The Executive

The President
- Head of State
- Elected by the people every 5 years, with the Vice President
- No term limit, but most Presidents only run twice
- Head of the Civil Service, Commander-in-chief of the Armed Forces
- Swears the Prime Minister and Cabinet in; similarly, can dismiss the Prime Minister and Cabinet
- Swears in Premiers and Cabinet of various states
- Appoints judiciary, ambassadors, power of pardon
- Must be at least 35
- Gives assent to laws, dissolves parliament
- Able to impose State of Emergency if government (either Federal or State) unable to function

The Vice President
- Deputy head of State
- Elected alongside the President every 5 years
- No term limit, but most Vice Presidents only run twice (only one exception)
- Serves as President of the Senate alongside Vice Presidential role (tie-breaking vote, position synonymous with Speaker of the Senate). Can appoint president pro tempore to take their place when VP is not around.
- Can be delegated to serve President's roles at the President's pleasure
- Must be at least 35
- Succeeds to the position of President in case of the President being declared unfit to rule/incapacitated/dead/resigned
- Above, but as Acting President (if temporary)
- If Vice Presidential position falls vacant, successor must be nominated (by existing President) and confirmed by the Senate before being sworn in.

The Prime Minister
- Head of government and Cabinet (primus inter pares)
- Holds Parliament's confidence, etc etc, no term limits (Supply bills count as confidence bills)
- Appoints cabinet (maximum 30 members excluding Leaders of both Houses)
- Advises President on matters including appointments, etc
- You know, typical Prime Minister stuff.
- If defeated in confidence bill, must either dissolve Parliament immediately (by asking Pres) or resign. If Pres refuses dissolution, PM must resign immediately.
- If defeated in spill motion, must resign immediately.

Cabinet
- Appointed by Prime Minister
- Reshuffle-able by Prime Minister at any point during his tenure
- Maximum 30 members, minimum of 8 (excluding Leaders of both Houses)
- Cabinet members are not required to be a member of Parliament of either house on appointment, but must become one within three months.
- Cabinet collective responsibility applies
- Members can be part of either House of Representatives or Senate

The Legislative

Leader of the Government in the Senate
- Cabinet-level role, but not appointed directly by Prime Minister; Prime Minister can, however, dismiss the LotGiS, subject to a vote. Prime Minister still technically appoints role de jure, but de facto just appoints whomever is the LotPiS at the time (as they can command a majority of their fellow Senators' votes)
- Leader of the Government in the Senate =/= Government has a majority in the Senate
- Is instead appointed by members of party caucus in the Senate
- Position synonymous with Leader of the Party in the Senate; if incumbent is defeated as LotPiS, resigns as LotGiS as well
- Elections held when incumbent resigns, spill motion passes or dismissal by Prime Minister
- Acts as government's principal spokesperson in Upper House
- Responsible for management of government business in Senate

Senator
- Elected every five years along with the rest of the Senate (STV)
- Must be at least 30
- Each state gets an equal number of Senators; as of 1989 onwards each state has 12 and each territory has 2; from 2019 territories will elect 4.
- Can reject all bills including supply bills (but cannot introduce supply bills)
- Bills that originate here go to the House of Representatives to be voted on, then presented to the President.
- Has committees where bills are discussed before being presented to the floor.

Speaker of the House
Leader of the House
Member of Parliament

Path a bill takes to become a law

First reading (Bill presented, though requires a second). Date for second reading set. No vote.
Second reading - Bill read out, debate occurs on general principles of bill. Vote occurs - if affirmative, bill assigned to a committee to discuss each clause and set out amendments (Committee stage). Following committee stage, House considers amendments to the bill to which amendments have been tabled.
Third reading - Debate on final text as amended, before being sent to the other house where the same procedure is repeated. If both houses say yes, then bill is sent to President to become law.