2018-05-10 Grammar: this/that/these/those

Greg Malivuk
[email protected]
http://www.pastebin.com/u/gmalivuk - notes from all classes
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Homework: p. 335-336 exercise 1 - Complete the sentences with the correct determiners or pronouns. (In many cases, more than one answer is possible, but it might change the meaning.)
2 a them
  b these (or “those” if they’re nearer the listener)
  c the (“this” if the speaker holds it up)
  d the (“this” if the speaker holds it up)
  e these (if close to the speaker) / those (if close to the listener) / the (if they’re all the rest)
  f this (we can’t use “the” with just the pronoun “one”)
  g this
3 a It
  b a / the / this (depending on “another kind” of what)
  c It
4 a It
  b the
  c Those / The (Probably not “these”, because the guidelines were from before, when Mr. Green had explained them.)
  d they (the guidelineS)
  e the (It’s the same report the whole conversation has been about.)
  f The / That (Maybe “This” if the speaker feels involved with the situation.)
  g the
5 a this (if I’m holding it) / that (if I’m pointing at it) / the (if I’m not pointing) / a (if simply having a fountain pen in the first place is surprising to me)
  b It (or “this” if I’ve just picked it up)
  c It (or “this” if I’ve just picked it up)
  d it (or “this” if I’ve just picked it up *and* didn’t say “this” for c)
  e it (or “this” if I’ve just picked it up or am pointing at a specific part of the pen in my hand, or “that” if it’s a specific part of the pen in your hand)
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Demonstratives can “point” forward or backward in a sentence or paragraph.
- “this” and “these” can point both directions
- “that” and “those” almost always point backwards
	(It can point forward if it has modifiers: “God helps those that help themselves.”
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p. 337 exercise 2 - Circle the demonstratives and underline what each one refers to (with an arrow)
“that” can also be a conjunction (“I believe that it will rain tomorrow.”) or a relative pronoun (“the book that I read last week”). You don’t need to circle it in these cases, because it’s not a demonstrative pronoun or determiner.
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The “that” that I wrote over there refers to the same thing as this “this”. This can be confusing.
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“I don’t believe it!” = I’m very surprised.
“I don’t believe that!” = I really don’t believe you.