API tools faq
paste
Advertisement
jonstond2

Early Modern Portugal (Atlantic History)

jonstond2
Mar 5th, 2018
392
0
Never
Add comment
Not a member of Pastebin yet? Sign Up, it unlocks many cool features!
text 64.03 KB | None | 0 0
raw download clone embed print report
  1. Introduction
  2. During the first decades of the Early Modern period, due to discoveries made by Portuguese explorers, Portugal acquired one of the earliest and most important European overseas empires. Over the course of three centuries, close links were established with Africa, America, and Asia in a dynamic move mediated by means of the sea. This was an epoch in which Portugal constituted a central player in great world transformations. Its dramatic opening to the wider world provoked deep changes at different levels inside the realm, from central political organization, in which the king and his court played a central role, to trade, society, and even the identity of Portugal and the self-perception of being Portuguese. Little affected by the religious break occasioned by Protestantism that shook central and northern Europe, though facing the challenge posed by the presence of a large group of Jewish descendants who were baptized forcibly in 1497, the kingdom embarked on its new course without cutting links with Europe, which some elites continued to view, until the late 18th century, as an inspiring intellectual, cultural, and artistic center. The leading role played by Portugal was marked by a hiatus between 1580 and 1640, a period during which, due to a dynastic crisis caused by the death of King Sebastian during a battle in North Africa, it was ruled by the Spanish Habsburg monarchy in an arrangement in which the country enjoyed a loose political autonomy. After 1640, with a new dynasty in charge, the kingdom faced severe difficulties, most especially until 1668. In the course of the 17th century when Portuguese overseas interests were attacked by the Dutch and the English, the center of the empire slowly moved from the Indian Ocean to the Atlantic. This shift in geographic emphasis together with the discovery of diamonds and gold mines in Brazil led, by the end of the 17th century, to a period of economic growth that lasted until the first half of the 18th century. During this period, the Crown profited by reinforcing its power both internally and externally. Influenced by Enlightenment doctrines that were accompanied, simultaneously and paradoxically, by use of repressive methods, the government, after the earthquake that destroyed Lisbon in 1755, instituted deep reforms, which were were set up under the leadership of Carvalho e Melo (Marquis of Pombal), who gained the favor of the king as chief minister until 1777. The historiography on early modern Portugal is rich, particularly in works published by Portuguese authors after the 1970s. The following entries are limited to the most representative essays in each of the different topics: political history, Portuguese empire, diplomatic history, economic history, social history and welfare, cultural history, religious history, art history, and local history.
  3.  
  4. General Overviews
  5. No textbooks provide a global, up-to-date overview of early modern Portugal. The two best works for undergraduates are the classic, didactic, and well-structured Marques 1972, which has been published in English, and Ramos, et al. 2009, which, as the most recent history of Portugal, offers a balanced and up-to-date overview, yet which focuses especially on political history. For a more detailed perspective on the political evolution, rooted in good sources, but lacking a problematical context, see Serrão 1980. During the 1990s, two very good overviews were published in different volumes, Mattoso 1992 and Serrão and Marques 1998. Written by a set of leading scholars, both works allow students and specialists to examine a wide array of topics, including political, cultural, economic, social, and religious fields. Both works are characterized by broad, up-to-date, and rigorous research. Unfortunately, both lack uniformity and sometimes coherence for readers searching for a general and systematic overview of early modern Portugal. Very useful for beginners, graduates and even senior historians is Serrão 1999, a rich historical dictionary with clear and largely consistent entries, which allow for thematical and biographical searching. Unfortunately, apart from Marques 1972, none of the abridged Portuguese histories is available in English. Birmingham 2003 and Anderson 2000 deserve particular attention and should be used carefully.
  6.  
  7. Anderson, James Maxwell. The History of Portugal. Westport, CT: Greenwood, 2000.
  8.  
  9. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  10.  
  11. Brief summary of the history of Portugal. Useful for providing a quick and comprehensive view of all the reigns, yet omitting very important data.
  12.  
  13. Find this resource:
  14.  
  15.  
  16. Birmingham, David. A Concise History of Portugal. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press, 2003.
  17.  
  18. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  19.  
  20. Summary of the history of Portugal. Presents the main political events. Although it requires serious criticism, good for undergraduates for a first approach.
  21.  
  22. Find this resource:
  23.  
  24.  
  25. Marques, A. H. de Oliveira. History of Portugal. New York: Columbia University Press, 1972.
  26.  
  27. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  28.  
  29. A classic and good first approach summary of the history of Portugal, joining the political history of the kingdom in an overview of the economy, culture, and society.
  30.  
  31. Find this resource:
  32.  
  33.  
  34. Mattoso, José, ed. História de Portugal. Vol. 3, No alvorecer da modernidade, 1480–1620. Lisbon: Círculo de Leitores, 1992.
  35.  
  36. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  37.  
  38. See also Volume 4, O Antigo Regime, 1620–1807 (Lisbon: Círculo de Leitores, 1994). With chapters written by different authors, though for the most part by leading scholars, offers updated and in-depth discussions on economics, governing powers, and institutions as well as cultural, social, and political history. Not recommended as a first reading for undergraduates.
  39.  
  40. Find this resource:
  41.  
  42.  
  43. Ramos, Rui, Bernardo Vasconcelos e Sousa, and Nuno Gonçalo Monteiro. História de Portugal. Lisbon: A Esfera dos Livros, 2009.
  44.  
  45. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  46.  
  47. The latest overview of Portuguese history, including recent research on different topics in the history of the realm and its empire, yet focused most closely on politics.
  48.  
  49. Find this resource:
  50.  
  51.  
  52. Serrão, Joaquim Veríssimo. História de Portugal. Lisbon: Editorial Verbo, 1980.
  53.  
  54. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  55.  
  56. Offers a very detailed and consistent reconstruction of political events, adding some data on economic, social, and cultural history. Very useful to understand the chronological succession of events and the major political trends of Portuguese early modern history.
  57.  
  58. Find this resource:
  59.  
  60.  
  61. Serrão, Joel, ed. Dicionário de história de Portugal. Porto, Portugal: Livraria Figueirinhas, 1999.
  62.  
  63. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  64.  
  65. Despite being a bit outdated, a very helpful dictionary, containing central definitions to understanding early modern Portuguese history. Provides also a basic bibliography for each entry.
  66.  
  67. Find this resource:
  68.  
  69.  
  70. Serrão, Joel, and A. H. de Oliveira Marques, eds. Nova história de Portugal. Vol. 5, Portugal: Do Renascimento à crise dinástica. Lisbon: Presença, 1998.
  71.  
  72. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  73.  
  74. See also Volume 7, Portugal: Da paz da restauração au ouro do Brasil (Lisbon: Presença, 2001). A work set that best summarizes with some in-depth discussions the early modern history of Portugal in its various fields. Good summary of the political history, fitting it in the economic, social, and cultural context. Written by different scholars, not all chapters have the same level of quality.
  75.  
  76. Find this resource:
  77.  
  78.  
  79. Political History
  80. With regard to political history, crucial debates have engaged historians of early modern Portugal since the 1980s. The discussion on the state-building process and the scale of the king’s power created a rupture between those who argued that, until 1820, a modern state did not exist and the Crown had a weak peripheral capacity to impose its rule (Hespanha 1994). Others preserved a classic interpretation, yet added new arguments, mainly the clever use of mercies by the king, in sustaining a view on the early existence of the modern state and the strength of the central power (Olival 2001). Another important topic deals with the transformations that occurred during the integration of Portugal into the Spanish monarchy and the reasons that led to integration followed by “revolution,” which is usually labeled “restoration,” in 1640. Schaub 2001 is the best starting point. It gives a general overview that is very useful for undergraduates. It should be combined with Oliveira 1991, a book based on deep research and presenting different perspectives. For the “restoration,” Valladares 2006 is a key reading. A third central topic of debate centers on the period and the reforms introduced by Sebastião José de Carvalho e Melo (in office, 1750–1777). Maxwell 1995 draws a good picture focused on politics and the economy. Monteiro’s D. José: na sombra de Pombal (Lisbon: Temas e Debates, 2008; included in Carneiro, et al. 2007–2010), is based on more solid and wide research and introduces new paradigms and explanations, which is part of a recent strong tendency for writing biographies of kings (see Carneiro, et al. 2007–2010). Most parts of this work are biographies in context offering an excellent and up-to-date panorama of the political configuration and power. All are strongly recommended both for undergraduates and for specialists. In this collection the book dedicated to John V (r. 1706–1750) is poor, and should be replaced by Bebiano 1987. For the short period between 1557 and 1568, when Portugal was ruled by two different regents, the best work is Cruz 1992.
  81.  
  82. Bebiano, Rui. D. João V. Poder e espectáculo. Aveiro, Portugal: Livraria Estante Editora, 1987.
  83.  
  84. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  85.  
  86. Very helpful study in understanding the reign of King John V (r. 1707–1750). Properly contextualizes the baroque period and the influence on the culture of the court. It also analyzes the impact of Brazilian gold in the rhetoric and rituals of royal power. Not easily available.
  87.  
  88. Find this resource:
  89.  
  90.  
  91. Carneiro, Roberto, Artur Teodoro de Matos, and João Paulo Oliveira e Costa, eds. Reis de Portugal. Lisbon: Temas e Debates, 2007–2010.
  92.  
  93. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  94.  
  95. New biographies of Portuguese kings, containing the latest research about their reigns, framed not only in the context of the time but also with respect to each king’s political and private life. In general, all the volumes offer a systematic, comprehensive, and complete overview of the early modern history of Portugal through a study of the center of power.
  96.  
  97. Find this resource:
  98.  
  99.  
  100. Cruz, Maria do Rosário de Sampaio Themudo Barata Azevedo. As regências na menoridade de D. Sebastião: Elementos para uma história estrutural. 3 vols. Lisbon: INCM, 1992.
  101.  
  102. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  103.  
  104. Case study of the exercise of royal power during the minority of King Sebastian, the grandson of John III. During eleven years the political struggle influenced the policy realm. Analyzes the exercise of power by the regents (Queen Catarina and Cardinal Henry) and the development of the central institutions during this period.
  105.  
  106. Find this resource:
  107.  
  108.  
  109. Hespanha, António Manuel. As vésperas do Leviathan: Instituições e poder politico: Portugal século XVII. Coimbra, Portugal: Livraria Almedina, 1994.
  110.  
  111. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  112.  
  113. Pioneering text discusses political power and questions the emergence of the “state.” In-depth analysis of the 17th-century administrative structure, from local institutions to the king. The author analyzes the design of real power, how it was seen by society, and its extent and weaknesses.
  114.  
  115. Find this resource:
  116.  
  117.  
  118. Maxwell, Kenneth. Pombal, Paradox of the Enlightenment. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press, 1995.
  119.  
  120. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  121.  
  122. Classic study on Carvalho e Melo, minister of King José and responsible for deep structural reforms in the second half of the 18th century. Interesting analysis of this figure in the baroque and Enlightenment eras. Still useful for understanding the late 18th century in Portugal.
  123.  
  124. Find this resource:
  125.  
  126.  
  127. Olival, Fernanda. As ordens militares e o estado modern: Honra, mercê e venalidade em Portugal, 1641–1789. Lisbon: Estar, 2001.
  128.  
  129. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  130.  
  131. Critical to understanding the importance of the military orders and the distribution of mercies in the society of the Ancien Regime. Analyzes the dependence on donations by royal nobility, the market for these donations, and their social role to ensure the “purity of Christian blood.”
  132.  
  133. Find this resource:
  134.  
  135.  
  136. Oliveira, António de. Poder e oposição política em Portugal no period Filipino, 1580–1640. Lisbon: Difel, 1991.
  137.  
  138. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  139.  
  140. Interesting study of the kingdom during the Iberian union. Analyzes the existence of “multiple power,” the impact of the 17th-century crisis on the central power, and the popular uprisings against the government during the last years of the union of the two crowns. Decisive in understanding the opposition to the Habsburg dynasty in Portugal.
  141.  
  142. Find this resource:
  143.  
  144.  
  145. Schaub, Jean-Fréderic. Portugal na monarquia hispânica, 1580–1640. Lisbon: Livros Horizonte, 2001.
  146.  
  147. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  148.  
  149. A useful synthesis and starting point to understand the union of the Spanish and Portuguese crowns. Analyzes the problematic integration of Portugal into the Habsburg monarchy after 1580. Discusses ways of including the Portuguese administrative apparatus, the military organization, the church, and the nobility. It also reviews the breakdown of the union in observing motives and forms of revolts.
  150.  
  151. Find this resource:
  152.  
  153.  
  154. Valladares, Rafael. A independência de Portugal: Guerra e restauração, 1640–1680. Lisbon: A Esfera dos Livros, 2006.
  155.  
  156. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  157.  
  158. Fundamental study of the war between Portugal and the Habsburg monarchy between 1640 and 1668. Analyzes the political and administrative process of separation as well as military and diplomatic issues. Excellent contextualization of the Portuguese war of restoration in a time of crisis and war in Europe.
  159.  
  160. Find this resource:
  161.  
  162.  
  163. Portuguese Empire
  164. Studies dedicated to the Portuguese maritime empire grew considerably beginning in the 1980s, after a period of stagnation due to the revolution in 1974, which ushered in a new regime that gave independence to overseas territories. Bethencourt and Curto 2007 provides the latest summary on the history of Portuguese expansion, with some good chapters on the economic, political, and cultural discoveries. Bethencourt and Chaudhuri 1998 deepens many of these aspects in offering a synthesis from a longer-term perspective and that covers the Portuguese presence around the world. It is especially focused on the 17th and 18th centuries, yet not all chapters provide the same in-depth coverage and so some should be read carefully. Marques and Serrão 1986–2006 also gives a good view on the long term, distributed among the territories that made up the empire, though the collection remains unfinished. Several non-Portuguese historians have completed studies of Portugal’s empire. Boxer 1969 is the most iconic, presenting a very profitable and classical overview despite the date. Russell-Wood 1993 approaches the topic from an interesting angle, that of movement, in following the route of the Portuguese and their attachment to traveling vast distances. The recent work of Disney 2009 provides a good synthesis of Portugal and its overseas possessions, including readings of more recent research. Although it divides the realm at home and the empire, it furnishes a coherent perspective, and it is recommended to undergraduates for a first approach. Concerning specific studies, a rich bibliography is available. Two good examples are Godinho 1981–1987 and Marcocci 2012. The first work is a key work on Portuguese expansion, based on very solid research. A reading required to understand the economy of the kingdom and empire from the 15th century, it gives a strong structural analysis. Marcocci 2012 supports the newest readings and interpretations on the cultural and ideological process of expansion and its impact on the kingdom and Europe. It is now an essential study in understanding the idea of empire and how it was defined by the central power.
  165.  
  166. Bethencourt, Francisco, and Kirti Chaudhuri, eds. História da expansão portuguesa. 4 vols. Lisbon: Temas e Debates, 1998.
  167.  
  168. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  169.  
  170. Multivolume work, combines in-depth approaches with the best and most up-to-date overview of Portuguese expansion, covering the various places and times of the Portuguese presence in the Atlantic and Indo-Pacific. Volumes 2 and 3 are devoted especially to Brazil.
  171.  
  172. Find this resource:
  173.  
  174.  
  175. Bethencourt, Francisco, and Diogo Ramada Curto, eds. Portuguese Oceanic Expansion, 1400–1800. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press, 2007.
  176.  
  177. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  178.  
  179. Recent set of essays analyzing Portuguese expansion through time in considering topics such as economic and financial history, institutions, and the impact on science, art, and religion. Chapters are of varying quality, yet it provides a very comprehensive insight into the functioning of Portugal’s empire.
  180.  
  181. Find this resource:
  182.  
  183.  
  184. Boxer, Charles. The Portuguese Seaborne Empire, 1415–1815. New York: Knopf, 1969.
  185.  
  186. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  187.  
  188. Classic overview of Portuguese global expansion. Covers from the conquest of Ceuta in 1415 to 19th-century liberalism; analyzes the evolution of Portugal’s empire in all its varied territories. Very useful in focusing on the armadas, the church and missionary activity, races, local governments, the process of colonization, trade, culture, and ideology. An impressive attempt at producing a complete overview.
  189.  
  190. Find this resource:
  191.  
  192.  
  193. Disney, Anthony R. A History of Portugal and the Portuguese Empire. 2 vols. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press, 2009.
  194.  
  195. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  196.  
  197. Useful summary of the history of the kingdom and its empire. The second volume focuses almost exclusively on overseas expansion, separating it from the political history of the kingdom and introducing a perspective that is open to criticism.
  198.  
  199. Find this resource:
  200.  
  201.  
  202. Godinho, Vitorino Magalhães. Os descobrimentos e a economia mundial. 4 vols. Lisbon: Presença, 1981–1987.
  203.  
  204. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  205.  
  206. Originally published 1963–1965. Classic work by one of the greatest Portuguese historians of the 20th century. Crucial to understand the economic aspects of Portuguese expansion. Examine all matters relating to trade, from currency to products, routes, production, and all the political events associated with them. An impressive research accompanied by abundant quantitative data.
  207.  
  208. Find this resource:
  209.  
  210.  
  211. Marcocci, Giuseppe. A consciência de um império: Portugal e o seu mundo, Sécs. XV–XVII). Coimbra, Portugal: Imprensa da Universidade de Coimbra, 2012.
  212.  
  213. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  214.  
  215. Major study on the definition of an imperial consciousness in the 15th and 16th centuries. Very useful for understanding the behavior of royal policy overseas. Addresses key issues such as the primacy of the kingdom in overseas expansion, the pope’s authority, the importance of the idea of Prester John, the right to trade monopoly, and the legitimacy of slavery.
  216.  
  217. Find this resource:
  218.  
  219.  
  220. Marques, A. H. de Oliveira, and Joel Serrão, eds. Nova história da expansão portuguesa. 12 vols. Lisbon: Editorial Estampa, 1986–2006.
  221.  
  222. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  223.  
  224. Large yet unfinished collection. Good volumes about the expansion of the 15th century, the colonization of the Atlantic islands, the Portuguese presence in Brazil, Portuguese Asia between the 17th and 19th centuries, and the building of Portuguese Africa in the 19th century.
  225.  
  226. Find this resource:
  227.  
  228.  
  229. Russell-Wood, A. J. R. A World on the Move: The Portuguese in Africa, Asia and America. New York: St. Martin’s, 1993.
  230.  
  231. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  232.  
  233. Interesting analysis of Portuguese expansion through the movement of men, goods, products, ideas, and cultures. The work transmits the idea of an empire that feeds into this movement.
  234.  
  235. Find this resource:
  236.  
  237.  
  238. Diplomatic History
  239. The study of early modern Portuguese diplomatic relations requires examination of primary sources found in collections of letters, diplomatic instructions, treatises, and papal decrees that are published in Moniz and Silva 1862–1959; materials cover the long period between 1501 and 1680. The best systematic analysis and a true guide is Macedo 2006. Another overview is Martinez 2010, which focuses also on trade and military diplomacy. Specific relations with papal Rome require reference to Witte 1980, a splendid and detailed work including the edition of primary sources commented on in depth and that covers the short period 1532–1553. Cluny 2006 provides a solid case study centered on one of the key diplomatic figures of Portugal during the first half of the 18th century. Miller 1978 is crucial for relations with Rome during the 18th century, an epoch during which diplomatic channels were twice blocked between Portugal and the Papal States. The years after the restoration, during which Portugal engaged in a war against Spain (1640–1668), were marked by intense, and sometimes tense, relations with France, England and the Netherlands, with the Portuguese new dynasty (Bragança) searching for recognition and assistance from these countries in confronting a hostile Spain. Prestage 1928 is still a trusted reading for this period in history. Faria 2009 updates some of the interpretations in Prestage 1928 and, following the lessons identified in Macedo 2006, analyzes other periods in Portuguese history that followed a military crisis, including the French invasions, that affected Portugal until the beginning of the 19th century.
  240.  
  241. Cluny, Isabel. O Conde de Tarouca e a diplomacia na época moderna. Lisbon: Livros Horizonte, 2006.
  242.  
  243. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  244.  
  245. Very interesting case study of a Portuguese ambassador and diplomat of the 18th century. Analyzes not only his career, but also the relation of his noble house with Portuguese diplomacy from the 17th century until the middle of the 18th century. Essential to understand Portuguese foreign policy and its role in drafting major European treaties and in diplomatic affairs.
  246.  
  247. Find this resource:
  248.  
  249.  
  250. Faria, Ana Leal de. Arquitectos da paz: A diplomacia portuguesa de 1640 a 1815. Lisbon: Tribuna da História, 2009.
  251.  
  252. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  253.  
  254. Very useful guide for Portuguese diplomatic relations. Contains maps and lists of treaties, diplomats, and embassies.
  255.  
  256. Find this resource:
  257.  
  258.  
  259. Macedo, Jorge Borges de. História diplomática portuguesa: Constantes e linhas de força: Estudo de geopolítica. Lisbon: Tribuna da História, 2006.
  260.  
  261. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  262.  
  263. Originally published 1987. Essential study on the history of Portuguese diplomacy. Analyzes diplomatic relations in a structured way, revealing the lines taken in foreign policy rather than providing a linear story of events. Very helpful for understanding the evolution of the kingdom in Europe and in the wider world.
  264.  
  265. Find this resource:
  266.  
  267.  
  268. Martinez, Pedro Soares. História diplomática de Portugal. Lisbon: Almedina, 2010.
  269.  
  270. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  271.  
  272. Originally published 1986. Good summary of diplomatic relations with other kingdoms; a volume that reflects the background in law of the author. Addresses commercial, military, dynastic, and political relations.
  273.  
  274. Find this resource:
  275.  
  276.  
  277. Miller, Samuel. Portugal and Rome, c. 1748–1830: An aspect of the Catholic Enlightenment. Rome: Università Gregoriana Editrice, 1978.
  278.  
  279. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  280.  
  281. Analyzes relations with papal Rome from the second half of the 18th century, a period of major reform. Mainly focuses on the reign of D. José (r. 1750–1777) and the actions of his minister Carvalho e Melo (Marquis of Pombal) and those of D. José’s daughter, D. Maria I (r. 1777–1816), who succeeded him. Very difficult to find.
  282.  
  283. Find this resource:
  284.  
  285.  
  286. Moniz, Jaime Constantino Moniz, and Luiz Augusto Rebello da Silva. Corpo diplomático Portuguez contendo os actos e relações políticas e diplomáticas de Portugal com as diversas potencias do mundo desde o século XVI até aos nossos dias. 15 vols. Lisbon: Typographia da Academia Real das Sciencias, 1862–1959.
  287.  
  288. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  289.  
  290. Dated work but absolutely required for the study of Portuguese diplomatic relations. Contains a brief introduction in the first volume. Publishes letters, diplomatic instructions, treaties, and agreements between Portugal and other realms.
  291.  
  292. Find this resource:
  293.  
  294.  
  295. Prestage, Edgar. As relações diplomáticas de Portugal com a França, a Inglaterra e a Holanda de 1640 a 1688. Coimbra, Portugal: Imprensa da Universidade, 1928.
  296.  
  297. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  298.  
  299. Classic study of diplomatic relations during the war of restoration. Useful for listing and analyzing all missions and embassies sent to, and received from, France, England and the Netherlands.
  300.  
  301. Find this resource:
  302.  
  303.  
  304. Witte, Charles Martial de. La correspondance des premiers nonces permanents au Portugal, 1532–1553. 2 vols. Lisbon: Academia Portuguesa da História, 1980.
  305.  
  306. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  307.  
  308. Good starting point for studying diplomatic relations between Portugal and the Papal States. Examines chronologically all nuncios present in Portugal in this period, also publishing documentation relevant to these relationships.
  309.  
  310. Find this resource:
  311.  
  312.  
  313. Economic History
  314. Several general economic histories of this period in Portuguese history are available. The best starting point to approach early modern Portuguese economic trends is Costa, et al. 2011, a textbook that provides an excellent, up-to-date overview and that offers important insights on the economic impacts of the overseas empire. Another option, one centered more on economic thought, is Cardoso and Almodôvar 1998. During the 1960s and 1970s, Portuguese historiography stressed quantitative history, in particular through the influence of French historiography, and historians paid close attentive to medium- and long-term trends and economic fluctuations as well as structural analysis. The best representative work is Godinho 1978, a classic reference volume that is mandatory, especially with respect to imperial trade. The author of Costa 2002 accepts a challenge proposed by the author of Godinho 1978, that of giving new answers to old problems, in reviewing some of the proposals found in the former work, focusing attention on groups of merchants and their tight relations with the Crown during the 17th century. The economic impacts of a commercial treaty signed in 1703 between England and Portugal (Methuen Treaty) remains the subject of controversial debate. Fisher 1971 and Cardoso 2003 offer a wide treatment of it. On Portuguese agriculture, which constituted the basis of the early modern Portuguese economy, research is abundant, most especially on the role of religious institutions and the exploitation of their lands. One of the best works is Amorim 1997. Neto 2012 furnishes an accurate synthesis of the general crisis that affected Portuguese agriculture during the 17th century and, simultaneously, provides excellent references forfurther reading for those wishing a deeper study of Portuguese agriculture.
  315.  
  316. Amorim, Inês. O Mosteiro de Grijó: Senhorio e propriedade, 1560–1720: Formacão, estrutura e exploracão do seu domínio. Braga, Portugal: I. Amorim, 1997.
  317.  
  318. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  319.  
  320. Interesting case study of the economic power of a monastery. Analyzes religious heritage and its administration. Also focuses on the development of land and its production. Relevant to understanding the existence of manorialism in early modern Portugal.
  321.  
  322. Find this resource:
  323.  
  324.  
  325. Cardoso, José Luís, ed. O tratado de Methuen, 1703: Diplomacia, guerra, política e economia. Lisbon: Horizonte, 2003.
  326.  
  327. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  328.  
  329. Set of studies by leading historians on the Methuen treaty with England (1703) and the period. Analyzes the treaty’s impact on diplomacy, especially the participation of Portugal in the War of the Spanish Succession, and on the economy of the two kingdoms. Very useful for understanding the early 18th century.
  330.  
  331. Find this resource:
  332.  
  333.  
  334. Cardoso, José Luís, and António Almodôvar. A History of Portuguese Economic Thought. London: Routledge, 1998.
  335.  
  336. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  337.  
  338. Interesting summary of the history of the Portuguese economy and of economic thought. Useful for understanding the evolution of economic policies in the long term. Good starting point for undergraduates.
  339.  
  340. Find this resource:
  341.  
  342.  
  343. Costa, Leonor Freire. Império e grupos mercantis entre o Oriente e o Atlântico, século XVII. Lisbon: Livros Horizonte, 2002.
  344.  
  345. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  346.  
  347. Important study of trade in the Portuguese Empire throughout the 17th century. Focuses on the areas of production, products, markets, and overseas routes, and the development of the South Atlantic in royal policy. Essential to understanding the empire during the Iberian union and after 1640.
  348.  
  349. Find this resource:
  350.  
  351.  
  352. Costa, Leonor Freire, Pedro Lains, and Susana Munch Miranda. História económica de Portugal, 1143–2010. Lisbon: A Esfera dos Livros, 2011.
  353.  
  354. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  355.  
  356. Contains new results and the latest investigations and interpretations by prominent researchers. Very useful since it offers a complete overview of economic developments in the realm and its overseas territories.
  357.  
  358. Find this resource:
  359.  
  360.  
  361. Fisher, E. H. S. The Portugal Trade: A Study of Anglo-Portuguese Commerce, 1700–1770. London: Methuen, 1971.
  362.  
  363. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  364.  
  365. Analyzes the organization of trade between the two kingdoms, highlighting the trade in wine and textiles, and the impact of these relations in the economic development of England. Useful in understanding the Portuguese economy and its foreign policy in the 18th century.
  366.  
  367. Find this resource:
  368.  
  369.  
  370. Godinho, Vitorino Magalhães. Ensaios II, sobre história de Portugal. Lisbon: Livraria Sá da Costa, 1978.
  371.  
  372. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  373.  
  374. Set of studies by this renowned historian. Contains key studies that facilitate an understanding of the economic history of Portugal. Includes articles on public finances, the state structure, the price revolution, 16th-century economic fluctuations, the Iberian union and the independence of Portugal, the sugar trade, and the golden age of Brazil.
  375.  
  376. Find this resource:
  377.  
  378.  
  379. Neto, Margarida Sobral. “A crise da agricultura em Portugal no século XVII.” In Estudos em homenagem a Joaquim Romero Magalhães: Economia, instituições e império. Edited by Álvaro Garrido, Leonor Freire Costa, and Luís Miguel Duarte, 263–276. Coimbra, Portugal: Almedina, 2012.
  380.  
  381. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  382.  
  383. Interesting study that summarizes the main problems in Portuguese agriculture in the 17th century, tracing its evolution and the measures advocated by advisers and applied by the kings. Useful for the history of agriculture in the early modern era.
  384.  
  385. Find this resource:
  386.  
  387.  
  388. Social History and Welfare
  389. Portuguese society was much affected by the creation of the overseas empire. Godinho 1975 is still a classic study, offering a synthetic and problematical analysis of the different social groups that formed the social hierarchy, also with important data on demography. It is a work that is very useful for undergraduates and graduates. It should be consulted with Pereira 1998, a splendid text on 16th-century Portuguese society, particularly useful for studying the characteristics of Portuguese nobility and its different categories and also the mechanisms of social mobility. Portuguese historiography, in fact, has stressed study of the nobility more than other social groups. The best study of a noble house (the Bragança, who became the royal house after 1640) is Cunha 2000. This pioneer volume includes up-to-date data on international historiographical trends, plenty of which are first hand. A book on court nobility and its decline during the 18th century, Monteiro 1998 is written by the most productive scholar on this topic. It is based on very solid research with plenty of rich details on the notion of the “house,” rents, administration, royal offices, and noble culture. It ends with a rich, complete bibliography and a list of printed sources very useful for researchers. Pedreira 1995 is an exception to the stress on nobility, offering a very good insight into the social group of Lisbon businessmen, for the most part merchants, since the middle 18th century. Unfortunately, this PhD thesis was never published. Portuguese welfare studies have been central in Portuguese historiography since the 1980s in concentrating on the important, unique system created by the Crown based on a network of institutions spread throughout the realm and the overseas empire called misericórdias. Sá 2001 is the best starting point, offering a very good overview of the origin of the institutions, their power, rituals, and charity practices. Lopes 2010 should be consulted for those interested in the welfare system from 1750 onward. This textbook introduces readers to the ideology of charity, the concept of poverty, and the reforms of the welfare system. It was written for undergraduates and offers a large annotated bibliography. Concerning demography, an important and systematic overview is provided in Rodrigues 2008.
  390.  
  391. Cunha, Mafalda Soares da. A casa de Bragança, 1560–1640: Práticas senhoriais e redes clientelares. Lisbon: Editorial Estampa, 2000.
  392.  
  393. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  394.  
  395. Case study of the largest landlord the kingdom by the most renowned historian in the field. Interesting analysis of the structure of the “house,” the rites of power and administration and organization of the properties. Also focuses on an analysis of networks. A pioneering text when first published.
  396.  
  397. Find this resource:
  398.  
  399.  
  400. Godinho, Vitorino Magalhães. Estrutura da antiga sociedade portuguesa. Lisbon: Arcádia, 1975.
  401.  
  402. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  403.  
  404. A classic and still must-read study of Portuguese society. In-depth analysis of the structure of the population, settlement and urbanization, emigration, and social organization. Very useful for observing long-term trends.
  405.  
  406. Find this resource:
  407.  
  408.  
  409. Lopes, Maria Antónia. Protecção social em Portugal na Idade Moderna: Guia de estudo e investigação. Coimbra, Portugal: Imprensa da Universidade de Coimbra, 2010.
  410.  
  411. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  412.  
  413. Very useful textbook about the welfare state since 1750. Defines key concepts and analyzes all major welfare institutions. Defines assistance and the social role of these institutions in local government. Includes a basic bibliography on the subject. Excellent starting point for this topic.
  414.  
  415. Find this resource:
  416.  
  417.  
  418. Monteiro, Nuno Gonçalo. O crepúsculo dos grandes: A casa e o património da aristocracia em Portugal, 1750–1832. Lisbon: INCM, 1998.
  419.  
  420. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  421.  
  422. Despite centered on the period from 1750 to the early 19th century, this is a crucial work in understanding the Portuguese nobility in early modern times. Focuses on the “house,” lineage, social reproduction, administration of property, and performance of functions in the royal bureaucracy of the Portuguese aristocracy.
  423.  
  424. Find this resource:
  425.  
  426.  
  427. Pedreira, Jorge Miguel de Melo Viana. “Os homens de negócio da Praça de Lisboa: De Pombal ao Vintismo, 1755–1822: Diferenciação, reprodução e identificação de um grupo social.” PhD diss., New University of Lisbon, 1995.
  428.  
  429. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  430.  
  431. In-depth study of businessmen in Lisbon at the end of the Old Regime. Very useful for understanding the organization of trade and the creation of great wealth. The author also analyzes the strategies of ascension and social reproduction, the management of the business, and the culture of these men and how they were represented in Lisbon society.
  432.  
  433. Find this resource:
  434.  
  435.  
  436. Pereira, José Cordeiro. “A estrutura social e o seu devir.” In Nova história de Portugal. Vol. 5, Portugal do Renascimento a crise dinàstica. Edited by Joel Serrão and A. H. de Oliveira Marques, 277–336. Lisbon: Presença, 1998.
  437.  
  438. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  439.  
  440. An impressive study, very important in understanding early modern Portuguese social structure. Covers all social categories, analyzing their functions, social mobility, and the impact of trade and empire in society.
  441.  
  442. Find this resource:
  443.  
  444.  
  445. Rodrigues, Teresa Ferreira, ed. História da população portuguesa. Porto, Portugal: Afrontamento, 2008.
  446.  
  447. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  448.  
  449. Very useful history of the Portuguese population. Evaluates the rhythms of growth, demographic behavior, and geographic mobility, among other issues.
  450.  
  451. Find this resource:
  452.  
  453.  
  454. Sá, Guimarães. As Misericórdias portuguesas de D. Manuel I a Pombal. Lisbon: Livros Horizonte, 2001.
  455.  
  456. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  457.  
  458. General yet very complete study on the misericórdias, Portuguese welfare institutions that also played a major role in power relations and among local elites. The author, one of the leading scholars in this field, examines the network of misericórdias, their evolution, administrative structure, the services provided to the communities, and charity rituals.
  459.  
  460. Find this resource:
  461.  
  462.  
  463. Cultural History
  464. Dias 2006, a recent edition of a classical article originally published in 1953, is still the best overview of Portuguese culture and its links with broader European cultural paths in the Early Modern era. Written in a very systematic, clear, and erudite style, it offers a general overview of humanism (Italian, Erasmian, and Catholic) in Portugal in the 16th century, the impact of discoveries, the baroque literature, the reception of modern science, the influence of the Enlightenment, and the impact of inquisitorial censorship. Readers interested in a more in-depth examination of humanism and study of the trends of a cultural policy set up by the Crown during the reign of John III (r. 1521–1557) should consult Dias 1969. Dias 1982 is critical in understanding the impact of the discoveries in Portuguese 16th-century culture and the conflict these events engendered with classical humanism. Following the arrival of the first Jesuits in Portugal in 1540 and the creation of a network of colleges directed by them until 1759, when they were expelled from the realm by royal decree, the Company of Jesus was crucial in educating Portuguese youth and defining some of the major trends of Portuguese literary and scientific culture. This topic has generated a lively debate in historiography and has produced some radical interpretations in suggesting that Portuguese culture during the Early Modern period suffered major disruptions due to the strong presence and power of the Jesuits. An informative study of their role in Portuguese culture is Rodrigues 1931–1950. Azevedo 1992 offers a biography and interpretation of the role played by António Vieira, one of the more distinguished Portuguese Jesuits, and the work also serves as a useful reference on Portuguese baroque culture. With respect to the Portuguese University, transferred from Lisbon to Coimbra in 1537, a good overview for undergraduates and graduates is Universidade de Coimbra and Fundaçao Calouste Gulbenkian 1997. The Portuguese Enlightenment should be approached through examination of the most recent and comprehensive overview, Araújo 2003. An innovative perspective on political culture and the impact and use of rituals, particularly during the period 1580–1640, is found in Curto 2011.
  465.  
  466. Araújo, Ana Cristina. A cultura das luzes em Portugal: Temas e problemas. Lisbon: Livros Horizonte, 2003.
  467.  
  468. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  469.  
  470. Proposes new interpretations and identifies issues concerning the Enlightenment in Portugal. Focuses its attention on the definition and understanding of the baroque in Portugal and the formation of a cosmopolitan mind-set and public opinion in the 18th century.
  471.  
  472. Find this resource:
  473.  
  474.  
  475. Azevedo, J. Lúcio de. História de António Vieira. 2 vols. 3d ed. Lisbon: Clássica Editora, 1992.
  476.  
  477. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  478.  
  479. Originally published 1918–1921. Dated but classic work in understanding António Vieira, a Jesuit, preacher, and missionary and a central figure in Portuguese culture during the Early Modern era. Provides a chronological biography, tracing his activities as a member of a religious order, missionary, politician, and as a victim of the Inquisition.
  480.  
  481. Find this resource:
  482.  
  483.  
  484. Curto, Diogo Ramada. Cultura política no tempo dos filipes, 1580–1640. Lisbon: Edições 70, 2011.
  485.  
  486. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  487.  
  488. Interesting and original approach to political culture during the Iberian union. Examines how politics was seen, felt, and understood by nonprivileged groups. Focuses on the rites and ceremonies of the monarchy in relation to beliefs about royal power and in specific cases of political affairs. Very useful for understanding the existence, or lack thereof, of a political culture and of a Portuguese identity itself in this time.
  489.  
  490. Find this resource:
  491.  
  492.  
  493. Dias, J. S. Silva. A política cultural da época de D. João III. 2 vols. Coimbra, Portugal: Universidade de Coimbra, 1969.
  494.  
  495. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  496.  
  497. Study by one of the greatest Portuguese historians of the 20th century. Crucial to understanding the political culture set by the Crown and the deep transformation that occurred within the institution after the 1540s. In-depth treatment, based on solid, well-researched primary sources; discusses humanism; the reforms in the education system, in particular, the university; censorship; and the Inquisition.
  498.  
  499. Find this resource:
  500.  
  501.  
  502. Dias, José Sebastião da Silva. Os descobrimentos e a problemática cultural do século XVI. Porto, Portugal: Presença, 1982.
  503.  
  504. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  505.  
  506. Originally published 1973. Fundamental study for understanding the cultural impacts of Portuguese oceanic expansion. Discusses the notion of “experience,” the information transmitted by Portuguese travelers who wrote about what they had seen, comparing their experience as “navigators” with the image of discoveries propitiated by Portuguese humanists. Also focuses on the new knowledge brought by contact with other cultures. Useful for study of the issue of the “noble savage” and that of slavery.
  507.  
  508. Find this resource:
  509.  
  510.  
  511. Dias, José Sebastião da Silva. Portugal e a cultura europeia, séculos XVI a XVIII. Porto, Portugal: Campo das Letras, 2006.
  512.  
  513. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  514.  
  515. Originally published 1953. A splendid broad survey of Portuguese early modern culture. Very useful for setting Portuguese culture within the broader framework of Europe. Helps in understanding the cultural issues in the kingdom and the empire over the course of time, reviewing developments, enduring trends, and setbacks. Very erudite and with abundant references to the contributions made by major Portuguese writers, thinkers, and men of science.
  516.  
  517. Find this resource:
  518.  
  519.  
  520. Rodrigues, Francisco. Historia da Companhia de Jesus na assistência de Portugal. 7 vols. Porto, Portugal: Livraria Apostolado da Imprensa, 1931–1950.
  521.  
  522. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  523.  
  524. Classic study that is dated but still useful in offering a complete history of the Jesuits in Portugal and the empire. Analyzes the organization of the order, its spread, and the and forms of action undertaken by members. Critical to understanding the cultural, social, and religious importance of this institution in early modern Portugal.
  525.  
  526. Find this resource:
  527.  
  528.  
  529. Universidade de Coimbra and Fundaçao Calouste Gulbenkian. História da Universidade em Portugal. 2 vols. Coimbra, Portugal: Universidade de Coimbra e Fundação Calouste Gulbenkian, 1997.
  530.  
  531. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  532.  
  533. Excellent history of the university in Portugal, written by different scholars, providing a good overview of its evolution. Interesting in offering a complete perspective: the context of foundation; administrative issues, such as physical space, finance, and social structure; teachers and students; daily operations; materials and means of education; and the role of the university in society.
  534.  
  535. Find this resource:
  536.  
  537.  
  538. Religious History
  539. Two excellent religious history overviews are available. Almeida 1968 is a classic work, first published between 1910 and 1928. Very institution-based, ecclesiastical, and positivist, it is concerned more with church history than religious history. Azevedo 2000 is a very recent collection of articles written by different scholars that breaks with a long tradition of religious historiography, which was usually written by historians who were also clerics. It is more open to problems and new concepts in a religious history that differs from an institutional church history. Both volumes are useful and complement each other. For a more general approach, splendid for undergraduates as well as graduates, see Palomo 2006. The author of Palomo 2006 is a pioneer in introducing the concepts of confessionalization and social discipline into early modern Portuguese history, and the work also provides a theme-based, up-to-date bibliography, very useful for further readings. Detailed analysis, based on research in primary sources, is also available for very different topics, although an up-to-date history of a bishopric remains unavailable. Dias 1960 is still the best work on study of the evolution of religious thought and reforms, some of them promoted by the Crown, particularly in the 16th century. Paiva 2006 introduces new explanations for the system by which bishops were appointed, clarifies how monarchs chose bishops, discusses the different models of bishop, and traces a sociology of the episcopate based on a prosopographical analysis. Studies of the history of religion in Portugal must include, obviously, an in-depth evaluation of the Inquisition. The first solid and innovative overview, though requiring some previous knowledge of the institution, is Bethencourt 2009, which is an English-language version that was first published in Portuguese in 1994. Bethencourt 2009 is useful also in offering a comparative study of all three modern Inquisitions (Spanish, Roman, and Portuguese). Marcocci and Paiva 2013 is a recent work that, for the first time, presents a comprehensive synthesis of the institution from its inception in 1536 until its abolition in 1821. Attentive to both long periods of time as well as short chronologies, it provides an institutional analysis combined with careful attention given to study of individuals. It includes a very large bibliography and a very useful chronology. Paiva 2011 is an innovative work that traces the history of the relations between the episcopate and the Portuguese Holy Office, contributing to a larger view of the religious field in Portugal and to understanding the social discipline mechanisms at work in the early modern state.
  540.  
  541. Almeida, Fortunato de. História da Igreja em Portugal. Vol. 2. Barcelos, Portugal: Livraria Civilização Editora, 1968.
  542.  
  543. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  544.  
  545. Classic study, essential for an introduction to the history of the Catholic Church in Portugal and its overseas empire. Very informative; examines the history of religious institutions, the secular and regular clergy, ecclesiastical geography, and relations with Rome. Very useful for the lists of synods and bishops presented.
  546.  
  547. Find this resource:
  548.  
  549.  
  550. Azevedo, Carlos Moreira, ed. História religiosa de Portugal. Vol. 2, Humanismos e reformas. Lisbon: Círculo de Leitores, 2000.
  551.  
  552. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  553.  
  554. The best and an up-to-date overview of Portuguese religious early modern history written by different scholars. Analyzes institutions; religious thought and spiritual reforms; the clergy; missions; religious life and popular practices; daily rituals, both public and private; the literature of spirituality; and also the Inquisition.
  555.  
  556. Find this resource:
  557.  
  558.  
  559. Bethencourt, Francisco. The Inquisition: A Global History, 1478–1834. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press, 2009.
  560.  
  561. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  562.  
  563. History of the Inquisition in southern Europe. Analyzes the structure of the institution—its organization, management, performance, and representations—from its foundation to its abolition. Central study in understanding the institution that functioned similarly in different parts of the Catholic world; particularly useful for a comparative approach of the three early modern Inquisitions.
  564.  
  565. Find this resource:
  566.  
  567.  
  568. Dias, José Sebastião da Silva. Correntes de sentimento religioso em Portugal, séculos XVI a XVIII. 2 vols. Coimbra, Portugal: Universidade de Coimbra, 1960.
  569.  
  570. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  571.  
  572. The best study to acquire an understanding of the evolution of religious thought and reforms from the 15th to the 18th centuries. Analyzes various strands of Catholic thought in Portugal as well as providing some case studies of bishops, religious, humanists, and other thinkers who contributed to shaping the structure and functioning of the church itself.
  573.  
  574. Find this resource:
  575.  
  576.  
  577. Marcocci, Giuseppe, and José Pedro Paiva. História da Inquisição portuguesa, 1536–1821. Lisbon: A Esfera dos Livros, 2013.
  578.  
  579. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  580.  
  581. First complete history of the Portuguese Inquisition. Presents its evolution chronologically, explaining its nature, structure, organization, practices, and censorship. The authors study the institution over the long term, but they also pay attention to short-term analysis and provide an examination of individuals (from inquisitors to the persecuted). Reflects also on the impact of the Holy Office on Portuguese society, including its overseas territories.
  582.  
  583. Find this resource:
  584.  
  585.  
  586. Paiva, José Pedro. Os bispos de Portugal e do império, 1495–1777. Coimbra, Portugal: Imprensa da Universidade, 2006.
  587.  
  588. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  589.  
  590. Study of the role of the episcopate in the political and religious life of the realm and its empire. Models a system of political appointment of bishops, how Portuguese monarchs acquired this power, and the procedures required during this process. Discusses the different types of bishop and offers explanations for the appointment of bishops that reflected changing trends, placing these appointments in a political context and stressing the networks established during this process.
  591.  
  592. Find this resource:
  593.  
  594.  
  595. Paiva, José Pedro. Baluartes da fé e da disciplina: O enlace entre a Inquisição e os bispos em Portugal, 1536–1750. Coimbra, Portugal: Imprensa da Universidade de Coimbra, 2011.
  596.  
  597. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  598.  
  599. Case study about the interconnection between episcopal power and the Inquisition. Shows the impact of the Holy Office on Portuguese religious structure, comparing it with other European cases. Analyzes the theoretical model of punishment for heresy and religious deviance, its implementation, and the conflicts engendered between these two powers. Stresses the importance of the good relations between the Holy Office and the episcopate in order to facilitate disciplining of populations and the building of a modern state.
  600.  
  601. Find this resource:
  602.  
  603.  
  604. Palomo, Federico. A Contra-Reforma em Portugal, 1540–1700. Lisbon: Livros Horizonte, 2006.
  605.  
  606. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  607.  
  608. The best general overview of the implementation of the rulings of the Council of Trent in Portugal. Examines the role of the different religious actors in this process: the bishops, the members of the Inquisition, and religious orders. Also focuses on religious practices and their evolution from 1540 to 1700.
  609.  
  610. Find this resource:
  611.  
  612.  
  613. Art History
  614. Portuguese art history has experienced a revival of interest since the 1970s in profiting from the research of a new generation of scholars and the creation of autonomous courses on art history in the main Portuguese universities. The best overview, richly illustrated, that also provides an important set of helpful bibliographical references for beginners is Pereira 1995. This is a reference work written by different authors, some of them representative of the new generation of art historians. For study of Portuguese art in the overseas empire and the influences of non-European styles and tendencies in Portuguese art, a topic often addressed in Portuguese art history works, a good survey is Dias 1998. Mattoso 2007–2012 focuses on architecture and urbanism. It is richly illustrated and easy available through the Internet. On Renaissance and mannerist painting, Henriques 2010, a catalogue of an exhibition of the so-called Portuguese primitives, is richly illustrated and with good introductory texts. More impressive and in-depth analyses are provided in Serrão 2002, written by the major Portuguese historian on early modern painting. With respect to baroque painting, Levenson 1993 includes a good variety of contributions and a good set of illustrations. For the architecture of the 16th century and a discussion of the Portuguese fashion for late gothic and early Renaissance art (“manuelin art”), one of the best studies is Moreira 1991, although it is not easily available. As for the transformations of the urban landscape of Lisbon after the 1755 earthquake, França 1987 remains the classic work.
  615.  
  616. Dias, Pedro. História da arte portuguesa no mundo. 2 vols. Lisbon: Círculo de Leitores, 1998.
  617.  
  618. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  619.  
  620. Analysis of Portuguese art in the empire. Focuses on the various spaces, influences, cultural impact, architecture, painting, and sculpture; Volume 1 on the Indian Pacific and Volume 2 on the Atlantic.
  621.  
  622. Find this resource:
  623.  
  624.  
  625. França, José Augusto. Lisboa Pombalina e o iluminismo. Lisbon: Bertrand, 1987.
  626.  
  627. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  628.  
  629. Classic study of the capital of the kingdom and of the empire in the mid-18th century. Analyzes the urban structure of the city before and after the great earthquake of 1755, the reconstruction plans for downtown Lisbon, the urban development at the time, and the urban projects launched by Carvalho e Melo (Marquis of Pombal) set within the Enlightenment era.
  630.  
  631. Find this resource:
  632.  
  633.  
  634. Henriques, Ana de Castro, ed. Primitivos portugueses, 1450–1550: O século de Nuno Gonçalves. Lisbon: Athena, 2010.
  635.  
  636. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  637.  
  638. Excellent catalogue of an exhibition of Portuguese painting of the 15th and 16th centuries. Contains relevant studies on this topic written by experts. Good introduction to the subject.
  639.  
  640. Find this resource:
  641.  
  642.  
  643. Levenson, Jay, ed. The Age of the Baroque in Portugal. New Haven, CT: Yale University Press, 1993.
  644.  
  645. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  646.  
  647. Interesting catalogue of an exhibition; contains some relevant studies on the baroque era in Portugal. Useful for a first approach.
  648.  
  649. Find this resource:
  650.  
  651.  
  652. Mattoso, José, ed. Portuguese Heritage around the World: Architecture and Urbanism. 3 vols. Lisbon: Fundação Calouste Gulbenkian, 2007–2012.
  653.  
  654. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  655.  
  656. Impressive survey of the global Portuguese art heritage. Offers good syntheses of Portuguese global art. Volume 1 on South America and Africa, Volume 2 on the Persian Gulf, and Volume 3 on Asia. It is complemented by the Heritage of Portuguese Influence site, frequently updated, online.
  657.  
  658. Find this resource:
  659.  
  660.  
  661. Moreira, Rafael. “A arquitectura do Renascimento no Sul de Portugal: A encomenda régia entre o moderno e o romano.” 2 vols. PhD diss., New University of Lisbon, 1991.
  662.  
  663. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  664.  
  665. Doctoral thesis devoted to the study of the Renaissance in Portugal, especially during the reigns of John II (r. 1481–1495) and John III (r. 1521–1557). Very useful for the study of Portuguese military architecture in northern Morocco and the role of Évora as the art capital of the realm; includes biographies of artists such as Nicholau Chanterene and João de Castilho.
  666.  
  667. Find this resource:
  668.  
  669.  
  670. Pereira, Paulo, ed. História da arte portuguesa. Vol. 2, Do “modo” gótica ao maneirismo. Lisbon: Círculo de Leitores, 1995.
  671.  
  672. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  673.  
  674. See also Volume 3, Do barroco à contemporaneidade. Summary of the history of Portuguese art, especially concerned with architecture and painting. A good overview, although written by different scholars and not all chapters have the same level of quality.
  675.  
  676. Find this resource:
  677.  
  678.  
  679. Serrão, Vítor. História da arte em Portugal. Vol. 3, O Renascimento e o maneirismo, 1500–1620. Lisbon: Editorial Presença, 2002.
  680.  
  681. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  682.  
  683. Excellent overview of Portuguese art between 1500 and 1620. Analyzes two currents that marked this period–the Renaissance and mannerism—through the study of architecture, painting, and sculpture.
  684.  
  685. Find this resource:
  686.  
  687.  
  688. Local History
  689. After the revolution that led to the collapse of the dictatorship and established a political democracy in 1974, an outburst of studies on local history appeared. They assumed very different approaches. Some works were focused more on political power and local forms of organization while others centered on research in local economic activities, including the local impact of Portuguese oceanic expansion. Oliveira and Monteiro 1996 is a general overview, good for undergraduates, and it has the advantage of a good bibliography. Magalhães 2011 is a collection of essays that are more erudite and discuss a wide set of topics. A large number and variety of studies are available on different villages and towns. The most solid and in-depth work is Soares 2001–2004. This is a three-volume work based on brilliant research and includes a theoretical discussion on power and an explanation of the mechanisms of communication and the generation of consensus between central and local power. It is not recommended for undergraduates. Silva 1988 presents the history of the local administration of an important city at a specific point in time, namely, the period during which Portugal was ruled by the Spanish monarchy. Oliveira 1971 provides an in-depth study of the demography and economy of a town of medium size during the 16th century. Polónia 2007 provides a similar profile in a pioneering work that focuses on the impact of oceanic trade in the harbor of Vila do Conde. Many studies examine elites and their control over local institutions, especially the misericórdias (welfare institutions) and municipal administration. A good example is Abreu 1990. Administration in Portugal lacks strong regional powers, a topic also discussed in literature. Accordingly, only a few studies treat powers on a regional scale. The best one is Magalhães 1988, which is focused on economic activities in the southern part of the realm (Algarve).
  690.  
  691. Abreu, Laurinda. A Santa Casa da Misericórdia de Setúbal de 1500 a 1755: Aspectos de sociabilidade e poder. Setúbal, Portugal: Santa Casa da Misericórdia de Setúbal, 1990.
  692.  
  693. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  694.  
  695. Good study on the role of the Setúbal misericórdia in local government. Interesting analysis of the profile of the “brothers” of this institution and its power networks. Useful in understanding the importance of social mobility and the formation of local oligarchies.
  696.  
  697. Find this resource:
  698.  
  699.  
  700. Magalhães, Joaquim Romero. O Algarve económico, 1600–1773. Lisbon: Editorial Estampa, 1988.
  701.  
  702. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  703.  
  704. Exemplary case study of a region of the realm. Analyzes the social and economic structure of Algarve in the 17th and 18th centuries. Essential to understanding production, consumption, circulation of people and goods, and regional evolution.
  705.  
  706. Find this resource:
  707.  
  708.  
  709. Magalhães, Joaquim Romero. Concelhos e organização municipal na época moderna. Coimbra, Portugal: Imprensa da Universidade, 2011.
  710.  
  711. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  712.  
  713. Set of essays by a leading early modern historian. Focuses on the local power in the kingdom, analyzing the power of municipalities and their economic and social structures from the 16th to the 19th centuries. Also critical to understanding municipal power in the overseas possessions, from the Atlantic islands to Brazil and Portuguese India.
  714.  
  715. Find this resource:
  716.  
  717.  
  718. Oliveira, António de. A vida económica e social de Coimbra de 1537 a 1640. 2 vols. Coimbra, Portugal: Faculdade de Letras da Universidade de Coimbra, 1971.
  719.  
  720. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  721.  
  722. Classic case study of a Portuguese city in the Early Modern period. In-depth analysis based on primary sources to address a pattern in social and economic local structures. Emphasis on the study of population, trade, local administration, legislation, and supply of the urban center.
  723.  
  724. Find this resource:
  725.  
  726.  
  727. Oliveira, César de, and Nuno Gonçalo Monteiro, eds. História dos municípios e do poder local: Dos finais da Idade Média à União Europeia. Lisbon: Temas e Debates, 1996.
  728.  
  729. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  730.  
  731. Very useful work for providing a complete history of municipal regions since the Early Modern era. Written by various experts; analyzes local structures, the exercise of power, and the importance of this power to local elites.
  732.  
  733. Find this resource:
  734.  
  735.  
  736. Polónia, Amélia. A expansão ultramarina numa perspectiva local: O porto de Vila do Conde no século XVI. 2 vols. Lisbon: Imprensa Nacional-Casa da Moeda, 2007.
  737.  
  738. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  739.  
  740. Analyzes in a very complete and exemplary way the port of Vila do Conde, including its geography, social structure, and logistics; examines shipbuilding, the fleet, the organization of the seamen, navigation, the important trading function of the town, and the impact of this fact on the urban landscape, demography, society, economy, and everyday life.
  741.  
  742. Find this resource:
  743.  
  744.  
  745. Silva, Francisco Ribeiro da. O Porto e o seu termo, 1580–1640: Os homens, as instituições e o poder. 2 vols. Porto, Portugal: Arquivo Histórico/Câmara Municipal do Porto, 1988.
  746.  
  747. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  748.  
  749. Very complete study of Oporto during the period of the Iberian union. Analyzes the territory, population, economic and social structure, local administrative organization—with special emphasis on the whole structure of the municipality—and its relation to the central power. Helpful in acquiring an understanding of the organization of a city in early modern Portugal.
  750.  
  751. Find this resource:
  752.  
  753.  
  754. Soares, Sérgio. O município de Coimbra da restauração ao Pombalismo. 3 vols. Coimbra, Portugal: Centro de História da Sociedade e da Cultura, 2001–2004.
  755.  
  756. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  757.  
  758. Impressive study of the municipality of Coimbra in the modern era. Essential to understanding the structure of local government. Analyzes the geography and sociology of municipal power, including space, organization, social structure, power networks, and forms of social mobility through and within the local government.
  759.  
  760. Find this resource:
Advertisement
Add Comment
Please, Sign In to add comment
Advertisement
Public Pastes
Advertisement
We use cookies for various purposes including analytics. By continuing to use Pastebin, you agree to our use of cookies as described in the Cookies Policy.  OK, I Understand
Not a member of Pastebin yet?
Sign Up, it unlocks many cool features!