Java Fundamentals - Literals

	Literals:
		• int x = 10;
			§ Int is both the datatype and  keyword.
			§ X is the name of the variable or the identifier.
			§ 10 is considered the constant value or the literal.
				□ Note: A constant value which can be assigned to a variable is called a literal.
		• There are four integral data types.
			§ List: byte, short, int, and long
		• There are two forms of literal representation. These are decimal and octal.
			§ Decimal literals (base-10)
				□ Range: 0 to 9
				□ Int x = 10; <-- decimal form
			§ Octal literals (base-8) can handle
				□ Range: [0 to 7]
				□ int x = 010;
				□ Side note:
					□ The JVM reads literals by default in decimal form.
				□ One can force a literal to be treated as an octal literal by prefixing the literal with the number 0.
			§ Hexadecimal form (base-16)
				□ Range: [0 to 9] and [a to f] -
					□ We can use both lowercase and uppercase characters.
						◊ IMPORTANT: This is one of very few areas where java is not case sensitive.
				□ Int x = 0x10;
				□ Side note:
					□ The JVM reads literals by default in decimal form.
				□ Once can force a literal to be treated as a hexadecimal literal by prefixing it with 0X (the x can be lowercase or uppercase).
			§ Examples: int x = 10; <-- valid || int x = 0786; <-- CE: integer number too large || int x = 0777; <-- valid || int x = 0XFace; <-- valid || int x = 0XBeef; <-- valid || int x = 0XBeer; <-- CE: error: ';' expected
			§ Detailed Example 1: class test { public static void main(String[] args) { int x = 10; int y = 010; int z = 0X10; System.out.print(z + "..." + y + "…" + z); } } //prints 10 8 16 in this order
			§ NOTE: JVM only prints values in decimal form.