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- Why Ottomans failed to spread Turkish language? - Mahanology YouTube Channel
- Helen Chapin Metz, ed. Turkey: A Country Study. Washington: GPO for the Library of Congress, 1995.
- https://research.sabanciuniv.edu/21970/1/Muslim_Education_inIstanbul_during_the_Tanzimat_Era_Somel.pdf
- https://www.jstor.org/stable/40240805
- https://www.historyextra.com/period/medieval/6-things-you-probably-didnt-know-about-the-ottoman-empire/
- https://cyberleninka.org/article/n/1380096
- https://www.jstor.org/stable/260456
- https://www.history.com/topics/middle-east/ottoman-empire
- https://mpra.ub.uni-muenchen.de/42603/1/MPRA_paper_42603.pdf
- https://ata.boun.edu.tr/sites/ata.boun.edu.tr/files/faculty/sevket.pamuk/continuity_and_change.pdf
- https://muslimheritage.com/uploads/ReformOttomans.pdf
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