2018-06-12 TOEFL: word roots, reading reference

Greg Malivuk
[email protected]
http://www.pastebin.com/u/gmalivuk - notes from all classes
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Word Roots - list 6 - With your partner, try to think of one or two words to explain the meaning of each root.
re (recycle, rebound, reuse, recline) = again/back
reg (regulation, regent, regime) = rule
retro (retrograde, retroactive, retrospect) = backward
rupt (disrupt, rupture) = break/burst
scend (ascend, descend, crescendo) = climb
scope/skep/spec (microscope, spectacle, speculate) = look/see
scrib/script (transcript, scripture, inscribe) = write/draw
sect/seg (section, bisect, sector, segment) = cut
semi (semicircle, semiannual) = half (This is a Latin root, along with “demi”. The Greek root is “hemi”.)
sol (solitude, desolate) = alone
sol (solar, solarium) = Sun
soph (philosophy, sophisticated) = wisdom
struct (construct, structure) = build
sub (subterranean, submerge, substandard) = under
super (superstructure, supersonic) = over
tele (telephone, telescope, telepathy) = far
term (determine, terminate) = limit/end
terra/terri (territory, terrain) = land/Earth
therm (thermometer, thermal) = heat
trans (transport, transaction, transverse) = cross
ultra (ultraviolet, ultrasound) = over
uni (universe, unique, unilateral) = one
vac (vacuum, vacate, evacuate) = empty
veri (verify, veracity) = true
viv/vit (vital, vivacious) = life
vol (benevolent, volunteer, volition) = will
xeno (xenophobia, xenophile) = foreign/strange
zoo (zoology, zooplankton) = animal
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TOEFL: four parts, 30 points each
1 reading: 60-80 minutes
2 listening: 60-90 minutes
	(10-minute break)
3 speaking: 20 minutes
4 writing: 60 minutes
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Reading Section: 3 or 4 passages, 60 or 80 minutes total, about 14 questions for each passage
Question Types:
- vocabulary
- fact
- negative fact
- paraphrase
- purpose
- reference
- inference
- sentence insertion
- summarize
- organize
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Reference Questions: These are questions about the referents of pronouns and similar phrases.
“The phrase these two locations in the passage refers to:”
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Handout (cengage) exercise 6.1 - Identify the referents in the first 11 passages. Then compare your answers with your partner.
1 them = paintings
2 their = flowers’
3 its = water’s
4 those = principles
  itself = the human body
5 themselves = strands
6 these pieces = smaller pieces
7 they = leaves
8 their = ancient Minoans
  their = archaeological sites on Crete
9 these organisms = mushrooms and other fungi
10 some of which = other machines
11 they = glaciers
   those = altitudes
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Take 6 minutes to complete the exercise (through number 18), then check your answers with your partner.
12 this method = satellite photography
13 them = American importers
14 where = NYC
   the time = the 1920s
   there = Paris
15 this creature = anemone
   it = the nest (or the clown fish)
16 his = Hamlin Garland
   his mentor = William Dean Howells
17 they = fats
   these = basic types of nutrients
   which = fat-soluble vitamins
   some = fats
18 there = the Wisconsin Dells
   others = strange formations
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BREAK
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(Longman) p. 19 - Take 2 minutes to answer the questions about animal congregation.
1 C
2 C
3 A
4 A
p. 24-25 - Take 10 minutes to answer these reference and vocabulary questions. Then convince your partner that your answers are correct.
1 A (They are known for intricate reef structures.)
2 C (Answer D would require “witch” in this sentence.)
3 B
4 A
5 B
6 D
7 A
8 C (Other animals bore into the skeletal structures and weaken the skeletal structures.)
9 D
10 B
11 D
12 B (“that are” means the referent must be plural)
13 A
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This is the restaurant, founded in 1952, that sells good pancakes.
This is IHOP, founded in 1952, which sells good pancakes. (Non-defining relative clauses can’t use “that”.)
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(Oxford) p. 70-71 - Take 6 minutes to answer reference and sentence-insertion questions about calories.
Then convince your partner that your answers are correct.
1 c
2 d
3 b
4 b
5 d
6 b
7 c
8 c (The new sentence introduces the idea that the body needs calories to sustain itself, and the next sentence gives more specific information about that.)
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Take 12 minutes to answer the questions about Gandhi.
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Homework: handout with passage 6