2014-07-30 Structure: modals for certainty (5)

Homework: exercises 1 and 2 (p. 56-59)
2 b
3 b
4 a
5 a
6 a
7 b
8 b
9 b
10 b
Should we go? - asking if it's a good idea to go (not sure whether or not they'll go at all)
Shall we go? - asking if everyone is ready to go (sure that they'll go, just not when) (only use "shall" with I or we)
2 had to worry
3 supposed to do
4 were supposed to leave
5 Should we have left
6 don't have to leave
7 should you tip
8 you're supposed to do
9 Should you leave
10 ought to have given
11 could have left
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debris - pieces of things left after something is destroyed
C.E. - common era (A.D. - anno domini / year of our Lord)
B.C.E - before the common era (B.C. - before Christ)
reputation - the idea that other people have about you
Columbian Exchange - the exchange of products and ideas between Europe and the Americas after 1492
contender - someone with a good chance of "winning" a competition
theorize - make a theory to explain something
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They theorized that Brendan's sea monsters might have been whales, the ice crystals (might have been) icebergs, and the bad-smelling rocks (might have been) volcanic debris.

She helped me and I (helped) her.

Mary helped John and John helped Mary.

; = semicolon (: = colon)

I have lived in Allegan, Michigan; Ann Arbor, Michigan; and Boston, Massachusetts.

I don't want to go outside today; it's cold.
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You always do really well on tests. You must study a lot.
(My only reasonable explanation for why you do well on tests.)
After running that marathon, she has to be exhausted.
(With "must" and "have to" for certainty, I would be very surprised to find out I'm wrong.)
You must have studied hard yesterday to do so well on this.

Unreal:
You could have brought chocolate or flowers.
= You might have brought chocolate or flowers.
(It was possible, but you didn't do it.)

Real:
The vikings could have arrived 400 years before Columbus.
= The vikings may have arrived 400 years before Columbus.
= The vikings might have arrived 400 years before Columbus.
(It was possible, but we aren't sure.)
(This is one possible explanation that I can think of.)

Columbus must not have known he was in the Americas.
(I don't believe that he knew.)

Columbus couldn't have known he was in the Americas.
(I think it's impossible that he knew.)
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You always study a lot. You should do well on tomorrow's test.
(I'm pretty sure this will happen.)

You're smart but you don't study. You may do well tomorrow.
				     might
				     could
(I don't know what will happen, but this is possible.)
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p. 74 exercise 1
2 a
3 b
4 b
5 a
6 a
7 a
8 b (or: It's probable that it will.)
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p. 82 exercise 8
Come up with explanations of what could have happened in each of the 4 situations. (What might have happened? What must have happened? What couldn't have happened?)

Lateral Thinking Puzzles
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Homework: exercises 2 and 3 (p. 75-78)
	ALSO: find out what happened to Roy Sullivan