2018-09-19 TOEFL: reading insertion, listening inference

Greg Malivuk
[email protected]
http://www.pastebin.com/u/gmalivuk - notes from all classes
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https://ed.ted.com/lessons/what-would-happen-if-every-human-suddenly-disappeared-dan-kwartler
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Homework: Finish 1.7.B (DELTA p. 133-135) and do the handout about fast-food addiction
Check your homework with your partners. Convince them if you disagree.
1.7.B
4 B
5 D
6 B
7 B
8 C
9 D (“this process” = working out different rates of exchanges, also traders worked this out, and the new sentence says it developed differently “depending on the individual trader”)
10 A
fast-food addiction
1 d - This explains which “race” the US is leading the world in. (We would probably say “with” if it were the US.)
2 c - This is additional detail about spending on fast food.
3 d
4 a (It triggers brain activity similar to the brain activity of someone on hard drugs.)
5 c - The portion refers to the whole serving you get at one of these restaurants. Also notice that both choices ‘a’ and ‘b’ are things the serving has. If two answers are in some way the same, they’re both wrong.
6 b - This introduces the idea of examining a typical fast-food meal. “This heavy dosage” refers to “the heavy dosage of these substances” in the previous sentence.
7 b - Beta-endorphins are just one example of endogenous opioids, and it’s the endogenous opioids that are naturally occurring painkillers.
8 d - it’s about the specific cluster of cells, not the midbrain in general
9 b - dopamine is the thing that’s produced, and both “it” and “its” in this sentence refer to it
10 d - In every other position, it interrupts the discussion of dopamine.
11 a
12 c - “This” usually refers to something from the previous sentence, often the whole content of the sentence itself. The full contrast between both clauses is what suggests tolerance, not just one.
13 b - What they would require is fat and sugar in general, not the specific liquid used in the experiment.
14 b - These are symptoms of withdrawal, so they fit best after the sentence that mentions withdrawal.
15 d - It refers to the fact that heftier (more obese) people have fewer dopamine receptors.
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BREAK
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Listening Section: second section, 2-3 sets, each set has 3 listenings (conversation, discussion, lecture), about 17 questions, 10 minutes to choose answers
Listening Question Types:
- main idea
- purpose
- inference
- attitude
- function
- organization
- prediction
- detail
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Inference questions require you to draw conclusions from information in the audio.
- You infer things, the speakers imply things.
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Handout (Cambridge) p. 289 exercise L18 - Is each statement a correct inference from the information?
1 yes
2 no
3 no
4 yes
p. 289-290 exercise L19 - Choose the correct answer to each question.
1 B
2 D
3 A
4 B
p. 290 exercise L20 - In your own words, answer the questions.
1 She is or wants to be an art major.
2 To give examples of simple toys children can use their imaginations with (and not get bored with).
3 To hear different (and authentic) regional accents in Spanish.
4 There was recently a violent crime (probably assault) on campus.
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Handout (Oxford) p. 231 - Answer the pre-listening questions.
faculty (British) = a college or school or other major division within a university
	(“College of Literature Science and the Arts”, “College of Engineering”, “College of Music”, etc.)
faculty (USA) = teaching staff (Sometimes a distinction is made between faculty and staff.)
(Within a faculty or college, there are usually departments for specific majors.)
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4L5 - How could you abbreviate these words in your notes?
appointment = appt / app / appent
behavior = bhvr (often writing only the consonants, plus the first letter if it’s a vowel, identifies the word)
cognitive neuroscience = cog neurosci / cg ns
biological sciences = biosci
specialty degrees = spec. deg.
requirement = req (prereq, coreq - for specific types of requirements for a class)
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p. 231-232 exercise 4L6 - Listen to the conversation and take notes. Then answer the test questions.
1 c
2 a
3 a d
4 b c d
5 c d
6 c
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p. 232 - Listen to the discussion and take notes.
1. Study
    * participants
    - school children
    * method
    - measured body mass, did exercise to assess fitness, took a (cognitive) test
    * results
    - fittest students scored higher
2. Science behind results = process
    1. move the muscles
    2. produces IFG-1, which goes to the brain
    3. increases the production of BDNF
3. BDNF = Brain-derived neurotrophic factor
    * promotes higher level thought
    * more exercise = more capacity to handle cognitive tasks
    * study: BDNF causes new brain cells and new connections between cells
    * chemical that facilitates learning
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p. 233 - Answer the questions.
1 c
2 d
3 d
4 a c
5 a
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Homework: finish the handout (audio is at the link in your email)