2015-04-03 Structure: past speculation modals

Greg Malivuk
[email protected]
http://www.pastebin.com/u/gmalivuk
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Homework: p. 269 chapter 16 review
(also study for tomorrow’s test about unit 15 and 16)
part A
1 have
2 ought
3 could (It was possible, but she didn’t do it.)
4 given
5 shouldn’t
6 should I
part B
1 I should have studied for the math test.
2 You could have shown me your class notes. (but you didn’t)
3 I shouldn’t have stayed up so late the night before the test.
4 John ought to have called you.
5 You might have invited me to join the study group.
part C
- I shouldn’t have stayed up so late.
- I ought to have asked Erik for a ride.
- You might have called.
- I should have called.
- They really could have invited me to join them. (or “could’ve”)
- Should I have said something to them?
- You could’ve sent her a card!
- I really think my mother might have reminded me.
- I should have just stayed in bed.
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Modals about the present or future:
She might be at home.
It may rain tomorrow.
I should call my dad tonight.
[modal] + base form

Modals about the past:
She might   have      been         at home.
It  may     have     rained        this morning. (conclusion)
 I should   have     called        my dad last night.
  [modal] + have + past participle
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TEST
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p. 270 - Do you believe aliens helped make these things?
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Aliens may have made them.
= Aliens might have made them.
= Aliens could have made them.
= I think it’s possible that aliens made them, but I’m not sure.

Aliens could have made them.
= I think aliens had the ability to make them, but I’m not sure if they did it.

Aliens might not have made them.
= Aliens may not have made them.
= I think it’s possible that aliens didn’t make them, but I’m not sure.

Aliens could not have made them.
= I think it’s impossible that aliens made them.

Aliens must have made them.
= Aliens had to have made them.
= I think it’s very likely that aliens made them, but I don’t know.

Aliens must not have made them.
= I think it’s very likely that aliens didn’t make them, but I don’t know.
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After she ran the marathon, she must have been very tired.
= I think she was probably tired, but I didn’t ask her. (This is still speculation.)

After she ran the marathon, she was very tired.
= She told me that she was tired. (This is knowledge.)
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Did aliens make the statues?
They may/might have. (short answers include “have”)
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Could and Might can be real or unreal:

(unreal)
She might have called me, but she didn’t.
She could have called me, but she didn’t.

(real)
She might have called me, but my phone hasn’t been working so I don’t know.
She could have called me, but my phone hasn’t been working so I don’t know.
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Should is always unreal AND I’m unhappy about it:

I should have bought a lottery ticket, but I didn’t.
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Must and May are always real:

She must have won the lottery and that’s why she quit her job and moved to Hawaii.
She may have won the lottery, but I haven’t heard from her yet.
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p. 275 exercise 1
1 e
2 d
3 h
4 c
5 f
6 b
7 a
8 g
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Homework: p. 275 exercise 2 and p. 276 exercise 3