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- Greg Malivuk
- http://www.pastebin.com/u/gmalivuk - Notes from all my classes
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- Homework: See if you can solve any of the other problems on the first handout. (I’ll show you all the other answers tomorrow.)
- 8 With the nine dots puzzle, notice that the instructions never say the lines must be inside the square of dots.
- 1 The puzzle never says there are no other children.
- 6 Don’t forget that a woman can be both a mother and a daughter.
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- There was a donkey alone on one side of the river and on the other there were some delicious carrots. The river was very wide and deep, so the donkey couldn’t jump over it, and so long he couldn’t walk around it. There was no bridge or boat and he couldn’t fly and he couldn’t swim. So how did he get across?
- The river is not dry.
- If you saw the situation, you would know how he got across the river.
- This can happen here in Boston, but probably not where you both live.
- - The river was frozen and the donkey walked across.
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- This type of puzzle is called a lateral thinking puzzle, because you have to think “sideways” to solve it.
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- There are also two basic types of “straight” thinking (described on 111/307)
- inductive reasoning: specific observation -> general conclusion
- It was difficult for me to learn Spanish, therefore learning new languages is difficult for me.
- deductive reasoning: general observation -> specific conclusion
- Learning new languages is difficult for me, therefore I will find it difficult to learn Spanish.
- Both types might be wrong if the observation isn’t actually true.
- Inductive reasoning is often wrong because the specific observation isn’t typical or applicable for other situations.
- p. 114/310 - Examples of inductive and deductive reasoning.
- Inductive reasoning is a good way to get ideas, but is often bad at giving conclusions.
- Deductions might start with a hasty generalization (a generalization made too quickly, without enough information), or a generalization that is too wide.
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- Don’t confuse causes and effects:
- “All the students who went to the session got As.”
- -> They got As because they went to the session (and learned essential knowledge there).
- What about:
- They got As because they are good students. They went to the session because they are good students.
- In buildings with many doctors, there are many sick people.
- -> They are sick because of the doctors.
- -> They’re in a hospital, which “attracts” both doctors and sick people.
- After seatbelts were required in the US, the number of traffic injuries in hospitals increased.
- -> Seatbelts cause more injuries.
- -> People who died without seatbelts now survive long enough to go to the hospital.
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