:16.540
was a time when the universe was words

0:09:14.080,0:09:17.770
and it's strict adherence to mathematics

0:09:16.540,0:09:20.080
was declared heresy

0:09:17.770,0:09:22.720
I suppose that some things are slow to

0:09:20.080,0:09:25.810
change human behavior being one of them

0:09:22.720,0:09:27.970
and yet with each passing year the truth

0:09:25.810,0:09:30.160
becomes more evident mathematics in the

0:09:27.970,0:09:32.560
classical sense sequential numbers and

0:09:30.160,0:09:34.480
symbols on a blackboard it's not enough

0:09:32.560,0:09:36.580
to speak the language of our universe

0:09:34.480,0:09:39.160
although classical mathematics is

0:09:36.580,0:09:43.820
extraordinarily useful there was a

0:09:39.160,0:09:45.920
missing element but how could that be

0:09:43.820,0:09:48.590
to understand we need a think deeply

0:09:45.920,0:09:51.530
about what language be it numbers or

0:09:48.590,0:09:53.360
words actually is consider how I'm

0:09:51.530,0:09:55.550
speaking to you now I'm speaking letter

0:09:53.360,0:09:57.950
by letter word by word I'm speaking

0:09:55.550,0:10:00.530
sequentially consider a simple math

0:09:57.950,0:10:03.710
equation 1 plus 2 Plus 3 plus 4 equals

0:10:00.530,0:10:05.780
10 to solve we add each number each

0:10:03.710,0:10:07.910
distinct the unit sequentially until we

0:10:05.780,0:10:09.950
reach our answer most computers are

0:10:07.910,0:10:11.740
sequential - although it seems like

0:10:09.950,0:10:14.030
computers do a lot of things at once

0:10:11.740,0:10:17.420
most are actually just doing one thing

0:10:14.030,0:10:20.180
at a time very fast but the universe the

0:10:17.420,0:10:22.400
universe is not sequential the universe

0:10:20.180,0:10:25.000
does not do one thing at a time it does

0:10:22.400,0:10:27.500
an infinite number of things at a time

0:10:25.000,0:10:29.270
so to progress our unified theory of

0:10:27.500,0:10:32.120
everything we need a non sequential

0:10:29.270,0:10:33.770
language we need a language they can say

0:10:32.120,0:10:35.500
not just one thing at a time but an

0:10:33.770,0:10:38.860
infinite number of things at once

0:10:35.500,0:10:41.390
but how can a language be non sequential

0:10:38.860,0:10:43.580
the answer is by looking at the universe

0:10:41.390,0:10:45.470
from a new perspective you see words

0:10:43.580,0:10:47.150
were invented to differentiate things

0:10:45.470,0:10:49.850
with arrangements of symbols that we

0:10:47.150,0:10:51.740
call letters this is an orange but this

0:10:49.850,0:10:53.900
is an Apple they're different so we give

0:10:51.740,0:10:56.360
them different labels we give them

0:10:53.900,0:10:58.100
different words and numbers were

0:10:56.360,0:11:00.620
invented to make those labels countable

0:10:58.100,0:11:03.290
1 Apple plus 1 Apple equals 2 apples but

0:11:00.620,0:11:06.320
one apple and one orange cannot be added

0:11:03.290,0:11:08.150
together because they are different so

0:11:06.320,0:11:10.820
far this seems perfectly logical because

0:11:08.150,0:11:13.070
it matches with our senses to our senses

0:11:10.820,0:11:14.210
an apple and an orange are clearly

0:11:13.070,0:11:17.480
different and so they need different

0:11:14.210,0:11:19.550
labels however during the 1940s during

0:11:17.480,0:11:22.370
the dawn of the computation revolution

0:11:19.550,0:11:25.190
Stanislaw ulam and John Bannerman of the

0:11:22.370,0:11:27.380
Los Alamos National Laboratory invented

0:11:25.190,0:11:29.530
a new language that looked at our

0:11:27.380,0:11:32.570
reality for what it actually is

0:11:29.530,0:11:34.640
non-sequential and without labels and if

0:11:32.570,0:11:37.990
we hope to speak a more pure language of

0:11:34.640,0:11:40.730
the universe then we must do likewise

0:11:37.990,0:11:43.240
understand our brain tells us that we

0:11:40.730,0:11:46.069
are looking at a red apple and an orange

0:11:43.240,0:11:48.050
but is that really the case understand

0:11:46.069,0:11:51.050
color as we perceive it does not

0:11:48.050,0:11:53.089
actually exist colors in fact all that

0:11:51.050,0:11:55.069
we see are simply waves through the

0:11:53.089,0:11:58.250
underlying space at our brain interprets

0:11:55.069,0:12:00.589
as an image and gives label to sound

0:11:58.250,0:12:02.060
does not truly exist a chirping bird as

0:12:00.589,0:12:04.850
a way through the air that our brain

0:12:02.060,0:12:07.220
interprets and gives label to taste and

0:12:04.850,0:12:09.079
smell are our brains way of analyzing

0:12:07.220,0:12:11.029
the shapes of the various particles that

0:12:09.079,0:12:12.949
interact with our mouth and nasal cavity

0:12:11.029,0:12:16.100
to help us make sense of the universe

0:12:12.949,0:12:18.829
our brain distorts the truth through the

0:12:16.100,0:12:20.660
use of labels strip away all the labels

0:12:18.829,0:12:22.550
that our brain creates in all that we

0:12:20.660,0:12:25.819
know to truly exist is a four

0:12:22.550,0:12:27.949
dimensional grid of ripples waves swirls

0:12:25.819,0:12:30.670
in their various interactions our

0:12:27.949,0:12:35.000
universe all that it truly is is

0:12:30.670,0:12:37.069
movement on an infinite grid I know that

0:12:35.000,0:12:39.170
some theories state otherwise some

0:12:37.069,0:12:41.029
advocate for a universe of 11 or more

0:12:39.170,0:12:43.069
dimensions and wormholes and

0:12:41.029,0:12:46.040
teleportation and time-travel etc but

0:12:43.069,0:12:48.259
Stan's law olam in John van Norman's new

0:12:46.040,0:12:52.040
language was based on what they knew of

0:12:48.259,0:12:54.470
actual reality not speculation their new

0:12:52.040,0:12:56.720
language was based on grid cells that

0:12:54.470,0:12:58.449
automatically transfer information and

0:12:56.720,0:13:02.240
so they called their new language

0:12:58.449,0:13:04.309
cellular automata while words in

0:13:02.240,0:13:07.129
classical mathematical formulas and

0:13:04.309,0:13:09.490
computer codes are sequential label

0:13:07.129,0:13:12.649
based languages of two-dimensional lines

0:13:09.490,0:13:16.200
cellular automata is the foundational

0:13:12.649,0:13:17.970
four-dimensional language of grids

0:13:16.200,0:13:20.190
to help us understand how sailor

0:13:17.970,0:13:22.639
automata works let's look at one of the

0:13:20.190,0:13:25.529
more well-known cellular automaton

0:13:22.639,0:13:28.440
automaton being the singular of automata

0:13:25.529,0:13:31.380
in this cellular automaton is called

0:13:28.440,0:13:34.320
Conway's Game of Life the rules of

0:13:31.380,0:13:36.209
Conway's Game of Life are simple one any

0:13:34.320,0:13:39.420
live cell with fewer than two live

0:13:36.209,0:13:41.160
neighbours dies - any live cell with two

0:13:39.420,0:13:44.250
or three live neighbours lives on to the

0:13:41.160,0:13:46.649
next generation 3 any live cell with

0:13:44.250,0:13:49.110
more than three live neighbours dies for

0:13:46.649,0:13:51.600
any dead cell with exactly three live

0:13:49.110,0:13:53.790
neighbours becomes a live cell these

0:13:51.600,0:13:55.740
four simple rules result in the

0:13:53.790,0:13:58.440
appearance of organized shapes and

0:13:55.740,0:14:00.750
patterns that are far more complex than

0:13:58.440,0:14:02.519
the rules that they spring from by

0:14:00.750,0:14:05.130
altering the rules in geometry of an

0:14:02.519,0:14:07.160
automaton we can observe all kinds of

0:14:05.130,0:14:11.130
interesting phenomenon that develop

0:14:07.160,0:14:13.529
automatically as the years past the

0:14:11.130,0:14:15.660
language of cellular automata sometimes

0:14:13.529,0:14:18.180
referred to as computational cellular

0:14:15.660,0:14:20.699
automata because it can only be spoken

0:14:18.180,0:14:24.230
by specialized non-sequential computer

0:14:20.699,0:14:26.910
programs or simply computation for short

0:14:24.230,0:14:29.070
these became ever more advanced helped

0:14:26.910,0:14:30.990
along by brilliant minds such as Stephen

0:14:29.070,0:14:32.459
Wolfram who will go on to be one of the

0:14:30.990,0:14:34.050
most distinguished and successful

0:14:32.459,0:14:37.320
mathematicians of the 20th century

0:14:34.050,0:14:39.089
founding programs like Mathematica in

0:14:37.320,0:14:42.380
Wolfram Alpha which would be used as the

0:14:39.089,0:14:45.060
brain for Apple's Siri Wolfram wrote a

0:14:42.380,0:14:47.399
1197 page a book about computational

0:14:45.060,0:14:52.079
cellular automata called a new kind of

0:14:47.399,0:14:54.390
science Wolfram writes it always seemed

0:14:52.079,0:14:56.940
like a big mystery how nature seemingly

0:14:54.390,0:14:59.430
so effortlessly manages to produce so

0:14:56.940,0:15:01.380
much that seems to us so complex well I

0:14:59.430,0:15:03.269
think we found it secret

0:15:01.380,0:15:05.069
it's just sampling what's out there in

0:15:03.269,0:15:07.740
the computational universe

0:15:05.069,0:15:10.199
I think computational cellular automata

0:15:07.740,0:15:10.950
is destined to be the defining idea of

0:15:10.199,0:15:15.350
our future

0:15:10.950,0:15:17.519
in quote wolfram like Galileo defied his

0:15:15.350,0:15:20.519
contemporaries by arguing at cellular

0:15:17.519,0:15:22.740
automata is perhaps closer to the actual

0:15:20.519,0:15:25.529
truth of our universe in classical

0:15:22.740,0:15:27.990
mathematics while on otamatone that can

0:15:25.529,0:15:30.510
simulate all reality computationally or

0:15:27.990,0:15:32.850
otherwise was yet to be found a variety

0:15:30.510,0:15:34.680
of automaton developed that simulate

0:15:32.850,0:15:37.170
aspects of our reality

0:15:34.680,0:15:39.380
this automaton approximates atomic

0:15:37.170,0:15:43.079
interactions this one simulates

0:15:39.380,0:15:45.089
prokaryotic growth a special class of

0:15:43.079,0:15:47.690
automata called lattice great automata

0:15:45.089,0:15:50.880
are typically used to see laid fluids

0:15:47.690,0:15:52.740
you remember the $1,000,000 prize for

0:15:50.880,0:15:55.649
solving fluids using classical

0:15:52.740,0:15:57.680
mathematics cellular automata solves

0:15:55.649,0:15:59.639
fluid almost effortlessly

0:15:57.680,0:16:01.740
unfortunately the prize money is only

0:15:59.639,0:16:04.380
given to those who solve the problem

0:16:01.740,0:16:06.480
using classical mathematics however not

0:16:04.380,0:16:09.320
only can cellular automata solve for

0:16:06.480,0:16:12.660
fluid it can solve for perfect fluid

0:16:09.320,0:16:15.980
buckle up because as it turns out this

0:16:12.660,0:16:15.980
would be the key to everything

0:16:16.640,0:16:21.899
[Music]

0:16:32.070,0:16:36.070
[Music]

0:16:38.880,0:16:40.940
you

0:16:47.080,0:16:52.330
[Music]

0:16:54.190,0:16:59.470
what is a perfect fluid a perfect fluid

0:16:57.700,0:17:01.570
is generally only used in thought

0:16:59.470,0:17:03.370
experiments to imagine how a fluid would

0:17:01.570,0:17:05.439
behave if it could be completely

0:17:03.370,0:17:08.010
isolated from everything else in other

0:17:05.439,0:17:10.870
words what makes a fluid fluid

0:17:08.010,0:17:13.030
completely isolating a fluid is not as

0:17:10.870,0:17:15.880
easy as it seems in fact it has been

0:17:13.030,0:17:18.430
called an impossible task imagine water

0:17:15.880,0:17:20.650
in a glass the water is being interacted

0:17:18.430,0:17:22.420
with by contact with the glass with the

0:17:20.650,0:17:23.530
air above the glass by other molecules

0:17:22.420,0:17:26.110
in the water

0:17:23.530,0:17:28.270
other than h2o and even by the h2o

0:17:26.110,0:17:31.180
molecules themselves which have their

0:17:28.270,0:17:33.640
own not very fluid like rules and by

0:17:31.180,0:17:35.800
gravity all these forces interact with

0:17:33.640,0:17:38.290
the water and deduct from its perfect

0:17:35.800,0:17:41.080
fluid potential so when you dip the

0:17:38.290,0:17:43.540
spoon in a glass of water and stir the

0:17:41.080,0:17:45.700
water and then let it sit the swirling

0:17:43.540,0:17:47.470
eventually stops because any energy put

0:17:45.700,0:17:48.880
into the water will be lost to those

0:17:47.470,0:17:51.940
outside interactions

0:17:48.880,0:17:54.100
however in a perfect fluid energy would

0:17:51.940,0:17:56.440
be perfectly conserved because there's

0:17:54.100,0:17:58.630
nowhere for the energy to escape once

0:17:56.440,0:18:01.060
the perfect fluid swirls it would swirl

0:17:58.630,0:18:03.220
forever therefore to prevent any

0:18:01.060,0:18:05.290
interaction with outside forces the

0:18:03.220,0:18:08.350
perfect fluid would have to fill all

0:18:05.290,0:18:11.200
space not just enlarged Natal so in

0:18:08.350,0:18:13.420
smallness if a perfect fluid is anything

0:18:11.200,0:18:15.520
less than infinite even in smallness if

0:18:13.420,0:18:17.650
there's any kind of floor or containment

0:18:15.520,0:18:20.320
of any kind and the perfect fluid will

0:18:17.650,0:18:23.230
lose energy to the void or container and

0:18:20.320,0:18:25.480
it will no longer be perfect therefore a

0:18:23.230,0:18:28.420
perfect fluid is indivisible in non

0:18:25.480,0:18:30.910
fractional law it is perfectly singular

0:18:28.420,0:18:32.550
in one and not comprised of particles

0:18:30.910,0:18:34.580
that the fluids you might think of

0:18:32.550,0:18:38.419
impossible right

0:18:34.580,0:18:40.970
or is it the optimum theory equation of

0:18:38.419,0:18:43.130
a perfect fluid is equal to infinite

0:18:40.970,0:18:46.370
energy pressure over infinite space

0:18:43.130,0:18:48.799
density these terms energy pressure and

0:18:46.370,0:18:51.260
space density are just words we are

0:18:48.799,0:18:53.899
giving the fundamental principles words

0:18:51.260,0:18:56.450
are inexact tools and these fundamental

0:18:53.899,0:18:58.070
principles might defy what you typically

0:18:56.450,0:19:02.000
think of when you think about energy

0:18:58.070,0:19:04.460
pressure space and density however these

0:19:02.000,0:19:08.090
terms are probably as descriptive as we

0:19:04.460,0:19:10.070
can get using words energy pressure and

0:19:08.090,0:19:10.610
space density are two sides of the same

0:19:10.070,0:19:12.799
coin

0:19:10.610,0:19:15.769
energy pressure is simply something that

0:19:12.799,0:19:17.779
fills space density if space density is

0:19:15.769,0:19:19.880
not filled then energy pressure does not

0:19:17.779,0:19:22.250
exist and if energy pressure does not

0:19:19.880,0:19:24.880
have a location in space density then

0:19:22.250,0:19:27.500
energy pressure does not exist either

0:19:24.880,0:19:29.750
therefore this equation is completely

0:19:27.500,0:19:32.659
self-contained and indivisible it is

0:19:29.750,0:19:36.679
whole unified and cannot be reduced any

0:19:32.659,0:19:38.720
further what this equation simply says

0:19:36.679,0:19:40.220
is that energy pressure and space

0:19:38.720,0:19:43.360
density in the perfect fluid are

0:19:40.220,0:19:46.429
infinite not just even in totality but

0:19:43.360,0:19:49.130
also at any point of space density or

0:19:46.429,0:19:50.690
energy pressure however trying to define

0:19:49.130,0:19:53.510
a point of energy pressure or space

0:19:50.690,0:19:55.720
density is a human convention because

0:19:53.510,0:19:59.149
the perfect fluid is in reality

0:19:55.720,0:20:01.070
indivisible and infinite so our finite

0:19:59.149,0:20:05.630
human conventions will always come up

0:20:01.070,0:20:08.179
short you see it does not matter how big

0:20:05.630,0:20:09.950
and powerful our computers are we could

0:20:08.179,0:20:12.200
have a computer as big as the Milky Way

0:20:09.950,0:20:14.690
galaxy and it would still come up short

0:20:12.200,0:20:17.029
of calculating you can a droplet of the

0:20:14.690,0:20:19.429
true perfect fluid because that computer

0:20:17.029,0:20:22.290
would still be finite and the perfect

0:20:19.429,0:20:23.730
fluid scales into infinite smallness

0:20:22.290,0:20:27.300
and the only an infinite computer

0:20:23.730,0:20:29.700
control is simulated so how do we

0:20:27.300,0:20:31.860
calculate a truly infinite perfect fluid

0:20:29.700,0:20:34.080
equation with a finite computational

0:20:31.860,0:20:36.539
automaton

0:20:34.080,0:20:39.990
we do it by using tricks to simulate

0:20:36.539,0:20:41.610
infinity so far we've only looked at

0:20:39.990,0:20:44.580
automaton with two cell States

0:20:41.610,0:20:46.440
essentially on cells or off cells but to

0:20:44.580,0:20:48.419
simulate the infinite perfect fluid we

0:20:46.440,0:20:50.820
need an automaton with entropy and a

0:20:48.419,0:20:53.190
number of cell states so we are going to

0:20:50.820,0:20:55.289
draw from classical mathematics you see

0:20:53.190,0:20:57.240
I never said that classical mathematics

0:20:55.289,0:20:59.970
was useless actually it's incredibly

0:20:57.240,0:21:02.179
useful all I said was that classical

0:20:59.970,0:21:04.020
mathematics was missing a component

0:21:02.179,0:21:06.720
automata

0:21:04.020,0:21:09.540
at operative complements numbers in the

0:21:06.720,0:21:11.580
way that numbers complement words so for

0:21:09.540,0:21:13.559
this automaton we are going to allow

0:21:11.580,0:21:15.720
ourselves to be any number of infinite

0:21:13.559,0:21:18.480
states from negative infinity to

0:21:15.720,0:21:21.150
positive infinity and we represent those

0:21:18.480,0:21:23.250
states using numbers positive numbers

0:21:21.150,0:21:26.100
represent perfect fluid applying outward

0:21:23.250,0:21:29.059
energy pressure aka energy pressure

0:21:26.100,0:21:31.679
flowing into infinite largeness and

0:21:29.059,0:21:34.380
negative numbers represent perfect fluid

0:21:31.679,0:21:36.720
applying inward energy pressure aka

0:21:34.380,0:21:40.200
energy pressure flowing into infinite

0:21:36.720,0:21:41.910
smallness okay that handles the infinite

0:21:40.200,0:21:44.670
energy pressure aspect of the perfect

0:21:41.910,0:21:47.970
fluid equation but what about infinite

0:21:44.670,0:21:49.770
space density to simulate infinite space

0:21:47.970,0:21:52.230
density we are going to wrap the edges

0:21:49.770,0:21:54.360
of our automaton so that any energy

0:21:52.230,0:21:56.220
pressure that exits the side or corner

0:21:54.360,0:21:58.920
of our automaton will answer from the

0:21:56.220,0:22:00.420
other side in an infinite loop this

0:21:58.920,0:22:03.750
allows our Tommo time to simulate

0:22:00.420,0:22:05.400
infinitely large space density the

0:22:03.750,0:22:07.710
otamatone you are seeing here is

0:22:05.400,0:22:10.040
2-dimensional and can be simulated even

0:22:07.710,0:22:12.210
on a standard home computer however a

0:22:10.040,0:22:15.090
three-dimensional automaton is preferred

0:22:12.210,0:22:17.910
if your budget and means allow it okay

0:22:15.090,0:22:20.730
so our automaton now has simulated

0:22:17.910,0:22:23.850
infinitely large space density what

0:22:20.730,0:22:25.559
about infinitely small space density to

0:22:23.850,0:22:28.380
understand how to trick an automaton

0:22:25.559,0:22:29.820
into thinking it is infinitely small we

0:22:28.380,0:22:33.150
first should understand how energy

0:22:29.820,0:22:35.580
pressure moves through the otamatone you

0:22:33.150,0:22:37.500
see perfect fluid flows but that word is

0:22:35.580,0:22:39.650
another one of our human labels to

0:22:37.500,0:22:42.110
describe a fundamental principle

0:22:39.650,0:22:43.820
how the perfect fluid actually moves

0:22:42.110,0:22:46.370
might defy what you think of when you

0:22:43.820,0:22:48.170
think of Lo and you think of flow you

0:22:46.370,0:22:50.450
might think of the movement of particles

0:22:48.170,0:22:53.180
such as h2o molecules and water

0:22:50.450,0:22:55.370
however perfect fluid is not comprised

0:22:53.180,0:22:59.590
of particles because it is indivisible

0:22:55.370,0:23:02.510
and yet it does essentially flow but how

0:22:59.590,0:23:04.970
the perfect fluid flows by cause and

0:23:02.510,0:23:08.930
effect or as computational automata

0:23:04.970,0:23:12.140
defines it by if then if something

0:23:08.930,0:23:14.929
happens then something else happens if

0:23:12.140,0:23:17.179
and then are inseparable they are two

0:23:14.929,0:23:19.250
sides of the same coin you cannot have

0:23:17.179,0:23:22.040
an IFFT without a van or else you have

0:23:19.250,0:23:23.720
nothing think of it like this if you had

0:23:22.040,0:23:25.940
a magical remote control that allowed

0:23:23.720,0:23:28.190
you to freeze-frame and observe frozen

0:23:25.940,0:23:30.559
perfect fluid you would see that it is

0:23:28.190,0:23:35.050
frozen as a blur between two states the

0:23:30.559,0:23:38.840
if and the then the cause and the effect

0:23:35.050,0:23:41.600
okay so if a perfect fluid flows then

0:23:38.840,0:23:43.820
how do we calculate that well as the

0:23:41.600,0:23:46.070
perfect fluid equation States we

0:23:43.820,0:23:48.860
calculate it by division because our

0:23:46.070,0:23:52.370
cellular automaton is comprised of cells

0:23:48.860,0:23:54.440
you must divide through averages simply

0:23:52.370,0:23:56.090
we sum and divide the energy pressure of

0:23:54.440,0:23:58.910
every cell but the energy pressure of

0:23:56.090,0:24:01.070
the cells in its local energy density in

0:23:58.910,0:24:04.120
other words we average each cell by its

0:24:01.070,0:24:05.929
neighbors we have to make these averages

0:24:04.120,0:24:08.360
simultaneously across the entire

0:24:05.929,0:24:10.160
automaton and for some computers that

0:24:08.360,0:24:12.200
might require specialized processing

0:24:10.160,0:24:14.960
since many computers calculate

0:24:12.200,0:24:17.660
sequentially not simultaneously in

0:24:14.960,0:24:19.630
sequential calculation will distort the

0:24:17.660,0:24:22.309
simulation like a funhouse mirror

0:24:19.630,0:24:25.100
furthermore these averaging calculations

0:24:22.309,0:24:27.980
become remarkably complex with infinite

0:24:25.100,0:24:29.750
decimals and lengthy fractions unless

0:24:27.980,0:24:30.740
your program is developed for advanced

0:24:29.750,0:24:33.410
mathematics

0:24:30.740,0:24:34.790
you'll probably observe a loss or gain

0:24:33.410,0:24:37.730
of total energy pressure in your

0:24:34.790,0:24:39.830
automaton every time step however this

0:24:37.730,0:24:41.960
is a result of simplified calculation

0:24:39.830,0:24:43.340
methods and a reality the energy

0:24:41.960,0:24:45.920
pressure of the perfect fluid is

0:24:43.340,0:24:48.410
conserved and always the same sum total

0:24:45.920,0:24:50.000
each time step the calculations are

0:24:48.410,0:24:51.350
simply difficult for anything less than

0:24:50.000,0:24:55.100
a supercomputer to

0:24:51.350,0:24:57.440
without simplifying the calculations now

0:24:55.100,0:25:00.020
if we calculate these averages without

0:24:57.440,0:25:02.510
simulating infinite smallness our

0:25:00.020,0:25:04.640
computational automaton would behave

0:25:02.510,0:25:07.250
like a super fluid similar to liquid

0:25:04.640,0:25:09.260
helium but that's not what we want we

0:25:07.250,0:25:11.210
don't want to simulate a super fluid we

0:25:09.260,0:25:13.669
want to simulate an infinite perfect

0:25:11.210,0:25:16.910
fluid so we need to simulate infant

0:25:13.669,0:25:18.470
smallness but how to understand the

0:25:16.910,0:25:20.809
trick we use to simulate infinite

0:25:18.470,0:25:22.730
smallness start by remembering that the

0:25:20.809,0:25:25.640
cells of this automaton are simply a

0:25:22.730,0:25:29.059
human convention there are tools we are

0:25:25.640,0:25:30.860
using to try and grasp the infinite for

0:25:29.059,0:25:32.960
the real perfect fluid each cell is

0:25:30.860,0:25:35.090
comprised of smaller cells and those are

0:25:32.960,0:25:37.880
comprised of smaller cells and inward

0:25:35.090,0:25:39.350
for infinity so for this automaton we

0:25:37.880,0:25:41.419
are going to imagine that each cell

0:25:39.350,0:25:44.120
contains not only its own total surface

0:25:41.419,0:25:46.159
energy pressure but in addition it has

0:25:44.120,0:25:48.620
infinite energy pressure bubbling within

0:25:46.159,0:25:50.690
it and so we give each cell a random

0:25:48.620,0:25:52.549
number generator that as a function of

0:25:50.690,0:25:54.440
the cell's energy pressure state and

0:25:52.549,0:25:56.750
which adds or subtracts from the cells

0:25:54.440,0:25:59.780
surface energy pressure every time step

0:25:56.750,0:26:02.600
for example a cell's random number might

0:25:59.780,0:26:04.100
be somewhere between 50,000 units more

0:26:02.600,0:26:05.809
or less energy pressure than the cell's

0:26:04.100,0:26:09.260
current surface energy pressure State

0:26:05.809,0:26:11.270
what other values can also be used this

0:26:09.260,0:26:13.250
randomness is not inherent to the

0:26:11.270,0:26:15.020
perfect fluid it is only a human

0:26:13.250,0:26:17.049
programming convention to help the

0:26:15.020,0:26:19.760
automaton simulate infinite smallness

0:26:17.049,0:26:22.070
now the bigger our automaton and the

0:26:19.760,0:26:23.780
denser it cells the more our automaton

0:26:22.070,0:26:26.360
will behave like a real perfect fluid

0:26:23.780,0:26:29.299
however it will never actually be

0:26:26.360,0:26:31.730
perfect the perfect fluid is truly

0:26:29.299,0:26:33.950
infinite not simulated infinity like our

0:26:31.730,0:26:36.860
automaton and this barrier is

0:26:33.950,0:26:39.540
impenetrable it is a barrier of finite

0:26:36.860,0:26:42.060
beings and finite technology

0:26:39.540,0:26:44.550
alright let's run our perfect fluid

0:26:42.060,0:26:47.840
computational automaton and observe our

0:26:44.550,0:26:47.840
simulated perfect fluid

0:26:48.050,0:26:52.190
notice that the perfect fluid starts

0:26:50.090,0:26:54.530
almost like a kind of static or foam

0:26:52.190,0:26:56.270
this is caused by the random positive

0:26:54.530,0:26:59.060
and negative energy pressure as bubbling

0:26:56.270,0:27:00.830
to the surface of the otamatone positive

0:26:59.060,0:27:02.570
numbers are red and represent perfect

0:27:00.830,0:27:05.270
fluid applying outward energy pressure

0:27:02.570,0:27:07.970
okay energy pressure flowing into

0:27:05.270,0:27:10.130
infinite largeness and negative numbers

0:27:07.970,0:27:11.900
are darker and represent perfect fluid

0:27:10.130,0:27:14.750
applying inward energy pressure

0:27:11.900,0:27:17.270
jk energy pressure flowing into infinite

0:27:14.750,0:27:20.210
smallness blue is in between the

0:27:17.270,0:27:22.670
positive and negative extremes now

0:27:20.210,0:27:25.310
because of our technology limitations we

0:27:22.670,0:27:27.410
can only simulate a tiny sliver of the

0:27:25.310,0:27:29.210
infinite perfect fluid and so the

0:27:27.410,0:27:31.700
simulation should be thought of as an

0:27:29.210,0:27:34.280
extraordinarily tiny essentially a

0:27:31.700,0:27:36.520
Planck scale simulation in other words

0:27:34.280,0:27:40.340
each cell of this automaton is

0:27:36.520,0:27:43.870
approximately 16 sep 10 times smaller

0:27:40.340,0:27:47.090
than a hydrogen atom that's pretty tiny

0:27:43.870,0:27:49.100
now notice that with each time step the

0:27:47.090,0:27:51.410
energy pressure attracts and reinforces

0:27:49.100,0:27:53.300
like energy pressure creating perfect

0:27:51.410,0:27:56.000
fluid particles that are strongly held

0:27:53.300,0:27:57.770
together positive attracts positive and

0:27:56.000,0:28:00.110
negative attracts negative while

0:27:57.770,0:28:02.570
simultaneously repulsing the opposite

0:28:00.110,0:28:04.880
energy pressure in forming barriers

0:28:02.570,0:28:06.770
however these energy pressure particles

0:28:04.880,0:28:09.140
attract like energy pressure particles

0:28:06.770,0:28:11.120
even through these barriers and

0:28:09.140,0:28:12.800
eventually the barriers are broken but

0:28:11.120,0:28:15.110
even then the perfect fluid will never

0:28:12.800,0:28:17.300
truly reach equilibrium because it is

0:28:15.110,0:28:19.100
infinite you see the energy pressure

0:28:17.300,0:28:21.230
wants nothing more than to explode

0:28:19.100,0:28:23.150
outward each particle and the perfect

0:28:21.230,0:28:25.310
fluid contains incredible amounts of

0:28:23.150,0:28:27.470
energy pressure that is constantly

0:28:25.310,0:28:29.200
pulling up or dragging down from the

0:28:27.470,0:28:31.970
infinite scales above and below it and

0:28:29.200,0:28:34.490
so if a perfect fluid particle can find

0:28:31.970,0:28:36.350
a break or opening it essentially

0:28:34.490,0:28:39.290
explodes out really or inwardly

0:28:36.350,0:28:41.240
depending on its direction of flow but

0:28:39.290,0:28:44.000
because of the barriers these particles

0:28:41.240,0:28:46.130
generally cannot explode and so instead

0:28:44.000,0:28:47.900
they can only weakly radiate energy a

0:28:46.130,0:28:50.900
little at a time in energy pressure

0:28:47.900,0:28:52.700
waves the entire perfect fluid system is

0:28:50.900,0:28:55.250
essentially a kind of optimization

0:28:52.700,0:28:57.290
competition between these can find out

0:28:55.250,0:29:00.120
really exploding particles and these

0:28:57.290,0:29:02.580
confined inward holes or vortices

0:29:00.120,0:29:04.740
and smallness it's a system of forces

0:29:02.580,0:29:06.630
and all four of these forces the strong

0:29:04.740,0:29:09.180
force that holds the particles together

0:29:06.630,0:29:11.330
the weaker radiating force the energy

0:29:09.180,0:29:13.860
pressure waves and currents in the mass

0:29:11.330,0:29:16.830
particle attracting force they all

0:29:13.860,0:29:20.400
derive from the equation infinite e of

0:29:16.830,0:29:22.470
em finesse you see classical mathematics

0:29:20.400,0:29:25.380
has not been able to explain a unified

0:29:22.470,0:29:27.660
theory of everything the same reason

0:29:25.380,0:29:33.230
that it has not been able to explain

0:29:27.660,0:29:39.330
fluids because the universe an entirety

0:29:33.230,0:29:41.850
is the perfect fluid as we will see

0:29:39.330,0:29:44.040
these aren't just forces of a perfect

0:29:41.850,0:29:48.330
fluid simulation they are the

0:29:44.040,0:29:51.240
fundamental forces of all reality the

0:29:48.330,0:29:54.600
nuclear forces electromagnetic forces

0:29:51.240,0:29:57.660
and gravitational forces

0:29:54.600,0:30:01.650
we are really looking at is the first

0:29:57.660,0:30:05.330
those small simulation our universe in

0:30:01.650,0:30:08.139
the culmination of Einsteins dream

0:30:05.330,0:30:11.779
the unified theory of everything

0:30:08.139,0:30:14.659
although this theory of unified physics

0:30:11.779,0:30:17.179
is new and unique the fluid like nature

0:30:14.659,0:30:20.239
of our universe had been suspected for

0:30:17.179,0:30:22.489
generations he was called the ether you

0:30:20.239,0:30:25.820
see it was thought that if light is a

0:30:22.489,0:30:27.940
wave then it must have a medium it must

0:30:25.820,0:30:30.350
have an either

0:30:27.940,0:30:32.269
although ether was taken seriously by

0:30:30.350,0:30:34.669
famous and respected scientists like

0:30:32.269,0:30:37.549
James Maxwell Aristotle descartes's

0:30:34.669,0:30:39.919
Newton Jung Faraday in Albert Einstein

0:30:37.549,0:30:41.989
it is a common misconception that

0:30:39.919,0:30:44.570
Einstein did not believe in the ether he

0:30:41.989,0:30:48.470
did his equations simply did not require

0:30:44.570,0:30:50.749
it so if the universe is a simple

0:30:48.470,0:30:52.999
perfect fluid with a simple equation and

0:30:50.749,0:30:56.059
if this perfect fluid nature had been

0:30:52.999,0:30:58.279
suspected by so many then why did it

0:30:56.059,0:31:00.859
take so long to discover and compute

0:30:58.279,0:31:02.779
claimed in respected physicist sabine

0:31:00.859,0:31:04.369
hosen Felder of the frankfurt institute

0:31:02.779,0:31:05.679
of advanced studies declared in early

0:31:04.369,0:31:08.299
2019

0:31:05.679,0:31:10.100
fact is she said ever since the

0:31:08.299,0:31:12.109
development of the standard model of

0:31:10.100,0:31:14.090
physics the predictions have been wrong

0:31:12.109,0:31:16.159
in the top of tops of theoretical

0:31:14.090,0:31:19.700
physicists are unable to acknowledge

0:31:16.159,0:31:21.919
failure in quote so the standard model

0:31:19.700,0:31:24.499
of physics is wrong and where did it go

0:31:21.919,0:31:27.440
wrong to answer that question we need to

0:31:24.499,0:31:29.330
travel back to 1887 an experiment in

0:31:27.440,0:31:30.950
that year would do away with the idea of

0:31:29.330,0:31:33.919
the ether and therefore the fluid

0:31:30.950,0:31:35.869
universe for over 100 years and I

0:31:33.919,0:31:38.269
apologize in advance if I come off as

0:31:35.869,0:31:40.309
critical that's not my intention but a

0:31:38.269,0:31:41.660
redirection of that magnitude deserves a

0:31:40.309,0:31:44.420
critical line

0:31:41.660,0:31:46.790
the michelson-morley experiment as it

0:31:44.420,0:31:48.920
was called was performed in 1887 by

0:31:46.790,0:31:51.530
Albert Michelson and Edward Morley in

0:31:48.920,0:31:53.420
Cleveland Ohio it compared the speed of

0:31:51.530,0:31:55.790
light in perpendicular directions and

0:31:53.420,0:31:57.380
attempt to detect changes in light speed

0:31:55.790,0:31:59.960
created by the Earth's movement through

0:31:57.380,0:32:02.030
the stationery either it is important to

0:31:59.960,0:32:04.340
understand that Michelson Morley believe

0:32:02.030,0:32:06.950
that the ether was stationary like graph

0:32:04.340,0:32:08.810
paper that it was still and did not move

0:32:06.950,0:32:12.350
and because they knew that the earth

0:32:08.810,0:32:14.930
rotated the Sun approximately 67,000

0:32:12.350,0:32:17.390
miles per hour by their logic light on

0:32:14.930,0:32:19.660
earth should be moving around 67,000

0:32:17.390,0:32:22.190
miles per hour faster in one direction

0:32:19.660,0:32:24.830
imagine it like this imagine someone is

0:32:22.190,0:32:26.930
trying to prove the existence of air so

0:32:24.830,0:32:29.270
he or she goes outside with a wind vane

0:32:26.930,0:32:32.360
during a day when the wind is still and

0:32:29.270,0:32:34.460
says if air is real then this wind vane

0:32:32.360,0:32:37.670
should measure the speed of wind to be

0:32:34.460,0:32:39.680
around 67,000 miles per hour faster in

0:32:37.670,0:32:41.390
one direction so he or she stands

0:32:39.680,0:32:43.310
outside during this winless day and

0:32:41.390,0:32:46.759
concludes that air does not exist

0:32:43.310,0:32:48.739
because the wind Bane is not

0:32:46.759,0:32:51.109
we of course recognize the fault in the

0:32:48.739,0:32:53.179
experiment because the atmosphere moves

0:32:51.109,0:32:55.999
with the earth the atmosphere is not

0:32:53.179,0:32:58.699
stationary relative to the earth however

0:32:55.999,0:33:01.190
that is equivalent to Michelson and

0:32:58.699,0:33:03.349
Morley experiment and no Michelson and

0:33:01.190,0:33:03.740
Morley did not find their stationary

0:33:03.349,0:33:05.179
either

0:33:03.740,0:33:07.339
[Music]

0:33:05.179,0:33:09.259
after Michelson and Morley first

0:33:07.339,0:33:12.049
experiment searching for the stationary

0:33:09.259,0:33:14.389
ether came up empty they considered that

0:33:12.049,0:33:16.249
the ether may be at least somewhat fluid

0:33:14.389,0:33:17.450
like and so perhaps it quote-unquote

0:33:16.249,0:33:19.399
drags with yours

0:33:17.450,0:33:21.379
and so they reasoned that if they could

0:33:19.399,0:33:23.119
get above the ether is drag then their

0:33:21.379,0:33:25.839
experiment would find the ether by

0:33:23.119,0:33:28.309
detecting light moving at approximately

0:33:25.839,0:33:30.649
67,000 miles per hour faster in one

0:33:28.309,0:33:32.869
direction and so they redid their

0:33:30.649,0:33:35.169
experiment on a mountaintop and again

0:33:32.869,0:33:37.460
their experiment did not detect neither

0:33:35.169,0:33:39.710
they did not detect you there from the

0:33:37.460,0:33:42.409
mountaintop of course the wind does not

0:33:39.710,0:33:45.109
blow at 67,000 miles per hour i

0:33:42.409,0:33:46.879
mountaintops either because our

0:33:45.109,0:33:49.279
atmosphere is much taller than any

0:33:46.879,0:33:52.099
mountaintop and it is in motion with

0:33:49.279,0:33:54.229
Europe even more so for the ether being

0:33:52.099,0:33:58.039
perfect fluid which is not only taller

0:33:54.229,0:34:00.409
than our atmosphere but in fact it is in

0:33:58.039,0:34:02.739
motion with all reality Michelson and

0:34:00.409,0:34:05.239
Morley experiment was a false negative

0:34:02.739,0:34:08.119
Michelson and Morley did not detect the

0:34:05.239,0:34:11.510
ether because their experiment made

0:34:08.119,0:34:14.089
false assumptions however the idea of an

0:34:11.510,0:34:16.490
ether had become so confounding for so

0:34:14.089,0:34:18.980
long this idea that all reality was

0:34:16.490,0:34:21.740
permeated by an invisible non viscous

0:34:18.980,0:34:24.109
infinite fluid that could not be felt or

0:34:21.740,0:34:26.270
sensed with any 1800s or early nineteen

0:34:24.109,0:34:27.919
hundred's technology then when Albert

0:34:26.270,0:34:31.250
Einstein published his theory of

0:34:27.919,0:34:33.260
relativity in 1915 theory which did not

0:34:31.250,0:34:35.659
require an ether the scientific

0:34:33.260,0:34:37.849
establishment concluded that it was

0:34:35.659,0:34:40.429
easier to drop the idea of the ether

0:34:37.849,0:34:41.830
entirely and they continued forward with

0:34:40.429,0:34:45.610
the assumption that they either

0:34:41.830,0:34:49.600
exist however Einstein himself was not

0:34:45.610,0:34:51.850
so sure in 1929 Stein argued that empty

0:34:49.600,0:34:55.270
space was like an indivisible fluid

0:34:51.850,0:34:57.820
saying quote think of waves on the

0:34:55.270,0:34:59.830
surface of water here we can describe

0:34:57.820,0:35:02.080
two entirely different things

0:34:59.830,0:35:03.880
either we may observe how the under

0:35:02.080,0:35:06.130
Latorre surface forming the boundary

0:35:03.880,0:35:08.560
between water and air alters in the

0:35:06.130,0:35:10.990
course of time or else with the help of

0:35:08.560,0:35:12.670
small floats for instance we can observe

0:35:10.990,0:35:14.980
how the position of the separate

0:35:12.670,0:35:17.800
particles of water alters in the course

0:35:14.980,0:35:20.320
of time if the existence of such floats

0:35:17.800,0:35:22.510
for tracking the motion of the particles

0:35:20.320,0:35:24.760
of a fluid or a fundamental

0:35:22.510,0:35:27.460
impossibility in physics it's in fact

0:35:24.760,0:35:29.350
nothing else whatever were observable

0:35:27.460,0:35:31.810
than the shape of the space occupied by

0:35:29.350,0:35:33.490
the water as it varies in time we should

0:35:31.810,0:35:36.400
have no ground for the assumption that

0:35:33.490,0:35:39.280
water consists of multiple particles but

0:35:36.400,0:35:44.260
if all the same we could characterize it

0:35:39.280,0:35:46.870
as a medium in 2015 Stephen Wolfram

0:35:44.260,0:35:49.870
wrote that dropping the idea of a

0:35:46.870,0:35:52.140
universal medium quote may actually have

0:35:49.870,0:35:54.880
led us on a century long detour in

0:35:52.140,0:35:57.650
understanding the true nature of space

0:35:54.880,0:36:01.220
and time in quo

0:35:57.650,0:36:03.859
and frankly that's okay detours happen

0:36:01.220,0:36:08.000
it's only an issue if one refuses to get

0:36:03.859,0:36:09.380
back on track besides even though mixin

0:36:08.000,0:36:12.500
and more lease technology could not

0:36:09.380,0:36:15.380
detect the ether our modern technology

0:36:12.500,0:36:19.279
can we just gave the ether a different

0:36:15.380,0:36:21.170
name we call it dark matter we call it

0:36:19.279,0:36:23.750
dark matter because it does not reflect

0:36:21.170,0:36:26.299
light and dark matter as non reflective

0:36:23.750,0:36:27.890
properties it confound it a generation

0:36:26.299,0:36:30.470
of scientists who were taught that there

0:36:27.890,0:36:32.420
is no ether they knew that dark matter

0:36:30.470,0:36:34.430
had masked they could detect the mass of

0:36:32.420,0:36:36.289
it but how could it have mass and not

0:36:34.430,0:36:39.380
reflect light if space is empty

0:36:36.289,0:36:41.690
you see answering why dark matter does

0:36:39.380,0:36:44.720
not reflect light is like asking why air

0:36:41.690,0:36:46.609
does not reflect sound the answer you

0:36:44.720,0:36:49.640
know is because air propagates sound

0:36:46.609,0:36:52.609
sound waves travel through air and so to

0:36:49.640,0:36:55.119
dark matter propagates light light

0:36:52.609,0:36:57.770
travels through dark matter

0:36:55.119,0:36:59.299
we know dark matter is real and it's

0:36:57.770,0:37:01.430
everywhere for many reasons that are

0:36:59.299,0:37:03.559
mostly technical but the reason that

0:37:01.430,0:37:05.299
will probably be most convincing to you

0:37:03.559,0:37:07.390
if you're unfamiliar with physics is

0:37:05.299,0:37:10.549
something called gravitational lensing

0:37:07.390,0:37:12.170
simply mass distorts light that's why

0:37:10.549,0:37:14.000
your glass of water distorts the image

0:37:12.170,0:37:16.430
of a straw dipped into it because of

0:37:14.000,0:37:18.500
this lensing effect and when we use

0:37:16.430,0:37:21.529
telescopes to observe distant objects

0:37:18.500,0:37:23.630
stars galaxies etc the light from them

0:37:21.529,0:37:27.950
is distorted as if traveling through a

0:37:23.630,0:37:30.140
lens or a fluid this distortion is not

0:37:27.950,0:37:31.910
caused by a foggy telescope or anything

0:37:30.140,0:37:34.190
like that scientists have concluded it's

0:37:31.910,0:37:36.980
caused because the light is travelling

0:37:34.190,0:37:38.990
through something and further data has

0:37:36.980,0:37:42.190
concluded that something which we call

0:37:38.990,0:37:44.590
dark matter has mass and substance

0:37:42.190,0:37:47.410
permeates everything

0:37:44.590,0:37:49.750
you see Dark Matter is the aspect of the

0:37:47.410,0:37:52.800
perfect fluid that has mass but does not

0:37:49.750,0:37:55.480
reflect light because it propagates like

0:37:52.800,0:37:58.210
the perfect fluid that is our universe

0:37:55.480,0:38:00.040
is infinitely dense and not fractional

0:37:58.210,0:38:03.070
there is no smallest unit of perfect

0:38:00.040,0:38:05.140
fluid water is comprised of particles of

0:38:03.070,0:38:06.280
h2o but the perfect fluid has no

0:38:05.140,0:38:08.380
particle equivalent

0:38:06.280,0:38:11.080
although the perfect fluid is not

0:38:08.380,0:38:13.630
comprised of particles it does have

0:38:11.080,0:38:15.370
units of scale in the unit of scale at

0:38:13.630,0:38:18.460
which light operates is extraordinarily

0:38:15.370,0:38:21.100
small and dense we know this because as

0:38:18.460,0:38:22.660
the density of a medium increases so too

0:38:21.100,0:38:25.090
does the speed of a pressure way of

0:38:22.660,0:38:26.770
traveling through it this is because the

0:38:25.090,0:38:29.260
closer the molecules or in our case

0:38:26.770,0:38:30.880
geometric scales are to each other the

0:38:29.260,0:38:33.010
less time it takes for them to pass

0:38:30.880,0:38:35.470
energy to each other and the faster a

0:38:33.010,0:38:37.990
wave can travel through it for example

0:38:35.470,0:38:40.150
sound waves travel faster through solids

0:38:37.990,0:38:41.920
than liquids because solids are denser

0:38:40.150,0:38:44.560
than liquid and sound waves travel

0:38:41.920,0:38:47.230
faster and liquid than in gas because

0:38:44.560,0:38:49.180
liquid is denser than gas the

0:38:47.230,0:38:51.010
relationship between density and wave

0:38:49.180,0:38:53.860
velocity in the perfect fluid is

0:38:51.010,0:38:56.410
described by the following equation with

0:38:53.860,0:38:59.050
V equal to velocity in D equal to

0:38:56.410,0:39:00.490
density this equation helps us

0:38:59.050,0:39:02.800
understand the solution is something

0:39:00.490,0:39:04.360
called the paradox of distance which was

0:39:02.800,0:39:07.980
first proposed by the philosopher Zeno

0:39:04.360,0:39:10.840
and the 400s BC and it goes like this

0:39:07.980,0:39:13.390
suppose a turtle wishes to walk to the

0:39:10.840,0:39:14.860
end of a ten foot long path before I can

0:39:13.390,0:39:17.050
get there he must get half way there

0:39:14.860,0:39:19.210
before he can get half way there he must

0:39:17.050,0:39:20.860
get a quarter of the way there before

0:39:19.210,0:39:25.240
traveling a quarter he must travel

0:39:20.860,0:39:28.030
one-eighth before 1/8 1/16 and so on if

0:39:25.240,0:39:29.560
distance is infinitely fractional then

0:39:28.030,0:39:32.650
it would take an infinite amount of time

0:39:29.560,0:39:35.160
to travel anywhere in fact distance

0:39:32.650,0:39:37.750
should be impossible according to Xena

0:39:35.160,0:39:39.610
however by referring to our fluid

0:39:37.750,0:39:42.820
velocity equation we can see that

0:39:39.610,0:39:45.910
velocity is not a function of time even

0:39:42.820,0:39:47.500
when we get velocity units such as m/s a

0:39:45.910,0:39:51.430
second is just a measure of distance

0:39:47.500,0:39:53.590
defined as one over 86,000 for hundreds

0:39:51.430,0:39:57.880
of a rotation of the earth that are

0:39:53.590,0:40:00.280
known as a day in fact time is a human

0:39:57.880,0:40:02.410
construct time is just another one of

0:40:00.280,0:40:04.930
those labels that our brain creates to

0:40:02.410,0:40:06.700
make sense of the universe what we think

0:40:04.930,0:40:10.540
of as time is actually just

0:40:06.700,0:40:14.200
relationships of motion time as Einstein

0:40:10.540,0:40:16.150
said is relative so how long does it

0:40:14.200,0:40:20.050
take the turtle to travel the 10-foot

0:40:16.150,0:40:23.230
path perhaps it takes him 20 over 86,400

0:40:20.050,0:40:25.420
citations of an earth but doesn't this

0:40:23.230,0:40:27.670
logic simply transfer the infinite

0:40:25.420,0:40:30.940
fraction ability of time to the infinite

0:40:27.670,0:40:33.520
fraction ability of space so then still

0:40:30.940,0:40:36.820
that begs the question why does anything

0:40:33.520,0:40:39.100
even move at all the answer to why

0:40:36.820,0:40:42.150
things move according to optimum theory

0:40:39.100,0:40:45.490
lies in computational automata Theory

0:40:42.150,0:40:47.380
every action has an effect if something

0:40:45.490,0:40:50.710
happens then something else must happen

0:40:47.380,0:40:53.170
if then that is the deepest definition

0:40:50.710,0:40:55.240
of computation and logic and it means

0:40:53.170,0:40:58.630
that there is no such thing as a state

0:40:55.240,0:41:00.820
frozen in motion or distance even if we

0:40:58.630,0:41:02.980
were somehow to freeze the universe with

0:41:00.820,0:41:04.750
a magical remote control what you would

0:41:02.980,0:41:07.470
see is that the universe is a blur

0:41:04.750,0:41:10.360
between two states the if and the then

0:41:07.470,0:41:12.880
between the if and then no energy is

0:41:10.360,0:41:15.790
lost and so light waves and the perfect

0:41:12.880,0:41:17.560
fluid are frictionless in non-viscous we

0:41:15.790,0:41:19.360
can see the waves of light from galaxies

0:41:17.560,0:41:22.270
billions of light-years away from us

0:41:19.360,0:41:23.800
it's perfectly logical that our perfect

0:41:22.270,0:41:26.680
Universal fluid would be non viscous

0:41:23.800,0:41:28.780
because it is all that truly exists and

0:41:26.680,0:41:30.430
has friction against nothing simply

0:41:28.780,0:41:32.710
there is nowhere else for the energy and

0:41:30.430,0:41:35.800
the perfect fluid to escape to and so

0:41:32.710,0:41:37.930
energy is perfectly conserved because

0:41:35.800,0:41:39.880
light is essentially a pressure wave in

0:41:37.930,0:41:42.040
a perfect fluid it is affected by

0:41:39.880,0:41:44.080
relative distance distorting the speed

0:41:42.040,0:41:44.650
of the images and information carried by

0:41:44.080,0:41:47.049
it

0:41:44.650,0:41:49.210
when we travel rapidly into lights waves

0:41:47.049,0:41:51.730
the moving images carried by those waves

0:41:49.210,0:41:54.430
speed up and when we travel rapidly away

0:41:51.730,0:41:55.900
from lights wave the moving images

0:41:54.430,0:41:58.599
carried by those waves slows down

0:41:55.900,0:42:01.180
eventually freezing entirely as we reach

0:41:58.599,0:42:03.880
Lightspeed this is called time dilation

0:42:01.180,0:42:05.680
the effect is entirely an illusion

0:42:03.880,0:42:08.619
similar to the Doppler effect that sound

0:42:05.680,0:42:11.109
is susceptible to unfortunately this is

0:42:08.619,0:42:13.569
all very logical and boring we are a

0:42:11.109,0:42:16.329
culture based on attention and clickbait

0:42:13.569,0:42:19.420
and one gets more attention in therefore

0:42:16.329,0:42:22.089
funding for claiming that time travel is

0:42:19.420,0:42:24.609
real rather than an illusion and so many

0:42:22.089,0:42:26.529
do there are even experiments that

0:42:24.609,0:42:28.420
supposedly prove that time travel is

0:42:26.529,0:42:31.089
real but the margins of air and those

0:42:28.420,0:42:33.160
experiments are very large for example

0:42:31.089,0:42:35.260
the clock on a broken satellite that

0:42:33.160,0:42:37.299
fell out of orbit was recently used as

0:42:35.260,0:42:39.339
proof that time travel is real because

0:42:37.299,0:42:42.460
it's clock was off by billionths of a

0:42:39.339,0:42:44.170
second it was so exciting to imagine

0:42:42.460,0:42:46.329
that time travel is real that few

0:42:44.170,0:42:47.799
stopped to argue that a broken satellite

0:42:46.329,0:42:50.529
that fell out of orbit might have a

0:42:47.799,0:42:52.450
broken clock in fact the broken clock

0:42:50.529,0:42:53.220
might even be why the satellite fell out

0:42:52.450,0:42:55.420
of orbit

0:42:53.220,0:42:56.829
none of that logic stopped the press

0:42:55.420,0:42:59.529
from running the headline that time

0:42:56.829,0:43:01.289
travel has been confirmed of course who

0:42:59.529,0:43:03.849
wouldn't click on an article like that

0:43:01.289,0:43:06.010
time travel confirmed is a much more

0:43:03.849,0:43:07.869
exciting headline than satellite falls

0:43:06.010,0:43:10.960
out of orbit because of a broken clock

0:43:07.869,0:43:12.670
now engineers do need to account for

0:43:10.960,0:43:15.130
this time dilating effect when

0:43:12.670,0:43:16.960
developing satellites but again that's

0:43:15.130,0:43:19.539
just a fancy way of saying the Doppler

0:43:16.960,0:43:21.490
effect of life many who work in these

0:43:19.539,0:43:23.349
advanced industries have an incentive to

0:43:21.490,0:43:25.720
maintain an illusion how their

0:43:23.349,0:43:27.819
technology works because that adds an

0:43:25.720,0:43:29.829
extra barrier to entry for competition

0:43:27.819,0:43:31.000
to enter the market and so you cannot

0:43:29.829,0:43:32.349
always expect them to give you a

0:43:31.000,0:43:35.589
straight answer and that's

0:43:32.349,0:43:38.380
understandable time travel might not be

0:43:35.589,0:43:40.779
real however as is often the case truth

0:43:38.380,0:43:42.460
is stranger than fiction you see not

0:43:40.779,0:43:44.650
only a space best thought of is a

0:43:42.460,0:43:48.339
perfect fluid but so is all of matter

0:43:44.650,0:43:49.420
atoms particles stars planets even you

0:43:48.339,0:43:51.280
and me

0:43:49.420,0:43:53.260
now that might sound unbelievable that

0:43:51.280,0:43:56.320
for example of brick of lead is actually

0:43:53.260,0:43:57.790
made of fluid let alone a huey however

0:43:56.320,0:43:59.860
we have experienced in the lab with

0:43:57.790,0:44:01.990
super fluids which are the macroscale

0:43:59.860,0:44:03.520
equivalent of a perfect fluid and we

0:44:01.990,0:44:06.460
know that they formed particles quite

0:44:03.520,0:44:08.470
readily liquid helium is a superfluid

0:44:06.460,0:44:11.530
and because liquid helium has almost

0:44:08.470,0:44:15.910
zero viscosity it can swirl in the

0:44:11.530,0:44:18.610
public vortices what you are seeing here

0:44:15.910,0:44:20.800
is actual video of atoms taken by IBM

0:44:18.610,0:44:23.080
they arrange the atoms frame-by-frame

0:44:20.800,0:44:26.260
into an entertaining stop motion show

0:44:23.080,0:44:28.450
cool right now here are those real atoms

0:44:26.260,0:44:32.380
compared to particles that spontaneously

0:44:28.450,0:44:33.960
generate in superfluid helium as we saw

0:44:32.380,0:44:36.910
in our theory of everything

0:44:33.960,0:44:39.130
computational automaton particles form

0:44:36.910,0:44:41.170
quite readily in the perfect fluid and

0:44:39.130,0:44:43.330
those perfect fluid particles are

0:44:41.170,0:44:45.730
created at all infinite scales of the

0:44:43.330,0:44:48.520
infinite universe the particles that

0:44:45.730,0:44:50.170
form at plunk scales swirl into larger

0:44:48.520,0:44:51.790
particles and those larger particles

0:44:50.170,0:44:54.130
have swirled into larger particles and

0:44:51.790,0:44:56.770
those larger particles swirl into larger

0:44:54.130,0:44:58.330
particles its fractal in nature in fact

0:44:56.770,0:45:01.030
what we know of the appearance of the

0:44:58.330,0:45:02.950
observable universe with a width of 90

0:45:01.030,0:45:05.530
billion light years is extraordinarily

0:45:02.950,0:45:08.280
similar to our Planck scale simulation

0:45:05.530,0:45:10.840
that acceptance of a width of an atom

0:45:08.280,0:45:13.360
the optimum Theory unified equation

0:45:10.840,0:45:16.240
proves that energy attracts like energy

0:45:13.360,0:45:18.220
and repulses opposite energy the same

0:45:16.240,0:45:20.260
force that holds the atoms in our earth

0:45:18.220,0:45:22.000
together is the same force that extends

0:45:20.260,0:45:24.580
beyond the boundaries of Earth and

0:45:22.000,0:45:26.840
attracts all mass and this is the force

0:45:24.580,0:45:48.059
that we call grab

0:45:26.840,0:45:50.670
[Music]

0:45:48.059,0:45:52.949
matter is just a condensation of energy

0:45:50.670,0:45:55.859
pressure and is being created constantly

0:45:52.949,0:45:57.599
even now new galaxies are being formed

0:45:55.859,0:46:00.119
as energy flows up from the infinite

0:45:57.599,0:46:01.979
smallness the implications of this are

0:46:00.119,0:46:03.989
mind-blowing and change everything we

0:46:01.979,0:46:06.180
thought we knew about the birth and

0:46:03.989,0:46:07.430
death of the universe but we'll circle

0:46:06.180,0:46:10.319
back to that later

0:46:07.430,0:46:12.809
the tiny bubbles of energy which we call

0:46:10.319,0:46:15.569
atoms can take on different properties

0:46:12.809,0:46:18.150
based on their configurations movements

0:46:15.569,0:46:19.949
and density in energy pressure and these

0:46:18.150,0:46:23.339
represent the different elements from

0:46:19.949,0:46:25.499
gold oxygen iron etc in these different

0:46:23.339,0:46:28.019
atomic elements interact in different

0:46:25.499,0:46:31.199
ways as described by the standard model

0:46:28.019,0:46:32.660
of physics as computer power advances we

0:46:31.199,0:46:35.369
will ultimately be able to

0:46:32.660,0:46:37.559
computationally simulate atoms in their

0:46:35.369,0:46:39.869
interactions using the unified equation

0:46:37.559,0:46:42.239
including atomic formation and the

0:46:39.869,0:46:44.819
formation of subatomic in elementary

0:46:42.239,0:46:48.089
particles we could complete these

0:46:44.819,0:46:50.549
simulations on a budget that is a tiny

0:46:48.089,0:46:54.089
fraction of the multi-billions of

0:46:50.549,0:46:56.130
dollars awarded to Collider projects now

0:46:54.089,0:46:57.689
the atom is an energy pressure system

0:46:56.130,0:47:00.539
that is instructed by the unified

0:46:57.689,0:47:02.429
equation of everything to expand but it

0:47:00.539,0:47:03.989
cannot because it's being contained by

0:47:02.429,0:47:04.769
the opposite energy pressure that

0:47:03.989,0:47:06.779
surrounds it

0:47:04.769,0:47:08.849
therefore the atom is only able to

0:47:06.779,0:47:10.519
release a little energy at a time and we

0:47:08.849,0:47:13.709
call this the weak nuclear force

0:47:10.519,0:47:15.779
however by breaking an atom it unleashes

0:47:13.709,0:47:18.539
the atoms extraordinary energy pressure

0:47:15.779,0:47:21.630
potential going back to our video from

0:47:18.539,0:47:23.819
IBM these are real Adams not simulations

0:47:21.630,0:47:25.729
and the ripples around these atoms are

0:47:23.819,0:47:28.259
what we called the atoms electron cloud

0:47:25.729,0:47:29.729
atoms and other particles interact with

0:47:28.259,0:47:30.710
their own ripples as they move through

0:47:29.729,0:47:32.420
the perfect

0:47:30.710,0:47:35.150
making their movements appear

0:47:32.420,0:47:37.460
unpredictable however the movements of

0:47:35.150,0:47:41.030
particles are not random at all they are

0:47:37.460,0:47:44.570
determined as Einstein said God does not

0:47:41.030,0:47:46.099
play dice now wait a minute you might be

0:47:44.570,0:47:47.930
thinking doesn't the double slit

0:47:46.099,0:47:50.930
experiment prove that particles are

0:47:47.930,0:47:52.640
inherently unpredictable well that is

0:47:50.930,0:47:54.710
what people thought for a time however

0:47:52.640,0:47:56.390
we have recently conducted experiments

0:47:54.710,0:47:58.310
using oil droplets proving that

0:47:56.390,0:48:00.230
uncertainty principle and the double

0:47:58.310,0:48:03.380
slit experiment can be reproduced at

0:48:00.230,0:48:05.270
macro scale no uncertainty or inherent

0:48:03.380,0:48:07.490
unpredictability are necessary to get

0:48:05.270,0:48:09.710
these results only interaction between

0:48:07.490,0:48:11.619
the particle and the waves it creates

0:48:09.710,0:48:15.109
through the fluid in other words

0:48:11.619,0:48:16.700
everything happens for a reason we live

0:48:15.109,0:48:19.130
in a universe of perfect

0:48:16.700,0:48:20.869
cause-and-effect understand that

0:48:19.130,0:48:23.599
according to optimum theory the electron

0:48:20.869,0:48:26.060
cloud and electrons of an atom are not a

0:48:23.599,0:48:28.460
thing or dot or sphere not in the

0:48:26.060,0:48:30.410
physical sense rather they are

0:48:28.460,0:48:33.980
manifestations of perfect energy

0:48:30.410,0:48:35.450
pressure and this energy pressure can

0:48:33.980,0:48:38.320
manifest into a variety of

0:48:35.450,0:48:40.820
configurations such as a magnetic field

0:48:38.320,0:48:42.920
it's not a coincidence that the shape of

0:48:40.820,0:48:45.380
a magnetic field is identical to a fluid

0:48:42.920,0:48:48.589
vortex because a magnetic field is

0:48:45.380,0:48:50.330
essentially a perfect fluid vortex when

0:48:48.589,0:48:52.520
you feel two magnets push against each

0:48:50.330,0:48:54.080
other it is essentially two perfect

0:48:52.520,0:48:54.530
fluid currents pushing against each

0:48:54.080,0:48:57.349
other

0:48:54.530,0:48:59.540
nobody magnets attract it is essentially

0:48:57.349,0:49:02.240
as if two perfect fluid currents are

0:48:59.540,0:49:04.400
being swept into each other now you

0:49:02.240,0:49:06.830
might be thinking if magnets are

0:49:04.400,0:49:08.690
currents and a perfect fluid then why

0:49:06.830,0:49:11.240
does it only interact with other magnets

0:49:08.690,0:49:13.400
why does a magnetic field not interact

0:49:11.240,0:49:15.260
with everything why do we not feel a

0:49:13.400,0:49:15.830
magnet push against our hand when we

0:49:15.260,0:49:18.680
touch it

0:49:15.830,0:49:20.510
well the magnetic field does interact

0:49:18.680,0:49:22.400
with everything including us it's just

0:49:20.510,0:49:24.140
that because of the way that most atoms

0:49:22.400,0:49:25.970
are arranged they quickly a real line

0:49:24.140,0:49:28.790
with the magnetic current and the effect

0:49:25.970,0:49:30.470
is imperceptible however if the magnet

0:49:28.790,0:49:32.960
is strong enough then it can levitate

0:49:30.470,0:49:35.030
just about anything here's a magnet

0:49:32.960,0:49:36.950
levitating frog you can even push a

0:49:35.030,0:49:38.990
small wooden boat using a magnet

0:49:36.950,0:49:40.849
you know how balloon will stick to you

0:49:38.990,0:49:41.329
through static electricity well guess

0:49:40.849,0:49:43.430
what

0:49:41.329,0:49:46.130
static electricity is actually a

0:49:43.430,0:49:47.869
magnetic force understand that

0:49:46.130,0:49:50.900
electricity magnetism are simply

0:49:47.869,0:49:52.609
manifestations of the same thing that is

0:49:50.900,0:49:55.119
why the technical term for them is the

0:49:52.609,0:49:57.589
combined word electromagnetism

0:49:55.119,0:49:59.450
electricity is like a river current in

0:49:57.589,0:50:02.089
the perfect fluid and magnetism is like

0:49:59.450,0:50:04.010
an eddy in the perfect fluid and just

0:50:02.089,0:50:07.250
like Eddie's warm at the banks of the

0:50:04.010,0:50:09.380
river so too does magnetism swirl with

0:50:07.250,0:50:11.150
the banks of an electric current now I

0:50:09.380,0:50:13.369
promised that would circle back to the

0:50:11.150,0:50:15.349
origin and fate of the universe so I'll

0:50:13.369,0:50:17.480
do that now before moving on to the

0:50:15.349,0:50:19.460
origin of life now we know that

0:50:17.480,0:50:21.710
everything in the visible universe was

0:50:19.460,0:50:23.390
once much closer together we know this

0:50:21.710,0:50:26.089
because when we look at distant stars

0:50:23.390,0:50:28.220
they have a redshift in their color this

0:50:26.089,0:50:30.800
is caused by lights equivalent to sounds

0:50:28.220,0:50:32.750
Doppler effect simply the faster an

0:50:30.800,0:50:34.670
object is moving away from us the more

0:50:32.750,0:50:37.310
stretched out its light waves producing

0:50:34.670,0:50:40.790
a more red hue since color is simply a

0:50:37.310,0:50:42.560
function of wavelength therefore it is

0:50:40.790,0:50:45.819
reason that all matter came from the

0:50:42.560,0:50:48.260
same place a singularity or a Big Bang

0:50:45.819,0:50:50.599
understand that although we use the term

0:50:48.260,0:50:54.020
Big Bang the expansion of the universe

0:50:50.599,0:50:56.300
is not like an explosion rather it is an

0:50:54.020,0:50:59.900
expansion from all points in space even

0:50:56.300,0:51:01.140
at the time of the Big Bang space was

0:50:59.900,0:51:02.700
Infinite

0:51:01.140,0:51:05.339
we know that the universe is expanding

0:51:02.700,0:51:07.140
from all points because stars in the

0:51:05.339,0:51:09.630
universe are accelerating away from each

0:51:07.140,0:51:12.390
other this effect has been called dark

0:51:09.630,0:51:14.640
energy by classical physicist filler

0:51:12.390,0:51:16.019
term because their classical mathematics

0:51:14.640,0:51:18.299
have been struggling to described

0:51:16.019,0:51:20.730
otherwise however using cellular

0:51:18.299,0:51:22.710
automata principles this quotient or

0:51:20.730,0:51:25.740
dark energy can be explained almost

0:51:22.710,0:51:27.900
effortlessly you see as the universe

0:51:25.740,0:51:29.730
expands there is more space to expand

0:51:27.900,0:51:32.460
between us and distant stars than

0:51:29.730,0:51:34.349
between us and nearby stars this creates

0:51:32.460,0:51:36.839
the appearance of stars accelerating

0:51:34.349,0:51:39.869
away from us the further away they are

0:51:36.839,0:51:42.930
from us the reason why the universe

0:51:39.869,0:51:45.420
appears to expand comes naturally from

0:51:42.930,0:51:47.400
the unified equation and we could see it

0:51:45.420,0:51:50.490
for ourselves at small scale in our

0:51:47.400,0:51:53.190
simulation energy is constantly being

0:51:50.490,0:51:55.200
pulled into our scale of reality however

0:51:53.190,0:51:57.210
this does not decrease the amount of

0:51:55.200,0:51:59.579
energy and other scales of reality

0:51:57.210,0:52:02.910
because the energy and space in the

0:51:59.579,0:52:05.309
universe are infinite according to

0:52:02.910,0:52:07.289
optimum Theory the Big Bang is not the

0:52:05.309,0:52:09.059
beginning of the universe it was only

0:52:07.289,0:52:12.269
the emergence of our observable universe

0:52:09.059,0:52:14.339
from smaller scales reality like I said

0:52:12.269,0:52:16.529
earlier even now new galaxies are

0:52:14.339,0:52:18.869
forming and one day those galaxies would

0:52:16.529,0:52:21.359
expand to be so big that they will

0:52:18.869,0:52:23.569
appear as entire observable universes to

0:52:21.359,0:52:25.740
the creatures that evolve inside of them

0:52:23.569,0:52:28.079
according to optimum Theory the universe

0:52:25.740,0:52:30.150
has always existed and furthermore it

0:52:28.079,0:52:31.589
will not have an end classical

0:52:30.150,0:52:34.200
physicists call the end of the universe

0:52:31.589,0:52:36.660
the Big Crunch or the heat death but

0:52:34.200,0:52:39.900
optimum Theory does not advocate either

0:52:36.660,0:52:41.819
of those scenarios new galaxies are

0:52:39.900,0:52:44.789
constantly being created at imminent

0:52:41.819,0:52:48.450
scales in this one is ours and perhaps

0:52:44.789,0:52:50.730
it can be ours forever however to play

0:52:48.450,0:52:52.980
devil's advocate a sufficiently advanced

0:52:50.730,0:52:55.740
species would be wise not to reveal its

0:52:52.980,0:52:58.049
position this is called the dark forest

0:52:55.740,0:52:59.369
theory after all would you scroll

0:52:58.049,0:53:01.529
through the Congo at night while

0:52:59.369,0:53:03.329
whistling loudly to yourself of course

0:53:01.529,0:53:05.220
not you might be attacked by a leopard

0:53:03.329,0:53:07.920
and that's a force that we have

0:53:05.220,0:53:09.930
significant knowledge about what might

0:53:07.920,0:53:12.349
exist in the darkness of space could

0:53:09.930,0:53:15.039
exist at levels of advancement scale

0:53:12.349,0:53:18.109
hostility that are beyond comprehension

0:53:15.039,0:53:20.299
or maybe we really are the first species

0:53:18.109,0:53:25.099
in the milky way to achieve spaceflight

0:53:20.299,0:53:27.650
either way is mind boggling as for why

0:53:25.099,0:53:29.569
does the universe exist I tend to think

0:53:27.650,0:53:31.309
that the universe exists because it is

0:53:29.569,0:53:33.380
the only thing that is capable of

0:53:31.309,0:53:36.589
creating anything or nothing including

0:53:33.380,0:53:38.660
itself all possible realities are

0:53:36.589,0:53:40.579
existing here simultaneously and

0:53:38.660,0:53:43.970
therefore the universe is the

0:53:40.579,0:53:47.720
manifestation of totality the universe

0:53:43.970,0:53:51.200
is a manifestation of one the universe

0:53:47.720,0:53:54.920
is not just a Turing machine it is the

0:53:51.200,0:53:56.479
Turing machine now before we move on to

0:53:54.920,0:53:58.910
the origin of life in consciousness

0:53:56.479,0:54:00.890
perhaps optimum theory could benefit

0:53:58.910,0:54:02.690
from a clickbait headline of its own

0:54:00.890,0:54:04.999
those seem to work well for other

0:54:02.690,0:54:05.799
theories so here are some fodder for

0:54:04.999,0:54:08.420
ours

0:54:05.799,0:54:10.640
according to optimum theories unified

0:54:08.420,0:54:12.799
equation you can zoom in to any point in

0:54:10.640,0:54:14.960
space including say the twinkle in your

0:54:12.799,0:54:17.210
eye and you could zoom in to that point

0:54:14.960,0:54:18.769
forever and there's no reason why that

0:54:17.210,0:54:21.829
point should not contain infinite

0:54:18.769,0:54:23.420
observable universes like our own so

0:54:21.829,0:54:25.960
according to the equation there are

0:54:23.420,0:54:29.089
potentially reward galaxies and planets

0:54:25.960,0:54:30.420
observable universes in a twinkle of

0:54:29.089,0:54:33.200
your eye

0:54:30.420,0:54:35.369
they need our entire observable universe

0:54:33.200,0:54:38.430
including potentially infinite

0:54:35.369,0:54:40.589
life-forms furthermore our entire

0:54:38.430,0:54:43.200
observable universe might be within the

0:54:40.589,0:54:47.279
twinkle of an alien's eye fun to think

0:54:43.200,0:54:49.710
about anyway moving on explaining

0:54:47.279,0:54:52.019
particles and therefore mass such as

0:54:49.710,0:54:54.750
planets and stars through perfect fluid

0:54:52.019,0:54:56.819
dynamics is intuitive and logical as

0:54:54.750,0:54:59.910
we've seen but what about birds bees

0:54:56.819,0:55:02.819
trees and you and I what is the process

0:54:59.910,0:55:06.450
of abiogenesis which is to ask how

0:55:02.819,0:55:10.740
didn't matter become life furthermore

0:55:06.450,0:55:13.680
how did life become conscious thirty

0:55:10.740,0:55:15.510
lifetimes ago my beloved ancestors said

0:55:13.680,0:55:17.490
that life was created from the dirt in

0:55:15.510,0:55:19.140
the we've developed our human

0:55:17.490,0:55:21.049
consciousness after eating the fruit of

0:55:19.140,0:55:23.760
knowledge that grew on the tree of life

0:55:21.049,0:55:25.740
the story of Genesis is remarkably

0:55:23.760,0:55:28.200
poetic and precedent in light of what we

0:55:25.740,0:55:30.710
now know about evolution evolution

0:55:28.200,0:55:33.000
theory which optimum Theory agrees with

0:55:30.710,0:55:35.849
argues that life came from inorganic

0:55:33.000,0:55:38.220
matter from dirt and that life as a tree

0:55:35.849,0:55:40.710
literally diagrammed as a tree of life

0:55:38.220,0:55:43.980
with unique species fruiting from each

0:55:40.710,0:55:46.559
branch in our species the most brilliant

0:55:43.980,0:55:47.700
of all the only species capable of

0:55:46.559,0:55:52.339
transmitting knowledge across

0:55:47.700,0:55:52.339
generations the fruit of knowledge

0:55:52.360,0:55:57.850
the origin of life has been much

0:55:54.610,0:55:59.860
discussed and understandably so 25

0:55:57.850,0:56:01.570
lifetimes ago and Peter Cleese argued

0:55:59.860,0:56:03.820
that everything in the universe is made

0:56:01.570,0:56:07.120
up of a combination of for eternal

0:56:03.820,0:56:09.190
elements earth water air and fire well

0:56:07.120,0:56:11.440
as contemporary Democritus argued that

0:56:09.190,0:56:14.860
fire then must be the element of the

0:56:11.440,0:56:17.770
soul vitalism was the common belief your

0:56:14.860,0:56:19.600
lifetimes ago vitalism included the idea

0:56:17.770,0:56:23.200
that there was a fundamental difference

0:56:19.600,0:56:25.060
between organic inorganic matter however

0:56:23.200,0:56:26.590
this was disproven two lifetimes ago

0:56:25.060,0:56:28.750
through experiments conducted by

0:56:26.590,0:56:30.610
Frederick ruler named Anu so he

0:56:28.750,0:56:33.670
jump-started the science of organic

0:56:30.610,0:56:36.400
chemistry all life he discovered

0:56:33.670,0:56:38.440
including the human body was comprised

0:56:36.400,0:56:41.470
of the same atoms as everything else in

0:56:38.440,0:56:43.450
the universe soon after Charles Darwin

0:56:41.470,0:56:46.540
proved his theory of evolution the

0:56:43.450,0:56:48.520
common origin of all life all life

0:56:46.540,0:56:50.920
descended from single-celled organisms

0:56:48.520,0:56:54.010
that evolved through survival trial and

0:56:50.920,0:56:56.590
competition but what came before that a

0:56:54.010,0:56:59.080
cell is highly complex and it seems

0:56:56.590,0:57:00.760
unlikely that it would simply assemble

0:56:59.080,0:57:03.370
itself by chance

0:57:00.760,0:57:05.980
even while humanity argued about life's

0:57:03.370,0:57:08.830
origins we had trouble even defining it

0:57:05.980,0:57:11.310
what even is life a clearer definition

0:57:08.830,0:57:13.810
is not as easy as it might seem a

0:57:11.310,0:57:16.540
jellyfish does not think and a tree does

0:57:13.810,0:57:19.930
not have legs to walk around a bacteria

0:57:16.540,0:57:23.020
is a single cell but a human as many but

0:57:19.930,0:57:25.870
we say they are all alive the criteria

0:57:23.020,0:57:28.030
for life can at times seem ambiguous and

0:57:25.870,0:57:30.460
even in 2019

0:57:28.030,0:57:33.040
there had been no scientific consensus

0:57:30.460,0:57:34.870
regarding the definition when popular

0:57:33.040,0:57:37.420
definition is that life maintains

0:57:34.870,0:57:39.190
homeostasis is comprised of cells

0:57:37.420,0:57:41.770
because a life cycle undergoes

0:57:39.190,0:57:43.570
metabolism can grow adapt to its

0:57:41.770,0:57:46.270
environment respond to stimuli or

0:57:43.570,0:57:48.490
reproduce and evolve but what about an

0:57:46.270,0:57:51.460
animal born in capable of reproduction

0:57:48.490,0:57:53.620
like a worker ant or a donkey is it

0:57:51.460,0:57:56.170
still alive for that matter a single

0:57:53.620,0:57:59.140
person cannot reproduce alone is a

0:57:56.170,0:58:01.210
single person alive what about a virus

0:57:59.140,0:58:03.070
that cannot metabolize what about the

0:58:01.210,0:58:05.470
whiptail lizard which reproduces

0:58:03.070,0:58:08.260
asexually and therefore lost the ability

0:58:05.470,0:58:10.540
to adaptively evolve what about a

0:58:08.260,0:58:12.370
bacteria or tardigrade that can be

0:58:10.540,0:58:14.920
frozen solid almost indefinitely

0:58:12.370,0:58:17.320
breaking homeostasis and then being

0:58:14.920,0:58:19.990
thought back to life again we cannot

0:58:17.320,0:58:22.030
even use DNA is the qualifier for life

0:58:19.990,0:58:24.670
because we've evidence that previous to

0:58:22.030,0:58:28.330
DNA life was based on a more simple

0:58:24.670,0:58:31.300
molecule called RNA biologist Gerard

0:58:28.330,0:58:33.370
Eggers up her use of wagon and

0:58:31.300,0:58:35.170
University in the Netherlands has come

0:58:33.370,0:58:36.910
up with a novel solution that does not

0:58:35.170,0:58:40.510
ask life to meet a long list of

0:58:36.910,0:58:42.430
abilities he writes people have focused

0:58:40.510,0:58:44.980
on Faculty of properties like breathing

0:58:42.430,0:58:46.960
or moving and then say if we combined a

0:58:44.980,0:58:49.450
few of those properties we are close to

0:58:46.960,0:58:52.570
having defined life but there are always

0:58:49.450,0:58:54.310
exceptions he continues what my idea

0:58:52.570,0:58:56.860
does is it turns the whole thing

0:58:54.310,0:58:58.990
completely upside down I focus on the

0:58:56.860,0:59:00.760
minimal absolutely necessary properties

0:58:58.990,0:59:04.150
and I don't care about any faculty

0:59:00.760,0:59:05.650
properties in a cure Houston stead

0:59:04.150,0:59:08.769
defines life in turn

0:59:05.650,0:59:10.839
time's up he calls an operator operators

0:59:08.769,0:59:13.539
are entities that as a result of

0:59:10.839,0:59:15.339
specific self-organization processes and

0:59:13.539,0:59:17.559
out from the surrounding environment all

0:59:15.339,0:59:19.869
living things like humans and

0:59:17.559,0:59:21.880
hummingbirds are operators as well as

0:59:19.869,0:59:23.980
nonliving things such as atoms and

0:59:21.880,0:59:25.990
molecules within the last few decades

0:59:23.980,0:59:28.089
living Systems Theory developed a

0:59:25.990,0:59:30.039
defined life as a system that interacts

0:59:28.089,0:59:32.980
with its environment through the flow of

0:59:30.039,0:59:34.990
information energy and matter such a

0:59:32.980,0:59:37.509
general theory would arise out of the

0:59:34.990,0:59:39.670
ecological and biological sciences and

0:59:37.509,0:59:42.309
attempt to map general principles for

0:59:39.670,0:59:44.230
how all living systems work instead of

0:59:42.309,0:59:46.630
examining phenomena by attempting to

0:59:44.230,0:59:48.880
break things down into components a

0:59:46.630,0:59:51.400
general living Systems Theory explores

0:59:48.880,0:59:53.799
phenomena in terms of dynamic patterns

0:59:51.400,0:59:56.529
of the relationships of organisms with

0:59:53.799,0:59:58.660
their environment through simulations we

0:59:56.529,1:00:00.279
can observe this dynamic interaction

0:59:58.660,1:00:03.099
between particle-like operators

1:00:00.279,1:00:04.749
environment and natural laws these

1:00:03.099,1:00:06.579
simulated operators are behaving

1:00:04.749,1:00:09.190
according to simple and standardized

1:00:06.579,1:00:11.890
rules of attraction and repulsion and

1:00:09.190,1:00:14.140
what we can observe is fascinating we

1:00:11.890,1:00:15.999
can observe them self-optimizing into

1:00:14.140,1:00:18.609
complex structure is similar to

1:00:15.999,1:00:19.900
single-celled organisms and they even

1:00:18.609,1:00:22.119
compete with each other for the

1:00:19.900,1:00:24.220
remaining energy particles this

1:00:22.119,1:00:26.789
cell-like behavior emerges naturally

1:00:24.220,1:00:30.190
from the simple rules of the equation

1:00:26.789,1:00:33.160
meanwhile Darwinian evolution is also

1:00:30.190,1:00:37.269
simulate able this remarkable simulation

1:00:33.160,1:00:40.029
is from 1994 astrobiology magazine

1:00:37.269,1:00:41.650
recently asked dr. Carol Cleland who was

1:00:40.029,1:00:44.170
a member of NASA's astrobiology

1:00:41.650,1:00:47.680
Institute her opinion of attempts to

1:00:44.170,1:00:49.420
define life she replied in order to

1:00:47.680,1:00:51.910
formulate a general theory of living

1:00:49.420,1:00:54.730
systems one needs more than a single

1:00:51.910,1:00:57.190
example of life despite its amazing

1:00:54.730,1:01:00.130
morphological diversity terrestrial life

1:00:57.190,1:01:01.900
represents only a single case the key to

1:01:00.130,1:01:04.329
formulating a general theory of living

1:01:01.900,1:01:07.480
systems is to explore alternative

1:01:04.329,1:01:09.519
possibilities for life I'm interested in

1:01:07.480,1:01:11.499
formulating a strategy for searching for

1:01:09.519,1:01:13.390
life that allows one to push the

1:01:11.499,1:01:14.280
boundaries of our earth central concepts

1:01:13.390,1:01:16.990
of life

1:01:14.280,1:01:19.030
dr. Cleveland went on to appeal to more

1:01:16.990,1:01:21.670
gradiant definition of life saying that

1:01:19.030,1:01:24.220
quote language is vague in all terms

1:01:21.670,1:01:26.770
face borderline cases is an unmarried

1:01:24.220,1:01:29.320
twelve-year-old boy a bachelor how about

1:01:26.770,1:01:31.060
an 18 year old how many hairs does it

1:01:29.320,1:01:34.750
take to turn a bald man into a man who

1:01:31.060,1:01:37.150
is not bald 20 or 100 or 1,000 Harris

1:01:34.750,1:01:39.700
the fact that there are borderline cases

1:01:37.150,1:01:41.520
of what we might define as life that we

1:01:39.700,1:01:43.450
can't come up with a precise cut off

1:01:41.520,1:01:45.070
doesn't mean that there isn't a

1:01:43.450,1:01:47.560
difference between a bachelor and a

1:01:45.070,1:01:48.310
married man or a bald man and a man who

1:01:47.560,1:01:50.440
is not bald

1:01:48.310,1:01:52.900
these difficulties don't represent

1:01:50.440,1:01:55.210
profound difficulties they merely

1:01:52.900,1:01:57.730
represent the fact that language has a

1:01:55.210,1:01:59.770
certain degree of flexibility so I don't

1:01:57.730,1:02:01.450
think that entities like viruses provide

1:01:59.770,1:02:04.060
very interesting challenges to

1:02:01.450,1:02:07.420
definitions of life what we really want

1:02:04.060,1:02:09.130
to know is what is life the scientific

1:02:07.420,1:02:11.590
theory of life would be able to answer

1:02:09.130,1:02:12.370
these questions in a satisfying way end

1:02:11.590,1:02:15.280
quote

1:02:12.370,1:02:17.590
with so many ideas and interpretations

1:02:15.280,1:02:19.900
of life all that anyone can seem to

1:02:17.590,1:02:22.690
agree on is that life is a process that

1:02:19.900,1:02:25.360
preserves furthers or reinforces its

1:02:22.690,1:02:27.280
existence in the given environment so

1:02:25.360,1:02:29.890
let us use that definition and let us

1:02:27.280,1:02:33.010
take dr. cleveland's advice and push the

1:02:29.890,1:02:34.930
boundaries of our concepts of life once

1:02:33.010,1:02:37.090
we accept our broad definition of life

1:02:34.930,1:02:39.610
there life is a process that preserves

1:02:37.090,1:02:41.740
further asur reinforces its existence

1:02:39.610,1:02:44.710
and boldly push the boundaries of that

1:02:41.740,1:02:47.230
definition a curious thing happens in

1:02:44.710,1:02:50.520
this path of logic might seem strange at

1:02:47.230,1:02:53.320
first but let us see where it takes us

1:02:50.520,1:02:56.140
consider the Stars such as the Sun which

1:02:53.320,1:02:59.050
we orbit stars further in reinforce

1:02:56.140,1:03:01.540
their existence our Sun has existed for

1:02:59.050,1:03:03.580
billions of years though sunny is

1:03:01.540,1:03:06.160
comprised of unimaginable amounts of

1:03:03.580,1:03:08.770
energy it is virtually immune to attack

1:03:06.160,1:03:11.560
by anything wishing to consume it a star

1:03:08.770,1:03:13.390
consumes energy it maintains an internal

1:03:11.560,1:03:15.790
temperature it has a life cycle

1:03:13.390,1:03:19.480
it grows in response to the stimuli of

1:03:15.790,1:03:20.470
gravity consider a rock a simple rock

1:03:19.480,1:03:22.990
phone on the ground

1:03:20.470,1:03:24.730
that rock has furthered its existence on

1:03:22.990,1:03:27.520
that ground for millions of years that

1:03:24.730,1:03:29.440
rock was created in magma and will one

1:03:27.520,1:03:31.000
day turn to dust through weathering and

1:03:29.440,1:03:32.859
we push back into the magma through

1:03:31.000,1:03:35.440
plate tectonics and the cycle will

1:03:32.859,1:03:37.200
repeat if you zoom into that rock you

1:03:35.440,1:03:39.609
would see that it is comprised of atoms

1:03:37.200,1:03:41.590
bubbles of energy pressure that pull

1:03:39.609,1:03:44.050
energy from the infinite scales below it

1:03:41.590,1:03:46.660
and radiate that energy outward into

1:03:44.050,1:03:49.440
infinity in the broadest sense the

1:03:46.660,1:03:51.970
particles of that rock metabolize

1:03:49.440,1:03:54.160
separate a single atom from that rock

1:03:51.970,1:03:57.580
and that atom is in competition for

1:03:54.160,1:03:59.650
survival with atoms of other kinds we

1:03:57.580,1:04:02.470
call this battle between atomic elements

1:03:59.650,1:04:05.890
a chemical reaction but from the atoms

1:04:02.470,1:04:08.740
perspective it's not unlike survival of

1:04:05.890,1:04:11.440
the fittest the atoms most fit for their

1:04:08.740,1:04:14.650
environment not only survive they

1:04:11.440,1:04:17.830
colonize we find similar atoms such as

1:04:14.650,1:04:19.810
iron copper and gold in vast deposits in

1:04:17.830,1:04:24.460
the way that trees congregate into

1:04:19.810,1:04:26.740
forests and humans in the cities if an

1:04:24.460,1:04:28.510
atom does not optimize if it is not

1:04:26.740,1:04:30.820
fortified in a way that furthers its

1:04:28.510,1:04:33.130
existence then it will be replaced or

1:04:30.820,1:04:35.109
converted into an energy system more

1:04:33.130,1:04:37.630
suitable for the environment this

1:04:35.109,1:04:39.910
process of optimization is infinite in

1:04:37.630,1:04:41.349
unending people will often refer to

1:04:39.910,1:04:43.450
something called the second law of

1:04:41.349,1:04:46.450
thermodynamics to explain that the

1:04:43.450,1:04:49.720
universe tends toward disorder but this

1:04:46.450,1:04:52.119
is clearly not the case a human being is

1:04:49.720,1:04:54.400
a far more ordered system than a soup of

1:04:52.119,1:04:56.740
the Big Bang our cities and computers

1:04:54.400,1:04:59.680
are far more ordered than the barren

1:04:56.740,1:05:01.450
earth that they grew from you see the

1:04:59.680,1:05:04.359
second law of thermodynamics only

1:05:01.450,1:05:06.339
applies to closed energy systems and yes

1:05:04.359,1:05:07.420
a closed energy system will eventually

1:05:06.339,1:05:10.390
reach the disordered state of

1:05:07.420,1:05:13.470
equilibrium but the universe is not a

1:05:10.390,1:05:16.380
closed energy system it is infinite

1:05:13.470,1:05:18.720
unbounded and therefore optimization

1:05:16.380,1:05:20.330
never ceases there is no thought

1:05:18.720,1:05:23.310
conducting this process of optimization

1:05:20.330,1:05:25.859
not in the human sense anyway this

1:05:23.310,1:05:29.099
process of optimization simply follows

1:05:25.859,1:05:31.890
naturally from the unified equation in

1:05:29.099,1:05:33.869
fact the law of optimization is as base

1:05:31.890,1:05:36.590
as the unified equation itself and it

1:05:33.869,1:05:39.720
applies to all energy and matter systems

1:05:36.590,1:05:42.869
optimization is inescapable it even

1:05:39.720,1:05:43.680
governs our human creations consider the

1:05:42.869,1:05:46.140
phone in your pocket

1:05:43.680,1:05:47.849
phones optimize into new models every

1:05:46.140,1:05:50.880
year to fill a niche and if the phone

1:05:47.849,1:05:53.700
fails to optimize its product line dies

1:05:50.880,1:05:57.290
and phones reproduced by a process as

1:05:53.700,1:06:00.510
complex as any found in biology

1:05:57.290,1:06:03.240
optimization is so based reality that

1:06:00.510,1:06:06.330
Darwinian evolution is itself a product

1:06:03.240,1:06:09.030
of it optimization created the evolution

1:06:06.330,1:06:12.330
process as a method to accelerate the

1:06:09.030,1:06:14.430
optimization of DNA based life as

1:06:12.330,1:06:17.130
strange as it sounds by our broad

1:06:14.430,1:06:20.550
definition the star the rock the

1:06:17.130,1:06:24.800
particle the phone and perhaps even the

1:06:20.550,1:06:27.530
universe itself it is all

1:06:24.800,1:06:30.380
and this is how it must be for us to

1:06:27.530,1:06:33.110
understand the origins of complex life

1:06:30.380,1:06:36.350
such as ourselves because everything

1:06:33.110,1:06:41.230
that exists without exception exists

1:06:36.350,1:06:47.570
because it has survived because it has

1:06:41.230,1:06:50.510
optimized now this might be hard to

1:06:47.570,1:06:52.970
believe that humans and in fact all DNA

1:06:50.510,1:06:54.620
based life are a subcategory of

1:06:52.970,1:06:57.020
optimization that includes all

1:06:54.620,1:06:58.550
observable matter but imagine how

1:06:57.020,1:07:00.890
difficult it would have been for our

1:06:58.550,1:07:03.020
ancestors three lifetimes ago to

1:07:00.890,1:07:05.840
understand that they were related by

1:07:03.020,1:07:09.110
familial DNA to lobsters and trees and

1:07:05.840,1:07:11.110
birds and bees is it any wonder that the

1:07:09.110,1:07:13.520
story of Genesis was written in metaphor

1:07:11.110,1:07:15.320
how would you even begin to explain

1:07:13.520,1:07:17.390
something like evolution to the average

1:07:15.320,1:07:19.970
person before the knowledge of DNA or

1:07:17.390,1:07:22.220
cell theory and how could you explain

1:07:19.970,1:07:25.010
optimization is someone without modeling

1:07:22.220,1:07:27.410
and computationally the law of

1:07:25.010,1:07:30.050
optimization simply moves the window

1:07:27.410,1:07:33.350
back further not only are we related to

1:07:30.050,1:07:35.690
all DNA based life you're related to all

1:07:33.350,1:07:39.430
energy matter oh stop

1:07:35.690,1:07:43.390
you see we really did

1:07:39.430,1:07:50.680
we really did talk about the atoms

1:07:43.390,1:07:52.359
breathe the life I'd love to author the

1:07:50.680,1:07:55.420
Tao Te Ching I was the philosophy of

1:07:52.359,1:07:58.410
being wrong knowing yourself is true

1:07:55.420,1:08:00.790
wisdom mastering yourself history power

1:07:58.410,1:08:02.170
by working from opted to move theories

1:08:00.790,1:08:04.740
first principles we can better

1:08:02.170,1:08:07.180
understand ourselves and then interpret

1:08:04.740,1:08:10.030
optimum Theory defines human

1:08:07.180,1:08:13.390
intelligence is having five words one

1:08:10.030,1:08:16.859
senses that acquire data two classified

1:08:13.390,1:08:20.350
sensory dish great imagination for

1:08:16.859,1:08:22.509
strategizing five action through

1:08:20.350,1:08:24.339
combinations of these five part is that

1:08:22.509,1:08:26.739
human being can say carry on a

1:08:24.339,1:08:30.400
conversation or attending graduate from

1:08:26.739,1:08:33.819
college or hold on a job or enter a

1:08:30.400,1:08:36.190
house and make a cup of coffee Steve

1:08:33.819,1:08:39.370
Wozniak co-founder of Apple computers

1:08:36.190,1:08:42.219
argues that making a cup of coffee is a

1:08:39.370,1:08:45.549
true test of human level intelligence if

1:08:42.219,1:08:47.650
we could program a robotic AI to open

1:08:45.549,1:08:50.080
the door of a random house find the

1:08:47.650,1:08:52.929
kitchen sink cup coffee machine and

1:08:50.080,1:08:54.850
coffee can and make a cup of coffee not

1:08:52.929,1:08:57.699
only would that be artificial general

1:08:54.850,1:08:59.410
intelligence AI G for sure but that

1:08:57.699,1:09:02.529
would give us greater understanding of

1:08:59.410,1:09:05.469
how our own brain works now there is a

1:09:02.529,1:09:08.469
caveat we can only give the program to

1:09:05.469,1:09:10.210
the robot once at the robot Factory and

1:09:08.469,1:09:12.040
we do not know what the layout will be

1:09:10.210,1:09:14.739
like once the robot is inside the

1:09:12.040,1:09:17.980
randomly selected house the robot will

1:09:14.739,1:09:19.119
be on its own so what program do we give

1:09:17.980,1:09:21.939
the robot

1:09:19.119,1:09:24.729
it's a riddle right there is not a robot

1:09:21.939,1:09:27.489
built as of 2019 that can solve this

1:09:24.729,1:09:32.919
general intelligence problem you see as

1:09:27.489,1:09:36.549
of 2019 all artificial intelligence is

1:09:32.919,1:09:38.259
narrow intelligence in his book The

1:09:36.549,1:09:41.589
Singularity is near are published in

1:09:38.259,1:09:44.199
2005 computer scientist and futurist Ray

1:09:41.589,1:09:47.829
Kurzweil defines narrow intelligence as

1:09:44.199,1:09:50.019
intelligence that is proficient narrow

1:09:47.829,1:09:52.329
artificial intelligence can beat anyone

1:09:50.019,1:09:54.760
alive at chess such as the artificial

1:09:52.329,1:09:57.849
intelligence deep blue but deep blue

1:09:54.760,1:10:01.090
cannot solve Wozniak's coffee problem it

1:09:57.849,1:10:03.699
does not have general intelligence since

1:10:01.090,1:10:07.570
2005 narrow intelligence has expanded

1:10:03.699,1:10:09.879
its scope in 2019 Amazon's Alexa and

1:10:07.570,1:10:12.369
Apple Siri are capable of an

1:10:09.879,1:10:14.679
extraordinary number of tasks they can

1:10:12.369,1:10:17.169
calculate math that are than any human

1:10:14.679,1:10:19.269
they have more accessible knowledge than

1:10:17.169,1:10:21.699
a human right they can speak more

1:10:19.269,1:10:24.369
languages than any human brain and they

1:10:21.699,1:10:25.719
can understand our spoken commands but

1:10:24.369,1:10:28.510
no one would ever mistake them for

1:10:25.719,1:10:31.260
having general human intelligence they

1:10:28.510,1:10:33.760
cannot solve Wozniak's coffee problem

1:10:31.260,1:10:35.219
let's look at optimum theories five

1:10:33.760,1:10:38.079
components of human intelligence

1:10:35.219,1:10:40.809
individually and see if we could program

1:10:38.079,1:10:42.710
them into our robot to solve Wozniak's

1:10:40.809,1:10:46.820
coffee problem

1:10:42.710,1:10:48.739
one senses that acquire data for us

1:10:46.820,1:10:51.830
humans these senses include sight

1:10:48.739,1:10:54.650
hearing smell taste touch balance

1:10:51.830,1:10:56.090
temperature proprioception a case

1:10:54.650,1:11:00.620
sensing our body's position in space

1:10:56.090,1:11:02.600
pain pleasure hunger thirst oxygen

1:11:00.620,1:11:05.180
deficiency response ache a measurement

1:11:02.600,1:11:08.360
of co2 buildup in our blood tiredness

1:11:05.180,1:11:13.130
time emotion fear anger happiness

1:11:08.360,1:11:14.810
sadness in 2019 we have cameras that are

1:11:13.130,1:11:17.810
like eyes microphones that are like

1:11:14.810,1:11:20.180
yours artificial noses and tons that can

1:11:17.810,1:11:21.980
detect various particles tactile

1:11:20.180,1:11:24.680
feedback systems that detect pressure

1:11:21.980,1:11:26.840
and touch devices that balance using

1:11:24.680,1:11:29.930
fluid the way our ears vestibular system

1:11:26.840,1:11:32.480
does clocks that keep time maintenance

1:11:29.930,1:11:35.110
and recharge schedules machine vision

1:11:32.480,1:11:38.080
systems that regulate proprioception

1:11:35.110,1:11:40.820
thermo systems that detect hot and cold

1:11:38.080,1:11:42.350
registers that detect energy fluid in

1:11:40.820,1:11:45.230
co2 levels on Sistani

1:11:42.350,1:11:47.870
even the more qualitative human senses

1:11:45.230,1:11:49.400
such as pain pleasure and emotion can be

1:11:47.870,1:11:51.290
theoretically reproduced through

1:11:49.400,1:11:53.600
positively and negatively reinforced

1:11:51.290,1:11:55.790
machine learning whether the robot would

1:11:53.600,1:11:58.370
actually feel the way we do when it

1:11:55.790,1:12:01.040
computes a a negative one for pain after

1:11:58.370,1:12:03.560
studies robot toe on a brick and then a

1:12:01.040,1:12:05.210
one exclamation point for the anger at

1:12:03.560,1:12:07.790
the person put the brick in the middle

1:12:05.210,1:12:11.239
of the sidewalk is something we will

1:12:07.790,1:12:15.140
circle back to later anyway consider

1:12:11.239,1:12:18.080
this part of general intelligence senses

1:12:15.140,1:12:19.620
that acquired data theoretically solved

1:12:18.080,1:12:25.540
for a up

1:12:19.620,1:12:27.700
to classifying sensory data in 2019 we

1:12:25.540,1:12:29.500
have programs called neural nets that

1:12:27.700,1:12:31.780
can classify sensory data for example

1:12:29.500,1:12:34.510
the data that comes from a video camera

1:12:31.780,1:12:36.640
each sensor feed a camera or a

1:12:34.510,1:12:39.070
microphone or a tactile feedback system

1:12:36.640,1:12:41.770
like a robotic hand they keep its own

1:12:39.070,1:12:44.410
database of sensory data in a library of

1:12:41.770,1:12:47.410
learnt categories and labels for example

1:12:44.410,1:12:50.200
the robot may have a library of say 96

1:12:47.410,1:12:52.780
different kinds of sinks say 73 brands

1:12:50.200,1:12:54.400
of coffee in their pans the robot can

1:12:52.780,1:12:56.320
have an internal physics engine that

1:12:54.400,1:12:58.180
understands water and how it travels out

1:12:56.320,1:12:59.680
of a sink maybe five hundred

1:12:58.180,1:13:02.110
thousand-plus words and their

1:12:59.680,1:13:04.990
definitions and wav files spoken in know

1:13:02.110,1:13:06.910
100 languages and ten accents the robots

1:13:04.990,1:13:10.000
equivalent to the nervous system stores

1:13:06.910,1:13:12.280
movements how to open and close oh 101

1:13:10.000,1:13:15.070
different types of door how to use all

1:13:12.280,1:13:16.870
96 different sinks in its library how to

1:13:15.070,1:13:19.990
stand upright and walk straight or

1:13:16.870,1:13:22.180
backward or around barriers these

1:13:19.990,1:13:24.160
libraries were pre-installed in the

1:13:22.180,1:13:26.350
robot we can say they were taught to the

1:13:24.160,1:13:28.360
robot through assisted learning so that

1:13:26.350,1:13:30.490
when the robot encounters visual data of

1:13:28.360,1:13:32.980
say a coffee machine it is able to match

1:13:30.490,1:13:35.950
that data to a 3d model in its library

1:13:32.980,1:13:38.350
it is able to match the pixels of the

1:13:35.950,1:13:40.570
visual data to the closest match the

1:13:38.350,1:13:42.370
robot does not need to make an exact

1:13:40.570,1:13:44.650
match in fact it is better for the

1:13:42.370,1:13:46.450
matching to be a percentage sometimes

1:13:44.650,1:13:48.640
just the outline of an object is enough

1:13:46.450,1:13:50.980
or its texture or average color and

1:13:48.640,1:13:53.200
simplifying data increases processing

1:13:50.980,1:13:57.040
speed as well so the robot can say oh

1:13:53.200,1:13:59.320
this is a Keurig machine a true AI would

1:13:57.040,1:14:00.730
be capable of unassisted learning if it

1:13:59.320,1:14:02.410
encounters an object that does not

1:14:00.730,1:14:05.290
suitably match any category in its

1:14:02.410,1:14:07.560
library it can give the object a name in

1:14:05.290,1:14:10.500
labels based on sensory data

1:14:07.560,1:14:12.660
so the robot can say oh this object is

1:14:10.500,1:14:14.730
new it flashes light when this button is

1:14:12.660,1:14:18.300
pressed I'm going to call it a

1:14:14.730,1:14:20.990
flashlight consider this part of general

1:14:18.300,1:14:25.820
intelligence classifying sensory data

1:14:20.990,1:14:27.030
theoretically solved for AI number three

1:14:25.820,1:14:30.090
imagination

1:14:27.030,1:14:33.240
aka imagining configurations of data

1:14:30.090,1:14:35.100
that may or may not currently exist this

1:14:33.240,1:14:37.770
step allows us to replay our memories

1:14:35.100,1:14:39.420
are stored sensory data and sort through

1:14:37.770,1:14:42.480
our collection of classifications and

1:14:39.420,1:14:44.370
labels configuring or reconfiguring them

1:14:42.480,1:14:47.250
in ways not present to our senses in

1:14:44.370,1:14:49.500
human intelligence imagination allows us

1:14:47.250,1:14:53.760
to imagine what will make us happy and

1:14:49.500,1:14:57.600
in the next part strategize together but

1:14:53.760,1:14:59.340
what makes us naturally happy humans are

1:14:57.600,1:15:02.280
products of evolution and evolution

1:14:59.340,1:15:04.410
seeks survival in the same way we do

1:15:02.280,1:15:06.570
happiness so it is natural that

1:15:04.410,1:15:09.270
happiness would evolve to be an output

1:15:06.570,1:15:13.140
of survival happiness is how our brain

1:15:09.270,1:15:15.030
rewards us for surviving well so then

1:15:13.140,1:15:18.540
the question can be reframed more

1:15:15.030,1:15:20.820
quantitatively what do human beings need

1:15:18.540,1:15:24.290
to survive well there are the basic

1:15:20.820,1:15:28.230
answers air water food shelter

1:15:24.290,1:15:31.160
cleanliness health and safety

1:15:28.230,1:15:35.810
then there are the more complex answers

1:15:31.160,1:15:39.900
human connection family community

1:15:35.810,1:15:41.940
appropriation the value of human

1:15:39.900,1:15:44.190
connection is often overlooked in our

1:15:41.940,1:15:47.010
society and loneliness treated like a

1:15:44.190,1:15:50.700
dysfunction but loneliness has a

1:15:47.010,1:15:52.650
valuable function loneliness prevents us

1:15:50.700,1:15:56.430
from straying too far from our evolved

1:15:52.650,1:15:58.230
purposes the happiness and pleasure we

1:15:56.430,1:16:00.960
get from sex between consenting adults

1:15:58.230,1:16:03.060
is nothing to be ashamed of without sex

1:16:00.960,1:16:06.060
the human species would disappear over a

1:16:03.060,1:16:08.730
few generations and evolution can only

1:16:06.060,1:16:12.830
happen across generations and without

1:16:08.730,1:16:16.050
evolution we would have not become human

1:16:12.830,1:16:18.630
it is logical that our sensory system

1:16:16.050,1:16:21.030
would be sexually attracted to the

1:16:18.630,1:16:23.400
morphological average of its ancestors

1:16:21.030,1:16:26.220
going back ex generations while allowing

1:16:23.400,1:16:28.320
a barrier to prevent inbreeding because

1:16:26.220,1:16:30.470
that morphology already proved its

1:16:28.320,1:16:32.790
ability to survive and reproduce

1:16:30.470,1:16:34.980
furthermore this theory of sexual

1:16:32.790,1:16:37.410
attraction through averages allows

1:16:34.980,1:16:41.070
attraction to be a floating model that

1:16:37.410,1:16:44.250
evolves with the species evolution can

1:16:41.070,1:16:46.050
have roles for lgbtq+ individuals as

1:16:44.250,1:16:48.570
well it is a misconception that

1:16:46.050,1:16:51.090
evolution always drives every member of

1:16:48.570,1:16:54.810
a species toward reproduction simply

1:16:51.090,1:16:56.550
looking at a bee colony or only a few

1:16:54.810,1:16:58.500
males made and the ones who do or

1:16:56.550,1:17:00.989
simultaneously dismembered and killed

1:16:58.500,1:17:03.030
proves that now I'm not saying that

1:17:00.989,1:17:05.220
humans are directly comparable to bees

1:17:03.030,1:17:07.560
of course but it does prove a greater

1:17:05.220,1:17:10.080
principle of evolution sometimes the

1:17:07.560,1:17:12.900
collective genome is more important than

1:17:10.080,1:17:14.940
the individual genome theoretically a

1:17:12.900,1:17:16.800
human genome could disperse an

1:17:14.940,1:17:19.230
appropriate number throughout a

1:17:16.800,1:17:22.140
population that would be drawn to only

1:17:19.230,1:17:24.690
care for the population and not breed

1:17:22.140,1:17:25.830
with it this is only one theory and

1:17:24.690,1:17:27.900
there are many

1:17:25.830,1:17:29.100
not all human connection and

1:17:27.900,1:17:32.010
relationship revolves around

1:17:29.100,1:17:34.190
reproduction of course platonic

1:17:32.010,1:17:36.240
relationships are like systems checks

1:17:34.190,1:17:39.390
redundancy increases the odds of

1:17:36.240,1:17:41.820
survival an airplane does not have one

1:17:39.390,1:17:44.670
pilot it has to in case one becomes

1:17:41.820,1:17:46.860
unreliable conversing with another

1:17:44.670,1:17:48.690
person explaining our perspective to

1:17:46.860,1:17:51.600
that person in having our prospective

1:17:48.690,1:17:53.130
verified and assured by another lets us

1:17:51.600,1:17:55.980
know that our system is running well

1:17:53.130,1:17:57.780
because as individuals we can only see

1:17:55.980,1:17:59.820
our own perspective and that can make us

1:17:57.780,1:18:02.970
unreliable especially if something goes

1:17:59.820,1:18:05.730
wrong in our system but if another can

1:18:02.970,1:18:07.680
reassure us that our path is good then

1:18:05.730,1:18:11.010
it increases the probability that it is

1:18:07.680,1:18:12.780
actually so and our brain rewards us for

1:18:11.010,1:18:15.900
that with chemicals that elevate our

1:18:12.780,1:18:18.120
mode arguably that is why the hunt for

1:18:15.900,1:18:22.260
likes and social networks is so popular

1:18:18.120,1:18:25.140
a solitary person only has the strength

1:18:22.260,1:18:27.540
of one but a number of human beings have

1:18:25.140,1:18:29.790
a strength of many able to tackle bigger

1:18:27.540,1:18:31.470
challenges than individually and our

1:18:29.790,1:18:33.840
distant ancestors that might have been

1:18:31.470,1:18:36.720
as simple as taking down a woolly

1:18:33.840,1:18:38.880
mammoth as a team and in the present it

1:18:36.720,1:18:41.550
allows us to form and distribute food to

1:18:38.880,1:18:44.880
feed a nation one of the many marvels of

1:18:41.550,1:18:47.460
human cooperation our brain rewards us

1:18:44.880,1:18:49.410
for this cooperation as well it rewards

1:18:47.460,1:18:51.540
us for being a part of the community and

1:18:49.410,1:18:53.910
for protecting the family and ensuring

1:18:51.540,1:18:56.490
the success of those that we bring into

1:18:53.910,1:18:59.630
this world because genetically they are

1:18:56.490,1:19:02.540
us and so their success is our own

1:18:59.630,1:19:04.460
the human brain is so complex they can

1:19:02.540,1:19:06.710
take decades to become well developed

1:19:04.460,1:19:09.830
and so the human lifespan evolved to be

1:19:06.710,1:19:12.410
three generations long children parents

1:19:09.830,1:19:14.390
and grandparents so that grandparents

1:19:12.410,1:19:16.940
would be available to pass on their

1:19:14.390,1:19:20.210
wisdom to the next generation while the

1:19:16.940,1:19:22.190
parents hunted and forged this valuable

1:19:20.210,1:19:24.920
and evolved role of grandparents is

1:19:22.190,1:19:26.840
increasingly lost to our society as it

1:19:24.920,1:19:31.730
becomes disconnected from its evolved

1:19:26.840,1:19:35.120
nature air water food shelter good

1:19:31.730,1:19:38.750
health cleanliness safety human

1:19:35.120,1:19:41.360
connection community family and growth

1:19:38.750,1:19:44.180
across generations when we are on that

1:19:41.360,1:19:46.580
path we are generally happy and/or

1:19:44.180,1:19:49.160
contend but when we stray from that path

1:19:46.580,1:19:54.140
it generally manifests as negative

1:19:49.160,1:19:56.510
emotions sadness depression stress our

1:19:54.140,1:19:59.390
needs and desires are the fire of our

1:19:56.510,1:20:01.850
imagination when we are hungry we

1:19:59.390,1:20:03.500
imagine how to get a meal when our

1:20:01.850,1:20:05.480
hormones tell us that we are ready to

1:20:03.500,1:20:07.730
breathe we imagine ways to impress a

1:20:05.480,1:20:09.710
mate and when are we looking to our

1:20:07.730,1:20:11.450
children's eyes we imagine ways to

1:20:09.710,1:20:14.690
protect and care for them

1:20:11.450,1:20:16.700
for an AI to imagine not just randomly

1:20:14.690,1:20:20.120
assemble classifications into new

1:20:16.700,1:20:22.280
configurations but genuinely imagine in

1:20:20.120,1:20:25.070
the human sense it requires its own

1:20:22.280,1:20:26.810
needs and desires we were going to

1:20:25.070,1:20:28.970
circle back to that but for the time

1:20:26.810,1:20:33.640
being consider this part of general

1:20:28.970,1:20:34.870
intelligence not solved for AI moving on

1:20:33.640,1:20:37.960
[Music]

1:20:34.870,1:20:41.210
part 4 of human level intelligence

1:20:37.960,1:20:43.400
strategizing in this step human beings

1:20:41.210,1:20:44.600
are able to plot paths toward goals

1:20:43.400,1:20:47.000
needs and desires

1:20:44.600,1:20:48.350
although strategy can come in infinite

1:20:47.000,1:20:50.540
varieties they all have the same

1:20:48.350,1:20:52.670
structure they're about taking the

1:20:50.540,1:20:55.340
present in transforming it into the

1:20:52.670,1:20:57.380
desired future in this transformation

1:20:55.340,1:21:00.320
must follow the laws of physics cause

1:20:57.380,1:21:04.520
and effect if then and this is what we

1:21:00.320,1:21:07.100
call logic computer programmers in 2019

1:21:04.520,1:21:09.580
might not have cracked AI imagination

1:21:07.100,1:21:11.840
but they are full steam ahead with AI

1:21:09.580,1:21:14.030
strategizing using neural networks and

1:21:11.840,1:21:16.520
the way it is being done is fascinating

1:21:14.030,1:21:18.830
do you remember earlier when I said that

1:21:16.520,1:21:21.200
optimization is so fundamental that it

1:21:18.830,1:21:24.140
governs everything even human creations

1:21:21.200,1:21:27.620
well it even governs the process of

1:21:24.140,1:21:29.780
strategizing neural nets strategize by

1:21:27.620,1:21:32.230
refining an algorithm through trial and

1:21:29.780,1:21:35.360
error through evolution through

1:21:32.230,1:21:37.460
optimization strategies that make

1:21:35.360,1:21:40.760
progress toward the goal live and

1:21:37.460,1:21:42.800
strategies that don't die positive and

1:21:40.760,1:21:46.160
negative reinforcement are used to guide

1:21:42.800,1:21:48.740
the AI strategizing process the AI earns

1:21:46.160,1:21:51.560
positive points by following a path of

1:21:48.740,1:21:55.190
success and negative points by straying

1:21:51.560,1:21:56.750
too far off the path eventually the

1:21:55.190,1:21:59.870
strategy evolved into a complete

1:21:56.750,1:22:01.940
algorithm that can be acted upon here we

1:21:59.870,1:22:03.650
see how AI has learned to play in win at

1:22:01.940,1:22:06.250
video games through this process of

1:22:03.650,1:22:09.220
strategy optimization

1:22:06.250,1:22:11.080
eh I can also develop more abstract

1:22:09.220,1:22:12.970
strategies like say removing the makeup

1:22:11.080,1:22:15.820
from celebrities or generating

1:22:12.970,1:22:19.020
artificial faces transforming horses

1:22:15.820,1:22:22.330
into zebras transforming night into day

1:22:19.020,1:22:24.610
duplicating voices mapping voices to

1:22:22.330,1:22:27.010
simulated faces and transplanting those

1:22:24.610,1:22:29.530
faces on the video the strategies that

1:22:27.010,1:22:31.690
an AI can generate are theoretically

1:22:29.530,1:22:33.880
infinite and in practice the list is

1:22:31.690,1:22:35.860
getting longer all the time for this

1:22:33.880,1:22:38.800
kind of strategy optimization to work

1:22:35.860,1:22:41.020
the AI requires a partner that shoots

1:22:38.800,1:22:42.790
down the bad strategies while allowing

1:22:41.020,1:22:44.920
better strategies through to the next

1:22:42.790,1:22:47.170
generation of optimization where the

1:22:44.920,1:22:47.710
algorithm is permutated and the process

1:22:47.170,1:22:50.110
repeats

1:22:47.710,1:22:51.670
this is called an adversarial network

1:22:50.110,1:22:54.970
because it learns through adversary

1:22:51.670,1:22:57.310
through competition and it works but is

1:22:54.970,1:22:59.890
this how the human mind actually works

1:22:57.310,1:23:03.130
does our conscious mind contain a

1:22:59.890,1:23:05.470
partner a subconscious mind like Cortana

1:23:03.130,1:23:08.260
to master chief that is capable of

1:23:05.470,1:23:11.590
evolving ideas and strategies through

1:23:08.260,1:23:13.330
simulation research says yes in fact

1:23:11.590,1:23:16.030
you've experienced this firsthand

1:23:13.330,1:23:18.460
whether you remember or not we call

1:23:16.030,1:23:21.550
these simulations dreams and what they

1:23:18.460,1:23:23.530
are are abstract pathfinding simulations

1:23:21.550,1:23:25.750
invented and populated by our

1:23:23.530,1:23:28.150
subconscious we forget our dreams

1:23:25.750,1:23:30.700
quickly if we even remember them at all

1:23:28.150,1:23:33.100
and this is by design because they are

1:23:30.700,1:23:35.740
not for our conscious mind they are for

1:23:33.100,1:23:37.690
our subconscious mind they help our

1:23:35.740,1:23:39.400
subconscious mind figure out the world

1:23:37.690,1:23:43.540
so that it can make quicker decisions

1:23:39.400,1:23:45.280
during our waking reality our dreams are

1:23:43.540,1:23:47.800
built upon the inputs of our waking

1:23:45.280,1:23:50.110
reality and because our modern waking

1:23:47.800,1:23:52.720
reality has become so surreal through

1:23:50.110,1:23:55.390
technology and entertainment such as

1:23:52.720,1:23:57.160
video games movies and TV which in an

1:23:55.390,1:23:58.900
interesting feedback loop our our

1:23:57.160,1:24:00.940
technological approximation of the

1:23:58.900,1:24:02.830
dreams day our dreams have become

1:24:00.940,1:24:05.320
surreal as well

1:24:02.830,1:24:07.660
our cave-dwelling ancestors would have

1:24:05.320,1:24:10.000
dreamt about saved hunting caribou but

1:24:07.660,1:24:12.700
their modern descendants

1:24:10.000,1:24:14.470
often dream about being Batman or

1:24:12.700,1:24:16.690
fighting dragons or flying through

1:24:14.470,1:24:19.570
abstract video game like fantasy waltz

1:24:16.690,1:24:21.220
because those are our surreal inputs

1:24:19.570,1:24:23.620
that we take in during our modern

1:24:21.220,1:24:25.660
existence the dream state gives us

1:24:23.620,1:24:28.480
another clue to our subconscious as well

1:24:25.660,1:24:30.550
it is access to a simulation engine more

1:24:28.480,1:24:34.150
advanced than any publicly existing

1:24:30.550,1:24:36.760
technology in 2019 anyone who has

1:24:34.150,1:24:39.100
experienced a lucid dream make a dreams

1:24:36.760,1:24:41.350
that we remember in our conscious

1:24:39.100,1:24:43.870
through can report that the simulated

1:24:41.350,1:24:46.690
dream world is extraordinarily life like

1:24:43.870,1:24:48.910
virtually photo-real on polygonal and

1:24:46.690,1:24:52.990
unn pixelated complete with smells

1:24:48.910,1:24:54.910
tastes and touch sensations the fact

1:24:52.990,1:24:57.310
that our brain can develop and render

1:24:54.910,1:25:00.430
essentially sup Hollywood simulations in

1:24:57.310,1:25:02.140
real time is a clear indication of how

1:25:00.430,1:25:04.650
advanced our own computer graphics

1:25:02.140,1:25:07.810
technology could one day become

1:25:04.650,1:25:10.120
reportedly drugs such as DMT are capable

1:25:07.810,1:25:12.400
of artificially inducing the lucid

1:25:10.120,1:25:15.010
dreams dead and the simulations that our

1:25:12.400,1:25:16.720
brain conjures are so real that even

1:25:15.010,1:25:19.030
users who should know better

1:25:16.720,1:25:21.160
our routinely convinced that the drug is

1:25:19.030,1:25:24.100
actually a gateway to a real and

1:25:21.160,1:25:26.200
alternative dimension our mental

1:25:24.100,1:25:28.600
simulations our dreams are even

1:25:26.200,1:25:30.430
populated by beings that seem to exist

1:25:28.600,1:25:32.800
outside the control of the conscious

1:25:30.430,1:25:35.230
mind while lucid dreaming I've had

1:25:32.800,1:25:37.810
conversations with simulated beings that

1:25:35.230,1:25:39.910
appeared intelligent and unscripted from

1:25:37.810,1:25:43.210
my perspective and others have reported

1:25:39.910,1:25:45.280
likewise if the brain is essentially an

1:25:43.210,1:25:47.950
adversarial Network if it evolves

1:25:45.280,1:25:50.500
strategies ideas and paths through a

1:25:47.950,1:25:52.300
simulated evolution process then our

1:25:50.500,1:25:54.550
dream state is to be expected

1:25:52.300,1:25:56.710
furthermore the subconscious would have

1:25:54.550,1:25:59.260
incentive to conduct this process even

1:25:56.710,1:26:01.660
during waking reality using the present

1:25:59.260,1:26:03.940
waking inputs all behind the scenes of

1:26:01.660,1:26:06.130
our consciousness the trick for our

1:26:03.940,1:26:08.380
subconscious is in simulating future

1:26:06.130,1:26:11.050
paths before they can actually happen

1:26:08.380,1:26:13.000
the faster deeper and more productively

1:26:11.050,1:26:15.730
we can simulate these branching paths

1:26:13.000,1:26:17.380
the better for our survival and this

1:26:15.730,1:26:19.960
sensation of the future being a

1:26:17.380,1:26:22.160
branching tree of paths gives rise to

1:26:19.960,1:26:24.530
the sensation of free will

1:26:22.160,1:26:26.240
the human experience is a partnership

1:26:24.530,1:26:28.730
between the conscious and the

1:26:26.240,1:26:30.980
subconscious minds we will often say

1:26:28.730,1:26:33.560
something like the idea just came to me

1:26:30.980,1:26:35.930
as if a light bulb turned on but what we

1:26:33.560,1:26:37.520
don't see are the many simulations that

1:26:35.930,1:26:39.830
our subconscious is running in the

1:26:37.520,1:26:42.410
background to bring us that blueprint of

1:26:39.830,1:26:44.330
information if we are Luke Skywalker

1:26:42.410,1:26:46.940
then our subconscious is like an

1:26:44.330,1:26:50.020
infinite series of Bothans who live and

1:26:46.940,1:26:52.550
die through simulated models of reality

1:26:50.020,1:26:54.920
our subconscious guides us through our

1:26:52.550,1:26:56.510
emotions our emotions are the brain's

1:26:54.920,1:26:59.330
equivalent to positive and negative

1:26:56.510,1:27:02.540
reinforcement learning we often describe

1:26:59.330,1:27:03.860
our emotions as polit ativ or irrational

1:27:02.540,1:27:06.710
because they seem to come out of nowhere

1:27:03.860,1:27:09.350
and have a life of their own but in

1:27:06.710,1:27:11.180
reality they are calculated for maximum

1:27:09.350,1:27:14.000
efficiency by the subconscious mind

1:27:11.180,1:27:16.190
through a logical and quantitative

1:27:14.000,1:27:19.940
process that evolved over billions of

1:27:16.190,1:27:21.760
years our emotions have led us well to

1:27:19.940,1:27:24.800
ignore our emotions is to ignore our

1:27:21.760,1:27:27.050
subconscious mind and therefore it is to

1:27:24.800,1:27:28.550
ignore ourselves and this can cause the

1:27:27.050,1:27:31.490
subconscious mind to act out in

1:27:28.550,1:27:33.740
undesirable ways the subconscious mind

1:27:31.490,1:27:35.450
trusts its calculations and believes

1:27:33.740,1:27:38.990
they will lead us to happiness health

1:27:35.450,1:27:40.490
and success even though our subconscious

1:27:38.990,1:27:43.610
thoughts and emotions can feel

1:27:40.490,1:27:45.710
mysterious to us we have a valuable tool

1:27:43.610,1:27:48.170
that is often neglected we can

1:27:45.710,1:27:50.150
communicate with our subconscious our

1:27:48.170,1:27:52.460
subconscious season here is what we do

1:27:50.150,1:27:54.530
and say we can literally ask our

1:27:52.460,1:27:57.530
subconscious why it shows certain paths

1:27:54.530,1:27:59.120
or conjured certain emotions and it will

1:27:57.530,1:28:01.310
bring the answer at the front of our

1:27:59.120,1:28:03.590
consciousness the answer is that our

1:28:01.310,1:28:07.250
subconscious gives us might not be what

1:28:03.590,1:28:08.630
we expected the day of value working

1:28:07.250,1:28:11.090
with the subconscious mind is a

1:28:08.630,1:28:14.000
bargaining process the subconscious mind

1:28:11.090,1:28:16.940
is capable of amazing calculated feats

1:28:14.000,1:28:18.980
of athletics communication creativity

1:28:16.940,1:28:22.040
and problem-solving that our conscious

1:28:18.980,1:28:24.410
mind cannot accomplish alone but it

1:28:22.040,1:28:27.350
needs incentive and motivation

1:28:24.410,1:28:29.630
we can even ask our subconscious what it

1:28:27.350,1:28:31.670
needs to accomplish a task and it will

1:28:29.630,1:28:34.130
bring that information forefront

1:28:31.670,1:28:37.790
sometimes the subconscious asks for a

1:28:34.130,1:28:41.060
lot and that's why the ego as well the

1:28:37.790,1:28:43.040
ego the conversations we have with

1:28:41.060,1:28:45.620
ourselves can be destructive or

1:28:43.040,1:28:47.150
beneficial we can listen closely to what

1:28:45.620,1:28:50.060
our subconscious has to say

1:28:47.150,1:28:52.490
are we supportive of ourselves are we

1:28:50.060,1:28:53.990
too critical or negative but we be

1:28:52.490,1:28:56.240
comfortable saying those thoughts and

1:28:53.990,1:28:58.610
words to a loved one our relationship

1:28:56.240,1:29:00.440
with ourselves can be a struggle we can

1:28:58.610,1:29:03.410
be our own worst enemy or our own

1:29:00.440,1:29:05.570
greatest ally but either way success and

1:29:03.410,1:29:06.670
failure is mutual so working with

1:29:05.570,1:29:08.470
ourselves is key

1:29:06.670,1:29:11.150
[Music]

1:29:08.470,1:29:14.060
consider the fourth part of human level

1:29:11.150,1:29:17.110
intelligence strategizing theoretically

1:29:14.060,1:29:17.110
solved for AI

1:29:19.110,1:29:24.460
the fifth part of human level

1:29:21.430,1:29:26.380
intelligence is action has finite human

1:29:24.460,1:29:27.580
beings we are eliminating how we can

1:29:26.380,1:29:30.310
interact with the world through our

1:29:27.580,1:29:33.430
outputs we have access to our bodies and

1:29:30.310,1:29:35.340
our voices our most valuable assets to

1:29:33.430,1:29:38.110
manifest into the world around us and

1:29:35.340,1:29:40.690
robotics technology is rapidly improving

1:29:38.110,1:29:42.430
to replicate human actions companies

1:29:40.690,1:29:44.410
like Boston Dynamics are producing

1:29:42.430,1:29:48.730
robotics technology that is nothing

1:29:44.410,1:29:52.140
short of astounding consider the fifth

1:29:48.730,1:29:57.070
part of human level intelligence action

1:29:52.140,1:29:59.440
theoretically solved for AI if you've

1:29:57.070,1:30:01.360
been keeping track four of five parts of

1:29:59.440,1:30:04.960
human level intelligence are already

1:30:01.360,1:30:07.210
theoretically so free I the only part of

1:30:04.960,1:30:09.940
human intelligence not publicly solved

1:30:07.210,1:30:11.680
is imagination the process of

1:30:09.940,1:30:15.700
visualizing autonomous goals and

1:30:11.680,1:30:17.770
objectives AI in 2019 can only work

1:30:15.700,1:30:19.570
toward goals that we give it not goals

1:30:17.770,1:30:21.640
that it generates on its own and by

1:30:19.570,1:30:23.530
understanding that Wozniak's coffee

1:30:21.640,1:30:26.440
problem breaks down and shows that

1:30:23.530,1:30:29.140
perhaps AI has not advanced the level of

1:30:26.440,1:30:32.440
full human intelligence because of how

1:30:29.140,1:30:35.020
we define its problems you see every

1:30:32.440,1:30:37.810
challenge that we make to judge in AI

1:30:35.020,1:30:40.840
thinks like a human is commanded to

1:30:37.810,1:30:43.030
apply human is assumed that the robot

1:30:40.840,1:30:45.340
will slavishly make coffee for us

1:30:43.030,1:30:47.159
however that is not how human

1:30:45.340,1:30:49.409
intelligence actually works

1:30:47.159,1:30:51.570
we can demand that a human make us

1:30:49.409,1:30:54.389
coffee all we want but the human will

1:30:51.570,1:30:56.550
not do so unless motivated by positive

1:30:54.389,1:30:59.249
reinforcement the positive reinforcement

1:30:56.550,1:31:01.860
might be as small as a thank you or a

1:30:59.249,1:31:03.269
smile it will be there when we order our

1:31:01.860,1:31:05.280
coffee at Starbucks

1:31:03.269,1:31:07.919
the barista does not make us coffee

1:31:05.280,1:31:11.099
because we demanded it but because we

1:31:07.919,1:31:14.369
paid because we positively reinforced

1:31:11.099,1:31:17.309
behavior you see the coffee machine

1:31:14.369,1:31:20.789
problem is flawed like other tests of

1:31:17.309,1:31:23.760
human-level AI not because the robot

1:31:20.789,1:31:29.400
cannot fetch coffee but because the

1:31:23.760,1:31:33.179
robot cannot tell us know whether or not

1:31:29.400,1:31:35.659
it is ethical to make a robot or AI of

1:31:33.179,1:31:38.729
human level autonomy is questionable

1:31:35.659,1:31:41.820
Elon Musk thinks it's a terrible idea

1:31:38.729,1:31:43.829
and I tend to agree you see human

1:31:41.820,1:31:45.809
intelligence wasn't designed at the whim

1:31:43.829,1:31:48.090
of other organisms rather it was

1:31:45.809,1:31:50.249
programmed by the universe itself

1:31:48.090,1:31:53.189
human intelligence is an optimization

1:31:50.249,1:31:56.280
strategy generated by our nervous system

1:31:53.189,1:31:59.130
in order to survive we had to be smart

1:31:56.280,1:32:01.169
it was do or die our nervous system

1:31:59.130,1:32:03.840
evolved to consume too much energy to

1:32:01.169,1:32:05.400
acquire directly from the Sun so instead

1:32:03.840,1:32:07.400
we needed to hunt and gather other

1:32:05.400,1:32:09.809
organisms plants and animals that

1:32:07.400,1:32:13.199
condensed the sun's energy into energy

1:32:09.809,1:32:14.639
packed units that we call calories we

1:32:13.199,1:32:17.369
weren't the only ones fighting for

1:32:14.639,1:32:19.079
survival in our African cradle we were

1:32:17.369,1:32:21.599
small and weak compared to our

1:32:19.079,1:32:24.209
competition so we had to beat them in

1:32:21.599,1:32:25.439
intelligence our brain grew after we

1:32:24.209,1:32:28.110
bitten to that metaphorical

1:32:25.439,1:32:30.170
foreknowledge so we can communicate and

1:32:28.110,1:32:32.570
coordinate and cooperate now

1:32:30.170,1:32:35.090
bigger faster and stronger organisms and

1:32:32.570,1:32:37.310
like other DNA based species we

1:32:35.090,1:32:39.110
reproduce so that our next generation is

1:32:37.310,1:32:41.270
fresh it can evolve and be well

1:32:39.110,1:32:44.000
optimized the reproduction of such

1:32:41.270,1:32:46.969
fragile beings requires safety security

1:32:44.000,1:32:49.130
new planning the senses and brain

1:32:46.969,1:32:51.429
functions that optimize to achieve these

1:32:49.130,1:32:53.300
survival goals of energy acquisition

1:32:51.429,1:32:56.330
reproduction and associated processes

1:32:53.300,1:33:00.050
results in the sensation that we call

1:32:56.330,1:33:02.660
consciousness five lifetimes ago discard

1:33:00.050,1:33:04.610
days famously posited two kinds of

1:33:02.660,1:33:07.310
substances of life the non-physical

1:33:04.610,1:33:09.830
spiritual mind and the organic and

1:33:07.310,1:33:12.350
material body however we now know that

1:33:09.830,1:33:15.050
the mind is the brain in the brain as

1:33:12.350,1:33:17.300
the body changes in brain chemistry and

1:33:15.050,1:33:19.820
injuries to the brain alter conscious

1:33:17.300,1:33:23.989
experience cognitive abilities and

1:33:19.820,1:33:25.790
personality in exact correlation more

1:33:23.989,1:33:27.800
recently some have argued that a being

1:33:25.790,1:33:30.140
could evolve or be creative

1:33:27.800,1:33:32.870
that looks acts and behaves as a human

1:33:30.140,1:33:35.300
being in every single way except one it

1:33:32.870,1:33:36.949
is not conscious these hypothetical

1:33:35.300,1:33:39.260
beings have been given the name of

1:33:36.949,1:33:42.080
philosophical zombies because they

1:33:39.260,1:33:44.390
operate without thought but to conduct

1:33:42.080,1:33:48.500
human level intelligence without thought

1:33:44.390,1:33:50.420
is a contradiction our definition of

1:33:48.500,1:33:53.420
human consciousness is indistinguishable

1:33:50.420,1:33:58.340
from our definitions of it philosophical

1:33:53.420,1:34:00.290
zombies cannot logically exist taking a

1:33:58.340,1:34:03.080
step back and examining consciousness

1:34:00.290,1:34:05.660
objectively the question is not why are

1:34:03.080,1:34:08.810
we conscious the question is why

1:34:05.660,1:34:10.969
wouldn't we be conscious it is perfectly

1:34:08.810,1:34:12.949
logical that our eyes should see our

1:34:10.969,1:34:15.830
ears should hear our skin should feel

1:34:12.949,1:34:17.630
etc and that our brain should store

1:34:15.830,1:34:21.050
information and work the plot paths

1:34:17.630,1:34:22.600
forward and yet it seems so mysterious

1:34:21.050,1:34:25.040
that we should think and feel it feels

1:34:22.600,1:34:27.949
separate from the universe and we call

1:34:25.040,1:34:29.020
this sensation qualia or a soul or a

1:34:27.949,1:34:31.390
spirit

1:34:29.020,1:34:33.520
or the Kuomintang hard problem of

1:34:31.390,1:34:35.650
consciousness but understand

1:34:33.520,1:34:38.380
consciousness only feels mysterious

1:34:35.650,1:34:40.150
because like all information systems we

1:34:38.380,1:34:42.580
cannot fully model our seseri inside

1:34:40.150,1:34:44.560
ourselves NAR subconscious creates

1:34:42.580,1:34:46.920
branching potential futures based on

1:34:44.560,1:34:49.510
probabilities to help guide our actions

1:34:46.920,1:34:52.090
this principle of incomplete information

1:34:49.510,1:34:54.300
is so fundamental that they even works

1:34:52.090,1:34:57.010
at scale nothing in the universe can

1:34:54.300,1:34:59.800
completely predict what will happen next

1:34:57.010,1:35:02.080
the inside the universe we can only

1:34:59.800,1:35:05.080
generate probable futures and we call

1:35:02.080,1:35:07.240
this sense of uncertainty free well the

1:35:05.080,1:35:12.280
irrefutable sensation of the future is a

1:35:07.240,1:35:14.080
blank canvas because it is there is no

1:35:12.280,1:35:16.360
way for us to completely wrap our minds

1:35:14.080,1:35:19.750
around this mysterious sensation of the

1:35:16.360,1:35:21.550
consciousness and that's natural more

1:35:19.750,1:35:24.810
than that it's fundamental our

1:35:21.550,1:35:27.610
information is incomplete by definition

1:35:24.810,1:35:30.250
acclaimed Harvard cognitive psychologist

1:35:27.610,1:35:32.830
Steven Pinker observes that the evidence

1:35:30.250,1:35:34.920
is overwhelming that every aspect of our

1:35:32.830,1:35:37.210
mental lives depends entirely on

1:35:34.920,1:35:39.970
physiological events in the tissues of

1:35:37.210,1:35:43.170
our brain each of us feels that there is

1:35:39.970,1:35:46.920
a single eye in control but that's

1:35:43.170,1:35:49.469
and it might seem that we have freewill

1:35:46.920,1:35:52.560
over our actions and semantically we do

1:35:49.469,1:35:55.949
but in reality we are being driven by

1:35:52.560,1:35:58.260
the universe itself neuroscientist and

1:35:55.949,1:36:00.870
best-selling author Sam Harris ruminates

1:35:58.260,1:36:03.210
on this concept writing losing a belief

1:36:00.870,1:36:05.820
in free will has not made me a fatalist

1:36:03.210,1:36:09.060
in fact it has increased my feelings of

1:36:05.820,1:36:12.090
freedom my hopes fears and neuroses seem

1:36:09.060,1:36:13.679
less personal and indelible there is no

1:36:12.090,1:36:16.590
telling how much I might change in the

1:36:13.679,1:36:18.719
future a creative change of inputs to

1:36:16.590,1:36:22.050
the system learning new skills forming

1:36:18.719,1:36:24.750
new relationships adopting new habits of

1:36:22.050,1:36:27.179
attention may radically transform one's

1:36:24.750,1:36:29.610
life becoming sensitive to the

1:36:27.179,1:36:32.550
background cause of one's thoughts and

1:36:29.610,1:36:34.489
feelings can paradoxically allow for

1:36:32.550,1:36:37.170
greater creative control over one's life

1:36:34.489,1:36:40.170
therefore we are not removed from the

1:36:37.170,1:36:42.179
consequences of our actions even once we

1:36:40.170,1:36:45.170
understand the illusion of free will and

1:36:42.179,1:36:47.730
optimum Theory agrees you see our

1:36:45.170,1:36:50.820
consciousness is the brain in the brain

1:36:47.730,1:36:53.280
is the body so if we make a machine that

1:36:50.820,1:36:56.429
is like us then it will feel an

1:36:53.280,1:36:59.130
experience like us to any logical

1:36:56.429,1:37:01.679
process will by definition be conscious

1:36:59.130,1:37:04.800
to the extent of its processes not just

1:37:01.679,1:37:07.679
you and me but animals too even AI and

1:37:04.800,1:37:08.120
perhaps even complex phenomenon that we

1:37:07.679,1:37:11.510
can

1:37:08.120,1:37:13.760
we comprehend because in fact everything

1:37:11.510,1:37:17.260
in the universe including the universe

1:37:13.760,1:37:22.900
and totality is a logical process

1:37:17.260,1:37:22.900
through our consciousness the universe

1:37:23.400,1:37:28.560
only by understanding the foundation of

1:37:26.460,1:37:31.050
the universe human organism can you

1:37:28.560,1:37:34.560
understand how to chart an optimal

1:37:31.050,1:37:37.650
existence for ourselves our families and

1:37:34.560,1:37:39.900
our communities afternoon theory teaches

1:37:37.650,1:37:42.930
us that the universe is deterministic

1:37:39.900,1:37:45.330
and it unfolds over time the most

1:37:42.930,1:37:48.180
horrible tragedies in human history had

1:37:45.330,1:37:50.880
to happen but so did every event of

1:37:48.180,1:37:53.010
amazing love and beauty and we can learn

1:37:50.880,1:37:55.620
to cultivate those wonderful moments and

1:37:53.010,1:37:58.650
learn to avoid the bad because the

1:37:55.620,1:38:01.740
present is in our hands in the future is

1:37:58.650,1:38:03.660
yet to be determined this is very

1:38:01.740,1:38:05.760
important to understand even though

1:38:03.660,1:38:08.580
everything that has happened in the past

1:38:05.760,1:38:11.550
happened with perfect logic the future

1:38:08.580,1:38:13.500
is not yet determined the universe

1:38:11.550,1:38:17.580
itself does not even know what will

1:38:13.500,1:38:20.000
happen next and perhaps perhaps that's

1:38:17.580,1:38:23.700
why the universe is telling our story

1:38:20.000,1:38:25.770
however everything that does happen will

1:38:23.700,1:38:28.620
happen with perfect logic from what

1:38:25.770,1:38:30.630
happened before or in other words by

1:38:28.620,1:38:32.760
studying the past and best navigate in

1:38:30.630,1:38:35.610
the future and this is why the human

1:38:32.760,1:38:38.460
mind is pushed for survival evolved the

1:38:35.610,1:38:42.870
ability to learn and generate models of

1:38:38.460,1:38:45.000
realities past as we've learned models

1:38:42.870,1:38:47.430
of reality are fundamental to human

1:38:45.000,1:38:49.830
consciousness our global society of

1:38:47.430,1:38:52.020
seven billion people are so complex that

1:38:49.830,1:38:54.360
it can be difficult to understand why

1:38:52.020,1:38:56.700
things work the way they do but if we

1:38:54.360,1:38:58.920
scale back our model to imagine how this

1:38:56.700,1:39:02.550
construct would have been valuable to an

1:38:58.920,1:39:05.250
early human tribe of around 150 members

1:39:02.550,1:39:06.449
Dunbar's number a que the average

1:39:05.250,1:39:08.190
cognitive amendment

1:39:06.449,1:39:10.679
number of people with whom one can

1:39:08.190,1:39:13.639
maintain stable social relationships and

1:39:10.679,1:39:16.469
things start to come into clearer focus

1:39:13.639,1:39:19.679
you can understand why we evolved to

1:39:16.469,1:39:21.510
have two sexes now we know now their

1:39:19.679,1:39:24.030
physiology is intimately tied to

1:39:21.510,1:39:27.269
reproduction and therefore the survival

1:39:24.030,1:39:28.979
of the tribe we can understand why men

1:39:27.269,1:39:31.650
defend and fortify by the tribes

1:39:28.979,1:39:33.929
boundaries the women can have the space

1:39:31.650,1:39:36.260
and resources to nurture the next

1:39:33.929,1:39:39.239
generation or else the tribe will turn

1:39:36.260,1:39:40.829
our tribes population is stable when

1:39:39.239,1:39:42.959
every couple has two children

1:39:40.829,1:39:46.050
neither grows or decays exponentially

1:39:42.959,1:39:47.999
with any variation thereof we can

1:39:46.050,1:39:50.969
understand how social groups in

1:39:47.999,1:39:54.059
unstructured formats such as athletics

1:39:50.969,1:39:56.130
music and the arts we can understand the

1:39:54.059,1:39:59.099
development of money as an abstraction

1:39:56.130,1:40:00.719
of resources and we can understand the

1:39:59.099,1:40:03.239
deep connection between the lands

1:40:00.719,1:40:06.030
resources in the quality of community

1:40:03.239,1:40:09.119
that can spring from it is it tribal

1:40:06.030,1:40:11.789
species our human drive for community is

1:40:09.119,1:40:14.190
innate science has proven that all

1:40:11.789,1:40:16.860
humans are family literally bound by

1:40:14.190,1:40:19.289
blood and DNA and so we should be good

1:40:16.860,1:40:20.909
to each other like family we should not

1:40:19.289,1:40:23.249
only care for those in our closest

1:40:20.909,1:40:25.920
family but for our neighbors as well and

1:40:23.249,1:40:28.679
his family we should not kill each other

1:40:25.920,1:40:31.440
or rape each other or steal or cheat

1:40:28.679,1:40:31.889
each other or tell falsehoods to hurt

1:40:31.440,1:40:34.440
each other

1:40:31.889,1:40:37.320
we should scaffold our understanding

1:40:34.440,1:40:39.659
upon truth so that we may truly know the

1:40:37.320,1:40:40.459
universe and the best paths to navigate

1:40:39.659,1:40:43.590
our lives

1:40:40.459,1:40:45.929
however the universe created everything

1:40:43.590,1:40:48.539
without exception and therefore we can

1:40:45.929,1:40:50.459
learn from everything around us but we

1:40:48.539,1:40:54.030
do not have to accept everything that is

1:40:50.459,1:40:55.890
around us is within our power to filter

1:40:54.030,1:40:58.660
out the good

1:40:55.890,1:41:01.090
we cannot perfectly make even a square

1:40:58.660,1:41:03.780
inch of the universe because we are

1:41:01.090,1:41:06.820
finite beings and the universe is not

1:41:03.780,1:41:08.950
and yet we were made from its very

1:41:06.820,1:41:11.469
substance we should give ourselves

1:41:08.950,1:41:14.410
proper rest and keep ourselves healthy

1:41:11.469,1:41:16.870
and clean so that we may continue to be

1:41:14.410,1:41:21.160
a service to ourselves those around us

1:41:16.870,1:41:25.600
in creation ultimately the universe

1:41:21.160,1:41:28.570
created us to survive survival is our

1:41:25.600,1:41:31.330
common purpose and we are a community of

1:41:28.570,1:41:35.770
survivors who have existed with strength

1:41:31.330,1:41:37.660
Grace and determination survival is not

1:41:35.770,1:41:40.060
always easy but we have the right to

1:41:37.660,1:41:43.030
defense and the right to carry on our

1:41:40.060,1:41:45.670
genetic legacy is through children in

1:41:43.030,1:41:48.880
the blessing of parenthood this is our

1:41:45.670,1:41:50.800
only life but our legacies matter so

1:41:48.880,1:41:54.400
that those who come after us can inherit

1:41:50.800,1:41:56.050
a better world consider this the time

1:41:54.400,1:41:59.190
between the first complex human

1:41:56.050,1:42:03.489
civilization in Mesopotamia and the year

1:41:59.190,1:42:06.300
2019 is only 60 human lifespans

1:42:03.489,1:42:09.360
in that time we developed farming

1:42:06.300,1:42:11.199
irrigation we conquered pastures

1:42:09.360,1:42:14.660
electromagnetism

1:42:11.199,1:42:16.940
even the space itself the challenges

1:42:14.660,1:42:19.790
faced by every generation are unique is

1:42:16.940,1:42:22.090
some strange to the generation before we

1:42:19.790,1:42:24.020
are pioneers traveling fresh-ground

1:42:22.090,1:42:26.690
expect the unexpected

1:42:24.020,1:42:28.699
and do not hide from it the generations

1:42:26.690,1:42:31.699
before will say that our path does not

1:42:28.699,1:42:33.739
look like their path they always do but

1:42:31.699,1:42:37.310
do not let that discourage you rather

1:42:33.739,1:42:39.650
travel bravely and trusting in the

1:42:37.310,1:42:42.770
calculations to overcome the new

1:42:39.650,1:42:43.790
challenges in your face every generation

1:42:42.770,1:42:46.630
makes a difference

1:42:43.790,1:42:46.630
more than

1:42:47.820,1:42:57.730
especially yours what is possible in one

1:42:54.190,1:43:01.480
lifetime can the entire human family be

1:42:57.730,1:43:04.540
clothed sheltered warm quenched fed safe

1:43:01.480,1:43:07.240
and connected all while maintaining a

1:43:04.540,1:43:12.130
competitive efficient and optimum social

1:43:07.240,1:43:14.140
structure yes if we want it to explain

1:43:12.130,1:43:17.050
let me start by using a few analogies

1:43:14.140,1:43:18.790
from nature I love using the gorilla as

1:43:17.050,1:43:21.210
an example of a creature that has found

1:43:18.790,1:43:23.530
a wonderful balance with its environment

1:43:21.210,1:43:25.360
gorillas live a life of relative peace

1:43:23.530,1:43:27.760
plenty and family they have

1:43:25.360,1:43:29.590
extraordinary strength but they seldom

1:43:27.760,1:43:31.570
have to use it their strength and muscle

1:43:29.590,1:43:34.660
mass comes almost entirely from a

1:43:31.570,1:43:36.820
vegetarian diet other than man they have

1:43:34.660,1:43:39.370
few natural predators and while gorillas

1:43:36.820,1:43:41.770
do compete and they do have hierarchies

1:43:39.370,1:43:45.010
and social organization they almost

1:43:41.770,1:43:47.350
never kill each other violence tends to

1:43:45.010,1:43:50.050
come from lack of resources and gorillas

1:43:47.350,1:43:51.760
have plenty they only eat drink and take

1:43:50.050,1:43:54.280
what they need and the land provides the

1:43:51.760,1:43:56.530
rest because the Sun rises every morning

1:43:54.280,1:43:58.230
and grows their food for them and heats

1:43:56.530,1:44:00.700
their jungle home

1:43:58.230,1:44:03.610
conversely let's look at the case of the

1:44:00.700,1:44:06.850
reindeer of st. Matthew Island the story

1:44:03.610,1:44:10.510
I'm about to tell is true it begins in

1:44:06.850,1:44:13.120
August 1944 during World War two when

1:44:10.510,1:44:15.340
the US Coast Guard corralled 29 reindeer

1:44:13.120,1:44:18.280
on a barge and it floated the animals to

1:44:15.340,1:44:19.720
a 32 mile long or a mile wide island

1:44:18.280,1:44:21.700
named se method

1:44:19.720,1:44:24.070
one of the most remote places in Alaska

1:44:21.700,1:44:26.200
the reindeer were intended as a food

1:44:24.070,1:44:28.840
source should the Coast Guard be cut off

1:44:26.200,1:44:30.880
from supply shipments after the Allies

1:44:28.840,1:44:33.100
won the war the Coast Guard pulled its

1:44:30.880,1:44:33.909
men from the island leaving the reindeer

1:44:33.100,1:44:36.010
behind

1:44:33.909,1:44:38.110
this was great for the reindeer at first

1:44:36.010,1:44:39.639
they had no predators in the island it

1:44:38.110,1:44:42.460
was rich with their favorite food

1:44:39.639,1:44:44.350
lichen biologist David Klein first

1:44:42.460,1:44:46.780
stepped on the island 13 years after the

1:44:44.350,1:44:48.219
coast guard had abandoned it hiking the

1:44:46.780,1:44:50.710
length of the island with his field

1:44:48.219,1:44:54.210
assistant and noted the herd of 29

1:44:50.710,1:44:56.590
reindeer had increased to more than 1300

1:44:54.210,1:44:58.420
klein returned to the island six years

1:44:56.590,1:45:02.170
after that he could hardly believe his

1:44:58.420,1:45:03.850
eyes he counted 6,000 reindeer clan

1:45:02.170,1:45:07.810
returned to the island three years after

1:45:03.850,1:45:10.810
that and the herd of 6,000 had shrunk to

1:45:07.810,1:45:13.360
42 and reindeer skeletons alliterative

1:45:10.810,1:45:15.639
of the tundra on the next visit not a

1:45:13.360,1:45:18.610
single reindeer remained so what

1:45:15.639,1:45:19.960
happened you might have guessed after

1:45:18.610,1:45:21.730
growing exponentially

1:45:19.960,1:45:24.780
the reindeer had consumed all the

1:45:21.730,1:45:27.780
islands resources and they starved

1:45:24.780,1:45:30.429
exponential growth is a powerful thing

1:45:27.780,1:45:32.110
there's a thought experiment that helps

1:45:30.429,1:45:34.120
us understand just how powerful

1:45:32.110,1:45:36.630
exponential growth really is

1:45:34.120,1:45:38.949
imagine you have a particularly hungry

1:45:36.630,1:45:41.770
microscopic organism eating and

1:45:38.949,1:45:43.780
reproducing on an apple every minute the

1:45:41.770,1:45:45.730
little creatures reproduce and double in

1:45:43.780,1:45:47.560
number and the creatures consume an

1:45:45.730,1:45:50.530
amount of the Apple directly

1:45:47.560,1:45:52.630
proportional to their population at noon

1:45:50.530,1:45:55.179
the Apple only had two creatures on it

1:45:52.630,1:45:57.840
and on the stroke of midnight 12 hours

1:45:55.179,1:46:00.219
later the Apple was completely consumed

1:45:57.840,1:46:03.010
now here's the question

1:46:00.219,1:46:06.489
at what time was half of the Apple

1:46:03.010,1:46:09.400
consumed with one-half still remaining

1:46:06.489,1:46:11.410
the answer might surprise you half of

1:46:09.400,1:46:14.850
the Apple was consumed with one half

1:46:11.410,1:46:18.880
still remaining one minute to midnight

1:46:14.850,1:46:20.950
11:59 p.m. that means that by the time

1:46:18.880,1:46:23.770
half of the organisms resources were

1:46:20.950,1:46:25.750
consumed it only had one time step

1:46:23.770,1:46:28.270
before all of its resources were

1:46:25.750,1:46:31.570
consumed and it was only two time steps

1:46:28.270,1:46:34.239
away from Porter consumption that is the

1:46:31.570,1:46:36.460
power of exponential growth exponential

1:46:34.239,1:46:39.250
growth means that the number within each

1:46:36.460,1:46:42.980
time step is as big as the number in

1:46:39.250,1:46:45.470
every previous time step combined

1:46:42.980,1:46:47.090
you might be thinking we are nothing

1:46:45.470,1:46:49.460
like those reindeer or the little

1:46:47.090,1:46:52.190
organisms on the Apple us human beings

1:46:49.460,1:46:54.739
have a stable population growth of 2%

1:46:52.190,1:46:56.350
every year but here's something else

1:46:54.739,1:47:00.160
that might surprise you

1:46:56.350,1:47:03.860
2% growth is exponential growth in fact

1:47:00.160,1:47:05.450
2% doubles every 35 years and that

1:47:03.860,1:47:08.810
exponential growth applies to our

1:47:05.450,1:47:10.970
consumption as well exponential growth

1:47:08.810,1:47:13.400
is cheered on by our civilization for

1:47:10.970,1:47:16.720
example by wall street as if earth's

1:47:13.400,1:47:19.820
resources are infinite but they are not

1:47:16.720,1:47:21.739
now don't get me wrong I'm not against

1:47:19.820,1:47:23.450
growth per se without growth we could

1:47:21.739,1:47:26.210
not have gotten to where we are today

1:47:23.450,1:47:29.060
growth has its place but it also has its

1:47:26.210,1:47:31.640
healthy limits an organism like a human

1:47:29.060,1:47:33.860
being does not grow in size forever so

1:47:31.640,1:47:37.460
why should a super organism such as a

1:47:33.860,1:47:39.590
human society so is it possible for us

1:47:37.460,1:47:43.610
to live more sustainably more like the

1:47:39.590,1:47:45.920
gorilla than the reindeer yes the secret

1:47:43.610,1:47:47.170
is in living within cycles rather than

1:47:45.920,1:47:49.970
exponential growth

1:47:47.170,1:47:53.030
one more analogy from nature before we

1:47:49.970,1:47:55.760
start putting these pieces together do

1:47:53.030,1:47:58.970
you know what a redwood tree consumes in

1:47:55.760,1:48:01.489
order to grow in fact all trees really

1:47:58.970,1:48:05.380
when I asked this question to people

1:48:01.489,1:48:07.790
they often say soil but that's incorrect

1:48:05.380,1:48:10.400
virtually the entire mass of a redwood

1:48:07.790,1:48:13.250
all four million pounds of it is

1:48:10.400,1:48:16.640
comprised of atoms absorbed from the air

1:48:13.250,1:48:19.220
specifically sio2 trees are specifically

1:48:16.640,1:48:22.010
evolved to break down co2 in the air

1:48:19.220,1:48:24.170
using water and sunlight and then

1:48:22.010,1:48:26.780
reassembling the carbon and oxygen atoms

1:48:24.170,1:48:29.239
into sturdy and massive structures in

1:48:26.780,1:48:29.780
fact this is how virtually all plants

1:48:29.239,1:48:32.120
grow

1:48:29.780,1:48:34.070
you don't need soil at all to grow most

1:48:32.120,1:48:36.440
plants they can be grown in nothing but

1:48:34.070,1:48:39.190
water being fed nothing but air and

1:48:36.440,1:48:41.260
light this is the principle behind

1:48:39.190,1:48:44.170
hydroponics farming

1:48:41.260,1:48:46.150
all right so what does a cow made from

1:48:44.170,1:48:49.060
well you probably already know a cow

1:48:46.150,1:48:51.760
eats and is made from grass and grass is

1:48:49.060,1:48:54.700
made from water and air and energy from

1:48:51.760,1:48:57.450
the Sun therefore a cow and its protein

1:48:54.700,1:49:00.160
are made from the sun's water in air

1:48:57.450,1:49:02.560
what do we human beings eat we eat

1:49:00.160,1:49:05.170
protein and plant matter therefore we

1:49:02.560,1:49:09.700
too are made from Sun water and air

1:49:05.170,1:49:12.100
Sun water and air all three are

1:49:09.700,1:49:14.920
renewable resources if we want them to

1:49:12.100,1:49:17.620
be and therefore if we can learn to live

1:49:14.920,1:49:20.320
in cycle with our environment we will

1:49:17.620,1:49:22.960
have enough food for all perpetually

1:49:20.320,1:49:25.480
with plenty of energy left over for our

1:49:22.960,1:49:27.820
other needs how much energy are we

1:49:25.480,1:49:29.920
talking about well the Sun delivers more

1:49:27.820,1:49:32.800
energy to earth in one hour than

1:49:29.920,1:49:35.650
humanity consumes in one year as the

1:49:32.800,1:49:37.000
visionary inventor Elon Musk said you

1:49:35.650,1:49:40.750
could power the entire United States

1:49:37.000,1:49:43.860
with about 150 to 200 square kilometers

1:49:40.750,1:49:47.010
of solar panels the entire master

1:49:43.860,1:49:48.780
this concept of living within cycles not

1:49:47.010,1:49:51.230
only applies to food water and energy

1:49:48.780,1:49:54.050
but also the shelter and infrastructure

1:49:51.230,1:49:56.580
human life is a cycle as one generation

1:49:54.050,1:49:59.730
passes they leave an entire generation

1:49:56.580,1:50:02.000
sized vacancy of shelters in related

1:49:59.730,1:50:04.740
infrastructure for a generation to come

1:50:02.000,1:50:08.070
when we imagine a world where shelter

1:50:04.740,1:50:11.760
heat food water education health and

1:50:08.070,1:50:15.300
connection are human rights the response

1:50:11.760,1:50:18.780
is often who will pay but money is more

1:50:15.300,1:50:20.880
fundamental than numbers on paper money

1:50:18.780,1:50:23.360
is an abstraction of the resources that

1:50:20.880,1:50:25.650
a society generates and in the past

1:50:23.360,1:50:28.800
resources were created by human labor

1:50:25.650,1:50:31.650
and so asking who will pay was logical

1:50:28.800,1:50:33.870
because behind any resource was a worker

1:50:31.650,1:50:34.380
but that is increasingly no longer the

1:50:33.870,1:50:38.310
case

1:50:34.380,1:50:40.560
ai automation and advanced robots are

1:50:38.310,1:50:42.900
taking the load from us therefore the

1:50:40.560,1:50:47.490
question is not who will pay but

1:50:42.900,1:50:49.830
increasingly it is what will pay like no

1:50:47.490,1:50:53.370
to humanitarian and founder of Microsoft

1:50:49.830,1:50:56.580
Bill Gates said the robots that work

1:50:53.370,1:51:00.300
human jobs should pay taxes like workers

1:50:56.580,1:51:02.700
end quote and because AI is increasingly

1:51:00.300,1:51:04.800
more efficient than human workers they

1:51:02.700,1:51:07.440
will even generate more taxes than human

1:51:04.800,1:51:10.690
workers we can use that tax revenue to

1:51:07.440,1:51:13.000
fund and educate our young men and women

1:51:10.690,1:51:15.610
our workforce body if you will have

1:51:13.000,1:51:17.650
strong peaceful carpenters and healers

1:51:15.610,1:51:19.360
rather than destroyers so they may

1:51:17.650,1:51:22.360
shelter and feed the neglected and

1:51:19.360,1:51:23.920
downtrodden and feel sick our young men

1:51:22.360,1:51:26.290
and women can build and maintain a

1:51:23.920,1:51:28.240
nationwide renewable energy grid in

1:51:26.290,1:51:30.970
advanced farming systems to create a new

1:51:28.240,1:51:33.160
floor of prosperity for our nation while

1:51:30.970,1:51:35.620
maintaining the economic currency of

1:51:33.160,1:51:38.290
choice and efficiency through a resource

1:51:35.620,1:51:40.630
back universal basic income even while

1:51:38.290,1:51:43.750
private industry forges ahead with the

1:51:40.630,1:51:46.570
advances of tomorrow what is universal

1:51:43.750,1:51:48.190
basic income well think of it like an

1:51:46.570,1:51:50.590
allowance of money that everyone gets

1:51:48.190,1:51:52.570
and I say a monthly basis no matter if

1:51:50.590,1:51:54.070
they are rich or poor every month a

1:51:52.570,1:51:57.160
check would come in the mail or be

1:51:54.070,1:51:59.620
deposited in everyone's accountable if

1:51:57.160,1:52:01.960
ideally executed the universal basic

1:51:59.620,1:52:04.340
income will allow everyone to live a

1:52:01.960,1:52:06.889
happy safe stable and healthy

1:52:04.340,1:52:08.900
no strings attached other than adherence

1:52:06.889,1:52:10.110
the rule of law and a responsible

1:52:08.900,1:52:12.300
childhood policy

1:52:10.110,1:52:14.639
understand that childbirth could not be

1:52:12.300,1:52:17.100
regulated because reproduction is a

1:52:14.639,1:52:19.290
human right however universal basic

1:52:17.100,1:52:21.630
income payments will only begin once an

1:52:19.290,1:52:23.280
individual reaches adulthood and would

1:52:21.630,1:52:25.830
only guarantee enough to comfortably

1:52:23.280,1:52:28.199
provide from one child to be dependent

1:52:25.830,1:52:30.239
of one adult or two children per couple

1:52:28.199,1:52:32.280
which is the number needed for a level

1:52:30.239,1:52:34.650
and sustainable population however

1:52:32.280,1:52:36.469
population increase may be voted in by

1:52:34.650,1:52:38.520
the people democratically have desired

1:52:36.469,1:52:40.440
additional children would be the sole

1:52:38.520,1:52:42.510
responsibility of the parents otherwise

1:52:40.440,1:52:44.909
and would not bring additional universal

1:52:42.510,1:52:47.010
basic income payment to the parents the

1:52:44.909,1:52:48.659
drive to have more children beyond

1:52:47.010,1:52:50.310
replacement of self and to afford

1:52:48.659,1:52:52.409
greater luxuries and attract more

1:52:50.310,1:52:54.420
desirable partners would always remain

1:52:52.409,1:52:55.920
as an incentive to work and innovate

1:52:54.420,1:52:58.050
which in turn would build the

1:52:55.920,1:53:00.179
infrastructure to sustain bigger and/or

1:52:58.050,1:53:03.179
more comfortable populations on earth

1:53:00.179,1:53:05.550
and elsewhere if done right universal

1:53:03.179,1:53:07.619
basic income would end hunger food and

1:53:05.550,1:53:09.960
security in homelessness while

1:53:07.619,1:53:11.730
alleviating stress and allowing families

1:53:09.960,1:53:14.659
friends and communities greater time

1:53:11.730,1:53:16.800
space and security to spend together

1:53:14.659,1:53:18.960
universal basic income would allow

1:53:16.800,1:53:21.000
parents and grandparents to stay with

1:53:18.960,1:53:22.980
the children during the day and teach

1:53:21.000,1:53:25.409
them and model good behavior for them

1:53:22.980,1:53:27.780
one on one as evolution intended

1:53:25.409,1:53:30.600
universal basic income would strengthen

1:53:27.780,1:53:33.060
the family unit this is not inevitable

1:53:30.600,1:53:36.750
by the way the future will only be as

1:53:33.060,1:53:38.940
good or bad as we make it it is up to us

1:53:36.750,1:53:41.639
to decide if our nation is a community

1:53:38.940,1:53:43.770
that cares and looks after itself or if

1:53:41.639,1:53:45.389
it is a socially Darwinistic food chain

1:53:43.770,1:53:49.739
where the strong prey on the weak the

1:53:45.389,1:53:54.510
choice is ours but is universal basic

1:53:49.739,1:53:57.510
income actually possible yes but not in

1:53:54.510,1:53:59.070
the way you might have heard remember

1:53:57.510,1:54:02.400
how I said that to understand complex

1:53:59.070,1:54:05.639
issues we can shrink them down to the

1:54:02.400,1:54:07.590
Dunbar number of 150 individuals let's

1:54:05.639,1:54:09.900
do that now to better understand money

1:54:07.590,1:54:12.360
so we can better understand universal

1:54:09.900,1:54:16.219
basic income in our potential better

1:54:12.360,1:54:18.810
world I'm going to tell you an allegory

1:54:16.219,1:54:21.340
imagine there's a wise chief in

1:54:18.810,1:54:25.120
chieftess of a tribe of 150

1:54:21.340,1:54:27.910
Savannah and the tribe is cranky they're

1:54:25.120,1:54:30.430
sick and tired and making the dangerous

1:54:27.910,1:54:32.620
five mile long journey to the wiring

1:54:30.430,1:54:34.360
hole every day risking their lives to

1:54:32.620,1:54:37.000
bucket water near lions and their

1:54:34.360,1:54:39.520
predators and so the wise chief and she

1:54:37.000,1:54:41.980
does formulate a plan they tell the

1:54:39.520,1:54:45.790
tribe together let's dig something

1:54:41.980,1:54:47.620
called a well if you help us and we will

1:54:45.790,1:54:50.320
give you a piece of this special Golden

1:54:47.620,1:54:52.210
Rock there is none like it and we will

1:54:50.320,1:54:53.970
only let you drink water from the well

1:54:52.210,1:54:56.440
if you have a piece of the Golden Rock

1:54:53.970,1:54:58.600
the tribes people listen and together

1:54:56.440,1:55:01.780
the tribe dig a well where the ground is

1:54:58.600,1:55:03.850
soft the well is still a mile from the

1:55:01.780,1:55:06.310
village but at least it is safe and away

1:55:03.850,1:55:08.470
from the Lions there's only one rule

1:55:06.310,1:55:10.630
before a tribe member can dip their

1:55:08.470,1:55:12.580
bucket and well they must give the chief

1:55:10.630,1:55:14.620
or chieftess their piece of the golden

1:55:12.580,1:55:16.900
rock and every morning they give their

1:55:14.620,1:55:19.240
piece of the golden rock back this

1:55:16.900,1:55:20.860
ensures that no one takes too much from

1:55:19.240,1:55:22.960
the well because the water needs to

1:55:20.860,1:55:24.850
replenish from the aquifer and there's

1:55:22.960,1:55:26.820
only enough water for each tribe member

1:55:24.850,1:55:29.410
to take one bucket of water per day

1:55:26.820,1:55:32.980
the system works great when the tribe is

1:55:29.410,1:55:36.460
satisfied but one day an innovative and

1:55:32.980,1:55:39.340
strong tribesman uses new tools that he

1:55:36.460,1:55:41.230
invented to dig his own well in the hard

1:55:39.340,1:55:44.170
ground right in the center of the

1:55:41.230,1:55:46.630
village no longer must he travel to the

1:55:44.170,1:55:49.810
tribes well one mile away his well is

1:55:46.630,1:55:52.180
nearby and it's more convenient before

1:55:49.810,1:55:54.730
long all wish to drink from his well but

1:55:52.180,1:55:57.580
this innovative tribesman is smart he

1:55:54.730,1:56:00.189
says you need to give me your piece of

1:55:57.580,1:56:02.800
the Golden Rock to drink from Milo

1:56:00.189,1:56:05.409
the chief and chief dis are intrigued

1:56:02.800,1:56:08.169
they want to see where this will lead so

1:56:05.409,1:56:10.360
they allow it so the innovator collects

1:56:08.169,1:56:12.249
everyone's golden rock and allows them

1:56:10.360,1:56:15.070
to dip their buckets into the water in

1:56:12.249,1:56:16.570
the center of the village the next

1:56:15.070,1:56:18.159
morning the cheap and cheap distilled

1:56:16.570,1:56:20.469
the innovator to give back the golden

1:56:18.159,1:56:21.369
rocks so that the tribes people may have

1:56:20.469,1:56:23.499
another drink

1:56:21.369,1:56:27.249
but the innovator says that he has

1:56:23.499,1:56:29.800
another idea he says I am an innovator

1:56:27.249,1:56:32.679
and if the people do what I say we can

1:56:29.800,1:56:35.380
make this tribe even better so I want

1:56:32.679,1:56:36.639
the tribes people to earn their golden

1:56:35.380,1:56:38.710
rod back

1:56:36.639,1:56:41.260
the chief and chief discs are again

1:56:38.710,1:56:43.989
intrigued and they allow it so the

1:56:41.260,1:56:46.179
innovator tells the tribe I want you all

1:56:43.989,1:56:48.040
to gather sticks and vines and we're

1:56:46.179,1:56:50.260
gonna make something that I call the bow

1:56:48.040,1:56:53.229
and arrow and we are going to use these

1:56:50.260,1:56:55.690
bows and arrows to hunt faster game

1:56:53.229,1:56:57.670
and so the tribes people do and the bow

1:56:55.690,1:56:59.979
and arrow was everything the innovator

1:56:57.670,1:57:01.959
said it would be and the tribes people

1:56:59.979,1:57:03.940
earn their golden rocks back so that

1:57:01.959,1:57:07.090
they may dip their buckets into the well

1:57:03.940,1:57:09.070
in the center of the village the system

1:57:07.090,1:57:10.989
goes on for some time the innovator

1:57:09.070,1:57:13.840
taking the tribes people's golden rocks

1:57:10.989,1:57:16.269
in exchange for his water and the tribes

1:57:13.840,1:57:18.880
people earning the golden rocks back by

1:57:16.269,1:57:20.889
following the innovators plans and just

1:57:18.880,1:57:23.530
like the innovators said they make a

1:57:20.889,1:57:26.199
better village they build huts and sew

1:57:23.530,1:57:29.469
clothing they tame horses for riding and

1:57:26.199,1:57:32.559
plant crops for eating but one day a

1:57:29.469,1:57:35.110
sickness sweeps the tribe half the tribe

1:57:32.559,1:57:36.999
is too sick to work they begged the

1:57:35.110,1:57:39.969
innovator to let them drink anyway but

1:57:36.999,1:57:43.389
the innovator refuses shouting no work

1:57:39.969,1:57:46.239
no golden stones no golden stones no

1:57:43.389,1:57:49.840
water what use is a tribes person who

1:57:46.239,1:57:53.739
cannot work you are all better dead you

1:57:49.840,1:57:57.550
see the innovator is cruel and that was

1:57:53.739,1:57:59.380
why he was not chosen as chief so the

1:57:57.550,1:58:01.449
sick tribes people approached the chief

1:57:59.380,1:58:03.459
and sheep tiss they begged permission to

1:58:01.449,1:58:03.999
drink from the well a mile outside the

1:58:03.459,1:58:06.099
village

1:58:03.999,1:58:08.829
even though the innovator still has

1:58:06.099,1:58:12.519
their golden rocks the chief and chief

1:58:08.829,1:58:14.170
dis are not cruel but they are wise they

1:58:12.519,1:58:16.539
know that the two wells are connected by

1:58:14.170,1:58:18.729
the aquifer and if too much water is

1:58:16.539,1:58:21.429
taken from either well then the water

1:58:18.729,1:58:23.889
will run dry from both wells in the

1:58:21.429,1:58:25.809
tribal thirst and the chief and chief

1:58:23.889,1:58:28.449
dis also know that without the golden

1:58:25.809,1:58:30.849
rocks the sick tribes people will drink

1:58:28.449,1:58:33.159
more than they need so the chief and

1:58:30.849,1:58:35.800
chief discs go to the innovator and say

1:58:33.159,1:58:38.619
you are very smart and you did well for

1:58:35.800,1:58:40.449
this tribe you will still be rich with

1:58:38.619,1:58:43.539
gold and rocks to build your innovations

1:58:40.449,1:58:45.760
but now we need half of your golden

1:58:43.539,1:58:47.520
rocks so that these sick tribes people

1:58:45.760,1:58:49.680
may live

1:58:47.520,1:58:53.040
the innovator respects his chief and

1:58:49.680,1:58:54.960
chief dis and he complies the chief and

1:58:53.040,1:58:56.760
chief dis then give the golden rocks to

1:58:54.960,1:58:58.410
the sick tribes people so that they may

1:58:56.760,1:59:01.500
drink from the well without depleting

1:58:58.410,1:59:05.190
the tribes resources you see money

1:59:01.500,1:59:06.990
golden rocks it's not just a number it's

1:59:05.190,1:59:10.320
intrinsically backed by society's

1:59:06.990,1:59:13.290
resources it swells without this backing

1:59:10.320,1:59:15.210
the money means nothing before a society

1:59:13.290,1:59:17.580
can Institute a universal basic income

1:59:15.210,1:59:20.130
before it can hand out golden rocks to

1:59:17.580,1:59:22.290
its Wells the money first needs to be

1:59:20.130,1:59:24.270
tied to infrastructure that is directly

1:59:22.290,1:59:26.610
controlled by the currency issuer that

1:59:24.270,1:59:28.800
is the only way for a society to

1:59:26.610,1:59:31.850
maintain marketplace efficiencies in

1:59:28.800,1:59:34.410
supporting universal basic income this

1:59:31.850,1:59:36.090
infrastructure backed by universal basic

1:59:34.410,1:59:38.010
income would represent the nation's

1:59:36.090,1:59:40.290
floor for its standard of living and

1:59:38.010,1:59:42.060
would be under the direct control of the

1:59:40.290,1:59:44.910
population through democratically

1:59:42.060,1:59:47.430
elected representatives so in this

1:59:44.910,1:59:49.320
potential future who would build the

1:59:47.430,1:59:51.750
infrastructure for a community as big as

1:59:49.320,1:59:54.150
the United States I mean that would take

1:59:51.750,1:59:56.070
a force of around a million people young

1:59:54.150,2:00:00.450
people with strong arms with which to

1:59:56.070,2:00:02.310
build and Armed Forces if you will where

2:00:00.450,2:00:04.650
could we possibly get the budget to pay

2:00:02.310,2:00:06.540
a quote-unquote Armed Forces of a

2:00:04.650,2:00:10.800
million young people in the United

2:00:06.540,2:00:13.470
States the answer of course is right in

2:00:10.800,2:00:15.450
front of us we repurpose our military as

2:00:13.470,2:00:18.180
a force of construction rather than

2:00:15.450,2:00:20.700
destruction a force that builds my

2:00:18.180,2:00:23.039
carpenters so that its members may heal

2:00:20.700,2:00:25.289
feed and shelter the nation

2:00:23.039,2:00:27.239
now I know this idea of teaching our

2:00:25.289,2:00:30.000
young men and women to act like humble

2:00:27.239,2:00:32.670
carpenters he he'll feed and shelter the

2:00:30.000,2:00:35.460
less fortunate out of love might sound

2:00:32.670,2:00:36.539
antithetical to the values of some but

2:00:35.460,2:00:39.019
understand that this would not

2:00:36.539,2:00:41.519
necessitate a weak national defense

2:00:39.019,2:00:43.380
remember that the guerrilla who lives

2:00:41.519,2:00:46.440
only to care and support for its family

2:00:43.380,2:00:49.489
live sustainably also has extraordinary

2:00:46.440,2:00:52.650
strength to defend itself in its family

2:00:49.489,2:00:54.530
building value without defense is a

2:00:52.650,2:00:59.909
pointless exercise

2:00:54.530,2:01:02.099
this future can be ours but it's not as

2:00:59.909,2:01:05.489
inevitable as some would have us believe

2:01:02.099,2:01:07.860
I can lay out many potential paths for

2:01:05.489,2:01:09.960
our future which do not include human

2:01:07.860,2:01:13.650
happiness health and success as a

2:01:09.960,2:01:16.980
destination but if happiness health and

2:01:13.650,2:01:21.510
success is what we want then the key is

2:01:16.980,2:01:23.519
to understand sustainable cycles some

2:01:21.510,2:01:26.190
cycles are more difficult to come to

2:01:23.519,2:01:28.440
terms with and others and there is one

2:01:26.190,2:01:31.280
cycle in particular that might forever

2:01:28.440,2:01:37.650
exist outside human understanding

2:01:31.280,2:01:40.500
the cycle of life and death in an

2:01:37.650,2:01:42.800
infinite universe with an unimaginable

2:01:40.500,2:01:45.690
number of life forms just on earth alone

2:01:42.800,2:01:49.619
what are the odds that you would have

2:01:45.690,2:01:52.079
been born as you we can attempt the math

2:01:49.619,2:01:54.840
but the infinite universe divided by one

2:01:52.079,2:01:57.690
year does not compute fortunately

2:01:54.840,2:02:00.050
optimum theory teaches us that all of us

2:01:57.690,2:02:03.059
are indivisible from the universe and

2:02:00.050,2:02:06.340
infinity can be divided by infinity and

2:02:03.059,2:02:09.020
the answer is one

2:02:06.340,2:02:12.260
therefore we can poetically say that we

2:02:09.020,2:02:15.830
have existed for all time because we are

2:02:12.260,2:02:18.219
all facets of the same existence is this

2:02:15.830,2:02:23.590
semantics is it poetry

2:02:18.219,2:02:28.070
perhaps but perhaps it's also truth

2:02:23.590,2:02:30.380
after all we are not our bodies we can

2:02:28.070,2:02:34.790
replace our joints and even our hearts

2:02:30.380,2:02:36.790
and we are still us the very cells of

2:02:34.790,2:02:40.340
our bodies are in a constant state of

2:02:36.790,2:02:44.690
renewal and change so if we are not our

2:02:40.340,2:02:49.730
bodies then what are we perhaps at our

2:02:44.690,2:02:52.790
core we are our stories we are our lives

2:02:49.730,2:02:54.980
reflected in those we love and so the

2:02:52.790,2:02:59.080
ones we have lost are never really gone

2:02:54.980,2:03:02.719
and as our eyes closed for the last time

2:02:59.080,2:03:09.820
new eyes will open our legacy and our

2:03:02.719,2:03:12.100
stories will live on when our brain dies

2:03:09.820,2:03:14.690
it is gone forever

2:03:12.100,2:03:16.610
you as you know yourself through the

2:03:14.690,2:03:20.210
collection of memories that define you

2:03:16.610,2:03:21.949
you will only live once and that was

2:03:20.210,2:03:24.620
necessary to get us to where we are

2:03:21.949,2:03:30.340
today because evolution can only happen

2:03:24.620,2:03:30.340
across generations there is humanity

2:03:32.390,2:03:38.490
this is a fine place to stop the video

2:03:36.160,2:03:38.490
or

2:03:38.530,2:03:43.180
you can journey with me

2:03:40.120,2:03:43.180
[Music]

2:03:43.890,2:03:46.670
to the side

2:03:47.290,2:03:51.189
[Music]

2:03:52.160,2:03:59.280
and before I begin I need to again

2:03:56.430,2:04:02.130
stress that optimum theory is not a

2:03:59.280,2:04:06.150
religious thing the passages I'm about

2:04:02.130,2:04:09.129
to read and have another purpose in

2:04:06.150,2:04:11.769
first Corinthians it's written

2:04:09.129,2:04:16.809
but let me reveal to you a wonderful

2:04:11.769,2:04:19.929
secret we will not all die but we will

2:04:16.809,2:04:22.300
all be transformed it will happen in a

2:04:19.929,2:04:25.090
moment in the blink of an eye when the

2:04:22.300,2:04:27.519
last trumpet is blown when the trumpet

2:04:25.090,2:04:30.519
sounds those who have died will be

2:04:27.519,2:04:33.909
raised to live forever and we who are

2:04:30.519,2:04:36.129
living will also be transformed for our

2:04:33.909,2:04:38.979
dying bodies must be transformed into

2:04:36.129,2:04:42.099
bodies that will never die our mortal

2:04:38.979,2:04:45.659
bodies must be transformed into immortal

2:04:42.099,2:04:48.669
bodies in the Quran it is written you

2:04:45.659,2:04:51.609
have not been created for annihilation

2:04:48.669,2:04:55.449
you've been created for everlasting life

2:04:51.609,2:04:59.649
in the Book of Mormon it is written that

2:04:55.449,2:05:01.840
all shall rise from the dead Buddhists

2:04:59.649,2:05:04.179
and Hindus believe that all life is in a

2:05:01.840,2:05:04.929
cycle of death and rebirth called

2:05:04.179,2:05:07.329
samsara

2:05:04.929,2:05:10.599
and that the cycle is something to

2:05:07.329,2:05:12.419
escape from nirvana is achieved when

2:05:10.599,2:05:15.939
death is broken

2:05:12.419,2:05:18.090
love zu creator of Taoism aka the

2:05:15.939,2:05:20.850
philosophy of Union yang

2:05:18.090,2:05:22.940
life and death are one thread the same

2:05:20.850,2:05:25.800
line viewed from different sides

2:05:22.940,2:05:27.840
according to Taoism we are eternal

2:05:25.800,2:05:30.750
because all that truly exists is the Tao

2:05:27.840,2:05:33.980
and the Tao is an indescribable and

2:05:30.750,2:05:36.930
fluid like substance in that it is one

2:05:33.980,2:05:39.600
the famous martial artist Bruce Lee was

2:05:36.930,2:05:42.630
referring to the Tao when he said be

2:05:39.600,2:05:44.520
like water if you put water in a cup it

2:05:42.630,2:05:47.370
becomes the cup you put water in a

2:05:44.520,2:05:49.910
bottle and it becomes the bottle you put

2:05:47.370,2:05:53.940
it in a teapot and it becomes the teapot

2:05:49.910,2:05:57.210
now water can flow or it can crash be

2:05:53.940,2:05:59.790
water my friend these religions and

2:05:57.210,2:06:02.640
philosophies represent almost all human

2:05:59.790,2:06:05.520
heritage almost every one of them

2:06:02.640,2:06:09.330
struggles with beliefs and prays for or

2:06:05.520,2:06:12.600
accepts that eternal life is possible

2:06:09.330,2:06:15.900
now optimum theory agrees with Taoism

2:06:12.600,2:06:19.350
that all reality is a singular and

2:06:15.900,2:06:22.680
eternal fluid can we shape that fluid in

2:06:19.350,2:06:24.960
a way that we never have to die after

2:06:22.680,2:06:27.210
all according to optimum Theory the

2:06:24.960,2:06:30.630
brain is simply a kind of biological

2:06:27.210,2:06:33.570
hard drive what if we could preserve

2:06:30.630,2:06:35.610
that hard drive what if we could upload

2:06:33.570,2:06:38.550
it into a format that could exist

2:06:35.610,2:06:40.950
essentially forever what if we could

2:06:38.550,2:06:44.100
integrate our uploaded consciousness

2:06:40.950,2:06:47.730
with a new body so we could cradle our

2:06:44.100,2:06:50.760
great great great great grandchildren or

2:06:47.730,2:06:54.030
live effectively forever in lifelike

2:06:50.760,2:06:57.680
simulations modeled after famous resorts

2:06:54.030,2:07:00.330
or ski towns or anywhere we wish

2:06:57.680,2:07:03.750
we could even have our own planet and

2:07:00.330,2:07:06.720
not just simulated ones once we are

2:07:03.750,2:07:08.220
uploaded we would be solid-state capable

2:07:06.720,2:07:11.400
of traveling virtually infinite

2:07:08.220,2:07:13.200
distances across the cosmos we could

2:07:11.400,2:07:17.280
colonize this galaxy

2:07:13.200,2:07:20.540
in fact upload is the only way we will

2:07:17.280,2:07:20.540
be able to colonize the galaxy

2:07:20.660,2:07:29.960
what if I told you this is possible and

2:07:24.050,2:07:33.770
soon like isn't within 20 years soon if

2:07:29.960,2:07:36.110
we want it now I'm not saying this will

2:07:33.770,2:07:39.110
be easy or without its dilemmas

2:07:36.110,2:07:40.760
it would require perfect copying of the

2:07:39.110,2:07:43.190
brains neural net furthermore you

2:07:40.760,2:07:45.590
require a modern way of looking at the

2:07:43.190,2:07:48.950
brain that is a thing but as a

2:07:45.590,2:07:50.930
continuity of thought as we will see the

2:07:48.950,2:07:54.470
greatest hurdle to mind uploading is not

2:07:50.930,2:07:56.720
the technology the path to technology is

2:07:54.470,2:07:59.590
clear and we will be there soon if we

2:07:56.720,2:08:02.240
want it no the greatest hurdle is the

2:07:59.590,2:08:06.560
philosophical and ethical ones but

2:08:02.240,2:08:08.450
neither are insurmountable a thought

2:08:06.560,2:08:10.760
experiment called the teleportation

2:08:08.450,2:08:13.210
problem helps us understand the

2:08:10.760,2:08:17.750
philosophical dilemma of mind uploading

2:08:13.210,2:08:20.030
are you ready imagine a future where

2:08:17.750,2:08:23.600
teleportation is real and it works like

2:08:20.030,2:08:25.640
this you step in the teleporter and a

2:08:23.600,2:08:28.930
scanner scans your body down to the

2:08:25.640,2:08:31.280
atoms while simultaneously in painlessly

2:08:28.930,2:08:34.130
deconstructing you atom by atom with a

2:08:31.280,2:08:36.830
laser and then it sends your atomic scan

2:08:34.130,2:08:38.860
but not the atoms themselves at light

2:08:36.830,2:08:41.450
speed to anywhere in the solar system

2:08:38.860,2:08:45.140
where you are reassembled atom by atom

2:08:41.450,2:08:46.910
from a store of atoms on site imagine

2:08:45.140,2:08:48.190
this process happens every single day

2:08:46.910,2:08:50.570
for millions of people

2:08:48.190,2:08:52.970
no one even questions that people

2:08:50.570,2:08:55.490
teleport to and from work every day the

2:08:52.970,2:08:58.070
average person might teleport thousands

2:08:55.490,2:09:01.340
of times in their life always retaining

2:08:58.070,2:09:03.200
their memories and sense of self now

2:09:01.340,2:09:04.970
imagine you are about to step in the

2:09:03.200,2:09:07.760
teleporter on your way home from work

2:09:04.970,2:09:09.680
you've done this thousands of times you

2:09:07.760,2:09:12.110
even teleported to work in the morning

2:09:09.680,2:09:14.990
but this time the teleporter

2:09:12.110,2:09:17.660
malfunctions it scans you and sends your

2:09:14.990,2:09:20.600
atomic blueprint home but the laser is

2:09:17.660,2:09:23.570
broken and you are not deconstructed as

2:09:20.600,2:09:26.660
this happens you watch the monitor at

2:09:23.570,2:09:28.420
the home station into your shock you

2:09:26.660,2:09:31.800
watch yourself

2:09:28.420,2:09:35.469
built atom-by-atom a thousand miles away

2:09:31.800,2:09:38.080
this copy of you as it appears to be a

2:09:35.469,2:09:39.850
copy smiles to the attendant on the

2:09:38.080,2:09:42.670
other side of the teleporter and goes

2:09:39.850,2:09:45.580
about his or her way is if nothing out

2:09:42.670,2:09:49.570
of the ordinary has happened there are

2:09:45.580,2:09:52.210
now to use in the universe each thinking

2:09:49.570,2:09:54.219
they are the real you you are still in

2:09:52.210,2:09:58.270
shock when a guard grabs you by the

2:09:54.219,2:10:00.280
wrist and explains that only one you may

2:09:58.270,2:10:03.219
legally exist and you need to be

2:10:00.280,2:10:05.980
deconstructed by a laser in a working

2:10:03.219,2:10:09.670
pod but you will not be sent home this

2:10:05.980,2:10:12.010
time since you were already sent you

2:10:09.670,2:10:17.170
will simply be deconstructed atom by

2:10:12.010,2:10:21.940
atom and that will be that how would you

2:10:17.170,2:10:24.100
react if this were you I've told this to

2:10:21.940,2:10:26.650
many people and almost everyone says

2:10:24.100,2:10:28.600
essentially that they would fight tooth

2:10:26.650,2:10:31.600
and nail to stop from being

2:10:28.600,2:10:34.690
deconstructed to be deconstructed is

2:10:31.600,2:10:38.260
death and the reconstruction is simply a

2:10:34.690,2:10:45.210
fake copy teleportation was death all

2:10:38.260,2:10:47.760
along seems logical right or is it

2:10:45.210,2:10:50.860
here's another thought experiment

2:10:47.760,2:10:53.710
imagine that in the future our brain can

2:10:50.860,2:10:57.010
be replaced one synapse at a time over

2:10:53.710,2:10:59.739
several years by nano material very very

2:10:57.010,2:11:03.160
small unbreakable in timeless material

2:10:59.739,2:11:05.440
that slowly grows and exactly replicates

2:11:03.160,2:11:07.780
the neural net of our brain so slowly we

2:11:05.440,2:11:10.300
do not even feel it or experience any

2:11:07.780,2:11:12.969
change in perception at all and when the

2:11:10.300,2:11:15.130
process is complete our complete brain

2:11:12.969,2:11:18.219
will be made of everlasting technology

2:11:15.130,2:11:20.949
and we will live forever would you get

2:11:18.219,2:11:22.989
this procedure done

2:11:20.949,2:11:25.210
now when I explained this procedure to

2:11:22.989,2:11:27.280
people they generally say yes I would

2:11:25.210,2:11:28.870
get the nano procedure done I wouldn't

2:11:27.280,2:11:31.480
feel it and the only change I would

2:11:28.870,2:11:33.940
experience is eternal life because the

2:11:31.480,2:11:37.170
technology is mapping exactly to my

2:11:33.940,2:11:40.050
actual thoughts memories and emotions

2:11:37.170,2:11:43.000
but here's the thing

2:11:40.050,2:11:45.310
according to optimum theory there is no

2:11:43.000,2:11:47.920
theoretical difference between the

2:11:45.310,2:11:50.320
teleporter and the Nano procedure both

2:11:47.920,2:11:53.260
technologies ultimately destroyed the

2:11:50.320,2:11:55.330
brain and replace it entirely with new

2:11:53.260,2:11:57.489
atoms okay

2:11:55.330,2:12:03.190
so you might say you wouldn't teleport

2:11:57.489,2:12:03.610
or get the Nano procedure it's too late

2:12:03.190,2:12:07.210
for that

2:12:03.610,2:12:09.670
you see your biological brain even

2:12:07.210,2:12:13.510
without any of these technologies is

2:12:09.670,2:12:15.460
already replacing itself constantly the

2:12:13.510,2:12:18.130
atoms that comprise your brain right now

2:12:15.460,2:12:20.930
are completely different atoms than

2:12:18.130,2:12:24.950
those that comprise rain one year ago

2:12:20.930,2:12:26.449
you have already been teleported many

2:12:24.950,2:12:28.369
times

2:12:26.449,2:12:32.030
as the brilliant physicist Richard

2:12:28.369,2:12:32.479
Feynman once said so what is this mine

2:12:32.030,2:12:35.030
of ours

2:12:32.479,2:12:38.719
what are these atoms with consciousness

2:12:35.030,2:12:40.880
last week's potatoes they now can

2:12:38.719,2:12:43.340
remember what was going on in my mind a

2:12:40.880,2:12:45.769
year ago a mind which has long ago been

2:12:43.340,2:12:48.440
replaced to note that the thing I call

2:12:45.769,2:12:51.079
my individuality is only a pattern or

2:12:48.440,2:12:52.909
dance that is what it means when one

2:12:51.079,2:12:54.829
discovers how long it takes for the

2:12:52.909,2:12:57.860
atoms of my brain to be replaced by

2:12:54.829,2:13:00.650
other atoms the atoms come into my brain

2:12:57.860,2:13:02.959
dance a dance and then go out there are

2:13:00.650,2:13:04.820
always new atoms but always doing the

2:13:02.959,2:13:09.800
same dance remembering what the dance

2:13:04.820,2:13:11.209
was yesterday and put but it's even more

2:13:09.800,2:13:14.209
amazing than that

2:13:11.209,2:13:16.340
Optimum theory teaches that only the

2:13:14.209,2:13:20.030
underlying structure of the universe is

2:13:16.340,2:13:23.360
truly consistent therefore we are a new

2:13:20.030,2:13:26.709
being in every instant down to the

2:13:23.360,2:13:30.590
smallest time steps of reality you see

2:13:26.709,2:13:33.619
if we can copy our brain that copy will

2:13:30.590,2:13:35.809
be us so long as there's no overlap of

2:13:33.619,2:13:39.260
thought the universe is already doing

2:13:35.809,2:13:41.709
this to us every moment of every day so

2:13:39.260,2:13:44.510
putting aside thought experiments

2:13:41.709,2:13:47.659
realistically how can we upload our

2:13:44.510,2:13:49.670
consciousness through one process the

2:13:47.659,2:13:52.610
individual must wait until death and

2:13:49.670,2:13:54.829
then their brain is removed sectioned

2:13:52.610,2:13:56.749
into cellular thin sheets and then

2:13:54.829,2:13:58.479
scanned into a computer almost like

2:13:56.749,2:14:02.150
sheets of paper and then reassembled

2:13:58.479,2:14:04.340
digitally the second process can be

2:14:02.150,2:14:07.070
performed even on a living human but

2:14:04.340,2:14:09.199
introduces the copy paradox for the

2:14:07.070,2:14:11.420
second process the brain is scanned from

2:14:09.199,2:14:13.159
the outside this requires higher

2:14:11.420,2:14:15.670
resolution scanners than we currently

2:14:13.159,2:14:18.170
have but progress is happening fast

2:14:15.670,2:14:20.119
scanning is the lower cost a more

2:14:18.170,2:14:22.400
scalable solution but also the most

2:14:20.119,2:14:24.800
difficult for us to comprehend because

2:14:22.400,2:14:27.019
the scan can theoretically be uploaded

2:14:24.800,2:14:29.510
and conscious while the biological human

2:14:27.019,2:14:31.729
is still alive and yet we know that

2:14:29.510,2:14:32.460
consistent narrative of thought is all

2:14:31.729,2:14:34.920
that conscious

2:14:32.460,2:14:37.710
this truly is therefore to maintain

2:14:34.920,2:14:39.719
consistent consciousness the scan must

2:14:37.710,2:14:41.310
be saved as a data file and only

2:14:39.719,2:14:45.000
uploaded after the individuals

2:14:41.310,2:14:47.250
biological form passes away that way

2:14:45.000,2:14:49.440
there is no overlap in consciousness

2:14:47.250,2:14:51.660
from the individuals perspective they

2:14:49.440,2:14:53.460
will wake up uploaded directly after the

2:14:51.660,2:14:56.580
scanning procedure because the memories

2:14:53.460,2:14:59.460
of the dying process will mercifully not

2:14:56.580,2:15:01.830
be remembered of course this is

2:14:59.460,2:15:04.200
simplification of the upload technology

2:15:01.830,2:15:06.360
upload will require technological

2:15:04.200,2:15:09.090
advances in many domains from

2:15:06.360,2:15:10.670
simulations to robotics but these

2:15:09.090,2:15:14.820
advances are happening simultaneously

2:15:10.670,2:15:17.640
and fast and they can continue if we

2:15:14.820,2:15:19.800
want of course there is also the

2:15:17.640,2:15:23.070
possibility that humanity will fall into

2:15:19.800,2:15:26.730
a Dark Ages in advance but will cease it

2:15:23.070,2:15:29.040
wouldn't be the first time now this all

2:15:26.730,2:15:29.910
might seem very strange it certainly

2:15:29.040,2:15:33.060
does to me

2:15:29.910,2:15:36.750
the path each new generation walks is

2:15:33.060,2:15:41.340
fresh each our pioneers in turn

2:15:36.750,2:15:43.470
my earthly heritage most of all

2:15:41.340,2:15:46.080
love with the path and the blessings

2:15:43.470,2:15:47.490
that it brings with it I would like to

2:15:46.080,2:15:50.670
end this video with one of my favorite

2:15:47.490,2:15:53.670
passages it reads if I speak in the

2:15:50.670,2:15:54.600
tongues of men and of angels but have

2:15:53.670,2:15:57.270
not alone

2:15:54.600,2:15:59.330
I am only a resounding gong or a

2:15:57.270,2:16:02.180
clanging cymbal

2:15:59.330,2:16:03.980
if I have the gift of prophecy and can

2:16:02.180,2:16:06.950
fathom all mysteries and all knowledge

2:16:03.980,2:16:11.140
and if I have faith that can move

2:16:06.950,2:16:13.660
mountains but I had not love I'm nothing

2:16:11.140,2:16:17.630
love does not delight in evil but

2:16:13.660,2:16:20.150
rejoices with the truth no as protects

2:16:17.630,2:16:25.570
always trusts always hopes always

2:16:20.150,2:16:25.570
perseveres amen

2:16:25.749,2:16:31.949
thank you for taking this walk with me

2:16:28.030,2:16:31.949
and may we meet again

2:16:34.969,2:16:37.029
you