2018-09-18 TOEFL: word roots, reading insertion

Greg Malivuk
[email protected]
http://www.pastebin.com/u/gmalivuk - notes from all classes
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Word roots (list 2) - With your partner, try to think of one or two words to explain the meaning of each root.
cert (certain, ascertain, certificate) = sure
chrom (monochrome, achromatic) = color
chron (chronological, anachronism, synchronize) = time
circum (circumscribe, circumspect, circumnavigate) = around
claim/clam (exclaim, proclamation, clamor) = shout/call
clar (clarify, declare) = clear
cline (inclination, decline, recline) = lean/turn
co (coworker, coeducational, coauthor, cohabitate) = together
            	col before L: (collaborate, colleague, colloquial)
            	com before M, P, B: (communicate, composition, combine)
            	con before other consonants (except ‘h’): (connect, convention, contemporary)
            	cor before R: (correlate, corroborate)
            	(co before vowels, ‘h’, and in new words)
cogni (cognate, incognito) = know/think
contra (contrast, contradict, controversy) = against
corp (corporation, corpse, incorporate) = body
cred (credible, credit, credulous) = believe/trust
crypto (cryptography, cryptic, encrypt) = hide
de/di (decelerate, dethrone, decrease, divide, diverge) = down/away
dem/demo (demographics, democracy, epidemic) = people
di (dilemma, dihedral) = two
dia (diameter, dialect) = across/between
dict (dictator, dictionary, contradict) = say/tell
domin (dominate, dominion, predominate) = control/master
don (donate, pardon) = give
duce/duct (introduction, deduct, conduct) = lead/take
dyna (dynamic, dynamite, dynasty) = power/energy
dys (dystopia, dyslexia) = bad
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https://corpus.byu.edu/coca/ - You can use this to search for common words and word-forms in English.
If you search for “dys*”, you’ll see all the most common words that start with “dys”.
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TOEFL test: 4 sections, 4 hours, 120 points total (30 per section), about $200
1 reading
2 listening
	(10-minute break)
3 speaking
4 writing
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Reading Section: 3 or 4 passages, 60 or 80 minutes, about 14 questions per passage
Reading Question Types:
- vocabulary
- fact
- negative fact
- purpose
- paraphrase
- inference
- reference
- sentence insertion
- summarize
- organize/categorize
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Sentence Insertion questions
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coherence = all the ideas in a text connect to each other in logical ways
(unity = all the points are related to the main ideas they’re trying to support)
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When you put a new sentence in a paragraph, it has to logically connect with the other ideas in the paragraph, and it can’t break the logical connections that are already there.
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DELTA p. 124-126 describes clues you can use to help you with sentence insertion questions
- Make sure you understand all the pronouns on p. 125.
One of my students is from Germany.
	Another is from France. (1 German, 1 French, one or more from different places)
	The other is from France. (1 German, 1 French, only those 2 students total)
	Others are from France. (1 German, some French, one or more from different places)
	The others are from France. (1 German, some French, only those 2 nationalities total)
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BREAK
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p. 126 - Also make sure you understand how these transition signals are used.
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p. 129 - Take 3 minutes to answer the first 3 insertion questions from 1.7.A. Then compare your answers with your partner. Try to convince them why they’re wrong if you disagree.
1 A
2 B (Being wet to the touch contrasts with appearing dry.)
3 C
p. 130 - Take another 3 minutes for these. Then try to convince your partner.
4 D (The flute has no reed, so a sentence about a double reed can’t be about the flute.)
5 C (“It” is carbonizing.)
6 D (The new sentence explains what is meant by “all of the beneficial trades have been completed”.)
p. 131-132 - Take 4 minutes to finish 1.7.A
7 C (“Researchers found” means it happened at a specific time in the past. That specific time is “in one study”.)
8 A (“This irritation” is the inflammation mentioned in the first sentence.)
9 D
10 B (This is a second example to show how each area is interdependent on the others.)
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- Most of the time, text is organized as more general to more specific.
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p. 132-133 - Take 3 minutes to answer questions 1-3 in 1.7.B
1 C
2 A
3 C
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Homework: Finish 1.7.B (DELTA p. 133-135) and do the handout about fast-food addiction