2017-08-19 Saturday: 12 Experts

Greg Malivuk
[email protected]
http://www.pastebin.com/u/gmalivuk
“2017-08-19 Saturday: 12 Experts”
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REMEMBER: the next session will begin on September 16
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Homework: read the article on p. 147 and do p. 146 parts 4 and 5
	Also: imagine the rest of your human/alien conversation and write about the whole thing in reported speech
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which vs. what
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“which” is among a (small) defined group of things
“what” is among a larger group, or an undefined group
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p. 146 part 2 - Do you understand what all these words mean? Do you understand the differences between similar words like “soldier” and “warrior” or “enemy” and “opponent”?
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p. 142 - Experts in the field
What does “field” mean in this context?
part 1 - Why are these things useful on an expedition? What else would be important to bring? Think of three more things with your partner.
inflatable raft
first aid kit
bug spray
flares
satellite phone
water (or filters or purification tablets)
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Read about Emma Stokes and Beth Shapiro. What problems do you think they might have had?
part 6 - Listen again and answer the questions.
1 Local trackers and guides.
2 Screaming and shouting.
3 They had set up the camp in the middle of an elephant path.
4 The tents were completely flattened.
5 Mammoth bones, tusks, or mummies.
6 It was remote and deserted.
7 Millions of mosquitoes.
8 They put the nets over their heads.
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Grammar: “could have” and “should have” for advisability
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p. 143 part 7 - Who probably said these things? What do they mean?
We could have been killed. = It was possible, but it didn’t happen.
We couldn’t have avoided the insects. = It was not possible (even if we had done something different).
We should have taken more repellent. = It was a good idea, but we didn’t do it.
We shouldn’t have put up our tents in that spot. = It wasn’t a good idea, but we did it.
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Remember, “could have” can also be for real speculation:
“It could have been a foot rest.” = Maybe it was, but I’m not sure.
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part 10 - complete the paragraph with the correct modal form: could have, couldn’t have, should have, shouldn’t have
1 shouldn’t have eaten
2 couldn’t have felt
3 should have had
4 should have taken
5 could have died
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In fast speech, these might sound like “coulda”, “couldna”, “shoulda”, and “shouldna”.
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Try to think of a time when you made a mistake related to one of the activities in the box in part 12, or something else. Tell your partners about what happened, and then discuss what could have happened and what you should have done differently.
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BREAK
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I’m really good at cooking but I’m really bad at baking.
It could have broken a window.
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Vocabulary/Grammar: speak/talk, say/tell
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You speak or talk with someone. You speak or talk about a topic. You DON’T speak or talk words.
“Speak” is more formal than “talk”, and we speak languages, we don’t talk them.
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“say” and “tell” can both be used with information and instructions, but the grammar is different:
She said (that) she would be absent today. The teacher said to close our books.
	- You can say something (to someone).
She told me (that) she would be absent today. The teacher told us to close our books.
	- You can tell someone (something).
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Only “say” can be used with individual words and phrases (that aren’t statements).
How do you say “car” in Spanish? She always says “hello” to me when she sees me.
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We can also use “tell” with stories, jokes, lies, secrets, and the truth, and we don’t need the listener then:
My grandfather liked to tell stories. My dad told us a joke.
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p. 144 - What do you know about the Arctic?
Read the article about “The Man who Ate His Boots”.
part 3 - Are these statements true or false?
1 F
2 F
3 T
4 T
5 F
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Grammar: Third Conditional = past unreal conditional
Explorers could have avoided the problems if they had copied the Inuit.
= Explorers didn’t avoid the problems because they didn’t copy the Inuit.
If they had learned to build igloos, they would have been warm.
= They didn’t learn to build igloos, so they were not warm.
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Remember second condition (present/future unreal): If I won the lottery, I would be very happy.
To go “more” to the past, we use past perfect: If I had won the lottery, I would have been very happy.
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form:
if + [past perfect], subj + would/could/might + have + past participle
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Even if Beth had camped somewhere else, the mosquitoes would have found them.
If Emma had camped somewhere else, the elephants wouldn’t have flattened their tents.
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p. 172 practice 2 - With your partner, complete the sentences with the correct past perfect and “would have” forms of the verbs.
1 had driven, wouldn’t have had
2 would have found, hadn’t lost
3 would you have planned, had known
4 had prepared, would have succeeded
5 would have been, had understood
6 would you have done, had attacked
7 wouldn’t have felt, had read
8 had wanted, would have welcomed
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p. 138 - Crossing Antarctica
- What problems do you think these women faced?
part 5 - Are these statements true or false?
1 T
2 T (though the video only says the book is based on their experience)
3 F
4 F
5 F
6 F
7 T
8 T
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What are some other ways people discover themselves?
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Homework: 11-12 test