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Uganda (African Studies)

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  1. Introduction
  2.  
  3. The region that would take the name Uganda became part of the British Empire in the 1890s. Blessed with relatively fertile soils and reliable rainfall, Uganda would become one of the most prosperous dependencies in Africa. Much of the wealth generated by cash cropping was invested in education and other social services, and this prosperity, combined with the absence of European settlers, permitted the development of a largely progressive and liberal form of colonial rule. However, Ugandan politics were bitterly divided along sectarian and ethnic lines. Decolonization required the creation of unlikely coalitions and constitutional compromises that proved unsustainable. In 1966 the prime minister, Milton Obote, overthrew the president, Edward Mutesa, who was the Kabaka, or ruler of Uganda’s largest kingdom, Buganda. The following year Obote abolished all of Uganda’s kingdoms. He himself was overthrown in 1971 by General Idi Amin. Amin’s expulsion of Uganda’s Asian community, combined with corruption and mismanagement, resulted in economic collapse, while opposition to his rule was met with torture and execution. Amin’s invasion of Tanzania in 1978 brought his largely empty state down, and Obote returned to power in an apparently rigged election in 1980. The poverty and violence that had characterized the 1970s worsened under “Obote II.” Only after Yoweri Museveni’s National Resistance Army fought its way to power in 1986 did peace and economic growth return in most of the country. Museveni’s liberalization of the economy, his welcoming back of Ugandan Asians, and above all his regime’s role in the rapid reduction in HIV prevalence saw Uganda become one of the largest recipients of donor aid on the continent in the 1990s. Uganda’s image as an African success story was never absolute, however. Joseph Kony’s Lord’s Resistance Army fought a long and brutal war against the Museveni regime, during which atrocities were committed by both sides. Since 2006 the conflict has largely been conducted outside Uganda’s borders, but within Uganda peaceful criticism of the regime has increased in recent years due to Museveni’s evasion of constitutional limits on his term in office, his dubious commitment to multipartyism, his perceived promotion of separatist groups within the kingdom of Buganda, and above all the scale of the corruption with which his government has been associated.
  4.  
  5. General Overviews
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  7. Uganda lacks a recent, comprehensive work of historical synthesis. The earliest attempts, such as Ingham 1958 emphasized the role of Europeans in shaping events, while Oliver and Mathew 1963 contextualized Ugandan history within a wider East African history. The nationalist school that dominated historical production in the 1960s did not produce major country-level studies until decades later, in Karugire 1980 and Mutibwa 1992, which sought above all to attribute blame for postcolonial misfortunes. Northern Uganda has tended to suffer marginalization or condemnation in these accounts. The 1970s and 1980s saw the dominance of often rather rigid Marxist interpretations, such as Jorgensen 1981, with small farmers being classified as kulaks, and ethnicity and religion being largely written out of Uganda’s experience. Important local studies of political, social, and cultural precolonial and colonial era history produced since the 1990s have not as yet filtered through to general accounts. However, Uganda’s contemporary political history has been the subject of a number of rich analyses, such as Tripp 2010, and Low 2009 has recently provided a very useful general overview of the introduction of British rule.
  8.  
  9. Ingham, Kenneth. The Making of Modern Uganda. London: Allen and Unwin, 1958.
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  11. An early attempt to describe the development of an African country by a professional historian. Factually detailed, and particularly useful for the early colonial period, this book is a faithful account of the evolution of British policy within Uganda, though it provides little sense of the country’s distinctiveness.
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  13. Jorgensen, Jan Jelmet. Uganda: A Modern History. London: Croom Helm, 1981.
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  15. Inspired by Marx and dependency theory, and largely reliant on published sources, this volume prioritizes economic motivations for all significant developments in Uganda’s history. It is most useful on African chiefs’ role in creating Uganda’s cash-cropping economy; the emergence of Uganda’s nationalist parties, and their leaders’ backgrounds; and the evolution of Idi Amin’s regime.
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  17. Karugire, Samwiri Rubaraza. A Political History of Uganda. Nairobi, Kenya: Heinemann, 1980.
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  19. Focusing on southern Uganda’s kingdoms, precolonial northern societies are presented as static and lacking complexity. Blames Uganda’s postcolonial instability mainly on ethnic and sectarian divisions arising from colonial policy, but also condemns Obote I’s corruption and cynicism. Ends in 1971.
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  21. Low, Donald Anthony. Fabrication of Empire: The British and the Uganda Kingdoms, 1890–1902. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press, 2009.
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  23. Detailed analysis of British imperial strategy and the actions of the empire’s men on the ground, providing the most comprehensive account of Uganda’s conquest and the establishment of colonial overrule. Useful summary of the author’s earlier scholarship on themes such as warbands and Ganda responses to the British incursion.
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  25. Mutibwa, Phares. Uganda Since Independence: A Story of Unfulfilled Hopes. London: C. Hurst, 1992.
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  27. The most useful account of Uganda 1962–1990. Mutibwa is politically engaged, pro-National Resistance Movement (NRM), and part of the nationalist school of historians, yet he reinforces southern Ugandan stereotypes of northern violence and emphasizes that Ugandans’ postcolonial policies, not the social divisions and constitutional fudges left by the colonial state, caused Uganda’s tragic history after decolonization.
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  29. Oliver, Roland, and Gervase Mathew, eds. History of East Africa. Vol. 1. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1963.
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  31. The first of a rather dated trilogy, important for setting Uganda in its East African context. Chapters by Oliver and Low are most useful.
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  33. Tripp, Aili Mari. Museveni’s Uganda: Paradoxes of Power in a Hybrid Regime. Boulder, CO: Rienner, 2010.
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  35. The most comprehensive account of the National Resistance Movement (NRM) regime. Associates the stagnation, corruption, and repression that have increasingly characterized the regime since the millennium with the partial success of early reforms, which resulted in sufficient aid and economic growth to enable the regime to remain in power while retreating from reformism.
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  37. Bibliographies and Reference Works
  38.  
  39. The Uganda Journal has included an annually updated bibliography of Uganda-related publications for decades. Idi Amin’s regime has been the focus of two bibliographies: Gertzel 1991 provides a guide to contextual sources from a longer time period, whereas Jamison 1992 is more comprehensive on the Amin era itself and is more richly annotated.
  40.  
  41. Gertzel, Cherry. Uganda, an Annotated Bibliography of Source Materials: With Particular Reference to the Period since 1971 and up to 1988. London: Hans Zell, 1991.
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  43. Includes some references for the period before 1971, and especially noteworthy for the references to locally published materials.
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  45. Jamison, Martin. Idi Amin and Uganda: An Annotated Bibliography. Westport, CT: Greenwood, 1992.
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  47. A richly annotated bibliography, clearly structured on thematic and chronological lines.
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  49. Uganda Journal. 1934–.
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  51. The Uganda Journal included a comprehensive bibliography of all publications related to Uganda between 1962 and 1973. Its bibliographic updates became rather intermittent thereafter.
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  53. Journals
  54.  
  55. Academic departments and institutions in Uganda publish a large number of journals relating to various disciplines, though they often appear irregularly. The Uganda Journal, a general-interest journal published since the 1920s, is the most significant of these. Regionally focused journals such as Azania, the East African Medical Journal and the Journal of Eastern African Studies are published outside Uganda but often include studies on Ugandan topics. A range of scholarly journals on Africa such as African Studies Review, Journal of African History, Journal of Modern African Studies, and Politique Africaine regularly include articles on Uganda.
  56.  
  57. African Studies Review. 1970–.
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  59. This journal publishes articles from a range of disciplines.
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  61. Azania: Archaeological Research in Africa. 1966–.
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  63. Journal of the British Institute in East Africa, it focuses on the archaeology and precolonial history of the entire Eastern African region.
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  65. East African Medical Journal. 1923–.
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  67. This journal focuses on the wider East African region, though Uganda-related scholarship was most prominent between the 1940s and early 1970s, when medical research of exceptional quality, and broad intellectual appeal, was conducted in the country.
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  69. Journal of African History. 1960–.
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  71. The leading journal for Africanist historians.
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  73. Journal of Eastern African Studies. 2007–.
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  75. This journal publishes on a number of disciplines and covers the whole East African region.
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  77. Journal of Modern African Studies. 1963–.
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  79. This journal covers developments in modern African politics and society. Its main emphasis is on current issues in African politics, economies, societies, and international relations.
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  81. Politique Africaine. 1981–.
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  83. This journal publishes articles relating to contemporary political issues in Africa.
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  85. Uganda Journal. 1934–.
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  87. The Uganda Journal has been published by the Uganda Society since 1934, with some significant interruptions, particularly between 1984 and 1995. Its appearance in recent years has been intermittent. It was unusual during the colonial era for the academic quality of its articles, and for the prominence of African intellectuals among its authors.
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  89. Primary Sources
  90.  
  91. For teachers and undergraduate students of Ugandan history, the material contained in published collections are an invaluable introduction to the country’s documentary and oral sources. Letters and narrative accounts are again of great value in teaching, but, as is particularly the case for indigenous and precolonial material, they remain of significant interest for researchers as well.
  92.  
  93. Collections
  94.  
  95. There are a very limited number of collections of sources available. Low 1971 is by far the most widely useful, though Cohen 1986 is an important contribution to the analysis of oral texts. Amin 1976 is significant primarily for the insight it provides into the nature of the author’s regime.
  96.  
  97. Amin, Idi. The Shaping of Modern Uganda and Administrative Divisions: Documents, 1900–76. Entebbe, Uganda: Government Printer, 1976.
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  99. A collection of colonial era documents detailing early-20th-century British officials’ decision to transfer territory from Uganda to Kenya and Sudan. Amin’s preface to these documents disputed Britain’s right to make such a transfer and encouraged the inhabitants of these territories to seek to return to Uganda.
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  101. Cohen, David William, comp. Towards a Reconstructed Past: Historical Texts from Busoga, Uganda. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1986.
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  103. This selection of ten oral and six written texts is designed to emphasize the diffuse nature of oral traditions within African societies, and also the power of the book is shaping historical consciousness. Compiled and introduced by one of Africa’s leading scholars of identity politics.
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  105. Low, Donald Anthony, ed. The Mind of Buganda: Documents of the Modern History of an African Kingdom. Berkeley, CA: University of California Press, 1971.
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  107. Sixty-two documents dating from the 1860s to the 1960s, including many translated from the vernacular. Important early attempt to analyze an African society’s intellectual history, arguing that Ganda political life has been shaped by the tension between exceptional progressive openness and a desire to preserve indigenous tradition and culture.
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  109. Letters and Narrative Accounts
  110.  
  111. The tendency of letters and narrative accounts to be rather obviously politically motivated is particularly noticeable in indigenous and postcolonial accounts. The accuracy with which indigenous customs and institutions were described in Europeans’ precolonial and colonial accounts was rather variable.
  112.  
  113. Indigenous Accounts
  114.  
  115. Uganda is renowned for the wealth of its indigenous histories, fostered by widespread literacy and stimulated by bitter sectarian, ethnic, and land-related conflicts. Most famous is Kaggwa 1971, whose dynastic structure would be imitated even by its detractors. Kaggwa sought to legitimize Buganda’s preeminence within the new Protectorate of Uganda, to defend the actions of his Protestant co-religionists in Buganda’s recent civil wars, to marginalize or demonize his religious enemies, and to persuade his readership of the appropriateness of the acquisition of both political power and enormous landed estates by Christian, literate, gun-wielding chiefs. These claims were subsequently challenged by Catholic and Muslim Ganda in Kasirye 1963 and Mukasa bin Mayanja 1937; by writers claiming to represent the interests of the clans in Lwanga 1954; and by historians of other, rival kingdoms in Katate and Kamugungunu 1955. K.W. (Tito Winyi) 1935, Nyakatura 1973. Rowe 1969 and Twaddle 1974 provide excellent guides to indigenous historical texts from Buganda, many of which are available at the Center for Research Libraries in Chicago and in the Seeley Library in Cambridge.
  116.  
  117. Kaggwa, Apolo. The Kings of Buganda. Translated and edited by M. S. M. Kiwanuka. Nairobi, Kenya: East African Publishing House, 1971.
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  119. First published in 1901 as Bakabaka Bebuganda, Kaggwa’s account shaped historical debate for generations. It summarized oral traditions about precolonial Ganda kings, related the events of Kaggwa’s own lifetime, and provided some information about the history of Buganda’s neighbors. Factual in style, highly selective in content, and controversial in representation.
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  121. Kasirye, Joseph S. Obulamu bwa Stanislaus Mugwanya. Dublin, UK: Fallon, 1963.
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  123. Account of Kaggwa’s most prominent Catholic contemporary, Stanislaus Mugwanya, this work is the most widely available Catholic challenge to perceived Protestant bias within Kaggwa’s account of the events of the 1880s and 1890s.
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  125. Katate, A. G., and L. Kamugungunu. Abagabe b‘Ankole. Dar es Salaam: Eagle Press, 1955.
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  127. Product of a cultural revival in late colonial Ankole, this history aimed to emphasize this kingdom’s prominence in the region’s precolonial history, challenging earlier studies that had privileged its neighbors, Buganda, Bunyoro, and Rwanda.
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  129. K. W. (Tito Winyi). “The Kings of Bunyoro-Kitara, part I.” Uganda Journal 3 (1935): 155–160.
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  131. An elongation of Bunyoro’s kinglist, written by the sitting monarch, challenging Buganda’s claim to historical primacy, emphasizing Bunyoro’s former glory and enormous extent, and its direct links to the semi-divine Cwezi dynasty and their Kitara empire. Article continues in Uganda Journal 4 (1936): 78–83 and Uganda Journal 5 (1937): 53–84.
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  133. Lwanga, P. M. K. Obulamu bw’Omutaka J. K. Miti, Kabazzi. Kampala, Buganda: Friends Press, 1954.
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  135. Important corrective to Kaggwa’s account of the acquisition of power and land within Buganda in the 1880s and 1890s. This biography depicts clan head James Miti as a consistent defender of tradition and clan rights against the amoral, radical greed of Kaggwa and his allies.
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  137. Mukasa bin Mayanja, Bakale. Akatabo k‘Ebyafayo Ebyantalo za Kabaka Mwanga, Kiwewa ne Kalema. Mengo, Uganda, 1937.
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  139. Another response to Kaggwa’s history, this defense of Islam emphasizes above all that Muslim martyrs have been written out of Buganda’s history, and that Muslims were more victims than perpetrators of atrocities during the era of civil wars during the reigns of Mwanga, Kiwewa, and Kalema.
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  141. Nyakatura, John. Anatomy of an African Kingdom: A History of Bunyoro-Kitara. Edited by G. Uzoigwe. Garden City, NY: Anchor Press, 1973.
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  143. Originally published in 1947. Nyakatura, a senior official in Bunyoro’s royal government, wrote this dynastic history that sought to make sense of Bunyoro’s decline from former greatness, to restore national pride, and to persuade colonial officials of the need to reverse the transfer of the kingdom’s lands to its neighbors.
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  145. Rowe, John. “Myth, Memoir and Moral Admonition: Luganda Historical Writing 1893–1969.” Uganda Journal 33.1 (1969): 17–40, 217–219.
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  147. An early guide to the range of indigenous writing in Buganda.
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  149. Twaddle, Michael. “On Ganda historiography.” History in Africa 1 (1974): 85–100.
  150. DOI: 10.2307/3171762Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  151. Incisive discussion of the motivations behind historical writing by Ganda during the colonial period.
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  153. Precolonial Accounts
  154.  
  155. These early accounts of explorers and proto-imperialists would shape subsequent interventions in the region profoundly. Buganda’s primacy was advanced in Ashe 1970, Speke 1863, and Stanley 1878, in particular. Bunyoro’s antagonism to the outside world was emphasized in Baker 1874 and Casati 1891. The most reliable account, particularly useful for northern Uganda, is Schweinfurth, et al. 1888, a collection of Emin’s writings.
  156.  
  157. Ashe, Robert. Two Kings of Uganda; Or, Life by the Shores of Victoria Nyanza, Being an Account of a Residence of Six Years in Eastern Equatorial Africa. London: Frank Cass, 1970.
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  159. Probably the most useful of the various missionary accounts of Buganda. First published in 1889.
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  161. Baker, Samuel White. Ismailia: a Narrative of the Expedition to Central Africa for the Suppression of the Slave Trade. London: Macmillan, 1874.
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  163. Account of Baker’s second journey to the region, charged with stamping out the slave trade in the Upper Nile and expanding Egyptian influence. An aborted mission, following compromise with slavers and war in Bunyoro. Baker blamed Kabaleega for his failure.
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  165. Casati, Gaetano. Ten Years in Equatoria and the Return with Emin Pasha. London: Warne, 1891.
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  167. Memoir of uncertain accuracy, due to the loss of Casati’s diaries. Influential in contributing to the concept of revolutionary reform in Bunyoro, and in the demonisation of Kabaleega. Describes Egyptian imperial activity in northern Uganda.
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  169. Schweinfurth, G., F. Ratzel, R. W. Felkin, and G. Hartlaub, eds. Emin Pasha in Central Africa: Being a Collection of His Letters and Journals. London: George Philip, 1888.
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  171. Regarded as the most perceptive and sympathetic of precolonial observers, Emin’s account of his role in averting conflict between Buganda and the Egyptian empire, in establishing friendly relations with Bunyoro, and in dealing with the populations of northern Uganda is required reading.
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  173. Speke, John Hanning. Journal of the Discovery of the Source of the Nile. London: Blackwood, 1863.
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  175. Earliest Western description of Buganda, Bunyoro, and societies in northern Uganda flanking the Nile. Contributed to the Hamitic hypothesis explaining the dominance of pastoralists in the region.
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  177. Stanley, Henry Morton. Through the Dark Continent. London: Sampson Low, Marston, Searle, and Rivington, 1878.
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  179. Heightened European excitement about Buganda. Emphasized its wealth, military power, structured political system, and the enlightened rule of Mutesa I. Argued the Ganda were ready for evangelization.
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  181. Colonial Accounts
  182.  
  183. Johnston 1902 and Perham and Bull 1959 are significant because the authors’ roles in shaping Ugandan history were so crucial, and because they wrote so extensively of the societies that were being brought together to form Uganda. The authors of Bell 1946 and Postlethwaite 1947 were particularly astute observers of the practice of colonial rule. Forward 1999 offers a revealing account of colonial thinking as independence approached.
  184.  
  185. Bell, Hesketh. Glimpses of a Governor’s Life. London: Low, Marston, 1946.
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  187. Unusually acute observer. Particularly interesting on the sleeping sickness epidemic.
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  189. Forward, Alan. “You Have Been Allocated Uganda”: Letters From a District Officer. Dorset, UK: Poyntington, 1999.
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  191. Provides a useful insight into the colonial mindset as independence approached. Argues decolonization occurred too early and was undermined by concessions granted to Buganda.
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  193. Johnston, Harry. The Uganda Protectorate: An Attempt to Give Some Description of the Physical Geography, Botany, Zoology, Anthropology, Languages and History of the Territories under British Protection in East Central Africa, between the Congo Free State and the Rift Valley and between the First Degree of South Latitude and the Fifth Degree of North Latitude. London: Hutchinson, 1902.
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  195. Voluminous description of Uganda in the early years of British rule. Contains valuable ethnographic material contributed by local officials.
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  197. Perham, Marjorie, and Mary Bull, eds. The Diaries of Lord Lugard. 4 vols. London: Faber and Faber, 1959.
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  199. Extensive contemporaneous account of Lugard’s crucial interventions in Buganda’s religious conflict, his attacks on Bunyoro, and his defense of his actions once back in Britain.
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  201. Postlethwaite, John. I Look Back. London: Boardman, 1947.
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  203. Important account of indirect rule, the demise of Apolo Kaggwa, and the lost counties.
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  205. Postcolonial Accounts
  206.  
  207. Four themes dominate autobiographical writing from postcolonial Uganda. Idi Amin’s regime has spawned a remarkable array of memoirs, many of which lack significant historical contextualization. Kyemba 1977, like many others, demonstrates clear and understandable bias, but as its author is a former Cabinet minister, its sense of how Amin’s chaotic state operated was particularly strong. The second theme is Hiv/Aids. Clarke 1993, an account of the shocking devastation of the early epidemic, is the most widely read, while Kaleeba and Ray 2002 provides the most useful insights into the distinctive nature of Uganda’s response. The horrors of the war in the north has prompted many writers to ensure that the voices of the victims of this conflict are heard. Eichstaedt 2009 is perhaps the most rounded of the collections on this third theme. The fourth theme constitutes memoirs arising from the National Resistance Movement’s securing and maintenance of power. Of these, Museveni 1997 is not the best written, but it is the essential starting point for those interested in how the regime understands and represents itself.
  208.  
  209. Clarke, Ian. The Man with the Key Has Gone! Chichester, UK: New Wine, 1993.
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  211. Evangelizing account of medical missionary work. Most useful as an account of Uganda’s reconstruction after Amin and Obote II, and the devastation of the early AIDS epidemic.
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  213. Eichstaedt, Peter. First Kill Your Family: Child Soldiers of Uganda and the Lord’s Resistance Army. Chicago: Lawrence Hill, 2009.
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  215. This is the best contextualized and most comprehensive of a number of collections of testimonies emanating from Uganda’s war in the north. The accounts of child soldiers themselves, their victims, their former commanders, and officers within the Ugandan national army are presented.
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  217. Kaleeba, Noerine, with Sunanda Ray. We Miss You All: AIDS in the Family. 2d ed. Harare, Zimbabwe: SAFAIDS, 2002.
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  219. First published in 1991, this is an account of Uganda’s early AIDS epidemic and the vital role played by TASO in changing sexual practices and attitudes, and in caring for the sick and their families.
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  221. Kyemba, Henry. A State of Blood: The Inside Story of Idi Amin. London: Paddington, 1977.
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  223. The most significant eyewitness account of Amin’s regime. Kyemba’s proximity adds credibility to his analysis of Amin’s personality and method of government. Influential also because of the level of detail provided of the scale and brutality of the regime’s violence, especially accusations of cannibalism. Underplays the expulsion of Uganda’s Asians.
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  225. Museveni, Yoweri Kaguta. Sowing the Mustard Seed: The Struggle for Freedom and Democracy in Uganda. London: Macmillan, 1997.
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  227. Museveni’s autobiography. Interesting on his early years, important account of his opposition to successive governments, and useful insights into his building of a formidable coalition of support after 1986. Poorly edited, and unsurprisingly entirely positive account of the NRM.
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  229. Precolonial History
  230.  
  231. Some of the most important recent writing on Uganda’s past has attempted to draw out continuities in political thought and social structures from the period of Prehistory, through the development of Early States, to the experience of Societies before the Colonial Takeover. With rather different aims, an earlier generation of scholars also sought to tie the kingdoms described by explorers and missionaries in the 19th century to the various earthworks that, for some, seemed to possess the character of ancient imperial capitals.
  232.  
  233. Prehistory
  234.  
  235. Early considerations of the deep history of the region that would become Uganda, such as Oliver 1955, were keen to link modern-day kingdoms back to impressive archaeological sites such as Bigo, Mubende, and Ntusi, to consolidating pastoralist domination, and to the ancient God-Kings, the Cwezi. Such assumptions have been comprehensively challenged in subsequent scholarship, with Wrigley 1958, for example, questioning the concept that the Cwezi had ever been monarchs. Archaeological, linguistic, and paleoenvironmental research since the late 1980s has questioned whether sites such as Bigo were ever capitals, whether pastoralism was indeed the dominant mode of production there, and whether ancient communities should be imagined as proto-states, as discussed in Robertshaw and Taylor 2000, Schoenbrun 1998, and Sutton 1993.
  236.  
  237. Oliver, Roland. “The Traditional Histories of Buganda, Bunyoro, and Nkole.” Journal of the Royal Anthropological Institute of Great Britain and Ireland 85.1–2 (1955): 111–117.
  238. DOI: 10.2307/2844185Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  239. Major early attempt to connect chronologically the royal traditions of Uganda’s three oldest extant kingdoms. Identifies Cwezi as an ancient dynasty of pastoralists, associated with ancient settlement sites such as Bigo.
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  241. Robertshaw, Peter, and David Taylor. “Climate Change and the Rise of Political Complexity in Western Uganda.” Journal of African History 41.1 (2000): 1–28.
  242. DOI: 10.1017/S0021853799007653Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  243. Integrates revisionist history, new archaeological research, and the first results of paleoenvironmental investigations. Argues that agriculture was more prominent at Uganda’s major archaeological sites than was previously thought, and that climate change is likely to have shaped political developments in the deep past.
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  245. Schoenbrun, David Lee. A Green Place, a Good Place: Agrarian Change, Gender, and Social Identity in the Great Lakes Region to the Fifteenth Century. Oxford: James Currey, 1998.
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  247. Remarkably wide-ranging analysis, relying primarily on historical linguistics, but also on archaeology, ethnography, oral history, and paleoecology. Argues that states’ emergence was more gradual than early histories suggested. Particularly important on the impact of bananas and cattle, and on the relationship between gender and power.
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  249. Sutton, J. E. G. “The Antecedents of the Interlacustrine Kingdoms.” Journal of African History 34.1 (1993): 33–64.
  250. DOI: 10.1017/S0021853700032990Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  251. Summarizes the early findings of the archaeological investigations that resumed after Museveni came to power. Critically analyses the assumptions that dynastic histories can connect historic kingdoms to the mythical Cwezi of Kitara, and that ancient settlement sites such as Bigo and Ntusi were royal capitals.
  252. Find this resource:
  253. Wrigley, Christopher. “Some Thoughts on the Bacwezi.” Uganda Journal 22 (1958): 11–17.
  254. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  255. Critical analysis of the evidence on which claims for the existence of an ancient Cwezi empire are based. Euhemeristic depiction of spirits being redefined as kings.
  256. Find this resource:
  257. Early States
  258.  
  259. While the first generation of scholars focused on issues of sacred kingship and mythical tradition, in Crazzolara 1950–1954 and Wrigley 1996, more recent writers have refocused debate on the relationship between ethnic or clan structures and the emergence of political authority (see Atkinson 1994, Kodesh 2008, and Stephens 2009).
  260.  
  261. Atkinson, Ronald. The Roots of Ethnicity: The Origins of the Acholi of Uganda before 1800. Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press, 1994.
  262. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  263. Argues that ethnicities were constructed in precolonial Africa to coordinate social with political structures. Challenges older historiography by claiming that the ideological origins of chiefship in Acholi came from Bunyoro, not from the north.
  264. Find this resource:
  265. Crazzolara, J. The Lwoo. 3 vols. Verona, Italy: Museum Combonianum, 1950–1954.
  266. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  267. Based on extensive oral fieldwork and local archival research, a remarkably detailed, at times imaginative, account of the origins, traditions, and clan structure of the Acholi.
  268. Find this resource:
  269. Kodesh, Neil. “Networks of Knowledge: Clanship and Collective Well-Being in Buganda.” Journal of African History 49 (2008): 197–216.
  270. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  271. Argues that Buganda’s origins lay in the development of mobile mediumship, whose public healing facilitated the emergence of dispersed clanship, and helped resolve tensions arising from the development of intensive banana farming. Rejects earlier dynastic scholarship, which associated Buganda’s emergence with a process of centralization and modernization.
  272. Find this resource:
  273. Stephens, Rhiannon. “Lineage and Society in Precolonial Uganda.” Journal of African History 50.2 (2009): 203–221.
  274. DOI: 10.1017/S0021853709004435Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  275. Historical linguistic study of several Ugandan societies’ placing of motherhood at the heart of their social organization, despite following patrilineal descent. Analyzes the networks of kinship and obligation, focused on mothers, that reached beyond the patrilineage and the patriclan.
  276. Find this resource:
  277. Wrigley, Christopher. Kingship and State: The Buganda Dynasty. New York: Cambridge University Press, 1996.
  278. DOI: 10.1017/CBO9780511584763Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  279. Claims that previous historians largely ignored the moral and mythic aspects of traditions about the origins of the kingdom of Buganda, fixating instead on narrowly political interpretations. Argues for the existence of a sacred kingship in the early state.
  280. Find this resource:
  281. Societies before the Colonial Takeover
  282.  
  283. The dominant theme within this literature is the nature of Buganda’s political system. Recent years have seen the publication of a number of revisionist accounts that challenge earlier structuralist emphases on pyramidal, centralized governance. Hanson 2003 focuses instead on structures on patronage, Reid 2002 notes the importance of the periphery, and Médard 2007 requires that Buganda be understood within its geopolitical context. The nature of pastoralist-cultivator relationships is another major theme in the Ugandan scholarship. Karugire 1971 is a classic nationalist depiction of fluid identities, Uzoigwe 1971 holds that pastoralist domination in Bunyoro was upset by Kabaleega’s revolutionary reforms in the 1880s, and Willis 1997 associates the construction of clanship with networks of clientage centered around cattle. A common concern among historians of Uganda is the nature of political authority before the colonial takeover. Cohen 1977 is the most sophisticated of these analyses. See also Rusch 1975.
  284.  
  285. Cohen, David William. Womunafu’s Bunafu: A Study of Authority in a Nineteenth-Century African Community. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 1977.
  286. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  287. Brilliant depiction of one small kingdom within Busoga during the 19th century. Reevaluates Cohen’s earlier work on the competing traditions of Kintu and Mukama, and on the nature of migration. Important contribution to Africanist scholarship on precolonial conceptions of history, status, and respect.
  288. Find this resource:
  289. Hanson, Holly. Landed Obligation: The Practice of Power in Buganda. Portsmouth, NH: Heinemann, 2003.
  290. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  291. Critique of earlier scholarship’s structuralist prioritization of bakungu chiefship, emphasising instead the significance of targeted yet entrepreneurial batongole chiefs. Argues that patron-client relationships were undermined by firearms, intensifying slavery, and other new forms of commercial exchange.
  292. Find this resource:
  293. Karugire, Samwiri. A History of the Kingdom of Nkore in Western Uganda to 1896. Oxford: Clarendon, 1971.
  294. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  295. Classic nationalist study. Karugire claims that the distinction between Hima and Iru in Nkore was not one of horizontal caste, nor of differing ethnic origin. Holds that Nkore society was open, that both pastoralists and cultivators were subject to the dominion of the royal clan, and that there existed considerable social mobility between the two groups.
  296. Find this resource:
  297. Médard, Henri. Le royaume du Buganda au XIXe siècle: Mutations politiques et religieuses d’un ancien état de l’Afrique de l’Est. Paris: Karthala, 2007.
  298. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  299. Very comprehensive depiction of precolonial Buganda. Excellent on Buganda’s relations with neighboring societies. Invaluable guide to the sources in French, particularly those of the White Fathers.
  300. Find this resource:
  301. Reid, Richard. Political Power in Pre-colonial Buganda: Economy, Society and Warfare in the Nineteenth Century. Oxford: James Currey, 2002.
  302. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  303. Redresses earlier histories’ focus on central institutions and elite politics. Emphasizes the precolonial kingdom’s economic and ecological diversity, and argues that the pursuit of resources and the consolidation of trade networks shaped the kingdom’s expansion. Perhaps overestimates economic over social exchange.
  304. Find this resource:
  305. Rusch, Walter. Klassen und Staat in Buganda vor der Kolonialzeit. Berlin: Akademie-Verlag, 1975.
  306. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  307. Marxist-Leninist analysis of the economic and political development of Buganda before 1900. A useful guide to German literature relating to Uganda.
  308. Find this resource:
  309. Uzoigwe, Godfrey. Revolution and Revolt in Bunyoro-Kitara. Kampala, Buganda: Longman, 1971.
  310. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  311. Argues that Bunyoro’s long decline was reversed under King Kabaleega in the late 19th century. Claims that Kabaleega introduced a new form of centralized, hierarchical government, and a new military system structured around gun-bearing regiments.
  312. Find this resource:
  313. Willis, Justin. “Clan and History in Western Uganda: A New Perspective on the Origins of Pastoral Dominance.” International Journal of African Historical Studies 30.3 (1997): 583–600.
  314. DOI: 10.2307/220577Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  315. Argues against the notion of clanship as extended kin group or structure of pastoralist-agriculturalist unity. Emphasizes instead the evolution of clans as a product of strategies of clientage.
  316. Find this resource:
  317. Colonial History and Politics
  318.  
  319. Uganda’s colonial history and the politics of the Protectorate are, as elsewhere within Africa, especially rich in scholarly texts. In particular, the initial stages of British intervention, investigated here as Conquest and Resistance, have attracted significant attention. This literature is concerned with the varying responses of Ugandan peoples to the introduction of British overrule, while also investigating wider themes around the early introduction of Christianity and the roles played by both Europeans and powerful indigenous kingdoms such as Buganda. Studies that have a later colonial era focus, such as those on Nationalism, Political Parties, and Independence, have also tended to focus on Buganda, as well as continuing the debate over the impact of British Colonial Rule on Ugandan society and politics.
  320.  
  321. Conquest and Resistance
  322.  
  323. This is a particularly rich theme within Uganda’s historiography. The best introduction is Low 2009. The complex political responses to conquest are analyzed in Steinhart 1977, which emphasizes the influence of individual prior experience in shaping elite recruitment; Médard 2007, which observes how Ganda factions used the British and colonial law against their enemies; and Uzoigwe 2012, which was shaped by nationalist history. Roberts 1962 and Twaddle 1993 emphasize how the creation of the colonial state was in many ways an extension of the kingdom of Buganda. Doyle 2006 and Ternan 1930 illustrate above all the destructive impact of British imperial forces.
  324.  
  325. Doyle, Shane. Crisis and Decline in Bunyoro: Population and Environment in Western Uganda 1860–1955. Oxford: James Currey, 2006.
  326. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  327. Details the evolution of Nyoro resistance against British-led forces, and the growing destructiveness of colonial military action. Argues that preexisting stereotypes obstructed the achievement of a negotiated settlement. Emphasizes the prolonged ecological and demographic impact of conquest.
  328. Find this resource:
  329. Low, Donald Anthony. Fabrication of Empire: The British and the Uganda Kingdoms, 1890–1902. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press, 2009.
  330. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  331. Detailed, comprehensive analysis of Uganda’s conquest and the establishment of colonial overrule.
  332. Find this resource:
  333. Médard, Henri. Le royaume du Buganda au XIXe siècle: Mutations politiques et religieuses d’un ancien état de l’Afrique de l’Est. Paris: Karthala, 2007.
  334. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  335. Richly detailed account of Ganda politics during Mwanga’s revolt and the Sudanese mutiny.
  336. Find this resource:
  337. Roberts, Andrew. “The Sub-Imperialism of the Baganda.” Journal of African History 3.3 (1962): 435–450.
  338. DOI: 10.1017/S0021853700003340Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  339. Emphasizes the role of the Ganda in creating colonial rule in the rest of Uganda.
  340. Find this resource:
  341. Steinhart, Edward. Conflict and Collaboration: the Kingdoms of Western Uganda, 1890–1907. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 1977.
  342. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  343. Analysis of indigenous leaders’ varied responses to the intrusion of British colonial forces within Ankole, Bunyoro, and Tooro.
  344. Find this resource:
  345. Ternan, Trevor. Some Experiences of an Old Bromsgrovian: Soldiering in Afghanistan, Egypt and Uganda. Birmingham, UK: Cornish, 1930.
  346. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  347. The most revealing account of British soldiers’ preconceptions and military strategy.
  348. Find this resource:
  349. Twaddle, Michael. Kakungulu and the Creation of Uganda, 1868–1928. London: James Currey, 1993.
  350. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  351. Biography of Buganda’s finest general, and his key role in the conquest of Bunyoro, the final capture of Mwanga, the suppression of the Sudanese mutiny, and the establishment of the colonial state in eastern Uganda.
  352. Find this resource:
  353. Uzoigwe, Godfrey. “Bunyoro-Kitara Revisited: A Reevaluation of the Decline and Diminishment of an African Kingdom.” Journal of Asian and African Studies 48 (2012): 1–19.
  354. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  355. Builds on his earlier work analyzing the nature of Bunyoro’s resistance during and after British conquest.
  356. Find this resource:
  357. British Colonial Rule
  358.  
  359. The historiography of colonial rule within Uganda has often been weighted toward discussion of the Protectorate’s most powerful region, the Kingdom of Buganda. The privileged position of Buganda at the administrative, political, and economic heart of the country has encouraged scholarship on the workings of colonialism and “Indirect Rule” within the kingdom, such as the classic study Low and Pratt 1960, and the more recent investigation in Hanson 2003, as well as on the relationship between Buganda and the rest of the Protectorate, as in Roberts 1962. Outside of Buganda, Beattie 1971 provides an excellent overview of the relationship between the Kingdom of Bunyoro and the colonial state. More general histories of the impact of colonialism may be found in Mamdani 1976 and Thompson 2003, which offer varying interpretations of the hegemonic power of colonial rule to impose its will on African society. Southall and Gutkind 1957 examines the nature of urbanization.
  360.  
  361. Beattie, John. The Nyoro State. Oxford: Clarendon, 1971.
  362. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  363. Beattie’s wide-ranging monograph, based on extensive fieldwork, reaches deep into Bunyoro’s past but also offers perceptive analysis of the impact of colonial rule on the Nyoro state. It further investigates the relationship between Bunyoro and the neighboring Kingdom of Buganda, and the fluctuating relationship between Nyoro and British authorities.
  364. Find this resource:
  365. Hanson, Holly. Landed Obligation: The Practice of Power in Buganda. Portsmouth, NH: Heinemann, 2003.
  366. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  367. Hanson examines themes of power, land, love and slavery in the central Ugandan Kingdom of Buganda. Later chapters consider the impact of British colonial rule on the ties of “reciprocal obligation” that bound the Baganda to each other and to the land.
  368. Find this resource:
  369. Low, Donald Anthony, and R. Cranford Pratt. Buganda and British Overrule, 1900–1955. London: Oxford University Press, 1960.
  370. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  371. Low and Pratt’s classic overview of British rule in the Kingdom of Buganda. The text investigates the signing of the 1900 agreement that regulated Buganda’s relationship with the Protectorate (Low), before moving on to an analysis of the workings of indirect rule within Buganda (Pratt).
  372. Find this resource:
  373. Mamdani, Mahmood. Politics and Class Formation in Uganda. New York and London: Monthly Review, 1976.
  374. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  375. Neo-Marxist analysis of the social effects of British economic administration within Uganda. Mamdani argues that the primary division within colonial Uganda was between the southern “producers” and the northern “non-producers,” and that this led to class differentiation between and within communities, which continued to impact heavily on the post-independence state.
  376. Find this resource:
  377. Roberts, Andrew. “The Sub-Imperialism of the Baganda.” Journal of African History 3.3 (1962): 435–450.
  378. DOI: 10.1017/S0021853700003340Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  379. Roberts’s important work analyzes the role played by officials from the Kingdom of Buganda as agents of colonialism across other regions of Uganda where the British sought to utilize Buganda’s political structures as a model for administration within the Protectorate.
  380. Find this resource:
  381. Southall, Aidan W., and Peter C. W. Gutkind. Townsmen in the Making: Kampala and its Suburbs. Kampala, Buganda: East African Institute of Social Research, 1957.
  382. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  383. Southall and Gutkind’s work is a key ethnographic study of urbanization in colonial Africa. Focusing on defined case studies from Kampala’s expanding urban compass, the authors analyze evolving social and economic structures with particular reference to the themes of housing, urban economy, and marriage.
  384. Find this resource:
  385. Thompson, Gardner. Governing Uganda: British Colonial Rule and its Legacy. Kampala, Buganda: Fountain, 2003.
  386. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  387. Thompson provides a reassessment of the role and impact of British colonial rule. Most detailed on the later colonial period, the text questions the hegemonic power of colonialism to impose itself on Ugandan society.
  388. Find this resource:
  389. Nationalism, Political Parties, and Independence
  390.  
  391. The most important overall studies of nationalism, political parties, and the period leading up to independence are Apter 1997 (first published in 1967) and Low 1971. Apter’s influential political science text and Low’s collection of essays document the key events in the years before British withdrawal, focusing in particular on political processes in Buganda that affected the development of nationalism within and beyond the kingdom. They address the rise of royalist nationalism in Buganda following the deportation of Buganda’s king in the Kabaka crisis of 1953–1955, and they also analyze the relationship between patriotism and federalism in Buganda and wider nationalist currents. Kiwanuka 1970 critiques theories of nationalism as applied to Africa, using Uganda as a case study. More recently, Earle 2012 investigates the complexity of Ugandan political theology, and Summers 2006 questions traditional teleological understandings of nationalism through innovative work on colonial Buganda. The formation of political parties and their role at independence is best documented in Ibingira 1973 for the Uganda People’s Congress, which came to power at independence, and in Hancock 1970 and Young 1977 for the origins and ideology of the Buganda royalist party Kabaka Yekka.
  392.  
  393. Apter, David E. The Political Kingdom in Uganda: a Study of Bureaucratic Nationalism. 3d ed. London: Frank Cass, 1997.
  394. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  395. Apter’s classic political science text analyzes the development of a sense of identity and loyalty within the Kingdom of Buganda through his model of a “modernizing autocracy.” The text is wide-ranging and covers the formation of political parties up until 1961. This third edition contains a newly extended introduction.
  396. Find this resource:
  397. Earle, Jonathan. “Political Theologies in Late Colonial Buganda.” PhD diss., University of Cambridge, 2012.
  398. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  399. Earle’s thesis offers the most recent analysis of political thought in colonial Uganda. Innovative in its exploration of political theologies, the text offers new insights into key Ugandan thinkers, such as I. K. Musazi, E. M. Mulira and B. K. M. Kiwanuka.
  400. Find this resource:
  401. Hancock, Ian. “Patriotism and Neo-Traditionalism in Buganda: The Kabaka Yekka (‘The King Alone’) Movement, 1961–1962.” Journal of African History 11.3 (1970): 419–434.
  402. DOI: 10.1017/S0021853700010239Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  403. While some of the assumptions made about African societies within this article are now outdated, it remains a useful survey of the key issues surrounding the rise of the Kabaka Yekka political party and the growth of Baganda patriotism in the early 1960s.
  404. Find this resource:
  405. Ibingira, Grace. The Forging of an African Nation: The Political and Constitutional Evolution of Uganda from Colonial Rule to Independence, 1894–1962. New York: Viking, 1973.
  406. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  407. Ibingira was a leading figure in the Uganda People’s Congress at the time of independence, and as such this analysis of political development in colonial Uganda draws on a uniquely personal perspective. The subjective nature of the work, however, also ensures that the text requires a critical reading.
  408. Find this resource:
  409. Kiwanuka, M. S. M. “Nationality and Nationalism in Africa: The Uganda Case.” Canadian Journal of African Studies 4.2 (1970): 229–247.
  410. DOI: 10.2307/483863Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  411. Article by one of Uganda’s leading scholars, arguing that there existed different types of nationalism within Africa, and using Uganda as a case study.
  412. Find this resource:
  413. Low, Donald Anthony. Buganda in Modern History. Berkeley: University of California Press, 1971.
  414. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  415. A collection of seven of Low’s seminal essays, several of which address questions surrounding nationalism, populism, and the formation of political parties within Uganda. In particular, see “The Advent of Populism in Buganda” (pp. 139–165), and “Political Parties in Uganda 1949–1962” (pp. 167–226).
  416. Find this resource:
  417. Summers, Carol. “Radical Rudeness: Ugandan Social Critiques in the 1940s.” Journal of Social History 39.3 (2006): 741–770.
  418. DOI: 10.1353/jsh.2006.0020Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  419. The broadest of Summers’s articles on nationalism, activism, and political and social associations in Buganda. Focuses on the role of rudeness as a tool for rebellion among Baganda activists of the 1940s, where disorderly or obnoxious behavior disrupted social convention and questioned the power differentials inherent in colonial politeness.
  420. Find this resource:
  421. Young, Crawford. “Buganda.” In African Kingships in Perspective: Political Change and Modernization in Monarchical Settings. Edited by Rene Lemarchand, 193–235. London: Frank Cass, 1977.
  422. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  423. Excellent summary of the rise of the patriotic political party, Kabaka Yekka (The King Alone) in Buganda. Investigates the straining of relationships between Buganda, other regions of the Protectorate, and the colonial authorities due to a desire within Buganda for federalism in the post-independence state.
  424. Find this resource:
  425. Postcolonial History and Politics
  426.  
  427. Postcolonial Uganda has suffered from periods of extreme instability, which deterred scholarship, yet there remains a large body of literature on the country’s post-independence history. This section investigates the key themes of the post-1962 Ugandan experience through exploration of four key periods of government: Obote I; Idi Amin; Obote II; and The National Resistance Movement (NRM). It also offers key examples of the growing historiography concerning the relationship between the central government and the Ugandan kingdoms.
  428.  
  429. Obote I
  430.  
  431. At independence, Uganda’s government consisted of a coalition of the Uganda People’s Congress, led by Prime Minister Milton Obote, and the royalist party of Buganda, Kabaka Yekka. The king of Buganda, Mutesa II, became Uganda’s first president. This alliance of convenience between patriots aligned with either Uganda or Buganda soon broke down, however, and in 1967 Obote forcibly abolished traditional kingdoms. A personal, contemporary account of this process can be found in Mutesa 1967. The instability and eventual failure of Obote’s first period as prime minister has encouraged scholarship to focus on the reasons for lack of success in Uganda’s first government of independence. General histories of this period that consider these problems are Jørgensen 1981 and Karugire 1980. Glentworth and Hancock 1973 focuses on Obote’s dysfunctional relationship with Buganda and other political parties, as well as on Obote’s relationship with African socialism and his “Move to the Left.” The ideology of the Obote government is further analyzed in Mittelman 1975 and Gingyera-Pinycwa 1978. The latter also investigates Obote’s relationship with the army.
  432.  
  433. Glentworth, Garth, and Ian Hancock. “Obote and Amin: Change and Continuity in Modern Uganda Politics.” African Affairs 72 (1973): 237–255.
  434. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  435. Argues that the instability and unpredictability of Amin’s rule can only be fully understood by examining Ugandan politics prior to and following independence as well as Amin himself. In so doing, it offers an analysis of the early challenges facing Obote between 1962 and 1966, including his relationship with Buganda and interactions with differing political parties. The article subsequently considers Obote’s “Move to the Left.”
  436. Find this resource:
  437. Gingyera-Pinycwa, A. G. G. Apolo Milton Obote and His Times. New York: NOK, 1978.
  438. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  439. A general history of government and politics in the first ten years of Uganda’s independence. The text focuses particularly on Obote’s relationship to national unity, socialism, and the Ugandan army.
  440. Find this resource:
  441. Jørgensen, Jan Jelmet. Uganda: A Modern History. London: Croon Helm, 1981.
  442. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  443. Jørgensen’s economically orientated work investigates Obote’s role in decolonization and early postcolonial Uganda.
  444. Find this resource:
  445. Karugire, Samwiri Rubaraza. A Political History of Uganda. London and Nairobi: Heinemann Educational, 1980.
  446. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  447. Karugire’s work is concerned with locating the origins of instability within 1960s Uganda. The text critiques both British colonialism and the corruption of Obote I.
  448. Find this resource:
  449. Mittelman, James H. Ideology and Politics in Uganda: From Obote to Amin. Ithaca, NY: Cornell University Press, 1975.
  450. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  451. Analyses post-independence politics utilizing an investigative framework examining varying forms of ideology.
  452. Find this resource:
  453. Mutesa, Kabaka, II. Desecration of My Kingdom. London: Constable, 1967.
  454. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  455. Personal account by the king of Buganda and first president of Uganda, Kabaka Mutesa II, of the events leading to the deterioration of relations between Buganda and the national government under Milton Obote. As a culmination of these hostilities, the traditional kingdoms were abolished and Mutesa and other royals were forced into exile.
  456. Find this resource:
  457. Idi Amin
  458.  
  459. The infamous dictatorship of Idi Amin (b. c. 1925–d. 2003) has often been characterized by a focus on the force of Amin’s own cult of personality. Studies of his regime should therefore encompass texts by authors who knew Amin personally, such as Kiwanuka 1979 and Moghal 2010, though these works are inevitably influenced by personal experience. The 1971 military coup that brought Amin to power and ended the government of Milton Obote is analyzed in Twaddle 1972 and Southall 1980. Southall’s work also examines Amin’s regime in the context of Uganda’s wider social instability post-independence. Taking a longer historical approach, Mamdani 1984 attempts to overcome a reductive emphasis on Amin’s personality through an analysis of wider Ugandan history intended to contextualize the terrible events of the 1970s. More narrowly, one of the most important events of Amin’s reign, the expulsion of Uganda’s Asians, is considered in Twaddle 1975. Recent scholarship has broadened and deepened our understanding of the key facets of the regime. Peterson and Taylor 2013 introduces a special issue of the Journal of Eastern African Studies dedicated to new articles on Amin. A new history of Amin’s home region, West Nile, is presented in Leopold 2005.
  460.  
  461. Kiwanuka, Semakula. Amin and the Tragedy of Uganda. Munich: Weltforum Verlag, 1979.
  462. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  463. Drawing in part upon firsthand experiences, Kiwanuka sketches a history of Amin’s rise to power, his personality, the key events of his regime, and the perpetration of atrocities.
  464. Find this resource:
  465. Leopold, Mark. Inside West Nile: Violence, History and Representation on an African Frontier. Oxford: James Currey, 2005.
  466. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  467. Leopold’s work considers the history of Uganda’s West Nile region and offers valuable insights into the area’s precolonial and colonial history. It is perhaps most interesting, however, in offering a new perspective on the regime of Idi Amin by focusing on the effect of his rule in the area of his birth.
  468. Find this resource:
  469. Mamdani, Mahmood. Imperialism and Fascism in Uganda. Trenton, NJ: Africa World, 1984.
  470. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  471. Mamdani addresses the Amin regime in the context of Ugandan history and imperialism. He seeks to dispel the myth that Amin was a specifically local phenomenon through analysis of Uganda’s economic and military structures and the role of Great Britain, the United States, and Russia.
  472. Find this resource:
  473. Moghal, Manzoor. Idi Amin: Lion of Africa. London: Authorhouse, 2010.
  474. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  475. Manzoor’s book is not a scholarly treatise on Ugandan history under Amin. It is, however, a detailed and interesting biography by a writer who knew Amin personally. While providing a broad framework concerning Amin’s rise and fall, the text deals in particular with the relationship between Amin and Britain.
  476. Find this resource:
  477. Peterson, Derek R., and Edgar C. Taylor. “Rethinking the State in Idi Amin’s Uganda: The Politics of Exhortation.” Journal of Eastern African Studies 7.1 (2013): 58–82.
  478. DOI: 10.1080/17531055.2012.755314Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  479. This article analyzes the Amin regime’s bureaucratic methods of control and communication and introduces a special section on “Rethinking Idi Amin’s Uganda,” dedicated to new contributions on the Amin years on topics such as economy, disappearances, and the expulsion of Ugandan Asians.
  480. Find this resource:
  481. Southall, Aidan. “Social Disorganisation in Uganda: Before, During, and After Amin.” Journal of Modern African Studies 18.4 (1980): 627–656.
  482. DOI: 10.1017/S0022278X00014774Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  483. Southall analyzes the corruption of power and wealth that led to Uganda’s “social disorganization.” He details and investigates events under Amin’s government and considers the after-effects of his rule on Ugandan society, economics, and politics.
  484. Find this resource:
  485. Twaddle, Michael. “The Amin Coup.” Journal of Commonwealth Political Studies 10.2 (1972): 99–112.
  486. DOI: 10.1080/14662047208447161Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  487. Twaddle discusses various theories regarding the origins of the Amin coup, with a particular focus on ethnic unrest. He argues that the coup represented an internal war, with Amin able to seize arms and power before rival groups were able to.
  488. Find this resource:
  489. Twaddle, Michael, ed. Expulsion of a Minority: Essays on Ugandan Asians. London: Athlone, 1975.
  490. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  491. Twaddle’s edited collection remains the starting point of historiography on the expulsion. The various contributions offer some new insights into the position of East African Asians, although the collection overall lacks coherent conclusions and many of the articles do not actually address the expulsion itself.
  492. Find this resource:
  493. Obote II
  494.  
  495. The inherent instability in the period known as Obote II, which spanned the Uganda civil war of the 1980s, has had the effect of limiting scholarship. The definitive text on Obote’s second regime and the conflict with Museveni’s National Resistance Movement (NRA) remains to be written. There are, however, several general texts available on the period. The best of these are the various contributions to the edited collection Hansen and Twaddle 1988, and the pro-NRM post-independence history of Uganda in Mutibwa 1992. Kasozi 1994 analyzes Obote II as part of a wider study of violence in Ugandan society, while Tindigarukayo 1988 examines the doomed attempts by the Obote government to counteract political and social instability and reestablish order. The most detailed account of Obote himself is also the most controversial. Ingham 1994 attempts to correct what the author perceives as misrepresentations of Obote’s actions and beliefs, and it lays much of the blame for misfortune at the door of the president’s subordinates and enemies. While Ingham’s account is useful in adding some balance to the history of Obote’s terms in power, his reluctance to acknowledge Obote’s part in the violence and instability that scarred Uganda society means that the text should be read particularly critically. Obote’s second period in power was dominated by the conflict between his armed forces and the rebel NRA movement. Accounts of the bloody progress of the war can be found in several wider texts, while Kasfir 2005 approaches the conflict from the perspective of an analysis of civilian participation in governance in NRA-held territories.
  496.  
  497. Hansen, Holger Bernt, and Michael Twaddle, eds. Uganda Now: Between Decay and Development. London: James Currey, 1988.
  498. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  499. An extensive collection of contributions on 1980s Uganda, edited by Hansen and Twaddle. Historical investigation is utilized to explain Uganda’s post-independence problems in chapters by scholars such as C. C. Wrigley, while chapters by Dan Mudoola and Keith Edmonds focus more succinctly on the politics of Obote’s second regime and Uganda’s civil war.
  500. Find this resource:
  501. Ingham, Kenneth. Obote: A Political Biography. London and New York: Routledge, 1994.
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  503. Ingham’s in-depth biography of Obote is necessary reading but remains controversial in its underplaying of Obote’s responsibility for the violence and instability of postcolonial Uganda.
  504. Find this resource:
  505. Kasozi, A. B. K. The Social Origins of Violence in Uganda, 1964–1985. Montreal: McGill-Queen’s University Press, 1994.
  506. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  507. Kasozi’s work investigates how much violence and instability in post-independence Uganda were a product of indigenous culture and history, and analyzes Ugandan society under the regime of Obote II.
  508. Find this resource:
  509. Mutibwa, Phares. Uganda since Independence: A Story of Unfulfilled Hopes. Trenton, NJ: Africa World, 1992.
  510. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  511. A former head of the Department of History at Makerere University during the Amin years, Mutibwa’s post-independence history is tinged with a southern Ugandan bias and pro-NRM tendencies. It remains, however, a highly useful examination of post-independence Uganda and offers interesting analysis of Obote’s two terms in power, focusing on the causes of division in post-independence politics.
  512. Find this resource:
  513. Tindigarukayo, Jimmy K. “Uganda, 1979–1985: Leadership in Transition.” Journal of Modern African History 26.4 (1988): 607–622.
  514. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  515. Concerned with political developments in post-Amin Uganda, this article offers analysis of Obote’s second period in power and attempts to reestablish political order.
  516. Find this resource:
  517. Kasfir, Nelson. “Guerrillas and Civilian Participation: The National Resistance Army in Uganda, 1981–86.” Journal of Modern African Studies 43.2 (2005): 271–296.
  518. DOI: 10.1017/S0022278X05000832Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  519. Kasfir’s article is primarily based on oral interviews conducted with participants in the civil war. It investigates the relationship between guerrilla movements and civilian participation in governance in areas under rebel control through a case study of the National Resistance Army (NRA).
  520. Find this resource:
  521. The National Resistance Movement (NRM)
  522.  
  523. Yoweri Museveni’s period in power in Uganda since 1986 has proved an increasingly rich source of study for an ever-growing historiography. In part, the outpouring of scholarship reflects the ability to once more conduct extensive fieldwork within Uganda, due to the comparative stability within the country following the turmoil and violence of the 1970s and 1980s. The best overview of post–civil war development, NRM governance, and international and donor relations in the 1990s is the edited collection Hansen and Twaddle 1998. Post-millennium, key strands of research have focused on concerns over a lack of democratic content in the structures and exercise of political power, the long-running Lord’s Resistance Army (LRA) conflict in the north, and Uganda’s involvement in regional wars. Rubongoya 2007 analyzes power and a decline in political legitimacy, while Carbone 2008 examines the policy of “no-party” democracy utilized by Museveni’s government between the late 1980s and 2006. Tripp’s 2010 is an excellent overview of Museveni’s reign that considers the state as a “semi-authoritarian” regime and explores the linkage between democratic institutions and legitimacy. The instability and violence in northern Uganda associated with the brutal LRA conflict has drawn significant interdisciplinary scholarship from anthropological investigations such as Finnström 2008, as well as a wide range of local, historical, and international-donor-based accounts, as exemplified in Allen and Vlassenroot 2010. Uganda’s participation in regional wars, particularly the cataclysmic violence in the Democratic Republic of the Congo, 1997–2002, has provided the motivation for numerous analyses, including Prunier 2004. Finally, the success and rural coverage of post-millennium development is assessed in Jones 2008.
  524.  
  525. Allen, Tim, and Koen Vlassenroot, eds. The Lord’s Resistance Army: Myth and Reality. London and New York: Zed Books, 2010.
  526. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  527. Edited collection providing a wide-ranging account of the LRA conflict in northern Uganda. Incorporates Ugandan and external perspectives, including academic, third sector and local leaders, and consequently draws together specialized and “insider” knowledge on the origins and impact of LRA violence, and the response of the Ugandan government and international community.
  528. Find this resource:
  529. Carbone, Giovanni M. No-Party Democracy? Ugandan Politics in Comparative Perspective. Boulder, CO: Rienner, 2008.
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  531. Carbone explores “no-party” democracy; the official policy of Museveni’s government from the late 1980s until 2006. The text analyzes the reasons why “no-party” democracy in this form became untenable.
  532. Find this resource:
  533. Finnström, Sverker. Living With Bad Surroundings: War, History, and Everyday Moments in Northern Uganda. Durham, NC: Duke University Press, 2008.
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  535. An excellent ethnography of Acholiland in northern Uganda, which also adds to understanding of the experiences of civilians in war zones more generally. Finnström rejects simple explanations in analyzing the LRA. The text commits to investigating all sides in the conflict, retains sensitivity to complex Acholi histories, and focuses on the realities of everyday life for local communities living in difficult circumstances.
  536. Find this resource:
  537. Hansen, Holger Bernt, and Michael Twaddle, eds. Developing Uganda. Oxford: James Currey, 1998.
  538. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  539. This edited volume, the last in a series of readers, considers “development” in Uganda and investigates the realities of Uganda’s apparent recovery from earlier instability in the 1990s. Contributions explore key themes, including the NRM government’s international and donor relations, the 1995 constitution, and the role of women in NRM politics.
  540. Find this resource:
  541. Jones, Ben. Beyond the State in Rural Uganda. Edinburgh: Edinburgh University Press, 2008.
  542. DOI: 10.3366/edinburgh/9780748635184.001.0001Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  543. Based on significant field research in Teso region in the early 2000s, Jones’s text analyzes the impact of decentralization and democratization reforms in rural Uganda under Museveni’s government. He argues that many rural areas are isolated from nodes of development by government and donor focus on urban centers and “project communities.”
  544. Find this resource:
  545. Prunier, Gérard. “Rebel Movements and Proxy Warfare: Uganda, Sudan and the Congo (1986–99).” African Affairs 103.412 (2004): 359–383.
  546. DOI: 10.1093/afraf/adh050Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  547. Prunier’s article masterfully negotiates the complex and clandestine allegiances by which Uganda and Sudan carried on an undeclared war through proxy guerrilla groups. He demonstrates how this conflict was increasingly played out in the Democratic Republic of the Congo and contributed to the escalation of violence within the region.
  548. Find this resource:
  549. Rubongoya, Joshua B. Regime Hegemony in Museveni’s Uganda: Pax Musevenica. Basingstoke, UK: Palgrave Macmillan, 2007.
  550. DOI: 10.1057/9780230603363Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  551. Examines notions of power through an investigation of liberal democracy and political legitimacy in post-independence Africa. Argues that colonialism resulted in neopatrimonial political structures lacking in democratic content. Museveni’s post-1986 regime initially appeared to be reintroducing democratic legitimacy, but it has since retreated into a neopatrimonial state.
  552. Find this resource:
  553. Tripp, Aili Mari. Museveni’s Uganda: Paradoxes of Power in a Hybrid Regime. Boulder, CO: Rienner, 2010.
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  555. Tripp uses Museveni’s Uganda as a case study of a “semi-authoritarian” regime emerging from processes of democratization. Tripp draws on up-to-date research on Museveni’s regime to analyze why Uganda has become stuck in a liminal political space where democratic institutions are seen as necessary for legitimacy and yet continually undermined.
  556. Find this resource:
  557. Kingdom and Nation
  558.  
  559. In 1967 the first government of Milton Obote abolished Uganda’s traditional kingdoms. Their restoration in the early 1990s under the government of Yoweri Museveni has led to an increased interest in studying the relationship between these institutions and the national government. This renewed attention has also fed off growing observations of a resurgence of “traditional” authorities across parts of contemporary Africa, and one of the key case studies in this developing literature is the Kingdom of Buganda. Buganda’s relationship with Museveni’s regime has been fraught with difficulties since its restoration in 1993. While the kingdoms were ostensibly restored as cultural entities, a growing patriotism and calls for federalism and land reform within Buganda have led to conflict with the national government and increased tensions between Buganda and other regions. The larger part of the scholarship on kingdom and nation has therefore centered on Buganda, reflecting the importance of the Buganda/Uganda issue to national internal security and stability. The growth of popular royalism that led to the restoration of the kingdom is analyzed in an excellent thesis, Karlström 1999. Englebert 2002 and Goodfellow and Lindemann 2013 examine the structures and relationship of state and nonstate institutions, while Oloka-Onyango 1997 and Green 2006 investigate issues of federalism and land tenure reform. One exception to the focus on Buganda is Doornbos 2002, which reinvestigates the controversy between royalism and anti-royalism in the western kingdom of Ankole.
  560.  
  561. Doornbos, Martin. The Ankole Kingship Controversy: Regalia Galore Revisited. Kampala, Buganda: Fountain, 2002.
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  563. An updated reprint of Doornbos earlier work, Regalia Galore (1975), which analyzed the decline of the appeal of royalism in the western Ugandan Kingdom of Ankole during the colonial period. The new text contains two further chapters, offering sophisticated analysis of the continuing controversy within Ankole between royalists and republican groups in post-independence Uganda.
  564. Find this resource:
  565. Englebert, Pierre. “Born-Again Buganda or the Limits of Traditional Resurgence in Africa.” Journal of Modern African Studies 40.3 (2002): 345–368.
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  567. Englebert analyzes the Kingdom of Buganda’s attempts to rebuild itself as a quasi-state within a state. He argues that while the kingdom has developed effective institutions, its resurgence is limited by its inability to provide real development for its inhabitants, as well as by conflict with the Ugandan state.
  568. Find this resource:
  569. Green, Elliot D. “Ethnicity and the Politics of Land Tenure Reform in Central Uganda.” Commonwealth & Comparative Politics 44.3 (2006): 370–388.
  570. DOI: 10.1080/14662040600997148Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  571. Considers the historical relationship of the NRM government to the central Kingdom of Buganda through the knotted issue of land reform; a central problem in contemporary Ugandan politics.
  572. Find this resource:
  573. Goodfellow, Tom, and Stefan Lindemann. “The Clash of Institutions: Traditional Authority, Conflict and the Failure of ‘Hybridity’ in Buganda.” Commonwealth & Comparative Politics 51.1 (2013): 3–26.
  574. DOI: 10.1080/14662043.2013.752175Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  575. Article analyzes the resurgence of “tradition” in contemporary Africa through the case study of the Kingdom of Buganda. It is concerned with the nature of the relationship between institutions of the state and those of nonstate authorities, and the implications of this multiplicity of structures for violent internal conflict.
  576. Find this resource:
  577. Karlström, Mikael. “The Cultural Kingdom in Uganda: Popular Royalism and the Restoration of the Buganda Kingship.” PhD diss., University of Chicago, 1999.
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  579. Karlström’s dissertation analyzes popular royalism in Buganda from the colonial period to the restoration of the kingdom in 1993. It offers insights into the relationship between the NRA/NRM and Buganda in the early period of NRM rule.
  580. Find this resource:
  581. Oloka-Onyango, J. “The Question of Buganda in Contemporary Ugandan Politics.” Journal of Contemporary African Studies 15.2 (1997): 173–189.
  582. DOI: 10.1080/02589009708729610Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  583. This article explores the position of Buganda within Uganda in the 1990s. Focusing on tensions between Buganda and the Ugandan national government, it analyzes issues of federalism and land reform.
  584. Find this resource:
  585. Environment and Geography
  586.  
  587. Langlands 1971 is the best starting point for an overview of Uganda’s environmental and agricultural diversity, though it is difficult to source. The most important thread within the literature in this field is the place of the cooking banana, or plantain, and to a less degree that of cattle, in shaping Uganda’s historical evolution. Schoenbrun 1993 demonstrates the value of historical linguistics, informed by archaeology, for such research, while Kottak 1972, while avoiding ecological determinism, emphasizes the crucial importance of the uneven distribution of the plantain in the geopolitics of the region. The relationship between ecological change and inequality is analyzed in Carswell 2007 and Gold, et al. 1999, among many others. Ford 1971 is a crucial source on the impact of colonial environmental interventions.
  588.  
  589. Carswell, Grace. Cultivating Success in Uganda: Kigezi Farmers and Colonial Policies. Oxford: James Currey, 2007.
  590. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  591. Impressively researched examination of how Kigezi’s farmers adapted colonial agricultural and environmental interventions in order to sustain their rural economy in the context of rapid population growth. Important study of African agency, which emphasizes that Kiga success rested on deepening differentiation.
  592. Find this resource:
  593. Ford, John. The Role of the Trypanosomiases in African Ecology: A Study of the Tsetse Fly Problem. Oxford: Clarendon, 1971.
  594. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  595. Based on extensive research in Uganda, this hugely influential study by a former colonial entomologist argued that precolonial Africans were largely successful in managing their environments so as to minimize bovine and human trypanosomiasis. The often negative impact of colonial policies were emphasized.
  596. Find this resource:
  597. Gold, Clifford S., Eldad B. Karamura, Andrew Kiggundu, Fred Bagamba, and Agnes M. K. Abera. “Geographic Shifts in the Highland Cooking Banana (Musa spp., group AAA-EA) Production in Uganda.” International Journal of Sustainable Development and World Ecology 6 (1999): 45–59.
  598. DOI: 10.1080/13504509.1999.9728471Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  599. Key study that analyzes the causes and consequences of the collapse of cooking banana production in central Uganda since the 1970s.
  600. Find this resource:
  601. Kottak, Conrad P. “Ecological Variables in the Origin and Evolution of African States: The Buganda Example.” Comparative Studies in Society and History 14.3 (1972): 351–380.
  602. DOI: 10.1017/S0010417500006721Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  603. Argues that Buganda’s ecological advantages influenced regional political developments in the precolonial period.
  604. Find this resource:
  605. Langlands, Bryan. A Preliminary Review of Land Use in Uganda. Kampala, Buganda: Department of Geography, 1971.
  606. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  607. The most comprehensive introduction to Uganda’s geography available.
  608. Find this resource:
  609. Schoenbrun, David. “Cattle Herds and Banana Gardens: The Historical Geography of the Western Great Lakes Region, ca AD 800–1500.” African Archaeological Review 11 (1993): 39–72.
  610. DOI: 10.1007/BF01118142Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  611. Systematic analysis of historical linguistic evidence for the growing importance in this region of cooking bananas and cattle, which have shaped the history of societies in Uganda over the millennia.
  612. Find this resource:
  613. Society and Culture
  614.  
  615. Uganda enjoys a rich tradition of scholarship concerned with society and culture. Studies focusing on ethnicity and Ethnic Groups are particularly numerous and range from early anthropological accounts to investigations of migration and patrimonialism within Uganda’s armed forces. Similarly, while literature on Women and Gender is quite heavily biased in its focus on Buganda, a number of scholars have contributed innovative studies with wider significance from other parts of this region.
  616.  
  617. Ethnic Groups
  618.  
  619. The historiography of colonial Uganda is filled with classic anthropological studies, although these tended to concern Uganda’s southern kingdoms, which were viewed as defined “tribal” units and consequently attracted significant investigation. In the early colonial period, ethnographers conducted highly traditional fieldwork, resulting in texts concerned with belief, custom, and social and political structures. The most comprehensive of these works is undoubtedly Roscoe 1911 on the Baganda, although the same author also penned several other works on neighboring peoples, including Roscoe 1923 on the Banyankole. A French equivalent of this early anthropological literature can be found in Gorju 1920. Later colonial studies became more concerned with the impact of economic and social change on Ugandan societies, and the most important of these works is Richards 1973, which offers insights into the economic impact on migration and assimilation in colonies where development and prosperity were often skewed towards favored areas. The themes of immigration and ethnic absorption within Buganda are also picked up in Doyle 2009. Kasfir 1976 and Atkinson 1994 offer varying interpretations of the impact of colonialism on the development or “invention” of African ethnicity through their wider studies. While Kasfir 1976 underlines the impact of the demarcation of colonial administration along tribal lines, Atkinson 1994 emphasizes the longevity of process inherent in the development of ethnic identities. In post-independence Uganda, ethnic division has often been seen as playing a significant and destabilizing role in Ugandan society and politics, particularly through military ethnic cliques utilized by the country’s leaders, as examined in Omara-Otunnu 1987.
  620.  
  621. Atkinson, Ronald. The Roots of Ethnicity: The Origins of the Acholi of Uganda before 1800. Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press, 1994.
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  623. Based on fieldwork conducted in the 1970s, Atkinson’s text deftly utilizes oral traditions and other sources to reconstruct the evolution of an Acholi identity in the 18th century. As such, it forms an important counterbalance to the predominance of ethnic studies concerned with the colonial and postcolonial time frames.
  624. Find this resource:
  625. Doyle, Shane. “Immigrants and Indigenes: The Lost Counties Dispute and the Evolution of Ethnic Identity in Colonial Buganda.” Journal of Eastern African Studies 3.2 (2009): 284–302.
  626. DOI: 10.1080/17531050902972782Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  627. Article examines the absorption and “Gandisation” of strangers in colonial Buganda. It argues that forms of assimilation and ethnic change differed depending on context. The kingdom had a “laissez faire” policy toward the ethnic incorporation of economic migrants, yet inhabitants of Buganda’s north, territory formerly belonging to neighboring Bunyoro, experienced concerted assimilative processes.
  628. Find this resource:
  629. Gorju, Julien. Entre le Victoria, l’Albert, et l’Edouard: Ethnographie de la partie anglaise du vicariat de l’Uganda: Origines, histoire, religion, coutumes. Rennes, France: Oberthür, 1920.
  630. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  631. Early colonial ethnography by the Catholic missionary Julien Gorju. The work covers several of Uganda’s central kingdom’s and provides a key study of the area in French.
  632. Find this resource:
  633. Kasfir, Nelson. The Shrinking Political Arena: Participation and Ethnicity in African Politics, with a Case Study of Uganda. Berkeley: University of California Press, 1976.
  634. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  635. Using Uganda as a case study, Kasfir’s work argues that in post-independence Africa, up to the 1970s, African governments intentionally shrunk the political sphere in an attempt to remove politicians with ethnic constituencies. In building his argument, Kasfir also analyzes the impact of colonial governance on hardening ethnic divisions within Uganda.
  636. Find this resource:
  637. Omara-Otunnu, Amii. Politics and the Military in Uganda, 1890–1985. Basingstoke, UK: Macmillan, 1987.
  638. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  639. This overarching text analyzes the role of ethnicity in civil-military relations within Uganda. Although sometimes limited in its analytical scope, the extension of the study to consider the post-Amin regime renders it particularly useful among general texts on ethnicity and the military in Uganda.
  640. Find this resource:
  641. Richards, Audrey I., eds. Economic Development and Tribal Change: A Study of Immigrant Labour in Buganda. Nairobi, Kenya: Oxford University Press, 1973.
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  643. Edited work by the pioneering anthropologist Audrey Richards. Contributions consider the impact of economic development on patterns of migration and assimilation among immigrants drawn to Buganda by its privileged economic position within the Uganda Protectorate.
  644. Find this resource:
  645. Roscoe, John. The Baganda: An Account of Their Native Customs and Beliefs. London: Macmillan, 1911.
  646. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  647. This comprehensive and wide-ranging ethnography by the Anglican missionary John Roscoe remains the key anthropological text for study of the Baganda. Roscoe’s information was drawn from collaborative interviews undertaken with informants by himself and Sir Apolo Kaggwa, a leading protestant chief and prime minister of Buganda, who published the material in his own work Mpisa Za Baganda (1905).
  648. Find this resource:
  649. Roscoe, John. The Banyankole: The Second Part of the Report of the Mackie Ethnological Expedition to Central Africa. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press, 1923.
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  651. This text is less exhaustive than Roscoe’s earlier work on Buganda (Roscoe 1911). Nevertheless, Roscoe’s ethnological investigation of the Banyankole community of the western Ugandan kingdom of Ankole contains insightful discussion of political and social structures, and of cultural and religious beliefs.
  652. Find this resource:
  653. Women and Gender
  654.  
  655. This literature is dominated by studies of women in Buganda. Most works emphasize the evolving repression or systems of control suffered by women, including Bantebya-Kyomuhendo and McIntosh 2006, Musisi 1991, Schiller 1990, and Tuck 2007. In contrast, Obbo 1976 and Tripp and Kwesiga 2002 note the opening up of new spaces of autonomy as the 20th century progressed. The analysis of masculinity in Uganda is still an emerging field. Médard 1999, a study of homosexuality at the royal court of precolonial Buganda, and Heald 1989, an account of the local meaning of autonomous manhood, both examine topics of historical and contemporary significance.
  656.  
  657. Bantebya-Kyomuhendo, Grace, and Marjorie McIntosh. Women, Work and Domestic Virtue in Uganda, 1900–2003. Oxford: James Currey, 2006.
  658. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  659. Focuses particularly on Buganda. Emphasizes repression of women under colonial rule, when what they term the “domestic virtue model” of female behavior was constructed to limit women’s participation in the public sphere.
  660. Find this resource:
  661. Heald, Suzette. Controlling Anger: The Sociology of Gisu Violence. Manchester, UK: Manchester University Press, 1989.
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  663. Classic anthropological analysis of an extreme example of a familiar problem—how to control male sexuality and violence. Richly evidenced, particular highlights include an examination of the core importance of circumcision rituals as an exercise in restraint, and the relationship between masculinity and the punishment of theft and witchcraft.
  664. Find this resource:
  665. Médard, Henri. “L’homosexualité au Buganda, une acculturation peut en cacher une autre.” Hypothèses 1 (1999): 169–174.
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  667. Provides crucial precolonial evidence challenging the presumption that homosexuality is an alien practice introduced in the 19th century that corrupts African norms.
  668. Find this resource:
  669. Musisi, Nakanyike B. “Women, ‘Elite Polygyny,’ and Buganda State Formation.” Signs 16.4 (1991): 757–786.
  670. DOI: 10.1086/494702Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  671. Emphasizes the role of marriage, and in particular grand polygamy, in the development of the Ganda state.
  672. Find this resource:
  673. Obbo, Christine. “Dominant Male Ideology and Female Options: Three East African Case Studies.” Africa 46.4 (1976): 371–389.
  674. DOI: 10.2307/1159300Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  675. One of many important studies by this prolific author, this examination of female migration patterns emphasizes women’s strategic planning and dependence on networks of support.
  676. Find this resource:
  677. Schiller, Laurence D. “The Royal Women of Buganda.” International Journal of African Historical Studies 23.3 (1990): 455–473.
  678. DOI: 10.2307/219599Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  679. Emphasizes the power of royal women in precolonial Buganda and their systematic marginalization during the colonial takeover.
  680. Find this resource:
  681. Tripp, Aili Mari, and Joy Kwesiga, eds. The Women’s Movement in Uganda: History, Challenges and Prospects. Kampala, Buganda: Fountain, 2002.
  682. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  683. A collection of essays, mainly by Ugandan scholars, that provides a historical overview of the development of the women’s movement, and then a series of case studies of its constituent parts.
  684. Find this resource:
  685. Tuck, Michael W. “Women’s Experiences of Enslavement and Slavery in Late Nineteenth- and Early Twentieth-Century Uganda.” In Slavery in the Great Lakes Region of East Africa. Edited by Henri Médard and Shane Doyle, 174–186. Oxford: James Currey, 2007.
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  687. Using missionary marriage investigations, this study details the repeated transfer of rights over captured women in Uganda in the era of conquest. Crucial examination of the negative impact of slavery on female status, and women’s agency in seeking to escape it.
  688. Find this resource:
  689. Economy
  690.  
  691. Uganda had one of the most successful cash-cropping economies in Colonial and Postcolonial Africa, until the 1970s when the expulsion of the Asian business community, the extreme corruption and economic incompetence of the Amin regime, the breakdown of the East African community, and worsening terms of trade brought severe poverty to the country. Recovery has occurred during the era of Liberalization, though despite sustained, rapid economic growth since the late 1980s, Uganda’s relative prosperity is still heavily dependent on exports of the same cash crops that dominated the economy in the first half of the 20th century.
  692.  
  693. Colonial and Postcolonial
  694.  
  695. Uganda’s economic history, narrowly defined, has not benefited from the upsurge in scholarly activity over the last two decades. The first generation of academic analysts were concerned above all with the difficult transition from what was defined as a traditional or primitive economy to a modern one (see van Zwanenberg and King 1975, West 1972, Winter 1956, and Wrigley 1957). The emergence of Uganda’s distinctively peasant-based economy is studied in Youe 1979, among others. The causes and consequences of the economic regression of the 1970s and early 1980s are best introduced by Hansen and Twaddle 1988.
  696.  
  697. Hansen, Bernt Holger, and Michael Twaddle, eds. Uganda Now: Between Decay and Development. London: James Currey, 1988.
  698. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  699. The most useful analysis of Uganda’s economic collapse under Amin and Obote II.
  700. Find this resource:
  701. van Zwanenberg, Roger M. A., and Anne King. An Economic History of Kenya and Uganda, 1800–1970. London: Macmillan, 1975.
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  703. Despite its larger remit, van Zwanenberg and King’s important work on the East African economy focuses primarily on the colonial period. The text is weighted towards analysis of economic change in Kenya, but it offers a wealth of information and insight into development and regional disparity in Uganda’s colonial economy.
  704. Find this resource:
  705. West, Henry W. Land Policy in Buganda. New York: Cambridge University Press, 1972.
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  707. Analysis of the most distinctive aspect of Uganda’s economy, the introduction of a system of essentially freehold land tenure in Buganda.
  708. Find this resource:
  709. Winter, Edward H. Bwamba Economy: The Development of a Primitive Subsistence Economy in Uganda. Kampala, Buganda: East African Institute of Social Research, 1956.
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  711. Insightful analysis of the impact of cash-cropping and migration on an isolated community in western Uganda. Notes that two-thirds of the revenue earned by cash crops was appropriated by government, mostly by the central colonial state, obstructing indigenous capitalism and active local government.
  712. Find this resource:
  713. Wrigley, Christopher. “Buganda: An Outline Economic History.” Economic History Review 10.1 (1957): 69–80.
  714. DOI: 10.2307/2600062Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  715. Comprehensive account of cash cropping in Buganda. Optimistically detected signs of indigenous development of economic complexity.
  716. Find this resource:
  717. Youe, Christopher P. “Colonial Economic Policy in Uganda after World War I: A Reassessment.” International Journal of African Historical Studies 12.2 (1979): 270–276.
  718. DOI: 10.2307/218836Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  719. Useful summary of a debate about the various influences on the prioritization of cash-cropping over plantation production in interwar Uganda.
  720. Find this resource:
  721. Liberalization
  722.  
  723. Following the end of civil war in 1986, Uganda introduced an economic reform program as recommended by the World Bank. The reforms amounted to a liberalization of the economy, with its attendant consequences for Ugandan society and politics. The initial success of Uganda’s recovery in the 1990s led to the country being held up as a positive case study of donor-led neoliberal reform. Hansen and Twaddle 1998 and Reinikka and Collier 2001 engage critically with Uganda’s development within this period. The greater part of the historiography of neoliberal reforms since the early 2000s has offered more trenchant criticism of the impact of the program, highlighting greater uncertainty, corruption, and economic hardship—see Kiiza, et al. 2006; Tangri and Mwenda 2006; and Wiegratz 2010.
  724.  
  725. Hansen, Holger Bernt, and Michael Twaddle, eds. Developing Uganda. Oxford: James Currey, 1998.
  726. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  727. Hansen and Twaddle’s edited volume investigates the realities of Uganda’s recovery following the instability and hardship of the 1970s and 1980s. Contributions explore the impact of the post-1986 liberalization of the Ugandan economy, examining processes of privatization and deregulation.
  728. Find this resource:
  729. Kiiza, Julius, Godfrey B. Asiimwe, and David Kibikyo. “Understanding economic and institutional reforms in Uganda.” In Understanding Economic Reforms in Africa: A Tale of Seven Nations. Edited by Joseph Mensah, 57–94. Basingstoke, UK: Palgrave, 2006.
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  731. This chapter by a number of leading Ugandan experts’ outlines the processes by which liberalization was introduced into Uganda’s economy, and questions the impact of neoliberal reform.
  732. Find this resource:
  733. Reinikka, Ritva, and Paul Collier, eds. Uganda’s Recovery: the Role of Farms, Firms, and Government. Washington, DC: World Bank, 2001.
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  735. This edited collection, which largely perceives Uganda as an economic reform success story, brings together an impressive range of microeconomic studies to assess areas of achievement and identify areas for improvement in the economic liberalization of Uganda.
  736. Find this resource:
  737. Tangri, Roger, and Andrew M. Mwenda. “Politics, Donors, and the Ineffectiveness of Anti-corruption Institutions in Uganda.” Journal of Modern African Studies 44.1 (2006): 101–124.
  738. DOI: 10.1017/S0022278X05001436Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  739. Argues that elite-level corruption within Uganda is key to the maintenance of power of the Museveni regime, and that the effectiveness of anticorruption institutions was undermined by international donors’ reluctance to criticize the political establishment of a country held up as a model of donor-sponsored, neoliberal economic reforms.
  740. Find this resource:
  741. Wiegratz, Jörg. “Fake Capitalism? The Dynamics of Neoliberal Moral Restructuring and Pseudo-Development: the Case of Uganda.” Review of African Political Economy 37.124 (2010): 123–137.
  742. DOI: 10.1080/03056244.2010.484525Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  743. Article examines the social implications for Uganda of neoliberal reforms that aim to create a “market society.” Based on fieldwork in Kampala and eastern Uganda, it analyzes neoliberal moral restructuring, arguing that reforms of rural trade and other economic sectors have been characterized by malpractice, resulting in fears over moral decay.
  744. Find this resource:
  745. Health and Health Care
  746.  
  747. This is one of the richer themes within scholarship on Uganda. The country’s heavy missionization and relative prosperity meant that, in terms of Colonial Health Care provision, the country was far in advance of its neighbors. Uganda was a center for medical research until the instability of the 1970s and 1980s, during which time, standards of Postcolonial Health Care suffered a tragic decline. Uganda’s place in the story of HIV/AIDS in Africa is highly significant. Scholars have tried to explain why the epidemic affected rural as well as urban populations unusually early here, why incidence levels were reduced so rapidly in the late 1980s and early 1990s, and what the consequences of the prioritization of campaigns focused on abstinence only since the early 2000s have been.
  748.  
  749. Colonial Health Care
  750.  
  751. Uganda was a showcase for British colonial health-care provision, and this has been extensively written about by contemporary European actors, such as in Cook 1945, and, subsequently, by historians. Most historical research has focused on Uganda’s two great early colonial epidemics, sleeping sickness and syphilis. Hoppe 1997 is the best introduction to the former disease, while Lyons 1994 provides a long history of STDs in 20th-century Uganda. Doyle 2013 analyzes the demographic impact of medical interventions. Several studies question the self-generated positive narrative around the introduction of Western biomedicine. Kuhanen 2005 argues it enabled colonial governments to avoid addressing the fundamental poverty that characterized the lives of most Ugandans. Vaughan 1991 emphasizes that medical knowledge was a source of colonial power, which tended to objectify African patients. White 1995 observes that rumors of European malintent fundamentally affected Ugandans’ perceptions of biomedical procedures.
  752.  
  753. Cook, Albert R. Uganda Memories, 1897–1940. Kampala, Buganda: Uganda Society, 1945.
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  755. Memoirs of perhaps the most famous missionary doctor of his era. Highly critical of African sexuality and child rearing. Most important for his account of his establishment of Mengo Hospital and the CMS maternity centers. Emphasizes both reliance on carefully collected medical statistics and spiritual healing.
  756. Find this resource:
  757. Doyle, Shane. Before HIV: Sexuality, Fertility and Mortality in East Africa, 1900–1980. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2013.
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  759. Analyzes the role of medical interventions in shaping the uneven pattern of population growth within Uganda. Emphasizes the importance of maternity care and infant welfare. Extended analysis of sexual behavioral change and STDs over the course of the colonial period.
  760. Find this resource:
  761. Hoppe, Kirk Arden. “Lords of the Fly: Colonial Visions and Revisions of African Sleeping Sickness Environments on Ugandan Lake Victoria, 1906–61.” Africa 67.1 (1997): 86–105.
  762. DOI: 10.2307/1161271Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  763. Analyzes the role of scientific expertise and African resistance in shaping colonial attempts to construct nature and define Africans’ relationship with their environments through disease control. Describes the origins and impact of attempts to eradicate sleeping sickness by evacuating local populations. Important study of one of Africa’s worst colonial-era epidemics.
  764. Find this resource:
  765. Kuhanen, Jan. Poverty, Health, and Reproduction in Early Colonial Uganda. Joensuu, Finland: University of Joensuu, 2005.
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  767. Detailed account of colonial health-care interventions, focusing mainly on Buganda and Bunyoro. Argues that the colonial state adopted a narrow medical approach to health problems to avoid redistributive policies that would have undermined key alliances.
  768. Find this resource:
  769. Lyons, Maryinez. “Sexually Transmitted Diseases in the History of Uganda.” Genitourinary Medicine 70.2 (1994): 138–145.
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  771. Most useful in taking the historical analysis of STDs in Uganda forward from the perceived early colonial epidemic through to the era of AIDS.
  772. Find this resource:
  773. Vaughan, Megan. Curing Their Ills: Colonial Power and African Illness. Cambridge, UK: Polity, 1991.
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  775. Analyzes biomedicine as a form of “bio-power,” arguing that colonial medical knowledge tended to construct African patients as objects of knowledge. Yet notes colonial medicine was never monolithic, and emphasizes the role of Ganda chiefs in defining the perceived early colonial syphilis epidemic as one created by female sexual liberation.
  776. Find this resource:
  777. White, Luise. “‘They Could Make Their Victims Dull’: Genders And Genres, Fantasies And Cures In Colonial Southern Uganda.” American Historical Review 100.5 (1995): 1379–1402.
  778. DOI: 10.2307/2169863Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  779. Influential study of ideas about the power attached to medical technologies, comparing missionary accounts of miraculous drugs overcoming superstition with oral accounts of rumors about Europeans taking Africans’ blood.
  780. Find this resource:
  781. Postcolonial Health Care
  782.  
  783. Uganda’s health-care system was one of the best in Africa by the 1960s, as Namboze 1969 shows. Its impact on public understanding of disease was, as everywhere, limited, though Arya and Bennett 1973 reported superior awareness of STD risk than was found in the early 1980s. The decline of Uganda’s medical system has been the subject of various studies. Dodge and Wiebe 1985 is the most comprehensive account of the impact of drug shortages, low and intermittent pay, and deteriorating facilities under Amin and Obote II. Iliffe 1998 provides a key narrative account of doctors’ responses to the decline and subsequent attempts to rebuild the heath system in the context of structural adjustment. Whyte 1992 discusses the growing popularity of alternative providers of Western drugs during this era, while Obbo 1996 notes the revival of indigenous healing. Nabyonga, et al. 2005 reports that the retreat from cost sharing has had largely beneficial impacts on health outcomes.
  784.  
  785. Arya, O., and F. Bennett. “What Do the Educated Want to Know about VD? An Analysis of the Questions Asked by University and College Students in Uganda.” Uganda Medical Journal 2.3–4 (1973): 91–103.
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  787. Fascinating account of 1960s university students’ attitudes towards sex, marriage, and disease, their understanding of medical risk, and their response to infection and treatment.
  788. Find this resource:
  789. Dodge, Cole P., and Paul D. Wiebe, eds. Crisis in Uganda: The Breakdown of Health Services. Oxford: Pergamon, 1985.
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  791. Containing a large number of brief studies, mainly by practitioners within Uganda, details the decline, but not collapse, of health-care provision under Amin and Obote II. Particularly important chapters by Dodge and Henderson, Enns, Hebert and Ssentamu, Karamagi, Mburu, Okello, Rwakatonera, Scheyer and Dunlop, and Wotton.
  792. Find this resource:
  793. Iliffe, John. East African Doctors: A History of the Modern Profession. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press, 1998.
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  795. Key study of the response of the medical profession to the weakening of state support in the 1970s and 1980s, to the challenge posed by injectionists and drug sellers, to structural adjustment, and to AIDS.
  796. Find this resource:
  797. Nabyonga J., M. Desmet, H. Karamagi, P. Y. Kadama, F. G. Omaswa, and O. Walker. “Abolition of Cost-Sharing is Pro-poor: Evidence from Uganda.” Health Policy and Planning 20.2 (2005): 100–108.
  798. DOI: 10.1093/heapol/czi012Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  799. Argues that cost sharing, introduced as part of structural adjustment policies, had deterred the poor from seeking medical attention. The abolition of cost sharing in 2001 resulted in a dramatic and sustained increase in medical attendances, with little evidence of a decline in service quality.
  800. Find this resource:
  801. Namboze, Josephine. “A Study of Births and Deaths in the Defined Area of Kasangati Health Centre in the Year 1967.” Journal of Tropical Paediatrics 15.3 (1969): 99–108.
  802. DOI: 10.1093/tropej/15.3.99Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  803. Kasangati was Uganda’s flagship rural medical institution, an indicator of the country’s ambition in the 1960s. By the end of the decade infant mortality and crude death rates in Kasangati had fallen below those of many European countries.
  804. Find this resource:
  805. Obbo, Christine. “Healing, Cultural Fundamentalism and Syncretism in Buganda.” Africa 66.2 (1996): 183–201.
  806. DOI: 10.2307/1161316Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  807. Based on four case studies, Obbo’s paper analyzes how healers in Buganda have responded to broader cultural revivalism by disputing the primacy of Western biomedicine. Though syncretist, and willing to refer cases to the clinic where considered appropriate, healers emphasize the healing power of ancestors and traditional deities.
  808. Find this resource:
  809. Whyte, Susan Reynolds. “Pharmaceuticals as Folk Medicine: Transformations in the Social Relations of Health Care in Uganda.” Culture, Medicine and Psychiatry 16.2 (1992): 163–186.
  810. DOI: 10.1007/BF00117017Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  811. Analyzes the growing prominence of various categories of pharmaceuticals providers associated with the deterioration in formal health-care provision since the 1970s. Notes the responsive nature of these providers, and discusses their significance for health planners.
  812. Find this resource:
  813. HIV/AIDS
  814.  
  815. The scholarship on HIV in Uganda is immensely rich. Iliffe 2006 is still the best introduction. Many studies have suggested reasons why Uganda was the country where the disease first became a mass rural epidemic. Kuhanen 2010 provides the most useful overview of the emergence of the epidemic in southern Uganda. Gray, et al. 2009 emphasizes that urbanization played an important role in providing the context within which rapid partner exchange could occur. Obbo 1993 emphasizes the personal networks that connected individuals into a sexual web of risk that extended beyond the urban milieu. Uganda led the way in reducing HIV prevalence in Africa, a development that Low-Beer and Stoneburner 2003 attributes to a willingness to discuss HIV at all levels of society, and above all within the local community. The slight reversal in prevalence trends seen since the millennium has prompted some scholars to emphasize those aspects of traditional sexual behavior that seem to carry greatest risk (e.g., Epstein 2007), whereas Parikh 2007 and Reddy 2005 emphasize the increasing restrictions on open discussion of sexual matters. See also Postcolonial Accounts.
  816.  
  817. Epstein, Helen. The Invisible Cure: Africa, the West, and the Fight against AIDS. London: Viking, 2007.
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  819. Argues that the reason why Uganda’s HIV prevalence did not decline beyond 5 percent was that medium-term concurrent relationships are, wrongly, perceived as low-risk. Controversially suggests that Africans do not have more sexual partnerships than Europeans or Americans, but rather that they have different kinds of partnerships.
  820. Find this resource:
  821. Gray, R. R., A. J. Tatem, S. Lamers, et al. “Spatial Phylodynamics of HIV-1 Epidemic Emergence in East Africa.” AIDS 23.14 (2009): 9–17.
  822. DOI: 10.1097/QAD.0b013e32832faf61Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  823. Argues that urbanization created the context within which HIV could spread so rapidly. The value of the study for Uganda is reduced by its focus on cities, given that urbanization in Uganda during the late 1970s and early 1980s was distinguished by the rapid growth of small towns.
  824. Find this resource:
  825. Iliffe, John. The African AIDS Epidemic: A History. Oxford: James Currey, 2006.
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  827. The best introduction to Uganda’s epidemic, summarizing a vast literature. Argues that Africa’s epidemic was so severe because AIDS struck here first.
  828. Find this resource:
  829. Kuhanen, Jan. “‘Balinsalamu embawo?’ AIDS and the Context of Sexual Behaviour Adjustment in Rakai, Uganda, c. 1975–90.” Journal of Eastern African Studies 4.1 (2010): 20–43.
  830. DOI: 10.1080/17531050903550108Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  831. Detailed history of sexual behavioral change and the origins of HIV in one community.
  832. Find this resource:
  833. Low-Beer, Daniel, and Rand L. Stoneburner. “Behaviour and Communication Change in Reducing HIV: Is Uganda Unique.” African Journal of AIDS Research 2.1 (2003): 9–21.
  834. DOI: 10.2989/16085906.2003.9626555Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  835. Argues that the early and sustained decline in HIV incidence in Uganda was due as much to the activism of local communities, and their willingness to discuss the disease openly, as it was to interventions by government or major agencies.
  836. Find this resource:
  837. Obbo, Christine. “HIV Transmission through Social and Geographical Networks in Uganda.” Social Science and Medicine 36.7 (1993): 949–955.
  838. DOI: 10.1016/0277-9536(93)90086-JSave Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  839. Intimate account of the interrelated sexual networks that exposed so many Ugandans to risk of HIV infection in the early years of the epidemic.
  840. Find this resource:
  841. Parikh, Shanti A. “The Political Economy of Marriage and HIV: The ABC Approach, ‘Safe’ Infidelity, and Managing Moral Risk in Uganda.” American Journal of Public Health 97 (2007): 1198–1208.
  842. DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2006.088682Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  843. Argues that public health messages, reinforced by increasingly moralistic popular and governmental discourse, reduces openness about infidelity, perhaps more than it reduces infidelity itself. The implications about this development for HIV risk, and for the accuracy of behavioral reporting, are significant.
  844. Find this resource:
  845. Reddy, Shakila. “‘It’s Not as Easy as ABC’: Dynamics of Intergenerational Power and Resistance within the Context of Hiv/Aids.” Perspectives in Education 23.3 (2005): 11–19.
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  847. Argues that growing tensions over what constitutes respectable behavior impacts intergenerational openness about sexuality, which has significant implications for HIV prevention.
  848. Find this resource:
  849. Religion
  850.  
  851. Religion is a sphere in which Uganda takes a prominent place within Africanist scholarship. This is particularly the case in regard to Christianity, though Traditional religion has also attracted significant attention, especially with regard to its relationship with public healing. Islam, by contrast, has been relatively neglected.
  852.  
  853. Traditional
  854.  
  855. The first accounts of traditional religion in Uganda, such as Roscoe 1911, were essentially ethnographic descriptions, often colored by a missionary desire to detect evidence of ancient Christian influence. Early academic scholarship on traditional religion in Uganda focused especially on its response to what were termed the “forces of modernity”: capitalism, bureaucratic government, law courts, and monotheistic religions. Curley 1973 is an unusually extensive example of such work, which today seems optimistic in its portrayal of government and the cash-based economy as reducing inter-, if not intragroup, tension. Allen 1991, Orley 1970, and Whyte 1997 are indicative of a continuing interest in traditional religion’s capacity to evolve, but they emphasize more how it has been reshaped by Christianity and biomedicine, and above all how it maintains its appeal in part because of the misfortune that still afflicts Ugandan communities. Kodesh 2010 and Schoenbrun 2006 are representative of historians’ growing interest in traditional religion’s role in public healing. Brierly and Spear 1988 question the Whiggish assumption that traditional religion in Buganda was in terminal decline in the 19th century.
  856.  
  857. Allen, Tim. “Understanding Alice: Uganda’s Holy Spirit Movement in Context.” Africa 61.3 (1991): 370–399.
  858. DOI: 10.2307/1160031Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  859. Early analysis of the religious aspects of Uganda’s war in the north. Analyzes Alice Lakwena’s spiritual appeal. Contrasts Acholi experience with that of Zimbabwe, emphasizing Lakwena neither supported elders’ conception of the past nor was possessed by ancestral spirits. Argues that Christianity helped resolve problems associated with female diviner mediumship.
  860. Find this resource:
  861. Brierly, Jean, and Thomas Spear. “Mutesa, the Missionaries, and Christian Conversion in Buganda.” International Journal of African Historical Studies 21.4 (1988): 601–618.
  862. DOI: 10.2307/219743Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  863. Emphasizes that the power of traditional religious authorities within the late-19th-century kingdom of Buganda was still substantial.
  864. Find this resource:
  865. Curley, Richard. Elders, Shades and Women: Ceremonial Change in Lango, Uganda. Berkeley: University of California Press, 1973.
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  867. Functionalist account of how colonial change fundamentally altered Lango ceremonial. War, famine, and epidemics declined, and courts resolved intergroup tensions, marginalizing elders’ mediation of shades. Women responded to their economic disempowerment due to cash-cropping through spirit possession. Ignores witchcraft, and focuses more on practice than cosmology.
  868. Find this resource:
  869. Kodesh, Neil. Beyond the Royal Gaze: Clanship and Public Healing in Buganda. Charlottesville: University of Virginia Press, 2010.
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  871. Argues early histories’ royalist focus obscures Buganda’s complexity prior to the 19th century. Suggests ancient spirits were detached from territorial moorings and attached to emerging clans, understood as organized around social and personal healing. Discusses 18th-century tensions between state-builders seeking to refocus healing and loyalty around monarchy and representatives of local moral economies.
  872. Find this resource:
  873. Orley, John. Culture and Mental Illness: A Study from Uganda. Nairobi, Kenya: East African Publishing House, 1970.
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  875. An analysis of the reconfiguration of lubaale spirits in Buganda in response to the perceived uneven efficacy of Western systems of healing.
  876. Find this resource:
  877. Roscoe, John. The Baganda: An Account of their Native Customs and Beliefs. London: Macmillan, 1911.
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  879. Finest of a series of ethnographies on various Uganda societies by this author, a missionary, who displayed a sustained interest in the meaning of indigenous religious belief.
  880. Find this resource:
  881. Schoenbrun, David. “Conjuring the Modern in Africa: Durability and Rupture in Histories of Public Healing between the Great Lakes of East Africa.” American Historical Review 111.5 (2006): 1403–1439.
  882. DOI: 10.1086/ahr.111.5.1403Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  883. Excellent overview of the literature. Focuses largely on Uganda. Surveys the evolution of public healing over the past millennium. Insightful analysis of the relationship between spirituality, social health, kinship, and political power.
  884. Find this resource:
  885. Whyte, Susan Reynolds. Questioning Misfortune: The Pragmatics of Uncertainty in Eastern Uganda. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press, 1997.
  886. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  887. Phenomenological analysis of how endemic uncertainty widens the quest for explanations of the meaning of suffering and loss, based on prolonged fieldwork, narrated through intimate accounts of divination, this study examines ancestral and other spirits, sorcery, and curses in the context of illness, childlessness, land shortage, and poverty.
  888. Find this resource:
  889. Christianity
  890.  
  891. Christianity in Uganda has been the subject of intensive research for generations due to the exceptional rapidity with which missionization took hold in the Nineteenth Century and the Colonial period. Most interest in the Postcolonial era has focused on the growing influence of Pentecostalism.
  892.  
  893. Nineteenth Century
  894.  
  895. Buganda’s unique religious experience in the late 19th century has resulted in a rich literature. Médard 2007 provides the best introduction to the adoption of Christianity at Buganda’s royal court, the subsequent acquisition of power by military coup and civil war, and the rapid mass evangelization that followed. The role played by missionaries is emphasized in Low 1956 and Oliver 1966 (first published 1952). Twaddle 1988 challenges this thesis, noting the autonomy of Ganda actors before the civil wars. The importance of political authority and clientelism during this process of conversion is noted in Peel 1977 and Rowe 1964. Wrigley 1959 defined the Christian leadership of the late 1880s as revolutionary, a claim that has been subsequently challenged. See also Islam.
  896.  
  897. Low, Donald Anthony. Religion and Society in Buganda, 1875–1900. Kampala, Buganda: East African Institute of Social Research, 1956.
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  899. Argues that missionaries in Buganda acted as patrons to their convert-clients, in an interpretation reminiscent of the common contemporary assumption that European clergy were leaders of the new politico-religious parties.
  900. Find this resource:
  901. Médard, Henri. Le royaume du Buganda au XIXe siècle: Mutations politiques et religieuses d’un ancien état de l’Afrique de l’Est. Paris: Karthala, 2007.
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  903. The most comprehensive account of Buganda’s unique experience of conversion to world religions in the late 19th century.
  904. Find this resource:
  905. Oliver, Roland. The Missionary Factor in East Africa. London: Longman, 1966.
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  907. A key text in East African historiography. Emphasizes the role of missionaries in shaping the European intervention in Uganda. Argues Buganda’s conversion was unique because of the existence of a large leisured chiefly elite, and because of the simultaneous arrival of antagonistic Anglican and Catholic missionaries. First published in 1952.
  908. Find this resource:
  909. Peel, J. D. Y. “Conversion and Tradition in Two African Societies: Ijebu and Buganda.” Past & Present 77 (1977): 108–141.
  910. DOI: 10.1093/past/77.1.108Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  911. A comparative study that further illustrates Buganda’s distinctiveness. Emphasizes the key role played by political authority in achieving the rapid Christianization of Ganda society.
  912. Find this resource:
  913. Rowe, John. “The Purge of Christians at Mwanga’s Court.” Journal of African History 5.1 (1964): 55–71.
  914. DOI: 10.1017/S0021853700004503Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  915. One of many studies of the composition of the Christian pages who were martyred in 1886. Focuses particularly on clientelistic networks.
  916. Find this resource:
  917. Twaddle, Michael. “The Emergence of Politico-Religious Grouping in Late Nineteenth-Century Buganda.” Journal of African History 29.1 (1988): 81–92.
  918. DOI: 10.1017/S0021853700036008Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  919. Emphasizes that religious affiliation hardened during the civil wars of 1888–1890, and notes that while Ganda converts frequently acted independently of their mission leaders before Mwanga’s deposition, missionary action was crucial in solidifying the sectarian parties after 1890.
  920. Find this resource:
  921. Wrigley, Christopher. “The Christian Revolution in Buganda.” Comparative Studies in Society and History 2.1 (1959): 33–48.
  922. DOI: 10.1017/S0010417500000530Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  923. Argues that the deposition of Buganda’s monarch in 1888 by Christians was part of a broader Christian revolution. Later scholarship has demonstrated that Muslims were more revolutionary in this year, and that the Christians secured power through an alliance with moderate traditionalists.
  924. Find this resource:
  925. Colonial
  926.  
  927. Three major themes characterize this body of literature. The first focuses on the rapidity with which Christianity spread throughout Uganda in the early colonial period, which Hastings 1994 and Pirouet 1978 emphasize was the product of African more than European initiative. See also Grunder 1982. The second theme emphasizes the unusual tendency of Ugandan Christianity to avoid significant schism, as demonstrated by the retention of the Balokole movement within Anglicanism and the lack of sustained success enjoyed by independent churches, discussed in Welbourn 1961. The third theme relates to the intense politicization of religion. Hansen 1984 shows in great detail how Anglicanism took on much of the status of an established church. Kassimir 1991 and Waliggo 2002 discuss the popular appeal of Catholicism, key to enabling it to become Uganda’s largest denomination. Peterson 2012 situates the Balokole movement within an intensifying politics of gender and patriotism.
  928.  
  929. Grunder, Horst. Christliche Mission und deutscher Imperialismus: Eine politische Geschichte ihrer Beziehungen wahrend der deutschen Kolonialzeit (1884–1914) unter besonderer Berucksichtigung Afrikas und Chinas. Paderborn, Germany: Ferdinand Schöningh, 1982.
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  931. Emphasizes the close relationship between missionary and colonial expansion. Its discussion of Buganda is relatively brief but important, and the sources listed are of great value.
  932. Find this resource:
  933. Hansen, Holger Bernt. Mission, Church, and State in a Colonial Setting, Uganda, 1890–1925. London: Heinemann, 1984.
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  935. The most detailed analysis of the mechanisms through which sectarian politics became entrenched in the early years of British rule.
  936. Find this resource:
  937. Hastings, Adrian. The Church in Africa 1450–1950. Oxford: Clarendon, 1994.
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  939. This continent-wide study contains Hastings’ most comprehensive account of Uganda’s unique Christian experience. Emphasizes African evangelists’ role in the exceptional rapidity of Christianity’s spread in Uganda, albeit facilitated by the foresight of exceptional missionaries like Bishop Streicher. Regards Buganda’s self-directed Christianity as a model by which to judge developments elsewhere.
  940. Find this resource:
  941. Kassimir, Ronald. “Complex Martyrs: Symbols of Catholic Church Formation and Political Differentiation in Uganda.” African Affairs 90 (1991): 357–382.
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  943. Account of how the execution of Christian pages at Buganda’s court in 1886 was reconfigured, mainly during the colonial period, as a martyrdom of Catholic Ugandans. Kassimir associates this development with perceived Catholic disenfranchisement and with the attempt to create an indigenous Catholic Church within Uganda.
  944. Find this resource:
  945. Peterson, Derek. Ethnic Patriotism and the East African Revival: A History of Dissent, c.1935–1972. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press, 2012.
  946. DOI: 10.1017/CBO9781139108614Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  947. Depicts the story of revival in western and southern Uganda as a conflict between those who had been “born again,” who imagined themselves as part of a new kind of community, and local patriots, who despised revivalists’ lack of self control and perceived disloyalty to their homeland and kin.
  948. Find this resource:
  949. Pirouet, M. Louise. Black Evangelists: The Spread of Christianity in Uganda, 1891–1914. London: Rex Collings, 1978.
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  951. Examines the role played by African Anglican catechists and clerics in the expansion of Christianity in early colonial Acholi, Ankole, Bunyoro, Teso, and Tooro.
  952. Find this resource:
  953. Waliggo, John Mary. “The Bugandan Christian Revolution: The Catholic Church in Buddu, 1879–1896.” In Christianity and the African Imagination: Essays in Honour of Adrian Hastings. Edited by David Maxwell with Ingrid Lawrie, 63–92. Leiden, The Netherlands: Brill, 2002.
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  955. A study of the heartland of Ugandan Catholicism, a state within a state. Interesting account of the melding of traditional and Catholic symbolism.
  956. Find this resource:
  957. Welbourn, Fred. East African Rebels: A Study of Some Independent Churches. London: SCM Press, 1961.
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  959. Examines the unusually minor role played by independent churches in Uganda. Details the origins and context of the Bamalaki, Mengo Gospel Church, and African Orthodox Church.
  960. Find this resource:
  961. Postcolonial
  962.  
  963. The literature on postcolonial Christianity in Uganda is heavily focused on extremism. Hansen and Twaddle 1995 provides the most useful, if now outdated, introduction. Pentecostalism and the evolving politics of morality are analyzed in Sadgrove 2007 and Sadgrove, et al. 2012. The radical heterodoxy of contemporary Catholicism in western Uganda is the subject of two remarkable ethnographies, Behrend and Linke 2011 and Vokes 2009.
  964.  
  965. Behrend, Heike, and Armin Linke. Resurrecting Cannibals: The Catholic Church, Witch-Hunts and the Production of Pagans in Western Uganda. Woodbridge, UK: James Currey, 2011.
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  967. Analyzes the growing fears of witchcraft and cannibalism in Tooro in the 1990s, and how a lay Catholic movement led the fight against this perceived evil. The authors argue that this intervention gave credence to the scare, but also contained the violence it threatened to unleash through its cleansing activities.
  968. Find this resource:
  969. Hansen, Holger Bernt, and Michael Twaddle, eds. Religion and Politics in East Africa: The Period since Independence. London: James Currey, 1995.
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  971. Contains a number of articles focusing on Uganda, including those by Kasozi, Kassimir, Twaddle, and Waliggo, which emphasize the impact of the past on postcolonial religious politics.
  972. Find this resource:
  973. Sadgrove, Joanna. “‘Keeping up Appearances’: Sex and Religion amongst University Students in Uganda.” Journal of Religion in Africa 37 (2007): 116–144.
  974. DOI: 10.1163/157006607X166618Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  975. Interesting discussion of Pentecostalism’s growing influence within Uganda, its anti-materialism and emphasis upon moral behavior, and the contrast between discourse and behavior among born-again university students.
  976. Find this resource:
  977. Sadgrove, Joanna, Robert Vanderbeck, Johan Andersson, Gill Valentine, and Kevin Ward. “Morality Plays and Money Matters: Towards a Situated Understanding of the Politics of Homosexuality in Uganda.” Journal of Modern African Studies 50.1 (2012): 103–129.
  978. DOI: 10.1017/S0022278X11000620Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  979. Analysis of the most contentious issue in contemporary Ugandan religion, emphasizing the manipulation of popular opinion, and the context of wider debates about family, morality, and sovereignty.
  980. Find this resource:
  981. Vokes, Richard. Ghosts of Kanungu. Fertility, Secrecy and Exchange in the Great Lakes of East Africa. Woodbridge, UK: James Currey, 2009.
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  983. Fascinating account of the Movement for the Restoration of the Ten Commandments of God, a millenarian group whose members seemingly committed mass suicide in 2000. Traces the history of the movement back to the precolonial Nyabingi movement, which was Catholicized by missionaries and associated with a Marian cult.
  984. Find this resource:
  985. Islam
  986.  
  987. The study of Islam has been much neglected compared to the history of Christianity in Uganda. Islam’s leading local scholar provides the most helpful introduction in Kasozi 1986, and the most insightful focused study in Kasozi 1996. Oded 1974 is most important due to the wide range of Luganda sources it utilizes. Twaddle 1972 is one of the most important pieces of writing on precolonial Ugandan history.
  988.  
  989. Kasozi, A. B. K. The Life of Prince Badru Kakungulu Wasajja and the Development of a Forward Looking Muslim Community in Uganda 1907–1991. Kampala, Buganda: Progressive Publishing House, 1996.
  990. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  991. The most important work by the leading scholar of Islam in Uganda. A biography detailing the attempt to reduce Muslims’ marginalization within Uganda.
  992. Find this resource:
  993. Kasozi, A. B. K. The Spread of Islam in Uganda. Nairobi, Kenya: Oxford University Press, 1986.
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  995. The best introduction to the history of Islam in Uganda, summarizing scholarship on Islam’s spread and defeat in the 19th century, its gradual rehabilitation, its doctrinal differences, and the political manipulation of Islam after independence.
  996. Find this resource:
  997. Oded, Arye. Islam in Uganda: Islamization through a Centralized State in Pre-colonial Africa. New York: Wiley, 1974.
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  999. Almost entirely focused on Buganda before 1890, but still a richly documented account of the early decades of Islam.
  1000. Find this resource:
  1001. Twaddle, Michael. “The Muslim Revolution in Buganda.” African Affairs 71.282 (1972): 54–72.
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  1003. The most important of the various studies in the 1960s and 1970s that sought to identify revolutions in precolonial Uganda. Twaddle emphasizes that Muslim actors possessed superior revolutionary credentials compared to their Christian opposition, who in many ways acted as counterrevolutionaries.
  1004. Find this resource:
  1005. The Arts
  1006.  
  1007. The literature on Uganda’s arts contains many significant works, ranging from early ethnographic studies of music, dance, and crafts to analyses of the contemporary hip-hop music scene. To illustrate the variety of analyses of Uganda’s cultural life, this section firstly considers Music, before suggesting key texts in Art, Dance, Literature, and Theater.
  1008.  
  1009. Music
  1010.  
  1011. Uganda has a rich musical tradition, and the study of ethnomusicology has recently undergone a revival among indigenous researchers, as demonstrated in Nannyonga-Tamusuza and Solomon 2012. One of the primary instruments used within Ugandan music is the xylophone, and investigations of differing styles and usage can be found in Anderson 1967 and Micklem, et al. 1999. A focus on music practice and connections between traditional and contemporary music is also evident in Barz 2004. The cultural, political, and gender issues often intimately connected to music and dance are investigated in Nannyonga-Tamusuza 2005 and Ntarangwi 2009. The latter of these addresses contemporary hip-hop and processes of globalization within East Africa.
  1012.  
  1013. Anderson, Louis. “The African Xylophone.” African Arts 1.1 (1967): 48–64.
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  1015. Early ethnographic account of the use of the xylophone in Ugandan music. Anderson maps the usage and playing styles among various communities across the country and the role and importance of the instrument to music and ritual.
  1016. Find this resource:
  1017. Barz, Gregory. Music in East Africa: Experiencing Music, Expressing Culture. New York and Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2004.
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  1019. An investigation of connections between historical and contemporary musical practice. Focusing on individual musicians and performances, the text examines how music is created in Uganda, Kenya, and Tanzania, and it analyzes the connection of music to everyday life.
  1020. Find this resource:
  1021. Micklem, James, Andrew Cooke, and Mark Stone. “Xylophone Music of Uganda: The Embaire of Nakibembe, Busoga.” African Music 7.4 (1999): 29–46.
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  1023. In many ways updating earlier accounts, such as Anderson 1967, this article reinvestigates Ugandan xylophone playing the in the 1990s, with a focus on Busoga.
  1024. Find this resource:
  1025. Nannyonga-Tamusuza, Sylvia A. Baakisimba: Gender in the Music and Dance of the Baganda People of Uganda. New York and London: Routledge, 2005.
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  1027. An interesting investigation of the gender implications of Baakisimba, the choral dance music of the Baganda. Nannyonga-Tamusuza illustrates that the musical and performative aspects of Baakisimba help to shape gender roles, being both subversive as well as reaffirming patriarchal structures.
  1028. Find this resource:
  1029. Nannyonga-Tamusuza, Sylvia A., and Thomas Solomon, eds. Ethnomusicology in East Africa: Perspectives from Uganda and Beyond. Kampala, Buganda: Fountain, 2012.
  1030. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  1031. An edited collection stemming from the First International Symposium on Ethnomusicology in Uganda. The majority of contributors are East African researchers showcasing an increasingly broad indigenous scholarship in the field.
  1032. Find this resource:
  1033. Ntarangwi, Mwenda. East African Hip Hop: Youth Culture and Globalization. Urbana: University of Illinois Press, 2009.
  1034. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  1035. This ethnographic account analyzes the globalization of youth culture through a case study of hip-hop in Uganda, Kenya, and Tanzania. It demonstrates that within music, artists cross cultural, national, and generational boundaries. It further examines the role of hip-hop as a tool for political participation.
  1036. Find this resource:
  1037. Art, Dance, Literature, and Theater
  1038.  
  1039. Trowell and Wachsmann 1953 is significant partly for the comprehensive, detailed representation of Uganda’s material arts in the late colonial period, and partly as a route into the debates of the era about what was art as opposed to handicraft. Related discussions of cultural imperialism and self-distancing elites feature strongly in Okot p’Bitek’s poetry, as analyzed in Heron 1976. Theater in Uganda is associated with a particular functionality, especially in relation to AIDS, as discussed in Frank 1995. El-Bushra and Dolan 2002 emphasizes the power of theater, and efforts, often subtly resisted, to appropriate it. Uganda is well known for poetry and theater, less so for fiction. Isegawa 2000, Abyssinian Chronicles, is a major exception; it is a major novel dealing with the coming to maturity of a young man whose country is falling apart. Breitinger 1999 is the best overview of Uganda’s diverse cultural outputs.
  1040.  
  1041. Breitinger, Eckhard, ed. Uganda: The Cultural Landscape. Kampala, Buganda: Fountain, 1999.
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  1043. Comprehensive account of the arts in the 1990s, made particularly valuable by the attempt to trace connections back to the golden age of the 1960s.
  1044. Find this resource:
  1045. El-Bushra, Judy, and Chris Dolan. “Don’t Touch, Just Listen! Popular Performance from Uganda.” Review of African Political Economy 29.91 (2002): 37–52.
  1046. DOI: 10.1080/03056240208704583Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  1047. Discusses the desire of politicians, political activists, and NGOs to appropriate or undermine the ability of indigenous forms of performance to mobilize popular enthusiasm.
  1048. Find this resource:
  1049. Frank, Marion. AIDS Education through Theatre: Case Studies from Uganda. Bayreuth, Germany: Universität Bayreuth, 1995.
  1050. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  1051. A discussion of the role of more than 400 drama groups in transmitting knowledge and transforming attitudes about HIV in the late 1980s. Defines this genre as campaign theater, and links it to colonial-era public information propaganda.
  1052. Find this resource:
  1053. Heron, G. A. The Poetry of Okot p’Bitek. New York: Heinemann, 1976.
  1054. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  1055. Extended analysis of the major works of p’Bitek, Uganda’s greatest poet and chronicler of social conflict and cultural tension. Interesting on issues of translation of language and form.
  1056. Find this resource:
  1057. Isegawa, Moses. Abyssinian Chronicles. New York: Knopf, 2000.
  1058. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  1059. Uganda’s best-known novel, an account of a boy growing up in the political and moral turmoil of the Amin-Obote II era. Taps into ongoing debates about the crisis of youth in postcolonial Uganda.
  1060. Find this resource:
  1061. Trowell, Margaret, and Klaus Wachsmann. Tribal Crafts of Uganda. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1953.
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  1063. Early survey of art and handicraft in Uganda. Downplays the aesthetic aspect of craft production. Descriptions tainted by now outdated ethnic stereotyping.
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