2015-11-23 Grammar: this/that/these/those

Greg Malivuk
[email protected]
http://www.pastebin.com/u/gmalivuk
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Homework: read 334 and 335 and do p. 335-6 exercise 1
2 a them
  b these
  c the
  d the
  e the / these
  f This / that
  g that / this
3 a It
  b a (laptop vs. desktop), this (one brand of laptop vs. another brand of laptop)
    (a laptop instead of another kind of computer / this laptop instead of another kind of laptop)
  c It
4 a It
  b the
  c The / Those
  d they
  e the
  f The / That
  g the
5 a That / This
  b It
  c It
  d it
  e it
(If a is “that”, then b, c, or e could be “this”, if the speaker has picked up the pen before saying the sentence. You can use “this” for e, if the speaker is pointing directly at the silver part when saying that sentence.)
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If I refer to information that I already stated, I can use this/these if I feel like it’s “close” to the present conversation, or that/those if I feel like it’s finished and in the past.
If I refer to information I will state in the next sentence, I usually use this/these.

Declaration of Independence:
“We hold these truths to be self-evident, that all men are created equal, that they are endowed by their Creator with certain unalienable Rights, that among these are Life, Liberty and the pursuit of Happiness.”
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People in European countries generally have better access to healthcare than those in most other countries.
“those” is referring to people “in most other countries”, but it’s modifying a noun, so we use that/those instead of this/these.

Those in poorer countries are generally less healthy.
That which doesn’t kill us makes us stronger. (= What doesn’t kill us makes us stronger.)
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Homework: p. 337 exercise 2 - circle the demonstratives (this/that/these/those), and identify what each one refers to (is it forward-pointing or backward-pointing?)
(This class will begin at 1:30pm tomorrow, after the “Thanksgiving” food.)